'^kX"-"''^ 


/.'•-?!'-'^-ii'-'.'"7-''- 


CIHM 
Microfiche 
Series 
(Monographs) 


ICMH 

Collection  de 
microfiches 
(monographies) 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductlons  /  Institut  canadien  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes  /  Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best  original 
copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this  copy  which 
may  be  bibliographically  unique,  which  may  alter  any  of 
the  images  'v.  the  repioduction,  or  which  may 
significantly  change  the  usual  method  of  filming  are 
checked  below. 


□ 


Coloured  covers  / 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I    Covers  damaged  / 


Couverture  '»ndommagee 


□    Covers  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Couverture  restauree  et/ou  pelliculee 

Cover  title  missing  /  Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

I I    Coloured  maps  /  Cartes  geographiques  en  couleur 

I      I    Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)  / 


n 


□ 


Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations  / 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 


Bound  with  other  material  / 
Rene  avec  d'autres  documents 

Only  edition  available  / 
Seule  edition  disponlble 

Tight  binding  ■  r-- cause  shadows  or  distortion  along 
interior  margin  /  La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de 
I'ombre  ou  de  la  distorsion  le  long  de  la  marge 
interieure. 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restorations  may  appear 
within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these  have  been 
omitted  from  filming  /  Use  peut  que  certaines  pages 
blanches  ajoutees  lors  d'une  restauration 
apparaissent  dans  le  texte,  mais,  lorsque  cela  etait 
possible,  ces  pages  n'ont  pas  ete  filmees. 

Additional  comments  / 
Commentaires  supplementaires: 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire  qu'il  lui  a 
ete  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details  de  cet  exem- 
plaire qui  sont  peut-etre  uniques  du  point  de  vue  bibli- 
ographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier  une  image  reproduite, 
ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une  modification  dans  la  metho- 
de  normale  de  filmage  sont  indiques  ci-dessous. 

Coloured  pages  /  Pages  de  couleur 

I j    Pages  damaged  /  Pages  endommagees 


D 


Pages  restored  and/or  laminated  / 
Pages  restaurees  et/ou  pelliculees 

Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed  / 
Pages  decolorees,  tachetees  ou  piquees 

Pages  detached  /  Pages  detachees 

I  y\    Showthrough  /  Transparence 


D 
D 
D 


D 


Quality  of  print  varies  / 
Qualite  inegale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material  / 
Comprend  du  matenel  supplementaire 

Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata  slips, 
tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  totalement  ou 
partiellement  obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une 
pelure,  etc.,  ont  ete  filmees  a  nouveau  de  fafon  a 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 

Opposing  pages  with  varying  colouration  or 
discolourations  are  filmed  twice  to  ensure  the  best 
possible  image  /  Les  pages  s'opposant  ayant  des 
colorations  variables  ou  des  decolorations  sont 
filmees  deux  fois  afm  d'obtenir  la  meilleure  image 
possible. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below  / 

Ce  document  est  filme  au  taux  de  reduction  indique  ci-dessous. 


lOx 

14x 

18x 

22x 

26x 

30x 

1 
1 



12x 


16x 


20x 


24x 


28x 


32x 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

National    Library  of  Canada 


L'exemplaire  iUmi  fut  reproduit  grace  A  la 
S^n^rositA  de: 

Bibliotheque  nationale  du  Canada 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  spacificationa. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  imprea- 
sion,  or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  freme  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  At*  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin.  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nertet*  de  l'exemplaire  film*,  at  en 
conformit*  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Let  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
pepier  est  imprim*e  sont  filmis  en  commencant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmAs  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiin  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impresaion  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  derniAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
derniire  image  de  chaque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — •-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE".  le 
symbole  V  signifie   "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  etre 
film^s  i  des  taux  de  reduction  diff^rsnts. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  etre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  i  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite. 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI   nt-c]   ISL'    'eST    (   "--Ak'    N,-..     2 


1.0 


I.I 


mil  1.8 


1.25    III  1.4 


1.6 


^     .^IPPLiED  IM/1DE     Inc 


rjaa»fliMiY  tctiaii  ]»is  «^^ 


mAmmmmmmmmmiMmm 


i-il 


:\r^^t^^^:^tj. 


Carnegie  Endowment  for  International  Peace 


DIVISION    OF    ECONOMICS    AND    HISTORY 

JOHN    BATES   CURK.    DIRECTOR 


PRELIMINARY  ECONOMIC  STUDIES  OF  THE  WAR 


i:i>ITI  I)  li\ 


I)\\  ID  KIM.I  \- 


I'r'^I  ^.s.T  of  I'..1ui,mI  l-..)t,oniv.  rtnvrrsiti   ..f  lIlinoiH 


No.  1. 


DISABLED   SOLDI F.RS   AND   SAILORS 
PENSIONS   AND   TRAINING 


BY 

KDWARD  T.   DF.VINF. 

Professoi  uf  S<xi,il  I'.nitioniy,  ("ulumbia  l'iii\er-.ity 
ASSISTED  nV 

LILIAN  BRANDT 


NEW   \ORK 

OXFORD  rXIVERSITY  PRESS 

AMERICAN  MRANCH:   !^  VVE'-r  l^sn  SrKEf;  r 

LONDON,  TORONTO,  MELBOURNE.  AND   MOMUAV 

1919 


',    V 


f ■-.'  .ui^fJ'    f .f  "CuAy ,...-' /v,'< 


A 


iI'VKll.l    I    I'"'' 


(NRM  (.11      1  NIM'WMI  M      lliR      INTI 


1<\  \TlliN  \'-     11  ^'    ' 


mji.'^^^cm^^s^isLi 


EDITOR'S    PREFACE 

Fortunately  tOr  tlit  iciilc  of  the  Iniiiil  States,  the  subject 
<>i  tile  re^.t<l^atlllll  i<i  disihled  s()ldRr>  and  sailors  to  economic 
u>cfulnes!-  has  hecoiiic  ii|  1i>n  importance  in  point  of  ma^jnituile 
tlian  it  feared  niij,'iu  he  iiece^siry  at  tlie  time  the  work  was 
undertaken.  The  iirol(iin;,itioii  oi  tlie  war  woidd  have  brought 
us  many  m<«re  thof,>ainK  of  injured  men  to  care  for  and  the 
matter  would,  therefore,  have  recjuired  a  much  more  widespread 
attention  on  the  part  of  mir  people.  However,  although  the 
number  for  whom  we  lia\e  liiu^  to  provide  is  h.ippily  smaller 
than  we  feared  would  l)e  tiie  ca>e.  their  projH;r  treatment  and 
care  is  one  that  recjuires  the  fulle-t  knowledge  and  deserves  the 
(leei)est  interest  and  atteiuion  df  ilie  nation.  Dr.  Devine's  stutly 
of  the  subject  is,  theref<'re.  exceedingly  timely.  The  thorough- 
ness with  which  he  has  dom-  his  wurk,  the  >-ym|)athy  with  which 
he  has  treated  tlie  subject,  the  op])ortunities  which  he  had  aliro.id 
to  study  the  metliod>  of  (ireat  IJritain  and  I'rance,  and  his  gen- 
eral familiarilv  witli  the  field  of  -ncial  .imelioration,  all  help  to 
give  his  report  an  im]iort;mce  and  value  which  the  work  of  but 
few  writers  on  the  subject  could  e<|ually  well  command.  His 
long  st.iy  in  IV.ince  in  l\^.{\  Cross  duties  has  given  him  oppor- 
tunities to  secure  tirst-liaiui  informati<'n  and  he  has  presented  it 
clearly  and  skilfully.  The  general  public,  a<  well  as  those  who 
are  professionally  connectetl  witii  the  matter,  will  thus  find  his 
study  not  (.nly  imjHirtant  but  extremely  interesting. 

In  addition  ttj  his  study  of  the  subject  in  (ireat  Britain  and 
France,  Dr.  Devine  has  added  chapters  on  Canada,  the  United 
States,  Germany  and  Austria.  His  report  shows  that  in  this 
matter,  a>  in  so  many  others,  the  ("entral  Powers  have  lf)f>ked 
farther  ahead  than  the  rest  of  the  world  and  were,  at  the  open- 
ing of  the  war,  prepared  to  reduce  the  human  wastage  from 


ik.-".^  ii^,"(i»i^«a*i^i  ^Yi" iV iT^jM 


r^'/;;'!  »:T<17Vi^'^^^ 


I  ,,|i,,i(V    I'HF.K.M  K 


I  )i    1  ).  \  mi'  -  -iMil\   '-■ 
t.,\\:inl.  ..ml  inaliiKiU   !■!.  t 


t,\\:iri  .  .."<    iri;iiiiHiu   •■..   ■ ,11,       ti,c 

;;;,::';i::;:;\:,t;;,;:x::,;:i\;:: :...-.;-';;,  ::'::T,;:: 


I    1.  .>i'   Willi    ^^l  K.I     ll'i"    ' ,.  11,.      .,, 


D.vvii'  KiM-i-v. 


rnivLTMiy  "t   Ulin.MS. 


FOREWORD 


It  will  111-  ii!i\i"ii-  !'■  .iii\  naiKr  "I  llii-  I' •IIcwnii;  ]i:ii,'(n  that 
tin  \  Urn-  uriitdi  liii"H-  tin-  riiil  it  tlu-  war  \\a->  iii  -r^lii  1  hi- 
iiiaini--(ri|)t  \va>  tiii)i|iK  tfd  i'arl\-  iii  (  Ktnlur,  I'US,  ami  iii  ^vu- 
i-ral  it  traits  (livfl"]iiiiriit^  tn  that  ilatr  ThiTi'  Wdiild  lu'  i'>iii- 
|iarati\i'l\  litllr  1"  ailil  it  il  wirr  t"  In  r<  \  i^td  iii 'W ,  a-  pa^c 
pr'iiit^  an-  iia-^t-il:  liiial  iilViiial  ripirl^  "t  thi'  natiirr  nt  ra>iialti(- 
art-  iii't  \i't  a\ailalilc;  the  -x-tcin-  whiih  hail  hccii  f-tahli^lnil  iti 
till-  ])rituii)a!  i'iiuiitrii>  lia\i-  ii"t  Ihiii  iiiatirialh  iii'iilihid  in  thr 
iiit>  iMiiiii;,'  nio!itii>;  and  it  i^  stjH  imi  i 'rlv  {<<  make  any  -tiids 
nt  rf^ult>  \'\\<!  I'T  ten  viar^  frmii  n^w  \vi-  may  IihIh.-  for  an 
aiipraiNa!  nf  tlic  niw  nii-lliiiil.>  uf  i)ri'\  idiiii,'  t^r  di-ahk-il  soldiiT- 
and  ^ailiirs. 

I.HUAUn  T.    DlAINK. 

Nt.w  N'mkk. 
.//Ti/,    /i;;i;. 


•i>^M^^r5^y.;.,*y:^.  ,-^, . 


CONTENTS 

I'aKT    1  —  iNTkUDLtTlON 

1.    r")i>;iliilitit'S  L  aii-id  by  the  Wcirld  War o 

Part  II — HisTf>RiCAL 

II.   Di-aMcd  Sol(licr>  and  Sailor>  in  the  Past    19 

111,   Ui>aljlc(l  Men  in  Civil   Lite    50 

Part  III — CfKRENx  DKvKi.f)PME.s'Ts  i\  Certain 

(I'lNTklES 

i\'.  ( irtat   I'.ritani    -t^l 

v.  Canada    1S9 

\"I-  Frai         24() 

\'!I.  Germany  and  Au-trla 2S1 

\11I.   Tiie    L'nited    State-^    .  ,^15 

Part  I\"  — Thi    Xi  w   I'Ri.r.RAM 

IX.   General    Characteri>tie>    ^S5 

X.    I  'hy-ieal    Ke^ioration    y)] 

XI   i-inancial    !ndLn;nitie..   .\i)X 

Xll.    l-.C(in(iiiiie    Uee-Iabli^lllnent     42,t 

!"'1<><     46,^ 


DISABLED    SOLDIERS    AND    SAILORS 
PENSIONS   AND   TRAINLVG 


!**, 


PART    I— INTRODUCTION 


CHAPTER    I 
Disabilities  Caused  by  the  World  War 

At  the  niciimnt  in  tin-  Iii-torv  i>\  civiliz;itii>n  when  tlic  ecnnnmic 
usefulness  nf  the  iniliviilual  wnrker  li;i^  hctii  carried  U>  tiie  liijjli- 
est  point  of  proj^ress  in  the  art<  and  seienees,  by  the  ( ir.t:aniza- 
tion  of  industry  and  hy  the  aceuniulaiion  of  capital,  a  world  war 
has  suddenly  ex[)ose(i  to  tiie  rid<  of  di>al)lenient  a  wholly  un- 
jirecedentid  nuniher  of  the  world's  workers.  Wver  before  have 
so  many  younj,'  and  aI)led)odied  nun  been  inainied  in  the  same 
tune.  Never  before  would  it  iiave  been  so  imjiortant  to  society 
—to  say  nothinj,'  of  their  own  interest— that  they  should  as 
quickly  and  as  couipictely  as  i.o-.>ible  be  restored  to  econ.Muic 
uscfuliuss. 

ra>i  wars,  even  when  a  larj,'e  i)art  i,i  the  male  popidation  was 
en^a^ed,  left  fewer  wrecks  because  the  morlalitv  anionj,'  the 
woiuided  was  fircater.  Indu>trial  ;iud  liij;hway  accidents  iiappcn 
to  one  or  a  few  at  a  time,  d.iy  after  day.  year  after  vear,  and 
the  injured  are  scattered  anion.i;  ,„any  h.,spitals  and  surjreons 
lor  treatnunt,  not  ;,Miliered  together  by  thousands  and  tens  of 
tli(rusand>.  They  re-ain  iluir  place  by  painful  individual  eff..ri. 
not  through  the  concerted  effort  of  K"vermnental  ajjencies, 
sch.x.ls  fnr  vocational  reeducation,  and  special  emplovment 
bureaus.  Karlier  tliev  mii,du  sue  fr.r  damages:  more  recently 
they  mi,i:ht  exiwct  a-ured  compensation  or  j.euMon.  The  preMiu 
number  of  tlie  disabKd,  especi.allv  in  the  conntries  whicli  have 
been  in  the  ,<,'reat  w.ir  from  the  .i.-irt,  has  compelled  con^derati-.n 
<d  tile  necessity  f, ,r  traiiiini,'.  and  for  whatever  eNe  mav  be  es>en- 
tial  to  their  re^toratio„  a~  completely  a^  po.Mlile  to  an  honorable 


[i-U-' 


mwm^^i^&m 


])l>\r.l.i;ii    Sol.l/ll.KS    AM>    SAIl.OUS 


|)l,uc  ill  -(iiiie  ()ri'(liu-ti\i.'  tr;icK'  i>y  jir.  .t\-"ii  ■ii.  li'  th  f^r  the  sake 
III  tlirii-  ipwii  ^;iti-t;nti"ii  aiiil  ln-ian-i.-  i1k-  iii'>-t  ;,'imuti 'ti-.  jirn- 
\i-.i-'n  liy  ^"cit'ty  cuiiM  iint  |i.  .,>-iliI\-  |iri'\t-  a:]ci|i'.au-  t^r  tlu'ir 
iucil>  and  ihii-i-  lit'  iluir  i'aniilii-^  witliMiit  ^uili  C' m  .jjoralii  iii  on 
lli'ir  part, 

TliiTc  are  many  wli"  anticipate  tliat  every  tiian  wlio  is  enija,!,'eil 
in  liie  ,1,'reat  jiresent  ei'iitliil  will  he  in  a  measure  "ilisahKij"  lor 
re-nniinL;  urdinary  civil  Iii\-  wluii  lu-  cmiie-  iii.iiie,  wlietlier  li*- 
lia-  >t!'-laine(l  any  dhvinii^  physical  injiir\  or  nnt.  It  i^  ar.i;ue(l 
by  Miine  that  tiie  military  discipline,  with  it>  eniplia>i>  <iii  nhedi- 
ence.  siihmis>iiin  t'  aiith"rit\.  nieri^iiii;  (<i  the  imlividnal  in  tlie 
(ir.uani/.ed  unit,  will  ha'  ■  de-trnyed  all  imwer  of  initiative:  hv 
others,  i.n  the  mher  hand,  that  the  frei-  life  in  the  open  air.  nn- 
tramineled  hy  the  ci  iiiventi' 'n-  nf  ■-.  iciety,  iindi-tiirhed  liv  the 
necosity  i.f  earninj;  a  livin<^^  will  lia\e  i)red  a  di>ta-.te  fur  the 
restr,iint>  i<i  nrdin.iry  occn]>atii  .n< :  and  that  in  eitlier  ca-e  the 
ahle-lii  idied  si  ildier  at  the  end  i  ■{  the  w.ar  w  ill  lie  nt'arlv  a>  tri  iiilile- 
sonie  a  [imlilem  as  the  one  v.  In.  i-  cri]>iiled  nr  hlinded.  A  neu- 
n>Iii.i,dst  h;is  ventured  to  predict  tliat  m  man  who  has  spent  a 
Ci'n>ider;ihlc  time  in  the  fitjhtint,'  fnrce-  .alir. lad  will  return  with 
liis  Tiervnus  system  in  a  nurm.al  cunditiiin.  .■^unie  >;iv,  further- 
more, th.'it  the  cliant;e«  in  indn-try  h.ive  iieen  >■  ■  .ijreat  in  the  last 
three  or  four  years  th.at  the  man  v.l;.'  lia-  heen  awav  will  find 
i)im>elf  in  the  iiosiiiun  of  Rip  \'.in  Winkle;  th.at,  even  apart 
from  the  serious  complication  that  the  pl.aces  left  vacant  Dv  the 
men  who  went  into  the  ri,i;htin<,'  force-  have  heen  filled  hv  t;irls 
and  wnnieii  and  hoys  and  old  men.  so  m.atiy  new  jirocesses  and 
so  much  new  machinery  have  been  introduced,  efticiencv  methods 
hav'-  heen  developed  to  such  a  de,i,'ree,  that  every  man  accustnmed 
'■'  the  iiidii>irial  stiiliis  qu  >  i;;:'.'  will  .niuire  ;i  period  of  re- 
education and  piidance  before  he  can  sa.felv  be  allowed  to 
re-iim'.-  his  place  ui  civil  societv.  S^'ine  even  pr.  pose  a  tutelary 
period  .if  .ix  month-  or  so  in  tlu'  home  country  for  readaptation 
to  ordinar\-  life  before  disch.aru'e  from  tile  .army. 

1:   ,in\    -ucli  univer-al   p-\cl:!:al  disabilities  appear,  we  shall 
have  to  tru.-l  to  nature  to  restore  an  c(iuilibriuni.     Our  present 


^m^mmmxm^mmmmsmm 


^^'MU' 


|i|^  Xi'.ll.l  I  ll>     1   Al    .-III     l;'>       IHK     WdKl.ll     U  Al-'  ."> 

i'<iu(.rn   I-   vMlli   tiK-  iiiiri-  dcliiiitc   I'liy-icil   li.iinlicap'i   rc>iiltinj,' 
Iri'iii  (li-iUM.'  (if  iiijurii.>  nciivMl  in  tin.'  i<'Ur>c-  d  >irvicc. 

I- Ai  inns  .\ni;i  iiM.   iiii:  Xi  mi:i:k  ami   i  hi-;  Xmiuk  oi' 

(."A.-^r  Al.TlKS 

F.vtry  Kr*-''"  ^^'T  ''•'"•  '""l  ''~  "^^"  iiudical  liislcry.  TliiTC  i> 
111'  re  (litt'tri.nci'  tliaii  >in)ilarity  in  the  nature  ai  tlic  wmituU  ami 
(li^a^is  frdiu  wliicli  tiu'  artnic-  -utfcr;  tlii'  (ir^anizatiiiii  and 
ci'mpctincv  I't  -anitar\ ,  medical,  and  >uri,'ii.al  ycrvici-;  and  the 
c<'n-e(|uent  ratio  of  killed  to  wounded.  I'l  deaths  tmin  di-e;i-e 
tc  deaths  fniii  injtirie>  re'.eieed  in  action,  liie  mortality  amonj; 
the  wounded,  and  the  proiiortion  of  di-.iMed  survivors,  l-'roni 
the  siniiile  wound-  of  -word.  >]iear,  and  arrow  in  the  battles  of 
the  Trojan  War — (k>crihed  li\  Homer  with  such  precision  that 
sonie  .-cholar<  ;ire  inclined  to  iliink  th.it  he  must  liave  been  i.'Ue 
of  tile  rei^'inunl.al  -ur;;eon-  from  the  pe-tilence  -ent  by  ,\poIlo 
because  .\j;;imeninon  had  in-ulted  one  of  hi-  priests,  to  the  ci'in- 
plicated  lacerated  injurie-  of  nioiKrii  weajions.  trench  fever, 
shell  shock,  and  f,';is  poi-onini;;  from  tlie  >imple  Homeric  treat- 
ment of  wounds  bv  dean-ini,'  and  ajiplications  of  herbs  or  in- 
cantalii'iis.  and  <f  the  jikiiiue  bv  consultation  with  a  soothsayer 
who  hap[iily  could  indicate  ilie  cour>e  of  action  wliicli  would 
appease  tlu  wrath  of  the  ifod,  to  our  elaborate  modern  systeiii- 
cif  stretcher-,  ambulance-,  mobile  opt  rating;  units,  dressing  sta- 
tions, base  l;o-pital-.  orthopedic  llo-pital^.  siiecialized  institutions 
of  every  variety,  laboratories  for  bacterifilogical  examination, 
apparattis.  in-truments.  nur-injj.  and  every  other  known  aid  to 
dia,u'ni>-i-.  re-e.irch.  and  curt — ,ill  this  i-  .i  fa.-cinatinjj  story. 
but  one  which  is  asitle  from  the  main  purpose  of  the  present 
study. 

I-(|iiallv  fa-cinatinj:,  but  al-o  outside  fiur  field,  -is  the  story  of 
the  part  pl;i\ed  by  w;ir  in  the  jiroj^ress  of  medicine  and  surgery. 
It  was  Hi[iiiocrate«  who  said  that  "war  is  the  only  proper  school 
tor  the  '^urgeon."  and  everv  great  war  since  then  has  attested 
lii>  wi-dom,  e\in  though  the  battle-field  is  no  longer  the  only 
place  where  one  may  h.ave  an  (ijijiortunilv  of  -tudving  the  struc- 


!i^^m,iM^Mi^^^^ 


|i|>\in.l.li    MPl.lill.KS    AMI    SAII.OKS 


tiirt'  niul  wiprkiiit;^  fi  tlic  part'^  of  ilir  IhmIv  wliiili  lii-  Inlnw  iho 
Mirlaii'.  TIk-  iiuiltiiiliiatii'ii  "t  ca-i-  I'^r  "li-iT\ati"n  ami  prac- 
tiix-,  Imutvcr,  prr-mliil  liy  war,  li  ii,'i'llur  witli  tlic  urijciit  lU'io^- 
-itv  l'"r  -a\iiiL;  lilo  ami  n-iMriiii,'  ia'allh.  an  ii"t  liiit  |iri.ni"ti' 
skill  ami  kmi\\k(l),'i'  ami  siiiiitilaU-  |irnL;ri~<  liy  Ka|)';  ami  linumK. 
I.arnv,  -iirijii -n  in  cliiel'  I"  Na]!' .Ici  in'«.  <  .ramie  Arinei'.  i-  said 
tn  havf  iJirl'i'inu  i\\i>  hntidrcd  "■jiiTatinns  in  a  -insole  day.  A 
yiiunj,''  AnRTiian  writi'-  In.nic  in  I'MS.  alttr  lii--  lir^t  i  xpiTienco 
at  tile  I'ri'nt,  lliat  in  tw"  da\<  diirini;  a  hattlf  he  had  hini-ell 
performed  nii>re  uperaii' ■n-'  ilian  he  had  ^een  in  lii>  entire  medi- 
cal ciiiir>c  and  hi'-]iiial  training;  and  t\\i>  year<  of  j)rivate  ])rai"- 
tice.  Till'  ca.L;erne~>  "t  the  medical  men  "f  all  ci^intries  Ui  help 
in  tile  military  >er\  ice  i>  te^tinn'iiy  In  the  npportniiity  it  (dfers 
fur  learniii),'.  as  well  a~  In  tlieir  desire  V>  c  iiitrihnle  their  serv- 
ices where  they  are  needed. 

.Maiiv  t'acti'rs  conil)ine  tn  determine  the  niimhei  and  nature  nf 
the  casualties  in  any  war.  and  the  charactir  and  aniouiu  ..f  the 
residinim  nf  di^aliility  at  the  end  nf  it.  Nut  only  the  kind  of 
weapons  n^ed  and  the  e.xisliii!,'  state  of  medical  science  are  im- 
jtortant,  hnt  also  the  j^eiieral  physical  ci>nditi<in  of  the  men  at 
the  hcfjinnini,',  the  climate,  soil,  and  features  of  the  terrain,  the 
([itality  of  the  food,  f.icilities  for  cleanliness,  the  "routine"  of 
the  hattles,  and  other  circnmsiances  allectini,'  more  or  less  di- 
rectlv  the  kind  of  cari'  which  can  he  ,!,'i\en  the  sick  and  wounded. 
Sciiiice.  workint;  im|)artia!lv  for  life  and  for  death,  seeins  to 
hold  the  halance  fairly  even  hetween  the  art  of  destruction  and 
the  art  of  healinj,'. 

In  the  present  war  the  first  circumstance  of  sijinificance  is  the 
numl)er>  of  men  enL:at,'ed.  Armies  are  numhered  hy  millions, 
not  liv  tens  of  thou-~ands.  It  is  the  al)le-l)odie(l  manhood  of  the 
naiioiis  coiicenied  that  is  eiiijaijed,  and  it  is  not  oue  or  two  or 
three  nation^.  luit  all  the  .threat  nations  of  the  western  world 
witli  tiieir  coloni,.-,  and  dependencies,  ;ind  every  continent  is  in- 
\olved  In  -lull  ,-1  contlict  a-  this,  the  numlier  (if  di-.ii)led  must 
ine\italil\-  he  eiiornion--,  however  fa\iir;ihle  the  other  circum- 
stances mii;lit  lie.     The  nunilier  is  sure  to  lie  so  "reat  tliat  sta- 


«;%i.^ij^^^^vfe« 


I'I>AIU1.I  I  II. S    '    \l    -I  h     lA      I  III.     WnKl. 


\S  \i; 


li>lii-^  ^I't'tn  t"  li'-i'  till  ir  iiUMiiiiiL;:  it  iiiakc>  litlK'  ditTiTiiui'  ex- 
actly liuu  many  \\i-  niav  c'.\init.  or  jii-t  wliat  iird])!  iriii  iii  iln.-\- 
iiia\  III'  I'l  tlu'  ti'Ial  luiinliir  iii;4aL;i'(l,  cr  jii-i  ulial  rati"  t"  tlu' 
iiuiiiIht  kilKd.  wlkii  w  i'  kiHiW  tliat  tluTc  will  rirtaiiilv  hf  iii'iri- 
llian  .'iir  utiiiii~t  tlt'uri^  can  jirnxitk'   for  a(k'i|iialtlv. 

TIktc  arc  ntlicr  \\a\>.  iii'.iai.\  rr.  in  wliiili  tlk-  hktc  tn.iu'ni- 
tiidi'  ci  tlk'  idrci'S  atVicl^  llic  iikiiical  lii--ii'rv  "I  llic  |irr>rMt  war, 
ami  C('n-oi|iu-ntly  tin.'  tiniiiluT  "I  di-aliKd  nun  \\\h<  will  laniaiii 
at  tlu  cuil.  It  ci>niiilii'ati-^  all  llir  arrani,'i'nk-nt^  \<ir  tlu-  cari'  I'l' 
tlk-  wi  411111111,  ]irinhu'iiiL;  i"i 'iii^'i-tii  in  ami  ("n-iiimiit  ilclas'  aiiil 
i''iin]iarati\i'  m-.i,'k'i.'t  hT  a  certain  nnnihcr  all  al"in,'  the  line. 
When  in  a  >int,'le  week  "wr  a  liiindred  tlii'ii^and  wnmulcd  men 
nm«t  lie  treated,  a<  liapiKiied  in  the  I'rencli  army  in  the  tir>t 
liattle  I't  the  Marne,  llu-y  can  rk't  all  receive  immediate  attention 
aikl  they  can  iH't  all  recei\e  adei|n;ite  ;ittentii  in.  .\  >nri;eiin  wli<i 
operates  contiiiui •ii'-ly  for  thirty->i\  nr  fur  furtv-eii^'ht  liniirs 
nni-t  make  a  cert.ain  ]iercent;i,:,'e  nl  mi^t.ake^  in  iikli;nient  and  in 
technii|ne.  It  c 'miilicate^  a\-i<  the  ])rnvi>ion  ;ind  di>trilnitinn  of 
foiid  and  cliitliins;,  thn-  atfectins,'  the  ^'eiler.il  he;dlh  of  the  iik-n, 
tlk'iii,'h  tlii-  i>  more  i-.i-ily  !n,inaj,'e(l  and  less  >erious  th;in  die 
amiinlance  and  lio>iiilal  arrant;eineiUs.  One  .'uhantaije  in  the 
lari,'e  nitmlier>  li;is  hein  ]iointed  out  hy  .an  I".nL,di>h  >nrt,'ei.n  ulio 
thinks  tli.it  the  mere  f.act  that  -"  l;.rj;e  ;i  proiiortion  of  the  .'ihlot 
medical  men  of  the  conntrv  h.i-  been  needed  li.as  created  an 
"atmo~]ihere  of  he.althy  controver-y"  favorable  to  pri'ijres^  i-i 
methods  of  treatment. 

Never  before,  probably,  in  -pite  of  the  <,'reat  numbers,  have 
the  nu-n  of  i^rcit  armies  been  >>  ■  cirefullv  selected  with  rej,';ird 
to  their  fitne>>  to  meet  the  physical  and  nient.al  dem.ands  of  ilk- 
service.  There  w;i>  carele'>nes>  at  rir-t  by  recruitin;;  otVicers.  no 
donbt,  in  I-"n;;l;nid  ;md  (.';mad;i.  bm  thi>  \\a>  i|iiicklv  crrected. 
and  there  has  been  little  cli.tnce  f^r  selection  in  I'rance  and  I'.el- 
t^iiini  and  >ome  other  conntrie~.  becanse  of  the  e.\ii.a-ncie-  of  the 
■^itnation;  but  on  the  whole  the  Mildiers  of  the  ])re~ent  w;ir  h.ive 
probably  been  in  better  physical  condition  .at  the  -t.irt  than  tli.  ■■■e 
of  any  'ither  ,i,'reat  war.     Tin--  i-  ik't;iblv  true  of  the  .\merican 


8 


[>l^  \l'.l  I  i'    --ol.Iill.K^     \Mi    SAII.'iKS 


;iniiv.  "\\\'  art'  inutuii,'  inl"  tlu-  tiild,"  -aiil  Surt,'v.'"n  (itniral 
<ii'ri;,i  ,;1  :i  nici't  iikhIiiil;  "I  llu-  Ainciuaii  Midual  .\-«i  i  i;i- 
iKii,  "llif  lii'-l  anr,\.  pliv -iially  and  iiuiiiall\.  in  the  \M>rld  " 
llu-  -.ildur-  HI  llu-  pn-iiil  war  lia\i-  .d-...  ii..  d^nljl.  Ihtii  IhII'T 
ImI  and  Ixllir  ili.|ln-d  and  nndi  r  iKiicr  ~anitarv  i-ctidiiiMiiv  ni 
'-I.  far  a-  tin-  inliciw  p|i-  I"  wliirli  tiicy  !ia\i-  Imii  tsiM.-t-d  lia\i- 
in>n  within  tlic  ci'nln'l  '•I  suiitarv  -riiiiif  C"!''!!*.'!  D'Nnv 
I',  ,„,r  M,„  ,  -,,  tar  a^  I"  ~a\ '  thai  iht-  \a^t  majority  ..f  thi  l'.riii-!i 
lri'.|i-  haw  h\id  nnd.  r  luttrr  -ainlary  o.nchti"n-  than  in.  y  dn 
at  hiiiiii. 

Care  in  the  -iK-cti"n  oi  men  and  |in.tirli"n  "i'  thnr  hcahh 
niav  lAcn  ruhu-i-  thr  ininihi-r  (>!'  wnnd-  tiny  will  r(.tii\c  and 
iiitliHtuc  tln'  iiatin-c  "l  tlu-e  wdind--.  it  lartainlv  inniiini^,t~  the 
nniulur  wli"  will  In-  di-ahU-tl  hy  in-anit\.  tnlHriidi -i-,  and  cer- 
tain I  •tiler  di-ea~e-.  ami  it  iiicrea-e-  the  jin  .hahility  ol  a  laM^rahle 
prc^'lli'-i-  e\en  in  the  ea~e  ^l   wciiiuN. 

The  \\ea|"'n~  and  nietlu'd-  ii~ed  in  the  pre-eiit  war  have  in- 
tri'dneed  a  iie\N   ranye  nl   injiirie-  and  inien-ified  the  lu'rnir-  nf 

familiar   varieties.      A    i-"reneli  Mn-,i;e(iii.   in  a  1 k   imhlivjud   in 

I'US.-'  refer>  In  a  -erie-.  cf  lecture^  he  had  ^'iven  at  the  he^'ininni; 
of  iniihilizatidii  in  l'M4  a^  entirely  llu-i 'retieal — "it  O'lild  ivt 
liave  heeil  ctherwivi" — llecaTl^e  lliey  were  "1  llei'e>-ity  ha-ed  <  n 
experience  fri'Ui  pa'-t  wars,  which  i^  wholly  uiu  ni  date.  In  L;in- 
eral  the  wniiiuN  i>f  the  jire^ent  war  are  far  nmre  seriini-  in  their 
nature.  .\  larger  ]iri  ijn  Ttinn  nf  ihetn  are  fatal  inmiediately.  A 
larj,nr  jir^pi 'rtioii  ot  lh(i-e  wliich  are  imt  fatal  are  ci implicated 
and  exien>ive. 


K.wc.i-:  oi-  Ixji'HiKs  IX  THE  Pi<Ksi:.\r  \\'.\r 

For  a  -ati^factorv  review  of  the  varieties;  of  injtiries  and 
their  relative  impnrtance  numerically  it  will  he  necessary  to 
await  the  puhlication  of  ort'icial  reports  and  statistics,  which  for 
tphviotis  rea-oii-  will  not  he  availahle  until  the  war  is  over,  hnt 
a    few    •■{    tile    ni' Te    cn^picnon-    facts   already   a    matter    of 

1  H'.Miii(/,(  ill   ll\ir.  Oxt"r(l  War   rriuuT-;.     1913. 
-  .Maiulaire  :  Cliiruriiic  dc  ilncnc     VAS. 


mmm'-^i^t^^^i^ 


\ 


l'l«  \  11 1  I  I  II  -    I    \i   ^Mi    l.~i      I  III      W  (  mil)    \\  m; 


I 


i"ni!i;'.ii  kti'  w  Kili;i-  will  -(TM'  ti'  mclu.ilc  llu-  cliar.utiT  cif  llu' 
li"l'I(iii^  wliuli  li,i\i  II  iil'n  nidi  llu  nudir.il  -<t\  ici^  <•<  llu- 
.trniii^  aiKJ  ilk  lAlciit  tu  wlmli  iIua  li.nr  licrii  iitu  \|n'itiil  aii'l 
iiii|ircii(kiiticl. 

ArtilliTV  (ire.  iinliiiliii.L,'  t.'a-  in.iiili^  a-  wll  a-  -lira|.iui,  i-  the 
ID'-I  ini|Miriai!l  caii-r  •  l'  ca-iialtu-.  1  land  ,i,'rrna(K~  ami  -tiiall 
t,ir-arni>  i'"iiic  m  \t,  while  iinius  I'laih  iuw  .in.-  alnin-t  iifi^lii;!- 
Iilf  a^  a  lau-i-  ..t  ili-aliilit\ .  ilii'iij;li  the  iMyniu't  remain-  an  aiti\f 
in-tnniH'iii  >.i  diaih.  Sliiapinl  and  licnili-  and  iHiinlr.l  liull.i- 
can-e  i\t(ll~i\f  lata  ralH'n-  ot'  tin-  -..ll  li--iK-~  and  niulliiil.-   I'rac- 

Iiirc-  irt   tMiiu~  and    j.'inl-.       Tlir   intense    I'l'iac-  ..l    ilir   imllct- 

and  '■(■(■a-ioiiaily  "f  iilu-r  pr^'jirtiK- lia-  di-jirMved  the  i-Ia--ic 

iiilicl'  I'f  the  dav-  i.i  >li.w,r  iiii^iK-,  thai  the  !il)er>  i>i  iier\e 
(-.■rd-  nierelv  separate  and  let  the  hall  jm--  tlirc'imh  and  eatl  li"t 
he  injnreil  hv  tire-arni~.  Nm\\  tu  rve-  are  ai-inallv  shattered, 
like  h>.iu-.  '{'he  treineiiihMi-  e(innt--ii.n  and  ni.i-c  ni  the  hi^h 
lApl.-iM-  |iaral\/e-  the  eelltral  ilervnn-  >\Me,ii.  while  the  pni- 
!'  n-ed  and  extra' .rdiiiary  tm-ion  ]iriMhice-  iiciira-theiiia.  I.ii|uiil 
fire  and  ;,'a>  -luIN  ean^e  Imrii^  and  nnn-nal  kincN  "f  nni^,  .niiii,'. 
■jhe  water  and  mud  and  lice  df  the  treiiche-  de\el..p  "treiieh 
fi'"t."  whiih  mav  luce^-itate  aniimtatifn.  and  "trench  fever," 
which  M.nietim<-  leave-  a  wiakened  cdiditiMii  reiniirinj;  a  Iciij,' 
].en(.d  i.t  (••.inaU-ccnce.  Xew  ("..rni-  ot  infection,  like  "Spaiii-h 
itiriuen/.a."  appear.  Trench  warfare  and  hnnih-  frnm  airplanes 
rt-tilt  m  an  imn>nal  proportion  of  woniKN  on  the  top  of  the 
head  and  the  f;ce.  A  rejiort  from  <  ierntanv'  sivs  that  more 
lett  arm-  a.re  I.-t  than  rij,dit.  hecatt-e  the  left  arm  i-  nni)rotected 
when  the  men  are  lyin.i;  in  po-ition  for  -hootini;  in  the  treiidie-, 
and  hecaii-e  wound-  .f  the  left  arm  are  fre(|nently  .-iKj,Tavate(l 
hy  lraj,'ment<  of  the  w  ri-t  -.vatch.  iVencli  fi.<,'iires,  however,  -how 
more  rij^dit  arm-  amimtated  ihan  left. 

1  he  condition-  produced  hy  the-e  injurie?  arc  for  the  most 
]:irt  no  dit'lerent  from  injurie-  which  may  he  caused  in  civil  life. 
Sur.i^eon-  and  phy-ician-  fre(|uentlv  re[.<al  the  -tatement.  in  one 
form  .T  another,  that  the  condition  under  di-cu--ioii  i-  in  no  re- 

■  .':i('-r,il  ,  f  //:,•  .liii.nain  Mcdual  .■!ss,'ii(iti''ii,  i"(.l,riiary  Q,   1918. 


IS    ^w'::::^:-^ 


lilsMlllli    Mil  nil  lis    AMI    SAII.OKS 


~|i<ri  |iiinli.ir,  lull  i-  iinMiiiiii  icil  III  "iilm;ir\-  pr.uiici'  with  the 

^.lllir   -\ni|iIi'llN,  lIlMii'^ll  (.lllM'il   ll\    (llttiTlMI   ririlllllst;itUf>.       Tliis 

l~  I -prii,ill\  i|..|m,ili|i  Ml  I'll  r.i-i'  ct  tlic  liiiirtii  ili.il  lurvnii^  (li>- 
'■rdn-,  Slull  ~li>nk  al  lii-l  -i-lit  -Irikc.  llic  laviii.m  .i>  a  lnw 
and  -lraiii;c  |ili(n' .iiifiii  ii.  lull  ncuri.I.  ■l;i>i-.  nil  ii-  llial  it  i^  lU'w 
■  iil\  III  iJu-  miiiilni-  ,,i  ia~c-  'I  hal  iv  in  tad,  ilic  i-^riii-i'  ..|  i\w 
n"\tll\  lhP'UL;li"Ut — lli' ■u-aiiil-  •■!'  iaM->  ..i  a  |iartKuIar  iiijur\- 
\\liiili  in  tniu>  1. 1  [nan  niii;lu  In-  ciu.  •iiiitiird  ■  .ncr  in  a  <li"t(ir's 
I'liiiinc  Mil'  minii.p|i>  di-,a~i'  kiii'wn  a-  irtiKJi  li-\iT  iiiav  in- 
ditd  Ik-  <allii|  lU'W.  tuf  ii  ha^  al  an\  rati'  ih'MT  ri'CiiN  I'd  •-iTiniis 
allinii'ii  JHiMia'.  'rhMii-li  rari!\  it  i\ir  latal.  it  lia>  lurn  oiii; 
"1  tik-  iiii'~i  ^crimi^  iaii-i>  el  di^ainiitv  aiiinii^,'  llic  armies 
<it  till'  Allif-  I'll  tin-  wt-urn  tn'iit.  and  \>y  its  iKhiiitatint;  et- 
fi.il>  ina\  cMti  iii'idnii.'  iMiniaiu'iit  unlitnus-  i,,r  niilitar\-  sitvIci-. 
It  lia^  liccti  iKliiiitily  t-ial)li-lir(l  liv  ilu-  riiiti'il  States  Arniv 
Miiliial  (  "r|i-  that  llio  -ii«|iici(ins  already  fastened  u]hiii 
tile  "ei'i'tie"  are  ju^tilied;  in  ..tluT  unrds,  that  trench  fever  is  a 
^'erni  disease,  lln'ii^li  the  mrin  has  ii,,t  yet  hc-en  i-ulated.  and 
that  it  i-  tran-niilted  hv  the  hue  ut  tlie  trelieh  Inii-e,  with  which 
iiH'st  (.f  the  trn(,|is  ill  the  \\e~ttrii  lines  are  infested.  This  deni- 
c  n^tratii  .n  will  \tr<  'hahly  sa\  e  thi  •tisands  i  .f  nien  fmni  this  disease, 
fci  a'-  Secri'iary  I'aker  said  in  his  ..I'licial  aniiniincenu-iit  >'i  the 
discii\ery:  "As  l,in,i;  a~  the  |in>tectiiin  i^i  tlie  nun  fmin  lice  was 
only  a  matter  of  CMinf^rt  and  of  iin  militarv  iiniinrtance.  their 
f\terniinaii"n  did  iint  warrant  extras 'nliiiary  measures.  Init  mnv 
that  it  is  known  that  it  is  net  simiily  a  matter  of  disconifort,  hut 
that  the  'ci'otie'  is  inciilentallv  one  of  the  largest  causes  of  dis- 
ahi]ii\-,  it  is  deemed  worthy  of  extraordinarv  efforts  to  control 
these  pe^ts." 

In  tile  -uri;ery  of  the  present  war  the  soil  df  Flanders  and 
I'icardy  ha^  jikued  an  im](ortant  and  far  from  lieneticent  role. 
Iliijhlv  eultiv.ited  i,M-onnil.  manured  fi^r  centuries,  the  hattle-field 
'I  the  we-tern  fri.tit  "teemed  with  micro-i  ir!,'anisnis."  some 
hariiile--.  hut  <>t1urs  d;nii;en  ns  in  everv  det,'ree,  and  including; 
ihe  piis-f(,rminy  i^vrnis  and  the  hacillus  of  tetanus.  The  i-.n- 
l>o-vihility   ol    personal   cleaidiiiess  in   the  trenches  means  that 


■  »*?<«. --'^ 


:ki:b2t!i.>i^l*i^k 


1 


''!•-  \llll  I'll-.    1    \l   >1  II     llV      I  (ir.    WolM  I.    W    \|; 


1  I 


^8 

i 


il'ihiiii,'.  -kill  and  li.iir  ar.  fivcrdl  wiili  j;,  rii'^  |>,,rii  iln.  .,,,1. 
wliuh  ilic  liiillri  i.r  ..ili.r  [n .  .ji-,  nli-  larrif-.  mc.  ilic  u..i,ii,I.  -•  ■ 
llul  .very  ur.tiiid.  it  \\a-  -...t,  |.,miil.  i;,|,  it.  ".l,..,"  ,i|  iiii,r- 
li"ii  t'n.iii  tlu-  Iiaitl<-Kn. 1111(1.  and  it  trccintnlly  lia>  aiiipl.-  liiiu-  t'> 
<-ial>li-li  it-.ll'  luti.rc  i\w  wi.iiiiil  can  niciw  atttiiti' .n.  i;ii:,'lidi 
-iirtii-.  .11-  uli"  had  i-xpiTitiirf  iii  the  S..tilli  Atruaii  War  an-  Mnuk 
Willi  llu'  i..iiira~l  diu-  t.i  tlii-  ciif  laii..r:  it)  the  pnro  air.  hriylit 
Minli-lit,  and  iiiK-..iiiaiiiiii.it<-d  siii<l\  M.i|  itii\rii..ti  of  w,.im,ls 
u,,>  a^  iiiiiiic<--sary  a-  il  i>  in  pri\alt  practice;  under  tlie  n.ii- 
diii'.n-  ..f  tlii-.  war  it  i-  the  rule.  SiirL;ery  u.i.  tlirouii  h.iek  to 
ihe  da\s  of  l.iM.r.  when  ni'-t  wciiiuU  Mippnr.ated,  ;iiid  treat- 
iiieiii  ha-  heeii  -reatly  e.  .niplieaied  hy  the  lure-itv  ..f  extr.u.r- 
•  hnarv  ni.tli..,ls  ,,(  .anti-ep-iv  The  telann-  h.uillu,  tre(|iienllv 
neee--itate-  anipntalinn.  a-  dn,-  uU,  the  '•-aMM,,,  ;,Miij,'rene." 
-ne  ..1  th.  ni.-t  .ireaded  of  the  -ejitie  enniplieati. -n-  ,,f  the  in- 
juries <■!  the  war.  c.in>ed  hy  Ka-i.r>'.iniin.!;  niien.!,,,.' 

.\n..ilu-r  leatnre  of  the  current  method.  ,,f  warfare  whidi  iue; 
aliecte<l  the  -itualion  of  the  wounded  i-  the  :dnio>t  continuous 
h'^htin.i,'  for  week-  at  a  time.  Initiie.liate  attention  i,v  hnnnar- 
'lirr,-  .,n,l  ir,,n-|M , nation  a-  rapi.lly  as  |H.sMl,|e  to  the  fostr  ,/.• 
.v.'..'U/y— il,,-..  I,,  ,|,„,te  Dr.  Mauclaire  a-;iiti.  I-  "parfait  en  tiie,,- 
rir,  mai-  tie-  .lirficilement  reali-ahle"  when  the  fieM  i-  con-tantiv 
nnder  hie  and  the  line  i-  heiidin.s,'  its  po-iti,,n.  I  r,.|uently  it  is 
onlv  the  -li-iitly  Wiiunded,  tlio.c  wli,,  can  walk  or  drat,'  them- 
s.lve-  hack  witlK.nt  a-i-tance.  who  can  cet  to  a  •Ire-^inu'-station 
"l.ro.nptlv."  The  ..tliers  nuisi  lie  where  they  fall  nntil  ni^ht 
Collie-,  at  least. 

The  hcneficent  forces  of  .science  and  human  in-emiitv.  tliere- 
t.  re.  h.ive  Iieen  liard  put  to  it  to  keep  pace  with  the  -tl'ipefyin- 
advance  of  means  of  destruction  and  the  invi-ihie  enemies  of 
tile  -oil.  .Marvel-  have  heen  accomplished,  cn-iderin-  ail  the 
eircum-.ance-  of  the  situation.  ti,o„j,di  medical  writer.-  are  more 
disp..-ed  to  -p,.„d  ihrir  time  in  ^earchin-  f.,r  imiiroved  methods- 
and  l,etter  res,dts  than  in  con-ratnlatin,!;  them-elves  over  wliat 


"?T(:1,_, 


^■'V-- 


ii|>AI;l,l.ll    ,-(iLM  I  I.S    AN  II    >AILliK 


li.i-  alrt.-uly   incii   acliii-wd.      T'uir.rL'   l;.  iirnitii  .us   will   In-  (-;illr(l 

I'!""   ■"  .I'liiiii'"-'  tlk-  acliic Acniriu-  .  l'  tlu-t;  >;mitariaii^  and   ]il:\-- 

Hcaii-.  and  t..  n  c  .l;iii/c  willi  aiprri'iaii'  ii  iliat  tiic  iniiin  .\  cnuiu^ 

Ml   laiilitii-   P  n-  i.n.niiit  ni:ii.\al   ir.  i.i  the  liatlk'-luld,  i>>v  i-arlv 

■i;'!'Ii*at:.  n   'I    aiiti-f]i-i~,    l.  ;■   iiniiuilialr   (  [ni'ati' 'ii    in   tin-   au!"- 

n.-liik-  .■piratin.L;  rci.m  if  nrcr—arv.  and  rapiil  and  cnnil'i  >rialik' 

tr.in-]".naii..ii    i..   tin.'    rrar    i.r    ni..ri-   !li.  ifi  .n.^li   li\atnniu.'    ilic 

.C.iural  u-r  '.r  tlu-  radi' ii;ra|ili.  liic  in\rini(.n  and  n-e  oi  rti\;cti\  c 

iman-  ..t    di-inlccii,  .ii   mitd   tin-   wciiuiN  aiv   lifalcd,  liavr   ~a\r(l 

'.ii'  n-and~  .i)   lur~;  wink-  iiKTca-rd  -kill  and  iiii|)ri  .\  cd  t<.'cliuic|n.' 

Ml  ilk-  trrainuiii  i.|'  irai'lnrr-,  di-li  a,iii.  .n-.  and  ninlilatii  .n-  liavi- 

-a\i.d   tli^n-ancN  i.i    dlur-   iri.ni   di-lij;nrrr,icnt  and   iiu'apaiiU' ; 

.:iid    ]Niiu-ni'f   and    in,L;\iinity    wuli    ilic    c  lunh-tiouiu's    lia\v'    vv- 

-t'  red  many  tuTd  and  di-i.rdiri'd  mind-  v,  \\w\v  nnrnial   .-tati.'. 

.\i"M'  all.  il  i-  aii|>ri.[irialo  t' i  i\ri  •,!;ni/,c  llit-  pL-r.-iinal  (k\(itii'n  < 'i 

ill''  nirdical  jir.  .i\,-m' >n,  which  ha-  n.  4  1i.\n  >ur[)a-M-il  1)>-  ilial  i.l 

any  .tlur  in  di-i\'-anl  ><\  i-.  ■nii'..rt  and  >al(.'ty  and  in  un.-iiarin.L,' 

fxiTti^n,  al  h'-iik-  and  at  t!;c  fr'.nt. 

I'.iiirr    rt'-nlt-   liavi-   Imii    -i-cnrcd    jirc  .,i;ri-»ivcly   thnm^'li   the 

ni.  nili-  (■!   tlir  war,  a-  e.\]icririK'c  ha-  luin  x'ai'H'd  and  new  de- 

viee-    ]ierlecud    an<l    the    adniini-trati\  e    niarliinerv    ini|in.ve(l. 

i  i.i^nre-  ennink'nly  c|ii(,ti-d  -ay  that  NO  per  cent  of  the  ui.nnded 

■All"     Ii\e     In     he     reiiiMved     fr.  .in     the     liattle-fiekl     return     tn 

^eiM^e.   either   at    the    fn.nt    or   mi    the   line-   i.f   d 'inniiiiiicatii  m, 

early    rejuTt-    fr.iin    ( ierniany    elainiiiii,'   ''0   per   Cent   nr   mere; 

and  liia.t  the  iiKirtality  rate  anidiiij  the  wmmded  who  ci.nie  niider 

care    i>    iierha|i-    f.a!--    ]ier    cent:    leaving    tlnis    ->  miethin.t,'    hke 

10    to    _'0    |ier    Cent    ]iern!aiuntly    di-ahled.    i.f    thn-e    who    are 

wi.imded.     The   Paris  corre-iiciulent  of  the  Lancet  reports  an 

official    annoiincenieiit    (January    lu.    I'MSi    that    out    of    f,,,,r 

inillioii  ca-e-  receivid  in  ho-pitals  and  amhulances  three  niillion 

■  i:  i<  repine, 1  in  ilic  li.iily  ii;i|.<>f^.  lunr,  lOlS.  that  tilt  avtr.iy,-  tine  ..f 
^tli.  ivmiiidfil  trail-|.Mrteil  ).y  the  riiae.l  Stat.-  Amhulamc  SiT\ir.'  hi  tli- 
rtHC.i  l.altle-  u  a-  c.iil\  two  to  I'oiir  Imur-  fr.im  hattle-tu-hl  to  ha^-  lv.-|ii'.,! 
;ii  I'ari-,  iiuhuhiii;  a  -top  at  a  ilre-iiii;  -tatio,-,.  Dr.  Maii.tairr  -av-  that  an 
KnL'h-li  -olihcr  uonn.lf.I  in  rii-ar,|y  in  tlie  mornine  niav  hr  m  a  Loinion 
ho-pital  hv  e\enniL:.  Ilr  r.'r'cr-  1-  :]•,•  ii-<-  .  f  the  a(To,,I:,n,.  .,,  ci.n-naie  the 
uo,nuU(i  o\cr  tiie  nionntain-  ni  \'.  r  f1r,-at  from  S.  i!:ia.  rlioni;h  Ki'Mnoinl's 
■  'fa-i  Ii-a;   it   .nie'ht  prk  •lieni  nn   fr.  -n  I'u-  iMttlc-iichl  I'a-  ii.  .t  hon  reali^i'ih 


HI.--  \i!ll.l  I  il  >     I     \l   .^1. 


I  III     \\  iii;i.li    \>.  \i: 


lo 


k 

■^ 


ami  ,1  hah'  liail  licni  la-iuriK-d  i..  ilic  ir^iii.  The  L-.\|R-ririKc  •>{ 
(  aiiaila,  with  ali.  .lit  _'5U.0Ut)  iiini  in  ila-  liild,  Ii.  .u-  alM.ut  _'N.U(X) 
(li-i.iiari;i(l  t.T  tli-aliiiity  t-i  Ma\.  I'MX.  (  )|i  tl^-  |,;(m>  fi  tin-  In^t 
n^nia-  a\ailalik-  in  ilir  -unnin-r  >■{  \'>\7.  I  )r.  1.  M.  kuliiii' .\\ .  nt 
.\c\v  \..rk.  arri\L'il  at  tin-  i -ti'iiatr  i.f  (m.UOO  iicrnianfiiil'.  .li- 
alilnl  hy  WMiiiuN  [nT  yrar  [nr  inilliMii  ,,t'  iiieil  tii:;a.i;i(l.  S'.;r-i.'Mii 
i.riural  (M.ia^a-.  at  the  laciiii  nuciin;;  ot  tlic  Anicrii-aii  .Mcdieai 
A""i  laii'.ii.  t\|)ia---.v.l  hi-  aiitii-ipati' 'U- — uliicli  uiulMiilitedh  arr 
ha-rd  111"'!!  mi',  .rniati'.n  a-  t"  the  isijcriciicc  <>i  oiir  aliu'>  a>  well 
a-  niM.ii  a  kn"\\lfd,L;e  <.f  tia  c.inihii.'n-  taiinu  "itr  nan — in  term- 
wiiieh  I'.  aTc-]i(iiid  uitli  ih,,'  li-i;re~  in  enrrenev:  "We  expeel  \' 
]int  haek  7^  .^r  NO  jier  e.  ni  ..t'  the  w.-nnded  int..  the  trenehev  W  e 
I)  Iie\e  that  11. .t  111. .re  than  10  |i..r  cent  ..l'  tli.-e  \v..niide.l  will  he 
p.-rnianeiith   di-ahled.'" 

1  he  lie!  riMilt  ..f  the  pr.  .;,'re-<  in  the  twi.  i.ppi.site  direfti..n^ 

t..wa!-d  <le~tr.  .\iii;,'  life  ami  t.'wanl  -:!\  iiiL,'  it  —  u  dl  [.r.  .halih  he 
a  Iir^er  ].r.  .p.  .rti. 'ii  ..i'  di-ahle  1  ~iirvi\..r-  than  after  an\-  prev!..ii~ 
war  in  the  hi~t..ry  ..f  the  wi.rld.  as  well  as  an  a!)^^lllte  miitiher 
linpreeedellted  in  ~ize. 


.Xaiihi;  til  IIP:  i\i-;si  i/i  i\i,  1  JisAiiii.i  i  n.s 
Jiut  a;  i>li\ -ieian-  an.l  -ui-.^^-.  .n-  -ec  in  the  injuries  pr.  uliu'ed 
hv  the  strani^e  new  weap.  .n-  am!  inetlioils  nt  the  ]ire~eiit  war  an 
e-eniia!  i.Ieiitity,  in  -pi;e  ..f  the  difference  in  the  caii-e-,  with 
injurie-  jip  duced  iiy  ..tlur  v.eap.  .ii-  and  iiy  aca-idein-  and  with 
diM-a-e-  pr.i.hiced  h\-  eireiiin-tance-  <■]'  eivil  life.  ><  ■  al-..  the  disa- 
hilitie-  reMihiiiL;  after  llledieal  -eieiiee  lia-  il.'iie  it>  he.-t  have  Inn,'^ 
l.'-eii  familiar.  In  niiniher-  cnly  are  they  iini(|iie.  and  in  the 
r'-eiini-tances  snrrc  .ur.dini;  the  men.  In  civil  life  acci.leiit-  which 
ppled  .  r  nnitil.ite.l  .  r  hlind  or  deaf  hajipen  indi- 
uir  victim-  are  11..1  i . .neentrated  in  in^titiiti. .n -  .!.■- 


lea\e   men   criiiij 


dii.-dl 


\.  .ted     exc 


Iii-!\el\-    t. 


lluir    cavL'.    and    the\-    c.  .me    f 


r. 'in    manv 


liferent   iiv.  i'lp-,  .  ,t 


1--  .ciate-.  n.  .t  tr.  .in  a  -inch 


/all  .11  which  1-  hieralh   the  win 


le  nail.  .11  in  arm- 


antic  I  1  L;ain- 
'riiherciil..-i- 


arm   Ilea!-;   di-e.a-i 


iKcwi-e,   an.:   tKura-tlieiii,.    and    ilieiimati- 


.ir(    e\er\-da\    i-\perieiice-  in  tinier  of  [leace.  hut   they  tuO  come 


W^;^M>!^m. 


^ 


i>i<Aiii.i:ii  S(>i.I)1i;ks   and  saii.oks 


tc  iiitli\  idiiaN  luTr  anil  tlicTr,  in  all  orrnt)ati"ni  nnd  statii'ii^  cf 
life,  aii<l  art'  rcalizid  I'lily — wi'ili  tl'f  ]i(.-~iliK'  I'xtH'ptii 'ii  i>t  tulur- 
iiil(i>-i> — l)y  \.h<<-c  imtiicdiatc'ly  and  iHTM'iiallv  ccMtccrnt'd.  tlio  in- 
dividual. hi>  taniily  and  friends,  liis  plivsiciaii,  and  fntirunilv 
tliu  cliaritalik-  a,i;i'iicic'S  df  his  town.  Thu  war  is  dc^in!,''  what  a 
t\ Av  (irj^anizations  ha\e  hiiii  tryini,'  fur  many  vcar>  with  much 
rffi'Tt  l"  acn  ini|)li^h.  It  i^  "I'diicatinj;  the  |inlilii'"  in  rc;,'ard  in 
the  "siici.d  a^|)i.-el:~"  !•!  di--t.'a-i.'  and  di-ahilit\'.  Xiav  fcr  the  t"ir~i 
time  tlu-e  lAcry-day  ]irciliKnw  df  ]jhy~ical  <li>ahilitv  a~>inne  such 
I]r<'[Mp'-'i(pn^  and  ]irc-enl  '-ueh  an  a|i]Kalini,''  asj)ecl  that  the\-  cnm- 
mand  atteiilinn  fnon  the  entire  natinti. 

Statistic-  nf  the  na'iire  and  di-trihiilii  >n  of  the  permanent  di--- 
ahilities  re>n!lini;  Inin  the  war  are  a^  vet  onlv  fra.Ljmentarv. 
The  llriti^h  Minister  ci  ren^iiin>.  h<A\e\er,  ])re--ented  in  the 
Hnn-e  df  t'dmnmns  o.i  May  _'S  a  cla  iliealidn  df  the  341,OJ^' 
disahled  men  whd  jiad  reeeived  pencil  ui^  frdni  the  }^i  a crnmeiit 
t"  the  e:ii!  ni  April.  I'MS;'  ^tati^tic-  fi.r  the  l'»,_'l^O  t'an.idi.m 
?d]dicr^  pen>ii'ned  td  the  end  i<i  I'ehrn.arv.  1''1S.  .are  a\;iil,ihle 
tlirdii^h  the  Cdurte^y  df  the  lld.ird  cf  ren>idn  Cdmnii>>ic 'tiers 
df  (".an.ada:  and  at  the  fir>t  Inter-Allied  ('(inference  fnr  the  study 
<<i  (|uestii>n>  ec.neernin,i4'  men  di-ahled  in  the  w.ar.  luid  in  Paris 
in  Ma\',  I'M",  v.aridus  items  nt  infdrm.atidn  ahuut  furtv  thdu- 
s.and  ri-f(>nih'w  <7  rrfuniuil'hw  \c<.  i  were  presented  hv  t!  e 
stati>tieian  cf  the  ("Ifl'iee  XaiidU.d  des  Mntiles  et  Kefdrnie's  tie  la 
<  lUerre.-   frdin  whieh  it  is  pn^^ihle  tn  Cdnstritct  a  t.ihle. 

As  the  I'riti-h  .and  (.".in;i(li;m  hijures  are  classified  accdrdiiij; 
td  the  same  .i;i.iieral  scheme,  they  are  comhined  in  diie  t.ihle.  The 
I'rench  lit;ures  are  ,L;i\en  ^e]),lrately.  The  differences  in  the  two 
t.ililes  are  strikin^^  The  l".nj,di>h  and  I'an.idi.an  fij,'iires  shdw  a 
much  smaller  prepdrtinn  I'i  am]iutatidiis  and  other  injuries  to 
the  K'.l;-  and  .arm-.  ;i  inueli  hi;.,dier  jimportidn  of  uncl;i>sified  in- 
juries and  <,H'ner;il  disease-,  "]'".yesi,;;ht  cases"  are  three  or  fdur 
lime-   .1-   numerous   aiUdutj   the    I'rench   as  .aniniij,'   the    British. 

'  Kup.'itnl  in  tlie  \cw  Vurk  V.v,-iiin,i  I\'st.  OlTu-l.il  riiiMrf;  of  tin'  p.irlia- 
mi'iil,u>  ilt'li.ilis  for  tin-  il^iti-  are  not  .uailalilc.  .i-  tiny  lia\e  nut  ln-un  ^^Tlt 
<ait  nt  the  i-Mnntr\   sinoo  tl:c  lir^t  nf  .May. 

-  Tlic   -ainc  tigurc-  are   iiK-hnled   in    I'.nllLtin   X  >.  J  nl    llie  ()liiee   X.ii!'  iial. 


i 
I 


iii>\i!ii.nii:s  cAisKi)  i!v  thk  woki.h  war  15 

1  luTO  are  iv.  dMuht  (lirfennci--  in  dftinitioii  and  standards  {'<r 
diMliarj;i'  wiiiih  wduld  explain  n.iiic  cf  tlu^  o.mra-ts.  The 
••.Katiu->"  aniMnj;  tlie  Kn.i,'li>li.  f,,r  ixamplc-,  may  incltidi-  par- 
tially dvat.  a-  it  ixplicitly  ^]i,^■<  aiiK.nf,'  tlic  Canadians ;  am. mijj  the 
IVriRJi  i.nly  the  iiuurahly  (kaf  in  hotli  ears  are  C(ninte(l  under 
this  head.  Tile  chief  explanati.ai  oi  the  Contrasts,  however,  lies 
ill  the  tact  tliat  the  men  who  arc  "peii-ioncd"  in  France  arc  a 
imich  more  restricted  jrrnu[).  including  only  those  wliosc  disa- 
hilities  are  jrrave  (f.ver  60  per  cent),  incur.a'hle,  and  directly  iiii- 
putahle  to  the  service— pr.actically  only  ca>es  of  mutilation  or 
">tippre-.M,,n  of  an  <,rj:an"— while  less  serious  injuries  are  classi- 
tied  Willi  those  incurred  hefore  or  out'^ide  the  service,  and  are 
compeiisited  hy  ;i  "j;ratilic,-itiot\"  not  a  pen-ion. 

lil.<TKIi;L-n(i.\    OI-     DISAIU-  'T1K.>;     iX    GRF  \T     rj^ITMN" 
AM)        AA1).\ 

,.       .   >^^'— M..a,,„ity  Grca.n;^u:;:Tana<Ja 

Tycv:  n  c..,.. ,^ 

N.iniiiii-  and   iiijiiru'>;  " 

■J  II  lcj;s.  nocos^itatinn  amputatidri    ^ttlt  'V) 

Ijiariiiv.   iuie-.»ilatin(;   ain|nilatii.ii    [  J^,)  Y',p 

}'<  It-;.:-.   Hi.t    lifCi-vitatitiK   aiii|nitatiiMi    '  \\  km)  9(35 

I.,  arms  and  han.l>,  n..t  nfces^italin.i,;  ampntation. . .  I  '  <)()  yjf, 

.',"  '"','?      ; 4 («)  .'68 

.\li>ocll;uici.ns   \,<.iinds   and   injiirii->    7  >5 

<   U'st    cmiilaims   and   tiihercuIo^K    11  L',  ,'-' ,  i 

Kliciimati^ni    '  -,,  '■■'- 

I ,       .     ,.  f).:^f) 

lU'art   di-iasc    ,,,,.,  y ^■ 

Hp.icp.v  ::;:; ";];;       '-^^ 

.VTViins  diM-aM-s.  slifll  shuck,  etc ,,'(K1  B^ 

Insanitv    ...  "..'  f^^l 

fe:  ,,,.■:::::;:::■;;;;::::::::::::::::::::::::    .S       § 

"I  )i^cave.   Ann"   "''-^ 

Nephruis  ■■■■  ^ ■■■■■'.'.'.:'.'.'.:'.:.'.[::'.  ". .A 

Mi'rtdlanc^n^  di^fasfs     I'jm  ~ 

Mi>cel!an<."ii,  disiliilities     ■■■■............  90  ij 

^'"'''  i(K).oo        foaoo 


,^^mm^  "^^f^- 


«K;.' 


ir, 


!ii> \i:i.i.;i  sill. nil 


■  \ii.'.)i; 


DIS  M'.ILITilS    ')!•■   4il,ilil'(    1  Kl'.M'll 


Ki; 


')KMi:S    N  ..    1 


Nature  t,f  1  li-iilility 

Mnjor  ainimiatioii-.  iipp'r  limli^    

XJ.iiMr  aiiiiiiit.iti"n-.,  l"WiT   Imili-i    

liili.ri.^  tu  uiiiKT  l.iTil-.  11..I   rcMiit'iii;  ill  ami'Ut.itb.n 
liijiiru-  ti.  l.'ucr  linili-.  ii,.t  rf-iiliim;  iii  aiiipiil.ilMn 

ln)iirii'~  t"  tlu-    hiMil    

-I..|al1y    liliiMl     

Uliii'l    111    'iiu-    <.-\e 

Injiin',--  lo  ..tluT  part,  mi  tla-  Ir-il     <>r  j;ciicral  .l.-ia- 


l'or(ciita'.;e 


T..tal 


']  .1 
l'i4 

J.?  <1 
f).l 

10 

97 

.5 

116 

imio 


■|-1,.-  i\\..  t.iliK-  a-rcr  in  cintrailictiiv^^  tliv  |.n],iilar  coiK-fptitm 
tlKii  tin-  •Mi>alilcil  -111. Hit"  is  a^uallv  a  man  wiili  an  empty  -Iccvc 
,.r    tr..UMT-lcL;.      l-.\a-M    in    ihc    l-'r-nch   ta!il.-    llic   pn  .ji.  Ttion    nf 
\\v-v  will,  have  -utVered  ampntati-n  i-  .mix    16.7  per  cent,  while 
ami.ti-  the  i;n.i:li-h  ami  Canadian^  they  are  mily  f.air  i>er  cent 
,,t    ;,!!.      ••DiMiiemhrrmeiit,"    a-    it    i>  imiilea-.antly   and    inaccu- 
rately called,   i-  l>y  n<i  means  the   maj^r  part  nf   the   pnihleni. 
(ripple^,   however,   if  we  include  not  only  amputations  hut  all 
criiiplin-  conditions,  are  bv  far  the  lar-e^t  ^'nmp  of  all:  nearly 
three-fourths  amollk'  the  I'rei  ch.  perhap.-^  .^^  to  40  per  cent  ;ini.  .n- 
the  l".nt:li:-h.  and  iiroliahlv  tiot  much  le->  amonu  the  Canadians 
I'.oth  tahles  show  al>o  that  the  Mind  and  the  deaf  are  happily 
\ery  Miiall  un.ups.     In-anity  accounts  f  i  >r  le-  than  one  per  cent 
anion,-  the  l-:n,i:li>h  and  Canadians.     The  l-.n-lish  and  Canadian 
fmure^s  j:ive  to  tuberculosis  heart  disease,  and  nervous  disturh- 
ames  a  place  far  more  imi)ortant  than  that  of  amputation>.  and 
Mihordinate  onlv  to  the  entire  i;roui)  of  cripplint;  conditions. 

If  we  were  dealin-  with  tlie  whole  nias>  of  disabilities  pro- 
duced bv  the  war.  the  trauMetit  and  curable  and  the  fatal  a> 
well  a>  tho:-e  whicli  leave  >ome  permanent  impairment,  the  pro- 
portions would  be  verv  different  and  the  list  of  headin.-s  would 
be  much  lon-er;  but  we  are  concerned,  it  niu>t  be  renienibered 
constantly,  with  the  condition  of  tlie  men  wlio  -urvive  their 
service  p'ermanentlv  disabled  by  di-ea-e  or  woun.l.  "Pcrma- 
neiulv"  and  "disdiled"  both  bein^^  relative  term-,  we  can  d.  no 
i,  tier    than    to   adopt    the   delinitiou-   e-\pre->ed    bv    the    -overn  • 


mm^M^iMm^iMi^^m^^M, 


DISAHIMI  IKS    (  Al  Si:ii     V.\     MIK    WOUI.Ii    \\  \\i 


17 


iiipnt  in  (liscliarj,'i-  aiul  [icii-ii'ii.  aiul  Lmi-idi-r  a>  (nir  lUlil  ni  in- 
tcrt'st  tliL'  liody  lit  iiK-ii  wli''  ,irc  iliMliartjiil  tmni  itiilitarv  >irvict- 
wiih  Mich  a  tli'^rcc  nl  ili>al)ility  that  liny  arc  ciMi>icki  i  il  tn  ho 
cntitkil  1(1  a  pcnsii'ii  nr  "coiiipi'ii-atinii." 

'I"hc  di-ahihtii'-  wliicl'  llicy  t.\hihit  are  thi-  fatiiihar  otir>  of 
tvtry-ilay  civihan  lite — laiiieiie>s  and  det'>rinity  ol  inan\-  kin(U; 
tlir  clinmic  di>i'a~'/s,  especially  tiiherculi'>i>,  atYecti'ii-  "I  the 
heart  and  of  the  nervntis  .-y>tein;  defective  ^ij,dit  and  liearin;,^ 
There  is  a  slrikini,'  cnntrasl,  hn\\e\er.  between  this  ,!,'r(iu|)  of 
disahled  men  and  the  similarly  handicai)iied  [lersnns  well  known 
to  charity.  The-e  men  as  a  rule  have  no  other  handica[)  than 
tile  one  they  hrint,'  out  of  the  war.  They  are  yomij,';  with  the 
exception  of  those  wh,,  li;ive  contracted  a  chronic  di-ea-e,  they 
are  ftin<!anientally  healthy;  they  have  not  heen  demoralized  l)y 
years  of  privation  or  idleness  or  the  liahii  of  dependence;  their 
familie.-.  and  their  hoim-  environment,  when  tliev  return  to  them, 
are  "normal."  'h  norma!  incentives  for  effort  and  stimulus  to 
amhition;  tin  le  whole  world  is  anxious  to  help  them  to  the 

niaximnm  decree  of  recovery,  physical,  soci.al,  and  economic. 
Their  "proy^nosis,"  therefore,  is  favor.ahle,  heyond  all  compari- 
son with  that  of  their  similarly  handicapped  bruthers  in  the  days 
hefcre  the  w;ir. 


1 


J 


>imK.^-m  ■wmm^^^^P'm 


^^"  ^^^<^^9mrWW^--^^-':' 


! 


PART    II— HISTORIC  AL 

CHAPTER    II 

Disabled  Soldiers  and  Sailors  in  the  Past 

i-V.ni  the  days  of  the  frlory  of  Atlu-.ts  down  to  the  present 
t.ni.  the  claims  of  citizens  wi„,  i,ave  l.cen  di>ahled  in  figluing 
for  their  country  have  received  grateful,  if  s,,asniodic.  recojcni- 
t'-n.  and  the.r  nee.Is  iiave  l.een  met  in  vari.,us  ways,  acc.rdinij 
to  local  circumstances  and  tiie  ,>i,irit  of  the  times. 

In  Allien V  hy  a  i,r..vi>i.,n  attrilnited  to  S..lon  ,,r  to  Pisj.. 
tratus.  invalid  warriors  whose  propcTtv  anK,unted  to  le..  than 
three  minas  received  their  pension  of  an  <,I.oI  a  dav  later  in 
creased  to  two  ohols.  as  a  part  of  the  svstem  l,v  which  the  or- 
phans of  those  who  died  in  hattle  were  supported,  educated,  and 
equipped  for  a  start  in  life  at  the  jnihlic  expense. 

Under  the  Roman  Empire  citizen  soldiers  shared  in  the  prodi- 
pal  distnlnition  of  free  corn  and  oil  ami  other  necessities  of  life 
and  veterans  were  entitled  to  a  .irenen.us  sum  of  monev  on  com- 
pleting their  term  of  service,  frequently  receiving  in  a.ldition  a 
Krant  o  land  on  the  frontier  In  all  this  disahled  veterans  par- 
ticipated, presumahly.  alon,.  with  those  who  were  so  fortunate 
as  to  come  through  their  campaigns  unharmed. 

Thk  MiiiDLK  A<;k.s 
Under  the  feudal  system  disahle.I  warnV.rs  were  carod  for  as 
a  natural  part  of  ,he  relation  between  lord  and  vassal  When 
the  wars  went  favorably  Ix.oty  couhl  he  divided;  and  the  rifrht 
o  ,..lla^e.  supplemented  by  ^ifts  of  land,  constitute.!  «  suf^cient 
n.nd.  It  woul.l  he  uiealizins:  this  svstem  to  claim  for  it  that 
disal>led  soldiers  were  never  neglected,  just  as  it  would  be  ideal- 

19 


I 


T-m'r^WimTi: 


-.Fv.ir^^i^ 


Wi  ^  t    Ml    f  ifc^M^f  *■«  n-'-  *  *  •  ^ 


_'(.! 


Ul'^  M'.l.l.li   .-,'^.,1  li.K.--    AMi   ^\ll.|||;s 


i/.iii.i,'  -laviTv  li'  cl.iini  tliat  uncKr  il  iiulr.-inal  nr  a,i,'ricultur:Ll 
o. oikcrs  wliii  riCfi\i.il  injurii-  wiTc  alwax-  luiniaiKly  tri'alod 
ami  n--ti'ri-il  \'>  ii-i1ii!ik'"  liciaii-i-  tliat  W'ulil  lir  llic  iiia-tcr'- 
intriH'-t.  'I'luTi'  WL-ii-  aK\a_\-  liakai;!-,  and  i\aM'.ii~  mI  rc-ii.'ii-i- 
liiliiv.  aiiil  l\v:-<.    imiia-iil  a-  llir  -N-U-in  Wfakiiud. 

■llirnii^;li"Ul  llii-  iK-'i-ii.tl.  in  lact.  an(l  w  ill  ini"  ir.-iliTn  tiinr-. 
a  pri'vailiiij;  (K\ice  i'it  nK-i-tin.i;  ihf  \n\d-  "t  all  -''rl-  "t  il>-]ifiid- 
v\n>  \\u-  I"  allow  llirin  iM  Iku  '•n  tlu-  lii,L;li\\a\ -.  I'liMic  lir-.uur,,', 
\\f  niav  alim-l  -av,  ua-  llir  t\[iital  lalul  in-liimi"n.  I."ns' 
altiT  ruler-  and  ihiukiT-  had  (■"Hk-  t"  n-ali/.f  tin.'  ia  iK  "t  nicndi- 
cancv  in  uiTHTal.  >|Rcial  lita-iiM-  \\a-  tNtt-iidcd  t"  llii'  lanu'  and 
the  blind,  i--iKfially  il  tluy  liad  reni\i(l  then-  Mijurii.'-  in  tlu' 
MTvice  nt  ilii-ir  ciiunlr\-.  It  \\a-  the  aIiK'-l)i 'died  l)ei,'i;ar-.  ii' 't 
till.'  iiandii-a]iiied,  whu  were  the  ..jijeei  nf  the  early  prute-t-  and 
lr,i;i~Lili"n  a,i;ain>l  niviidieaniy.  h^th  in  lMi,L;land  and  imi  the 
ci  'iiinient. 

Aiiumil;  the  throii.i,'-  oi  !)e^;,i,'ar-.  wli-  nM-rraii   we-te'-n   l-'.nn.pe 
maimed  \eter;!ns  I'crmid  the  ta\"red  ela-~       jlhnd.  leule.--.  arni- 
le>>  \\reck>,  in  tr'      is  or  in  pair-.  a--<>rted  ~o  a--  t  •  -nj  ■  Kinent 
each  other'>  detieieieies,   frei|iienle(l  the  traveled  road-,  market--, 
f.air-    and  other  imlilie  plaee-.  and  dein.anded  suii]iorl   from  the 
pas>er>-l)v.     C.'o\  ered  with  ni.i;-  and  exjio-ini,'  their  mntil.ation> 
to  the  he>t  advantau'e,  in  order  to  present  a.--  piteou>  a  spectacle 
as  possible,  ihev  ex]-loitcd  to  the  niino>t.  on  the  other  hand,  their 
remnants  of  military  dres-  whieh  -ni;,i.;esled  a  j,dorii'U>  pa-t,  and 
strove  to  arouse  sympathy  for  their  present  mi>eries  by  recount- 
ing,' their  ;idventure-  ;ind  deeds  of  v.ilor.     When  alin>  were  in- 
adeipirite  they  often  had  recourse  to  rajiine  and  highway  robbery. 
When  the  local  comivnes  came  into  existence  in  I'rance,  :ui(i 
the  third  est.ite  came  to  be  recoj^iiizeil — not  yet  as  the  e(|iial  of 
the  clerj,'y  and  nobh-s.  but  a-  liaviiiii  some  claim  which  the  lords 
must  recotjnize.  il  became  po,^ible  f(^r  the  kin,i(  to  count  upon  ;i 
certain   decree  of   popular   coopiration,  both   in   the    fnrni-hini; 
of  vuldiers  ,aiid  in  carini:  for  tho-e  whrmi  the  \v;irs  left  helpless. 
Thu-  in  the  thirteenth  ctitury  it  \va-  realized  that   Philip  Au- 
,i:ustu-.    in   hi~  con«|uest   of    .\orm;mdv   and   in  drivini;  out    the 


vmdf^-'^'.d^ifm^'-  >>»i5^>i 


iii,-\ni.iii  ~iii.i>iiu~    \Mi   -\ii.ii!;s   i\    1  Hi;   r\sr 


21 


fiiTiiiaii  iiu.tdcr,  wa-  nit,'ai,'ril  in  a  iiatii'iial  railur  tlian  in  a 
t'ludal  ir  leal  intir|iri-r.  Xamrally.  tinTct'i  ire.  tli>.>c  wlio 
laiiK-  liaik  inni  tlic  lii^liliiii;  w^rii  'lit  it  inaiiiud  had  a  riaiiii 
iipi'ii  ll:c  ci'ii-idiralP.ii  <■!  their  in.-ii;lih(.r>  <|uiti'  dirfiTi'tit  fnnii 
any  which  iciild  lia\i.-  Imii  a--rrti'd  tun  ciiitiirio  hct'orc  hv 
thi'^c  \\l;n  a^  mti'^  cr  \a»~al-  tiiUc.uid  tlif  li^rdlv  ]}!•( '|)rict(ir  en 
hi-  jirivatr  raid-  and  v\iii(hiii 'ii-.  It  \\a-  _\i't  In  he  a  hm^  liino, 
iii.\vi\  I  r.  hrt'cn-  till'  luu  Miiiinunt  ht<ani<-'  ut'iHTal  nr  I'liUv  jiis- 
t!tii(h  and  hit'  ri.-  the  tiattiral  inl'iri.-iu'i  -  with  which  wi-  arc 
fainihar  ("iild  he  drawn  tr'in  it. 

■j'lic  iTii-adc-  j:a\o  ri-c  i-.  w  iiK-prcad  -cicial  distri'ss  in  all 
(-"iintrii.-  I'ri'in  wliifh  the-  crn-achiii:  hand<  and  arinic-  uiTc  rc- 
iruitiil.  ( 'I'tita^'ii'U-  iH^ca-o  win-  hrniiyht  hack  to  l-aircpo  I'ruin 
the  (Iriiiit.  and  it  i-  >aid  that  the  j)ri\aleuce  "f  diseases  (if  the 
eye.  '  riL;inatinK  in  thi-  way,  was  a  factor  in  hrinijint,'  ahcnt  the 
f'.nnihiii;  hy  Saint  [."ni>  cf  the  Mais'.n  des  ( jninze-\'inj,'ts  in 
I'ari-.  tli'.n^di  tlii-  in-iitiui"n  wa-  wl  intended  e-peciallv  for  af- 
flicted knii^ht-,  hnt  f"r  three  Iniinlred  "f  tlie  hhnd  iict  of  Paris. 
Saint  I."tii~  i-  crechled  air"  with  ha\itit,'  in-tailed  a  few  niainud 
soldier-  a-  \\atchnien  in  fiirtre--e-,  tlui-  anticijiatin.t;  one  "f  the 
favorite  re-'iirce-  <>i  our  own  day — pulilic  eniplciyment  at  easv 
wi  'rk. 


-^3 
1 


I 


-t 


I'l.'ixisKiNs  i\  Fi-'AxcK  Sim  T.  Tin:  Hrxi'Kr:!)  Vi:ak.c;  War' 

The  Hundred  ^'ear-  War  Iir"ti!,dit  iiiori'  nii-erv,  disease,  and 
(li-.ahlenn  lit  fnin  witind-.  e-jieciallv  in  nnl);iiii>v  I'ranre,  dn 
wlu'-e  s"il  it  w;is  f(.n,i;ht,  and  al-"  intern.aj  disorder  from  un- 
di-cii>lined,  niar.audint;  tri'np-,.  A-  a  ]ir"tecti"n  a.i,'ain-t  their 
tK]iredati''n-  ami  ;ls  a  nece--ar\-  nua-ure  "f  relief,  ;irran,i;cinents 
were  ina<le  for  receivint,'  di-ah!ed  or  nnocctipird  old  soldiers  in 
ni'^na-terie-  and  other  -helter-,  levertint;  to  an  idea  which  i-  at 

'  'Yh.r  rt'i'Tt  made  tn  the  (li.inilar  (f  lUiJiitic^  Iv  M.  I'iorro  Nfa^'^c.  frii 
lehalf  "!  the  Cnmnii<-i(in  r)ii  Civil  am!  .Military  reiisii.ti'i.  liilv  2\.  l')l'.. 
tieiiK  witli  a  review  nf  the  histurv  r.f  pen^ioiK  iti  |->aiice  ffiii  the  time  '  f 
the  Capctiaii'i.  M.  Ma--e  retrrti-  that  n..  vtu'lv  'if  llic  suhjei-t  "il'iiiie  fai;.  ii 
apprr.fdiulie"  ha-  ever  heeii  maile,  Pr  it  w  .uM  reveal,  ""...ii-  iiii  .le  lei'irs 
aspect-  !ci  phis  vivaiiti.  It-  rapi;..rt-  «Ie  n..s  inslitiuii)iis  inilitairc-  avec  iv.tre 
etat  p'  1:l:'n;c  et  -■■c\i\]" 


DIS Mil.I.U    SOl.Dll'.US    AM)    .sAll.DKS 


least  as  (lid  as  tliu  liiiK'  nf  Cliarlfma^iu-.  Tlu'  ahh^ts  ni  ilic 
iiinna*tcric<,  natur.illv.  were  net  ca^ri-r  In  nci-ivc  tlic^e  loanliT^. 
'Ilifir  |iri\i"ii>  laniT  did  ii"i  niaki-  limn  i^pciially  ^t>in\  laiuli- 
dati-^  fur  tlu'  wi'rk  nf  tlu'  iiiniia-ttTy,  and  iIrti-  \\a>  wi  natural 
nlatii'ii  tn'twiiii  tlifir  (UiK'niK-nci',  lauH-d  by  military  >er\ici.', 
and  tin-  rc-i.uiHf^  at  tlic  di^iH.sa!  "i  flu'  iicU'^ia^tiial  antli.  prit'cs. 
The  soldiers  were  r(|itally  di-siti-fKi!.  I'niin  tluir  in.int  ..f  \  icw 
frirdcini  U>  live  in  tluir  <i\vn  way  was  prcfcraljlc  I"  a»iircd 
Ciiini'cirl  niidcr  the  di-i'iiiline  <>i  the  inciia'~tery. 

When  I.cMii^  X  11 1  later  revived  tlii^  sy-tein.  after  a  ])eriiid  in 
whieh  (itlier  nuili"d>  had  heen  tried,  the  "Id  ~i'ldiers  were  all'^wed 
to  ehi"i-c  hit  ween  eare  in  the  incna^tery  and  a  hnn|)  -urn  of  a 
hundred  ]M.und-,  which  alx'  had  to  he  -iiiijilied  hy  the  monastery. 
Nearlv  all  are  -aid  to  have  clio-eii  the  latter  alternative.  Kiehe- 
lien,  toward  the  end  of  the  seveiileenlh  eentnry.  eotitirnied  this 
scheme  <'f  eiulownient  of  veteran-,  a-  il  mii,dit  he  called,  hy  the 
ri<ina~ttries.  The  amount  received  w.i-  made  to  dt[)end,  not  on 
the  ,i,'ravilv  of  the  injury  which  the  -oldier  mi.t;ht  h;ive  suffered, 
nor  on  the  extent  of  hi-  need  or  the  len.L;ili  of  hi-  service,  hut 
on  the  income  of  the  niona-tery. 

Louis  XI  iiad  iiiauj,'urated  a  ^^ervice  pen-ion  f^r  di-char.i;cd 
soldiers,  sometimes  in  the  f'Tin  of  a  fixrd  annuity  and  -ometimes 
a  lump  pavment  or  a  hit  <>(  land.  Henry  I\'  opened  a  home  for 
the  di-.diled,  hul  it  did  not  la-t.  The  ye.ir  \f>74  i-  a  reddetter 
date  in  ihi-  hi-torv.  f^r  it  witne--ed  the  opinin.t;  hy  Richelieu 
of  the  Il.'tel  de-  Invalide-.  which  ha-  -t'.nd  f^r  nearly  two  hun- 
dred .and  iift\-  \e;ir-  a<  the  mo-t  coii~]iienMU-  national  in-lituti<iti 
for  the  care  "i  ih^-e  win.  h.ave  e:irni(l  -uch  national  recoouitj,  ,n. 
This  n.a,i;niticent  p.il.ice  in  Paris  was  loni;  accei)ted  as  the  1;i-t 
word  in  kiiullv  pro\i-ii'n  for  di-ahled  -oldiers  and  w;is  copied 
l>v  ;dl  the  le.idin'4  countries  of  luirope.  Within  sixteen  year-  the 
Inv.alidr-  had  hecome  too  >m:dl  for  it-  candidate-,  and  arram;e- 
nient-  were  made  to  form  out>ide  com]ianie-  under  it-  iiatr^natjc 
and  care.  In  17(>*  there  wa-  developed  a  \;i-t  t'>ntine  .■i--oei,ition, 
which  included  the  mercli;int  marine  .■md  the  !■  i!!L;-h' iremen — ;m 
carlv  (Sample  of  "war  ri-k  in-uraiu\'."  "I  which  the  culmination 


n*hv>fi-*W*-4/ 


i)i>.\iii.i;ij  boi.uiiKs  .\\i>  sAii.oKS  IN    1  hi;  i\>r 


JJ 


i>  tlio  Aiiurii-an  law  under  uliicli  •-■■l(liiT>  and  -ailur^  i.t  tin-  pre-- 
itit  V  ar  an-  iti>iiri(l  In-  tin  I  niiid  States  (  mMrnnK'ni.  A>  a 
ii-nlt  el  ni-i-dMK-vtl(>|K(i  nr  riXi%u\/.v(\  in  the  Scxen  ^^a^>  War. 
tlu'  adniini~irati(.n  "I'  tlic  Il.ptil  di-  Invalids  rec  .i;in/A-d  a  third 
rla~N  (.1  ilaiinaiit-,  :i-..  tlii.-^-  uhi>  wtTt-  1<.  li\t.-  lU'ithir  in  iiulc- 
pi-iidint  ci.in|ianit>  lu.r  in  the  hi.ine  it-clt.  hut  \\ith  tlicir  <>\\i\ 
fainihe-.  riiii\  in;;  an  alli^waiue  tpiiii  the  in-tituti.  .n. 

'I  liii^  hel..re  tin-  "Ul  re;;inie  eaine  to  an  end  nianv  intere^lin;; 
fxperiincnt-  liad  heen  tried.  Sully.  Rielulien.  and  ('..li.ert  had 
all  uiveii  perMHial  attcnticn  {n  tlie  linaiui.d  a-piri>  (<i  the  pn.j) 
ieiti  i.t"  i)eii-<i(.ns.  All  the  ini.ti\es  uiiiih  intlueiKc  us  in  de.ilin;,' 
with  the  smie  iimhlein  .are  apjiareiit — C(iniiiasH<,ii.  recMi^nni, ,ii  ,,f 
service  and  "i  >aeritiee,  eleinent.iry  justice,  and  sneial  ^clidarity 
— tli'inyji  the  tir^t  twi.are  far  im.re  in  evidence  than  the  (ilher.-. 

At  the  end  "i  tlu>  .,ld  reL;inie  I'ciir  di-tinct  ]>l,ins  were  in  opera- 
tion  t'or  tile  relief  of  di>:ihled  or  retired  soldier.-,:     (  1  )   in  e.xcep- 
tioii.d  instances,  continuance  of  pay;  (Jj  institutional  care  in  the 
Ilotii  de-  Invalide-;  (,^)  sup[iort  and  discijiline  in  detached  com- 
panies; I  4)  allow.ances  .,r  iieii-ion-  to  thosi.  who  lived  witli  their 
families.      There  was,   however,  no  complete  or  Comprehensive 
sv>teiii.  and  this  very  fact  is  made  the  suhject  fif  coinpl.iint  in 
the  Caliier>  of  17S'>.     ,\11  tile  provisi.,ns  comhined  failed  to  meet 
e\eii  tile  recoi,'ni/.ed  needs.    Widow-  .iiid  orpii.ans,  for  exiimple.  to 
s.iy  iiotliin,!,'  of  otlier  dependent  relative-,  were  practically  ipiored. 
Then  came  the  Kevolulion.  wiiii  its  outlitirst  of  humane  and 
democratic  demands,  many  of  wiiicli  were  crystallized  into  !e;,'is- 
latioii.     .\,,  ..tlier  period,  not  even  our  own,  lias  heen  s,,  rich  in 
mnovatioi,-.  so  couni,t;eoiis  in  ap[)lyin,i,'  remedies,  and  provisions 
for  soldiers  and  their  dependent-  were  anion;,'  tlie  stihjects  which 
received  attenti-.n.     The  elementary  fact  tiiat  soldiers  mit,dit  have 
tamiiii-  \\a-  di-cvered;  ciiildreii  mii-t  he  not  nierelv  supported, 
hut  e<liic;ite.l  hv  ilie  state;  ],rn-iM,u-rs  in  tile   Invalides  were  to 
,t:overn  tiiem-elves  and  clio,,-,.  tiu-ir  own  officers ;  tiie  <tate  inter- 
e-ted  it-elf  in  tile  i)ri:Iileni  of  rent  for  tiie  families  of  soldiers. 

In    tlk-   -real    luin.pe.m   W'.ir   in   wliicii   I'rance   .-o,,i,    hccanie 
inv..lved,  the  nation,  a-  tod.ay.  t..ok  up  arms     The  re-ular  arrnv 


Iil.s  Mil  i:ii    iiull'll  l;s    AMi    NAIlOKS 


w  nil  \\liu  li  li  r  I  lie  II 11. -I  [j.-irl  km--  ;niil  iiiiiiiMi  r-  Ii.nl  -■■  I'.ir  li.id 
I"  >li.il,  t;.i\r  I'l.ur  1..  .[  iiati.  .ii.il  ,iriii\.  All  llir  \miiii-  nun. 
■'ill,- lull 'iiiiii;  tlirir  (.nliiiary  [inr-iiil>,  licciinr  -hMki-.  'I  hi'\  wiri' 
killnl  11  W'nniliil,  as  l<Mlay,  in  a]ipallinL;  iiiinili<rv  {"it  llii-  lir-t 
time  III  ilh  lii-fipy  nf  ilu-  iiaii'.ii  ilu-  uh..!(  i.i  ilic  civil  lite  '.t 
llif  iiaii'.ii  \\a-  alt'til.il.  War  naM-d  I..  Ijc  ilu-  allair  "i  a  cia--, 
ami  l.tiaiiir  (!i  iiu'iiaiir.  all-ali-nilmi;,',  'i'l,  tin-  niiliiaiv.  |M.|i!u-al. 
and  tinaiuial  pi'  lilciii-  were  addnl  ilm-c  whicji  wi-  call  -"rial. 

Ill  ir''.>  pni\  i-hiii  \\a-  mad.  I'  r  .all.  ualiia  -  t' ■  t'.imilu  >  nt  s.  !- 
dui-.  n.'i  iinliki-  !li.>-c  wliiili  Ii.im-  lit.n  nia.Ic  li\-  m.-t  i.t  tin- 
'  '"  r>iii-  III  tile  pn-iMit  war.  Tlic  Law  \\a-  nni.irkal.K'  f..r  tlir 
larj.;.-  r.im^.'  ..f  claimant--  r.  c  .-iii/.d.  I'.r.  .tlurs  and  -i-icr-,  a- 
will  a-  p.iicni-,  mii.;lii  rcc.ixc  .i --i-i,incr.  .\  p..rtiiiii  ..f  the  pru- 
cti(U  tr.  in  llic  c.iiili-caU'd  land-  ..|'  ilic  ,'nii(ir,'\-  \\a-  n-.d  ti.  pr.  - 
Mill-  '•■!■  ilu-i  piii-i.iii-,  winch  hccaiiu-  ci.ti-taiitlv  iiMri'  lihcr.il 
■  ■.nd  m..r.-  .  .(niialilc.  I  Ji-tiiicti.  .ii-  ..f  niiiit.irv  rank  were  ali.  1- 
i-lu.l.  iiimnlaiu.-  '^raiit-  wen-  mad.  l'..r  \\..iniiN  and  ("r  -.it\  i.  c 
Willi  II. .  ti\cii  maximum;  illct,'itiinatc  children  wore  pnt  on  the 
'■am.  Ii,i-i-  ,1-  Icuiiim.itc  clnlilnn.  Wiiliin  i\\.,  \car>  the  ('i,n\i  ii- 
li"ii  ad.'ptcl  -cv.ii  c..n-cciiti\c  peii-i.ii  law-,  the  .i,'ciur,il  trcn.l 
<  1  till-  ch.in,i^c-  licini;  ;il\vay-  in  tlu-  di.ccii..ii  ..|'  hn  ..i.KniiiL,'  ilu- 
nnmlicr  wlin  miiilit  JK-mlit,  inakini,'  the  pnivi-i.'ii-  nu  .rt-  lilnr.d. 
<lrm..craii/im;  the  -caie,  and  v.  itiii,^'  luw  an.l  Iar:,'.r  en  .lit-. 

I  iil'.rimi.iteK  the  n;ui..ii  wa-  lu.t  in  ;i  p..-iti..!i  t..  hipiid.iie  all 
till'  claim-  tliii-  created  ..r  r.-c.  .yni/ed.  The  Direct.. rv  f.  .iiiid  it 
liece--arv  l.i  call  a  h.ilt.  I'eii-ii.ti-  were  -till  a— iired.  hut  f.  r 
fin.iiici.il  re;i-..ii-  the  am..nin-  ware  reduced  ami  lliev  were  nia.le 
n..ii  .iiin\il,ili\e.  .\  ilelinile  -ilu.hile  w,a-  ad..pted  an.l  arraii-e- 
meiii-  were  ma.lc  f.  .r  a  careful  examinatii.ii  ..I  w..utid-.  The 
leL;i-Iali..n  -t"  the  l)in'Ct..v\.  li..\\e\er.  like  that  .'t  the  ('..lu.ii- 
ti.'ii.  wa-  liheral  and  deiii.  .cralic.  I 'mler  tju-  h'.mpire  the  peii-i^  n 
-v-i.iu  wa-  II.. I  f.  .rmally  m..diti.-d.  hut  arhitrarv  c.xcei.ti.  .n-  w,  re 
111.1. 1e.  ,i!i.!  ill.,  ulu.le  ailmini-iralii.ii.  a-  miL;lil  he  c.\]iecled.  1.  .-t 
'!'.    trail  rn.d  char.acier  >■(  Ue\ .  .liui.  .n,ir\-  d.-iy-. 

Tlu-  p..Iitical  clKin.i:e-  wliicli  .  ccurre.l  in  the  fir-l  third  ..f  ihe 
ninet..iiih  c.ntiiry  ili.l  lu.i   .^r.-ally  alfcct   ihe  Iei,M-!ati\e  -v-leiu 


l;*:^>4^'  V-r-r ::^ '-  -'^^  >  V  -t>^ 


1 


fi 


DISMIIIII    Mil.lill  i:s     \Mi    SAII.OUS    IN     llli;    I'ASl" 


25 


I 


4 

i 


wliiili  lilt'  l\'\  "liuii  11  li.iil  tri,iii(l  and  llif  l.niiiirc  ci'tiliiiiii'd. 
I  lull  r  l,'iii>  i'lnli|j]ir,  Iicvmmt,  [h  ii-|i 'I1»,  liki-  ii  tiiiiiicii  sih,,,,], 
and  ptililii-  i".iiN.  laiiu  III  |iT  >\lllpalllclic  Ci.ll-idi  rain 'ii  li\  ilic 
li  ;;i-l  iiiii  c.  a-  a  |'artuul.ir  niaiiilr--tatic'n  nl  tlu'  liln-ral  im  ^v  <  ■  nut 
thai  wa-  -lii'Wiiij^  it^rlt  cx  ir\  wiuri.'  at  tiii>  inricd.  in  Ni.itli  ami 
S'litli  Aiihiua  and  in  ],iiri'|n'.  It  i>  ititvrc-tiiiL,'  U>  ricall  that  at 
till-  Miv  time  wlicM  Iraiuc  v  a>  pa^^iii),'  tlic  i)iii>icp|i  law  uliuli 
in  Si|iti'tnluT,  I'MS,  is  Mil!  in  turci',  laij^dand  wa'-  i)ri,'iiinin),'  tlic 
ii  !■  Tin  "I  luT  |H  ii.r  law  wliirli  ti"  ■!>  ■^liapi  tlirt-i-  \iar^  latir. 

riir  t(iii|ir(.!R-ii>ivf  pcn'-iin  law  nt  \HM  Cdditii-il  «\i-tini,'  pi''- 
\i-iiiii-  and  iT\ --tallizcd  a  tliinry  wliiili  txcn  tlu-  jiri  i|><i^i'd  |)«n^icn 
Ir'^i-latun  ••\  I'MX  dm-^  ni't  radiiall\  dian^'t-,  altlnai),'!!  tin-  t'.iir 
Viar^  I'l'  diliato  tn  wliiili  tlii-.  -cluinc  lia-.  ln'cn  ^iilijectiil  lia\i' 
UiMii  alinndant  i '|)iHirtiinily  fur  the  prc^tiitatii >n  .if  cvirv  allcr- 
natiNi.  The  rati-  nt  iiaynunt.  which  ari'  ri't,'nlatod  hv  dfiitc. 
ha\r  luiii  iiKTiasi'cl  tnmi  tinu-  U>  tinii-.  hut  the  j,'cncral  l)a>is  <it 
till  law  and  it-  adniini-tratinn  have  rcniaiiu-d  -ince  IS.^I  with 
II"  Mili-tantiai  ninditicatii  'ii. 

'Ilu  [iiii-inn  priiviiK-d  liy  the  law  nf  IX.U  i-  (--iiiiiallv  a  rctir- 
inc  -I  r\  ill-  iHti-ii'ii,  and  it  is  inttiidcd  ])riniaril\-  tdr  a  ri!,'nlar 
arniv.  Tlu-  ani.iiini  \arit-  with  military  rank,  with  the  natun- 
It  the  injury  received,  and  in  certain  ca-e-  with  the  lenj^th  i.i 
SI T\  ice.  \i'  acci'tint  is  taken  of  \aryin,t;  family  needs  nr  nf  the 
inci'iiie  iif  the  pen-inner  in  jirixate  life.  IVnvi-ii  in  fur  jieii-inn- 
eMriid-  .  .il\  111  injnries  which  cnii-titnte  a  di-.ihilit\-  nf  hO  p,r 
cent.  Siippleinentary  prnvi-inns  have  heeii  made  ::  a;>.  aci  .■! 
Urace  Inr  les-er  di-a!iilitie-  and  fur  tlin-e  which  are  thnuudit  I" 
he  if  a  teinp'Tary  character,  hnt  tli<-  |iensi(iii  a-  a  rif,dit  is  limited 
111  periii.iiunt  .li-ahility  nf  60  per  cent  nr  mnre. 

1  he  la\v  ])'n\i(Ks  fnr  a  miiiimnni  and  maxitniim  pensjnn.  witli 
a  -cale  nt  twenty  snl)di\  isimi-,  nne  fnr  each  vear  nf  sfrvice, 
httwein  tJK'  niininunii  and  the  maxinnim.  i)i-ahled  -nldier-  re- 
tiiid  liecan-r  nf  wniind-  nr  di-ease  arisin;,'  fmm  the  scrxice  are 
tiititlrd  tn  recei\e  what  is  ret:;irde(l  as  an  anticipated  retiring; 
pin-mn.  I-nr  lOQ  per  cent  di-aliilitv — which  include-  enni]ilete 
liimdne-  nr  iIr-  !,,..  ,,)'  twn  limh- — the  di-ahled  -nldier  i-  entitled 


i)lSAl:l.i;li    .SDl.OII.KS    AMI    SAII.iiKS 


I"  riiTi\t'  i1r-  ninximmn  ri'tiriiii,'  all"\\;iinc.  pin-  .iO  jut  rriit  in 
ilii  r,i-r  1. 1  ;i  n.Ti-i-Miniiii-~iiiii,(!  i.flicir  or  ^"IdK-r.  _'0  [ht  ciiu 
111  till'  i:iM-  ..r  ;i  (.■'.inini-Mniuil  ..iVu-c-r.  I'm-  the  ainimtalii  .ii  cf 
"iir  niiinhrr.  .11-  iln'  ah-i.liiic  1.--  ..t  the  u>t'  i.f  tud  iiu-inhrr-.  the 
(l.iinianl  i-  riitiik-il  i..  tlir  iiiaxiiimiii  n-liriui;  allow  aucr.  i''i,r 
ilk-  all-.. lull'  !■--  t.i  tlio  u~r  i.f  i.tic  iiinl).  or  an  ci|in\aKiu  injury, 
ilir  rail-  \arK'-  act.  .nlini,'  tn  tlii'  lcn,L;lli  <if  >(.t\  icr,  lai'li  \aar  aild- 
ini,'  <.ni-lwrniirili  i.i  the  clit'hTi.'nt\-  Iktwccn  the  uiininiuin  ami 
ilk-  iiiaxiiniiin.  Alili- .iil;1i  tin-  law  it-ilt  iI.h-  n^i  [,r.i\i,K'  i'..r 
trniiH.rary  disihilitir-  tlir.  .n,^li  a  ])fn>i..ii,  ivi'ii  whoii  tlicv  arr 
M-ridiis,  a  sy>tLin  '■'  i^ratintii^  <ir  t(.'ni]ii.rary  alldwancc-  ri  lu-w - 
alilc    in    t\\i-\\-A-  A-    ha-    lii^'U    m.    far    (k-\a-l.  pia-,1    thr.muii 

atlniinistrativi'  act..  !■  ,  t..  havi-  ln-cimK',  excipt  in  naim-.  a  tiol'i- 
iiiti  part  ct"  th.'  >'v,iiio  piti.inal  >\>ti.-ni  of  care  for  di-ahloil  >oi- 
dkr-.     A  -i-ak-  ■  ituiti'.'-  \\a-  r-tahli>lud  hy  det  rce  in  March. 

1''15.  cxtiiidinu  .);  t,'radatioii  fnmi  injuric-  of  10  jK-r  cent  to 
the  M'  oi  lUO  per  cent,  rene\vai)le  in  each  case  at  tlie  end  of 
l«o  veai>. 

(■ratniiie-,  like  pension-;,  were  limited  to  tho<e  wlio-e  di-ahili- 
ik-  aro-r  from  actual  -er\  ice.  (  )ri,i,Mnally  the  law  had  ])roM  kd 
oniv  for  disilnlitie-  which  ori;,'inated  in  >er\  ice.  hut  adiiiini>tra- 
ri\(lv  the  C'on-eil  d'l'.tat  h.i-  1oi,m  admitted  th.it  a  cl.aim  for  ;i 
pen-ion  or  a  i^raiiticaiion  i-  e-tahh-hed  if  it  can  l)e  >hown  that 
the  injm-y  or  di-ea-e  ha-  heen  a<;,i,M-a\ateil  by  tile  service.  This, 
ho\\e\i'r.  i-  (iftiii  \a  rv  (liriicult  to  -how. 

In  IN,-;]  the  .amotnit  .icln.dly  allowed  to  n  common  soldier  f. 
;i  di-.ihihly  of  hO  per  cent  w;is  200  tr.ancs:  for  comjilete  di-ahilitv. 
.i(K)  tranc-.  The  hi-he-t  lloii-commi-.-ioned  officer  received 
douMe  the-e  amount-.  .\-  ;i  re-tdt  of  -ucces-ive  chant^e-.  hv 
lN/~''  the  rate-  for  the  common  -oldier  h.id  heen  increa-ed  to  .'00 
Matic-  for  a  hO  per  cent  di-ahility  .and  for  complete  di-.ihilitv  to 
-NO  iranc-;  lor  iP^.  hit^lu -t  non-commi--ione(l  oU'icer.  to  TOO 
iranc-  ,i-  a  minimum  .nid  1.170  fr.anc-  .a-  a  maximmn, 

1  he-e  Were  the  rale-  in  force  at  the  onllire.ik  of  tlie  pre-ent 
war.  hut  when  the  !eL;i-l,itme  imdertook  the  la-k  -f  crealim:  a 
new  pen-ioii  ].i\\   which  would  meet  pre-ent  eoudiiiou-  iluv  h.id 


1 


HIS  vlU.l.l)    SiU.hllKS    AMI    SAII.OKS     1 N      i  H I-.    I'ASr  _/ 

fiiiii   iiuria-cd.  and   r.iiiL;t.(l.    {"V  ilk-  cmmi'ii   ^oliHrr,    tfin  dOO 


I'  r  tin-  liiwc^t  diLTi,'!.'  "I   di>al)ilitv   idr 


wliKli  a  |n.-n~i'  '11 


v.a^  ^iMii,  will  an  iiKTia^t.  "t  7' j   lratu~  lor  oath  war  <>i  >i.\\- 
'"  c.  t''  a   iiiaMiinim   Imi-  CMiii[iKti-  di^ahilily  <>{  ''7^   iraiiC'-.   with 


tin-  ~aiiK-  addilii'ii   l"r  i-aili  wuv  d  >^■r\i^:v. 


'["1 


u-  ri  irropi  iii(lm<. 


>uin-  all"\M-d  t'l  the  hii,'-lR-~t  if  >ii-ci 'miiii--i"ncd  i>rt"n\T  wcri'  1,RM) 


trail',  ■-.  w  nil  an  am 


f 


raiR>  a  \iar 


lual 
f.  .r  t'.tal  1 


-ITVICO    lIKTl' 


Ilk'llI    III'     1  5     I  I 


Tl 


•  I  -luht  IT  ain[iutati"n  ni  t 
1> 


t..   l.SJO 


wcp  iinni> 


u-   ui'itiiilR'-.   rrmwalik'    in   twi'-viar   [K'ncds,   witc   nt    the 

iliv 


saiiK'  anii'iiiiiN  a-  the  jicii-h  iii-  in  tlic  ca^i-  I't  in|urK-s  fi|ual!v 
fjraviv  l"r  iiijurii-  ct  !i~-  than  dO  [ht  cent  thf\-  raiiLjed  t'ri  iiii 
100  Irani-  I"  500  tranc-  i-t  a  I'lininiDn  M'ldirr.  I  rem  1S4  u>  7M) 
franc-  t^r  the  lii'diot  ik 'ii-c 'iiiini->ioiR-d  i.l'liccr.     In  nilicr  wnrd-. 


an  iiijnr\'  which  w 


diTcd  til  aiiiiiunt  tn  niic-liall'  nf 


pick-  di-al)ilit\-  \\a-  rcw.-iriKd  li\'  an  annual  jicn-inn  nl  500  I'raiic- 
;i  war.  a-  cninjiarcd  with  ''75  t'ranc-  I'nr  ciini]ilcU-  tcni|Mirar\-  di-- 
;iliilii\-.  (iraiuiiic-  were  t;i\cn  in  all  ca-c-  lUr  what  \\a-  hnjicd 
W'lidd  he  irni|Mirar\-  <li-al)ilit\',  in  nlluT  word-,  fur  ciirahlc  illiic-- 

•r  ]"-TiiiaiieiU  injiiric-  aniniitil- 


ilic  iiilk-r  hand,  fi 


I  ir  minr\  ;  i  t.  i  iii 

in:.;'  ti  i  K  --  than  OO  per  ecu 


It  di-ahilitv.     The  funiRT  were  rei 


the  latter  iierniaiu  ni  ;  hm  neither  wa>  a   le„a!   rii^dit   in  tl 


!-eii-e  in  \\iiich  the  iien-inii  \\;i>  a 
re-er\ed    f i  .r    inciiralile    ill 


le.'.il 


ri'Mit,  and  tl 


le  peii-ic  m  w;i-> 


ne--   nr    perinanent    injurii--    re-ulliii 
friiiii  the  .--ervice  and  anKitiiuiiiL,'  in  ()0  [ler  cent  di>ahilitv. 


ni:\  i:i.iirMi:\is  i 


N'    |-.\(.I.\M) 


In  I".n-I;i 


UKl,  a-  in  l->:iiice.  the  feudal  li.rd  hail  the  earlie-t  r^'^ 


aiiil  nrtilian- 


itiiiil  tn  Ici.k  .ifter  ili-ahled  m  i| 

■  f  thii-e  whii-e  live-  h;id  iieeii  In-I  in  hi< 


(tier-  and  the  wnldW' 


l-.n,t:l;ind.  a-  in  IVaiue.  the  nii  iii.i-ierie-  had  In  care  ii.r  -nch  ;i- 
claiiiied  -.heir  charitahle  a--i-laiue.  and  the  di--i  .Inlii 'ii  nf  the 
linna-terie-  under  lieiirv  \lll  n.  •  dntihl  threw  the  niainied  -l- 
ilier-  aud  tlkir  nlln-r  |R!i-ii  iiur-  inin  L;re,it  cii-tre--.  which  the 
.>-tate  \\a-  ci'iiipilkil  III  rec"i;ni/e. 


'  A   Iii-t..rii-al   -kc 
Basil  \\  illi;>ms.  in  h'. 


"mli-'l    iti    liir    .ir 
i.ii,-.    lime     1''17 


M      t   fll-''  ili«. 


I  .i|il,i:n 


2.S 


M-Aiil.l.ll     ^1  il.|.H.i:.1     AMI    .-All.Di;^ 


I  I  nil  r  I  Ji/,,iln-ili  1"  'til  ]'i  A  rri\  .i!i(l  \';iu.ili'  nila;,'!'  wi'i'r  'KmIi  w  u  ii 
|i\'  a  C"niiirriirti~i\  (•  |i'Hir  I.iw.  .\ii.''ii^  ili"-r  wli'i  an  iiiniiii  ■iicd 
li\-  a  ci  ■iiU'iiiiH 'raiui 'U-  writii'  a-  li'.s  iliilmt  i  li.iiai'Ur-.  -i 'lii_  inn^- 
aim-,  w  liT  ilif  \\  liiiiiacki.',  / 1'.,  >  'iir  \\ :  ■  pii  uikKiI  ti  >  In-  a  \  i'liiii 
I  I  -lii]i\\  ixi'k  lii"  (ii  [lirai'v,  ami  llu-  kiiiiKi".  !.<\.  an  i.'.\--i  ililuv  cr 
-1  r\  iii;;-in,in.'  Ilrvi^inu;  \\a-  al  it-  luii;!',!  and  iIk-  (|iRTn  nini- 
jiLiint-cl  tlial  ^lu-  \\a-  "tri'iiMcd"  \\luiK-\cr  -lie  ti " 'k  tin-  aii'  "liy 
llu -(.■  iiii-i  raliK  ircatnrc-."    .\- a  part  I'l'  the  l'.li/.alnthaii  i'i\i-ii.n 

ni'  iIr-  ] r  law,  -[ircial  i)r'i\i-li.n  ua-  niadv  h  r  "niainicd,  hurt, 

I  r  ',;rii\  "ii-lv  >iik"  >"ldirr-,  luii  a>  tin  "lili^atii  iti  ti  >  rai-i-  a  faif 
n.r  tin-  i)in'iM'-i-  \\a^  laid  ■ 'U  tlic  c^  iiiilii -,  tlicru  \va>  a  trndmiv 
t'l'T  tai.h  C"unt_\-  t'>  cvadi'  tlu-  ihit_\  and  jia---  "ii  il>  \V( 'iiiidci.1  -"1- 
dui-  Ii  ■  tllr  iu\t. 

SiiiipK  iiuntar\-  law-  wcvo  iia--iil  ir"ni  time  to  tinii-.  incliidini; 
I 'in- I  I  n.arK-  II  which  |ii.rnmt(.-d  di-iharLii'd  -nldier-  ii  ■  i.'.\eri-i-i- 
;i  tr.uK-  wiihi'in  iMiniik'tmi;  tlirir  .■qiiirmticc-hiii.  Thrl-ra  Ih'-- 
]iit;d.  whi'M-  charifr  wa>  .i,'raiUcd  in  1(>S1  .and  which  wa-  niicnid 
in  Id' 'J  in  a  huildini;  crcctcil  hv  .^ir  C'hri--ti '[ilicr  Wren,  ha^  had 
a:i  i\cn  ninrr  ]iii  ■inint'iit  jilacc  in  l-'.nL;li-h  |icn-ii>n  ;idniini-traih  mi 
than  ii-  ni"(kl  had  in  th.it  ><{  I'r.ancc.  Al  t";r-i  iicn-ii'ii-  wcrr 
!;i\i,ii  ti'  ihii-r  wild  wrrc  i  ^n  the  waitiiii;  li-t  Ii'i"  ailnii--iiin  tn  the 
!i''-|iital.  .^iHiii  it  was  I'l  iimd  neces,-ar\,  a^  in  I'ari-,  tn  reC"i,'nize 
tile  '  iiu-]'en-ii  iner  a--  a  di-tiiict  clar--.  far  nii^re  nnniern\i>  than  the 
in-|H  n-i'  'ner. 

In  iSOd  an  act  <<(  l\'irli;inicnt  a--nred  a  iien-ii^n  tn  inwilided 
and  di-atiled  -1 'Idler-  and  ti'  tlu'-e  w  hi  >  had  -ir\ii'  I'l  ir  fnirteeil 
I  r  twentx-i'iie  Near-.  Sncli  ]ien-ii'n-,  linwexer.  like  thi'-e  Iri'iii 
t  hel-e;i  !l"-]iil:d  earlier,  were  paid  fri'in  a  t'nnd  ti  ■  which  the 
-"Idler-  had  ci 'ntrilinted  frnni  their  re.uular  ]ia\'.  'i'he  pen-ii'ii 
r.ite-  were  li 'W  ,  .aiiil  the  ^tate  h.ad  iH't  \et  .idi'|ited  the  idi'.i  that 
relireil   .and   di-ahled    -I 'Idler-  Were  elltitle'l    t"  a   [ii'll-iiill   prii\ided 

Ii\   the  natii  'ii  I'ri  'in  ta\atii  'ii. 

At  tile  time  I  'l'  the  <  Vinie.an  W'.ir  di-.aliilit\'  ]ien-ii  ill-  fi  'r  wi  mnd- 
and  injnrie-  received  in  actii'ii  ranged  t'ri'in  .S5  t"  ^1.^  .a  ninnili 
'.■^  pence  a  da\    t'l-r  parti.i!  di-ah!enient   1"  -   -hillini;-   fur  tnt.d 

Mi,i,  t'.t  ]\    W.   K^rknia.i   i^r.Tv,   i:i   lii-   !hst.r\   .f   I-';,, lit:,   /';;,'',iii»;!r    >" 


*% 


-as 

1 


i':-.\i:i.i.ii  Mii..)i!..;.^  AM!  >\ii.()i;>    i.\    iiii:    rA>i  _''' 

lii-.iiilriuiiit  I.  1  Junnu  uu-  >..n!ii  Airican  War  ilic  rau~  wi-rc 
iiH  tea -I'll  -"iiR-wlKit  and  rr:;iilar  iicn-ii.ii>  i'  r  ilu'  tir-t  link'  iix- 
i.  pi  h  'T  a  hrn-l  peri'  pcl  du 
1   ..rnl 


riiiL;  ua-  t_  ■  iinnii  O! 


alUi  I   \\  r; 


!i  ■   w  hi'  'W  -  aiit 


VM\-    "I     >"l(lkr- 


<UU-i|    '  'I'    (1\  lliu    111    .-CI',  li'i 


I'll"!'  I"  ilii-  .Liraliiilif- ail'!  -[n-cial  iiiiuN  had  lucn  a\ai!abk-,  a:" I 
]Mii-i"ii-  had  iicci:  i,d\i,-ii  t"  Mir\i\ini;  (KiKiuKiit-  "i'  warrant 
'  liii'i--.  The  iit.-n-i<'n-  i^raiitcd  in  1"U1  rani^iil  iV  .m  5  ^hilHiii,'- 
1"   10  -Inlhn,;,'-  a  wn  Iv   i"r  \'.  ii|"\\-,  and  t'ri'in   1   -hilliiiL;  '>  |u'ncc 


-nilliiiL;-  t'  'r  each  clii 


l.I. 


u>  tl 


le  rank  '  't   tia-  man. 


Th, 


d   I'atrii'tic 


lui'l  ('"rin'ratii'ii.  a-  it  i-  n"U    kii'.un. 


had  "rii;inatc'l  at  the  time  "f  the  Criniean  War.  I',  meet  the  di- 
tre—  that  \\a-  m 't  ]>r.  .vide.l  f'.r  liy  the  i,'"\  ernnient.     During  th 


e  ;i  e'irp"rati"n.  aiu 


S"uth  Al'rican  War  it  v,  a-  nia'l 

eiitni-ted  t"  it  varidi-  I'liiuK  raided  ("r  th 


Farh 


e   lienelit    I't    --"Idier- 


ri\ate    >"eietie-.    >iuli    a-   tl 


S"l 


dier-'    and    Sailer- 


I-aniilie-   A--' ieiaii"ii  and   the   S'.Idier-  and   Sail"r>    Help   S"ci- 
ety,  hail  al>"  been  e>tahli>hed  tn  supplement  -tate  aid. 


'  ieiieralh 


-pe: 


the     pen-ii'ti    admini--tratii>ii     in     dreat 


I'.rilain  at  the  he,i,'ilinin,Lr  "t  the  .threat  war  in   \'H4  devlved 


nil'  '11 


th'-   e"mmi»ii'ner>   cf   (."lieKea    II' 


<  ireen\vi;'h  Huspital  f"r  th 


-pital    t'.r   tl 


le   arm\-   and 


.■\-.      K'.xal 


warrant-  and  "rder 


in  e"iinei 


1   (let. 


rniined  the  rate.-  t"  he  paid,  Iiiit   the  nial< 


nu 


rule-  and  [H,hcie-  were  enirn-ted  within  verv  hn.ad  limits  t'>  tl 


e-  'mmi--ii  'lur-.  >  .iie  i 


't   wh 


the  IVivnia^ter  ( 


■enera 


1  ot 


nati'.n.  .\n  act  <■{  Parliament  cf  \>^2('^  repealint,'  the  act  "f  1,^0': 
mav  he  -aid  i"  have  tinally  e-tahli-lud  tin-  -\-ieiii,  and  the  admin- 
i-trative  p"liry  a-  t"  military  ]>en-i..n-  in  I",ni,'land  thti-  il.ite- 
fr"in  a  periml  five  \  ear>  earlier  than  the  French  law  "I  iN.il. 


.\   St  KVi:v  DF  l-'.ruoi'KA\   PuovisiON-p  i\    l.'^rij 


F.arK    in  '^iir  Civil  War  the  I'nited  ?tatc>  ?: 


initarv  ri.mini- 


-I'li   turned  it-  attetitinn  f)  the   i\n 


nre  ( 


'i  tl 


le  (h^a!) 


le.l    -"Idi 


1..  arniiiLr  that  Mr.  Stephen  11.   Perkin-,  a  phil, 


uithr"pi-t  "I 


t"n.  \\a- 


lanninti  l"  >|"tid  the  winter  ahmad.  ihey  rei|ue-led  liini. 


'inile  111  "iir  m.  .deril  fashion,  t. 


inipiire  intn  the  n-n<i"n  -\--tetT-,.s 


30 


li|.>Ai;i.l.|i    MH.lill.K.S    AM)    SAll.OlvS 


and  I'lluT  nil  til.. lU  m  u-c  \>y  luii.  .[Han  cuiurio.  i)n  certain 
lirniciplt-  (^-c  liili.u,  [..i.m-  ,itij  ilk-  C(.niuii>-i..ii  ajiijrar-  to  lunc 
liiiii  alnaily  a,i;rc'(.il.  Imt  l..r  tin.'  i  :.il)(.ratii  .n  ..f  a  iiractical  plan 
llu-  U'll  llic  iii'ul  ..I  mere  mli.riii.ilH.n.  IKikc  tlii:-  rii|m>t  x<> 
-Mr.  IVrkiii^,  wlinii  Ik-  wa-  a-ki-d  I.,  (..n-idir  ••a>  a  cKar  lail  of 
]'r<.\i(KiRi-."  "li  till-  iiiatti-r  In  K-i';  i,.  ]i.  .lujciaii-."  si\>  tliu 
|.ri--idi-nt  i.f  llir  (  .  iiiiiii--ii.n  in  ch.-m.L:  In-  Irttvr  i.l  in-triictn  n-. 
"..f  111.-  liurriid  tlir.  .u,l;Ii  Ci.n,i:n---  hy  lui-y  nu-n.  it  will  want  all 
I.r..t'<.iiiid  im-rit,-.  it  will  lie  -iiiv-  t..  \i..lati-  dir  Aiiurican  prin- 
iipk--.  I..  w..iind  i...liti(,d  rc.-..n.-niv,  and  i<.  li..trli  tlu-  wli..I,-  idi-.i. 
Il,  ..11  the  i.tlur  hand,  w  i-  laii  -1.  .wly  mature  a  wi-r,  ripi-  plan,  it 
may  Inc.  .mi-  a  ;,'irm  ..f  ilu-  ntni<.-l  iK-ni-fR-i-nci.-  t..  the  M.ldier-  and 
t.i  the  nalii.ti." 

Mr.  iVrkin-  acci-]Ui!  the  nii<-i..n  and  sju-nt  the  w-nter  <■{ 
I.^^.'-ti.i  in  I-'.nr..pe.  xi-itinj;  l-"raiK\-.  I'm-ia.  .\u-tria,  and  Italv, 
and  secnrini,'  int..rniaii..n  alM.nt  Russia  fr..m  I'.eriin  hv  ci.rre- 
spi.ndence  with  the  American  Mini-ter.  He  -eenis  to  have  vis- 
Ued  per-..nally  all  tlie  iniiidrtant  in-iitutic.n>.  tn  have  talked  with 
many  official-  and  -ecuri-d  antluniic  -tatistics  c.f  p.  ipiilati..ti  and 
<>i  cr.st-..  t..  liave  kept  his  eye-  npen  for  defects  and  for  features 
which  niij,dit  he  ap[)licahle  to  .\merica,  and,  in  sliort,  tn  have  fiil- 
lille<l  hi-  nii--i..n  in  ;i  hi.i,dily  credit.-ihie  manner.' 

Tlie  ordinarv  pension  for  tlie  common  -oldier  he  found  to  he 
1  tnmc  ]ier  d,iy  in  France,  .^.^  centimes  in  Italv.  .=5  kreiitzcrs 
(ahout  _'  cent-)  in  Austria,  and  n..t  much  more,  IJ  ihalers  jut 
year  (ahout  $,'^.64 ^  in  Pru-i;i.  The  rates  for  officers  were 
higher;  s,,  mucli  so  in  Pru-^i.i  and  Au-tria  tliat  tlie  pension  ^v.^- 
tem  i-.\i-ted  chiefly  for  their  hem  tit  ;mtl  they  received  over  fonr- 
(ifih-  of  the  t..tal  .amount  dishnrsed.  Mr.  Perkins  considered  it 
"hij:hly  creditahle  tu  the  French  character"  that  since  the  mini- 
mum pension  had  heen  rai^^ed  to  a  franc  a  day  verv  few  vounj,' 
men  were  willint,'  to  enter  the  Tnvalides:  while  hv  way  of  con- 
trast Italv  showed  "threat  lack  of  judgment  in  makin?  the  C(.n- 

.'  Hi-^  rcp'-n  U  printid  .is  n..iiMiu-ni  \,,.  (,;  am..nK  the  puMicati.ins  of  the 
L  nitfil  .States  .Saiiitar\   C  .immission. 


li|>AI,l  I  II    .-(Jl.Ull-.KS    AM)    >A11.UKS     1  .\      IIU      f.\Sl 


31 


I 


I 

4 


■* 


(liti.  11  .  I   the  t..iiiiii..|i  s,,KlKr  ui  lii..-i.it;il  i,„.  altractivc,  aiul  >.. 
^'  '"K  till--  iiiili'Mial  lauli  ..t   laik  ><i  iiiiki.<.iuUiRi.'  aiul  cu- 

11  ■'    ilial  ilk  iii>titiuii.ii>  ULTt- (.rr.uclid. 

Ilk-  11'  piilali..!;  -t  ihr  liivalkk-.  al  tlii>  liiiu'  \va>  aliout  J.OUO. 
alm..M  all  (A  it  mmv  year-  .ii  a,L;r,  Tlk-  annnai  c.-t  prr  laiiita 
\\a-  .Acr  a  llk.i,>aii(l  iraiK-.  ami  Ik'  ti.:^urc.l  thai  ilk-  aM.Taj;c  pcii- 
H.-ii  .ii  ilk  iikii  u!i  -  wiTi'  tlkii  Ml  Ilk-  iii^titmk.ii  WMtiid  lia\i-  hri-ii 
.lii-iit  ?4S  iraik--.  Tlk-  i-.\i\->mw  cot  <■{  m.iiiiiaiiiinj;  tlk-  iii>li- 
luti'-ii  war-  (Ilk-  parlly  tn  the  tact  iliat  it  had  hcni  iilaiiiicl  aikl 
<'|"il'lK,l  V.  ace  .mill,  .(late  4.0lX).  Init  aKc  m  [.art  tc  "a  ^rcat  .leal 
'  t  u-do-  c.\|icn>r."  Similar  (li>i,arity  iKtwccn  the  c<..-i  m  in^ti- 
lutioiial  care  ami  the  i)eii>inn  rate>  wa^  nnijceahlc  in  the  other 
c-uniru-.  ami  ua>  attrilniie.l  tn  the  tact  that  the  laws  otahli-hiii- 
the  tun  inrnis  n|  relief  had  heeii  made  al  ditfereiU  times  and 
vMilv-ni  relatinn  tn  each  ..iher.  As  i,,  ii,e-  cnmiuct  ..(  tlk-  ,„,titii- 
imns  theniMlve...  all  that  .Mr.  IVrkms  .suv,  ami  the  tesiim,,„v  .,t 
all  Ilk  ni-hciaU  viih  wlinm  he  cnierred.  empliasized  ilk-  im'iM.r- 
lance  ,<i  iimvidin-  re.t,mlar  .  .caipatic .n  t..r  the  men.  P.ecausc  .t 
idleness  it  was  impns.iblc  k.  cnntml  drinking;  and  nther  lnriii> 
"I  dissipaiinii. 

The  features  which  inii)ressed  Mr.  IVrkins  as  Miitahle  i<.r 
adaptatinii  t(.  American  cnnditions  were  the  IVussian  system  ,,i 
C  i:il-:,-rs.n,,iiii,i-.ulu-i,is:  and  ilie  plan  in  v-.^ne  in  Italv  and  m 
Prussia  ni  divi.linjr  invalids  inm  two  clas-es.  accordm-  to  iheir 
htnes>  i.,r  stationary  military  duty,  and  allowing,'  those  who  were 
fit  for  j^arrison  duty  to  have  the  choice  between  that  an.l  a 
pension. 

I  he  (  i:i!-rcrs,>n/inu/-Si/u-ii!s  were  warrants  entitling  the  hold- 
ers t,,  the  first  vacancies  in  certain  ■^nhordinate  hranches  of  the 
civil  s^-rvice  i>  .r  wliich  they  niijjht  he  (jualified.  (>i  securinfr  such 
a  positi<.n  the  jiension  ceased.  This  system  was  oI)viou>Iy  "very 
ecoik.mical  for  the  pnernmcnt."  In  Prussia,  to  he  sure,  Mr. 
Perkins  ,.l,.,.rved.  -it  works  a  threat  evil,  by  buihlinp  up  a'mili- 
t;<rv  caste-  amon-  the  lower  orders  of  society,  analofrous  to  the 
«'iH-  which  exists  amonj;  the  upper  cla>ses."  but  he  thought  there 


li^  \i;,,l.l'    ^l)l.llllU,-^    AM)    hAll-OK 


.  ..iil(l  Ik  11' ■  ii;iii,L;LT  ■■!  -iRii  A  ri-iili  in  ilk  L  iiilnl  Suilc^.  ami 
il.i  i\  \\(.uM  !)>.■  ilk  ii'i-iiui- ai.Uam;',i;i  "1  n.iiiM\ mj;  a  ttrtaiii  miiii- 
lnr  >.|  ilk'  u\il  ~rr\ki.-  i.-iuiil..)i>  "irdiu  llic  C(.rru[)liiij;  iiilliK-iKi-- 
1. 1  [li'luiial  t  iiaii.;!.-."  A  lurllkr  ci 'ii^iiKratii 'ii  in  tavnr  i.i  tlii- 
[ilaii  \\a-  tiial  a  \rr\  larL^r  uuiulHr  "i  tlir  iiualiil-  "I  ilk'  (.  iul 
\\  ar  U'iiilcl  In-  yi'ini.i;  r.icii  and  il  \va>  i-.\ccriliii},'ly  inipiTlaiit  "llial 
;i  xaiiiix  '■!  '  ■iaii]iatii  iii>  >li'>iilil  lie  .  itfiTcil  ii.  ilicin,  -i  >  that  tin 
(lin'iTi'Ml  ta-U~  ami  lialiit-  "i  iIr-  niuii  may  he  suited,  a-  lar  a-- 
ji'--ihK-.  aikl  ilk-  nninlKr  mI  Jdlr  ]n.'ii-ii -iirr-  in  thf  rrimhlic  rr- 
(hu'i'd  i(i  il,o  iitni">t."  X"  di^ahkil  >uldiiT  iiiii,du  l«i  lie  ahle  t" 
rr|iriM(li  hi-  e'.iintrv  with  Icavini;  him.  iiiadi.M|uatc!y  pcn-i' ■iumI, 
in  ilk  ii".-iti"n  "t"  hrim;  nhh^i-d  to  cmin'tr  in  tlu'  npcii  marki'l 
with  aiili -h.  .(liid  mm  l'"r  the  mcan^nf  suh>i^tt.'ncc. 

A-  a  re-r.lt  ■■{  hi-  in\  o-tii:ati' 'H-  and  rofloction.  Mr.  Perkins 
cntliiud  ,1  ]>lan  I'T  ilk-  I'nili'd  Si.ati.--.  which  iindndcd: 

ill  \  |ifii^i'.n  fi'T  < '.  1  r>  mif  iiiTrr:uicmI;  di-ililcd.  with  ttiroo  cr:iilc> :  a 
in.ixiiimm  r.iti-.  f'lr  ■.tijurio-  riiiii\ alint  t'l  tik-  I"-^  'if  twn  limli- ;  ,i  mi'ilium 
r.ilo.  fiT  injiirit^  ci|iiiv;ili'iit  tu  tIk'  ln>^  of  one  liiiil.:  and  .i  niinimiim  ratv, 
I'.ir   miliar    iniiirk'» 

I  J.  IVcAi-i^.n  f"'  ,■  .Tiritii'^'  |-::ilf  tlic  ^trci:i;tli  of  u^rri-on^  from  pi-ii- 
-i'lMT-  wli'.   \M-n-  I'lt    fur  ~i,ilMM.ir>    ^ervii-c 

1 .1 1  rrcfiTt'iirt-  to  loririin  ,iii;i. liTnuu'iU*  in  t'k-  i-ivil  licrvicc.  witliir.  their 
o'Ui    .'^t.itr. 

i4i  T!u'  i-tallo-hiiu-nt  ;i;  infr>  St.ilr  li>  tlu-  national  government  of  an 
"in'ali.l  inihi-tri.il  village,"  which  shonM  lie  unilcr  strict  military  rule  and 
-ImuIiI  he  ;hc  ri'-nk'nce  ..f  the  pension  aiicnt  of  the  State.  Productive  oocupa- 
ti.in>;  woulil  he  l■-I,llltl^lle■l  in  each  me  anil  w  aye-,  paid  acconlinvr  to  the  \  alue 
of  e.icli  man  -  lalm,'  Ml  pen-ioner^  would  ha\e  the  rii;ht  of  admi^^ion  to 
the  \ill.ii;e  in  their  own  Slate,  and  wmild  have  the  choice  of  ahandnnine  fh;':r 
pension  .ind  reieivini;  free  food  and  lodu'inir  or  of  retaininir  it  ami  payinc; 
1  .ard  \nv  ini  rnher  of  the  c.iloiu  would  he  free  to  leave  at  the  '-nd  of  a 
veir  and  re-unie  hi<  pension,  hut  if  he  did  .;o  he  would  not  he  eliifihle  for 
readnii^^ioii 

Tiif    I'miki)    St.\ti:s; 

Iti  the  I'nitcd  States  (h^ahility  pensions  liavo  hocn  tlu'  rule 
-iiii-o    ilio    carlie-l    d,i\'-   i<\    the    culnnie-.'      The    cunsideratinns 

riur  chief  source  of  information  on  American  pen^ion.;.  i  xcept  a-  other- 
wise ^pecilied.  i-  the  Hist'ry  ,/  MiHt-jry  I'oisi'u  l.caisltih  ''i  in  thr  Vnitcd 
Suites   hv  W  illiani  Henrv  f 'ii.i.;s( m,     ("olumhia  l'ni\ersitv  Studies  in   Hiitor\. 

F,-,.,,.. ,.!•:■-     o,,|    PuI.Ik-   Law.  \.,1.   XII,   N"o.   ,?    il'UHii. 


i'i.-Ai;i.i;ii  .-iji.iiiiKs  AM)  sAiT.dKS   i\    1  111-:   past 


3i 


Ii'-iupiiiii;  tlkir  adwjuii,!!  srein  to  haw  lien  practical  ralluT  tliaii 
->iiiiiiRiual.  (.ni.itK.ii  I)fiiif,'  rc-LTVi.ll  lor  the  service  pciiMMU  incis- 
ure- eiiacieil  m  each  ca -e  many  year-  alier  ilie  cl^.c  ,,i  tiic  war 
I-  uiuch  they  applieil  In  all  <.iir  important  military  operations 
the  Inilk  ot'  the  li-htiiii;  forces  has  hcen  ii.aile  up  of  citi/.eii-  called 
iroiii  the  plow  and  tiie  counter,  and  it  l;a-  iieeii  neces-ary  to 
na-nre  them  in  advance  in  order  to  i)t'rMiade  them  i.)  come 
and  to  keep  them  contented  while  in  military  service.  Proniiso 
I  I  tiiianeial  a-i-tance  in  ca-e  of  injuries  cauLi.ig  incapacity  seem 
to  have  been  j,Mven  as  a  matter  of  course. 

I'lyni..uth  Colony  in  1636  enacted  that  any  man  sent  forth 
asain-t  the  Indians  who  returned  maimed  should  he  maintained 
competently  l.y  the  colony  durins,'  his  life.  \"iri,'inia  made  a  simi- 
lar provision  in  1644.  and  other  colonies  as  need  an,^..  A  com- 
I.rehen-ive  act  of  Rhode  I-land  in  1718  promised  in  addition  that 
w..unds  w.iild  !)e  treated  at  tiie  e.xpense  ci  the  colony. 

At  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolutionary  War  acti(>n  was  taken 
l.y  several  of  the  col,,nies.  The  first  national  law  was  passed  on 
Auuiist  26.  1,-76.  promisin-  half  pay  for  life  in  case  of  loss  of  a 
Imil,  e.r  di-ahility  sufficient  to  interfere  with  earnin-  a  livin- 
The  object  of  this  was  to  en-oura-e  enlistment  and  it  represented 
the  sentmient  of  the  Continental  Congress,  but  unfortunately 
tiiat  body  had  no  fund-  at  it>  disposal,  and  the  law  amoimted 
"Illy  to  :,  recommendation  to  the  State-.  Without  reviewin.-  all 
the  dithculties  of  the  peri.nl  before  the  national  government  was 
e-tabh-hed.  it  is  .HifTicient  t.)  notice  that  the  principle  of  pen- 
Mon-  tor  (h-ability  \\as  clearly  recojrnized.  and  that  the  rate 
lor  total  di-ability  was  hall  pay  for  Commissioned  officers  and 
S-^  a  month  for  non-commi^^ioned  officers  and  enli-te.l  men 
Records  for  tlu-  early  years  are  not  complete,  but  it  i-  tlmu-bt 
that  not  more  ,han  two  or  three  thousand  Revolutionarv  soldiers 
were  pensirmed  for  disability  before  the  law  of  \R\A.  conferring 
-ervice  pen-ions,  remove.!  the  ref|nirenient  of  disability. 

F<T  tile  reffular  army  and  for  the  nary  similar  provisions  were 
made  at  the  beginning  of  the  nati.^n's  history,  the  rate  for  pri- 


34 


|i|>.\IU.i;ii    Sill. 1)11. KS    AM)    S.MI.IiKS 


\au-.  liiin;;  incria-i-il  iii  1S1(>  iri'in  $5  l^  $S  jicr  in<inth.  The 
i.NliLii^c  I'i'r  ilic  navy  fr^ni  1^00  to  18 1  \  ami  in  part  a,t,'ain  ^uuc 
l.'^Gi,  lia?  JKin  met  from  an  iini.Tf<tiiij,'  siKcial  fiuul  niaik'  ui)  <■! 
till-  l;o\  i-riitncnt'-  >liarr  "f  ni"ni'\-  from  tlie  --air  of  [iri/.r-.  The 
e\i~tim,'  ]iro\  i'^ioii',  fdr  the  re;,'u!ar  arm_\'  were  exteiuKil  to  the 
\ohinterr--  in  the  War  of  ISIJ,  lo  the  .-oldiers  en.i,'a.!,'e(I  in  the 
\arioii,  war^  with  the  western  Inilian^,  and  tliey  were  a,i,'ain 
[ironii^eil  to  \i.himeiT-  in  tlie  .\et  deelariiiL,'  the  exi-teiice  o|  a 
slate  of  war  w  ith  .Me.xii'o. 

At  the  (iiithreak  of  the  Civil  War  the  familiar  promises  were 
renewed:  fir-t  to  he  500,000  \ohimeer«  whom  the  President  was 
authorized  to  rai-e  l)y  the  act  of  July  _'_'.  1.'<(»1  ;  a  year  later 
I  lulv  14,  ISdJ,)  to  the  militia  who  liad  lieeii  called  out  hy  the 
procl.ini.ition-  of  .\pril  1.^  and  May  .\  IShl,  ami  to  all  others 
wlio  liad  innirred  -di-ahility  -iiice  M;ireh  4,  ISol.  The  rates 
were  wliat  tliey  had  heeii  for  the  -oMiers  of  the  rei,'iilar  army 
since  IXIA:  for  total  di^aliilitv  SS  pi.r  month  for  privates,  li.alf 
]iay  for  coinmi--ioned  ofl'icers  n;)  to  a  maximum  of  :?oO  per 
month,  witli  proportional  Jraction-  for  ,  arti.al  ili-ahility, 

l')V  the  act  of  Jiil_\-  4,  ]XCA.  a  tariff  w.as  e>tahli-hed  for  siiecified 
injuries.  This  was  a  novelty  in  pension  le,i;i>lation,  thou,i;h  a 
verv  natural  devclopnieiit.  Kate-  were  niodilKd.  always  hy  in- 
crea^ini;  them,  and  new  cateujopii-  were  added  from  time  to  time, 
and  manv  .ahstirdities  and  extrava,i,';mce-  crept  into  the  ;i])plic;i- 
tion  of  the  princi[ile.  Since  the  "nependeiit  Pen-ion  l^.ill"  of 
1S''0,  the  mere  ]io--e-sion  ni  a  di-ahiliiy  not  dtie  to  vicious  habits 
hv  a  man  wlio  IkkI  served  ninety  day-  in  the  Civil  War  has 
entitled  liim  to  a  pen-ion,  without  examination  as  to  the  oriL;in 
of  the  di-.ahility.  Xew  .applications  on  the  pjround  of  disaliility 
were  -till  heini:  Ljranted  thirty-five  or  forty  years  after  the  cli>-e 
of  the  w;ir.  in  c;i-es  in  which  it  woidd  have  been  difficiilt.  to  say 
tlu'  le;i-t.  to  t'-t,alili-Ii  .1  cans.al  relation. 

To  ;lhi-tr,ite  the  development  of  the  tariff:  a  man  who.  !i,-t 
both  hands  "in  line  of  duty"  was  entitled  to  $8  per  month  by  the 


niSMM.II)    SiM.IHI.KS    AM)    SAILOKS    IN    T  H  K    I'AST  35 

nrt  '<i  ixr.J:  $_'3  aitir  lSo4;  $31.25  alter  1N7J;  $50  afifr  1S74; 
S7J  alter   1S7S;  $1UU  Mlier    ]HS".' 

'ilk-  total  niinilKT  dt"  '•lIn•alid^■■  on  the  mil,  ,,ii  June  30.  1''17, 
wa-  a^  icllnws:- 

XiiinliiT  ..f  Anmia!  N'.iluc 

t.  1     ,     r-    .     1  I      1  IVlI.,..m.TS  nl    |'f„M,,I,s 

iMKuIar  l-.~t.ilili';limcr.t : 

L'lidcr    Ki-inral    laws    li"4  <';4inilv'< 

, . 'ivi"'''^'  ■''■'\-, 478       -"uijirj;;);) 

C  i\  il   W  ar  :  (n  iiir.,1  Law  : 

L-ii.Ier  KcniTal  law   >_.4;„)  7 'I-IH  V^7  l)i> 

l;>    >1'<--^'.'    acts     i,t.,4„  4.'i5u»iJ<Kl 

<u,l   War:  A.....   Iv*. 5-;                       ;,,.,-, 

W  ar  u  nil  >|iam  ■ 

I'n.Kr   Ki-tHTal    laws    jj.-^S  J,HiH7''8  8i) 

^•>   ■  1'^^ '•''  ^^^'^   1.JJ5                   '.'54;k5o,(I() 

'"'''  /"'L.ir.i         jis'.;.'j,45s  i,s 

The  niiniher  of  i,en>io,HT>  f,,r  di.-ahility  \va>  at  it.  inaxiniuni 
in  IS'il,  wlun  there  were  41'),046  .,n  tlie  p.11>  ,,„  account  of  all 
war^.  Since  then  the  curve  ha>  decreaM-.l  from  vear  to  year. 
\yith  -nly  a  slij,'ht  Inline  after  1N'»7  to  take  in  the  victini>  ,,f  the 
Spanidi  War,  nntil  now  ,t  ha.  fallen  to  alxnit  the  same  numher 
a^  there  were  at  tiie  doM-  n{  ,]„•  (  ,vil  War.  The  total  amount 
which  has  heen  >pent  i .  t  disiiiility  pensions  since  lsr,0  i- 
$2,754,074,108,  which  i,  even  more.  i)y  .ih.ait  20  per  cent,  tii.in 
the  enormous  sum  for  M-rvice  pensir.ns  in  the  same  period.  At 
the  pn-^ent  time,  however,  the  annual  amount  for  service  pen- 
sion, i~  ..ver  four  time-  the  am^^trnt  for  di-;il>ilitv  pen-iMU-.-' 

/'/.v.7/.w/,,;,.r  ,,/  //,.•  Soin'fary  C,i))tniissi.>u.   lSr,2-lSr,4 
The  Civil  War  not  only  uavc  a  .threat  impetus  to  pension  legis- 
lation hut  it  aUn  l,rou,-ht  forili  some  very  impor       :  considJ~ra- 
t.on  of  the  lot  of  disahle.l  >oldicrs.  and  led  tr,  the  adoption  of 


■•  Sec  t!ie  twn  reports  cited  in  fn„tnotcc  I  an.!  2. 


l)l>.\lil.l.li   soi.iill.i;--    \M'   >-\lliiK> 


L"iiiiiii->i"ii  U''^>'  till-  ~iiliji.li  ->rii.\i-  ,111.1  iiiirlliL;i  HI  .iiiriin-n, 
aiul  li.i-  Icii  "ii  i\C"r(l  (li-cii~-ii>ii-  \\liicli  li"  i]"t  ?'iunil  aniii|\Kiifl 
I  \  en  p  "la_\ 

'Ilk-  iin-i(K'iit  I't  tin-  (  I 'iiinii--i"n.  l\i-\ .  Ilriirx  \\  .  !'irll"\\r-, 
in  III-  Icii' T  III  in-tnicti'.ii-  t"  Mr.  IVTkiii-  i  m  c  ali'  i\  c  \Kr^v  _" '  i . 
(l.ilnl  .\'i,i;u-t  15.  iN'iJ.'  -taU  -  a-  I'-Umu-  tin-  -iiu.iti"ii  tin  y  \\v]\- 
laciii.i,': 

I  1m-  S,iiiitnr>'  CMmnii--iiiii  .'in-  nuii-l',  i'\irci-o>l  uilli  tlii  ^cili)ci-i  ■.f  llu' 
I'ntiin-  .if  tlii-  ili-:il.l<-'l  -.ildit-r-  ..i  tin-  wax.  'I  lu  >  i-aK  ul.iti-  tliiit  if  u  i-iiiitiiinc 
a  >car  l..iicir.  ii  .1  lc«-  tliaii  a  lmn.lri-.|  i!ii.u-.iii'l  im-n.  "f  iin|i.uici|  \f^'>T. 
ii:  i-nu-'l.  "T  lir.ikt-ii  111  1.1. ih  ami  ~|.ini.  will  1..-  tlir..un  ..i;  tin-  ...iinir>  \.!.l  r. 
till-  a  ti'lc  "I  aiL.tlK'r  lir.r.'lrt-.l  lli..ii-.ii..|  im-n.  .I.iii' 'i"aii/f.l  i..i  oix  il  \iv  l.> 
military  lialut-.  aii.l  it  i-  im-\  t  .  -t-r  vvli.it  a  trial  t  .  t'li-  .'I'L-r.  unlu-Irj,  an-l 
stcnrit)  i.f  -...  K-tx.  ail.!  uli.il  a  l.iir.-..n  |..  iN  alri-a.ly  -rr.iim.l  n-^  .iir.  i  -  llii-rc 
l^  in  -t.Ti.-  f..r  It.  It  1-,  III  .iiir  jii.lyim'iit.  I.  tl.c  la>t  il.  yn-t.-  inij.'.r'.im  r. 
I'luiii  II. .\v  t..  create  a  iniMu-  i.|Miii..n  ulii.li  -l.all  .-..iiiliu-c  i...  ..r  ...iiii'il  llu- 
a.|..|.ti.  .11  <,|,  tlic  Ul-^■^t  ii..lii'\  ..II  llie  pall  ..I  .'Ur  iiuiiiii  i|i.il  aii.l  t..vMi  i;  .M-rii- 
meiit-.  in  re-jit-.t  ..I  .li-alk-.l  ~..l.lirr^ — .)  a^  !■.  .|i-t.  .r.raiit-  all  fav..r  t..  iiuii- 
iluii>.  all  all..«aiu'i'  of  aii\  i.xfi'.ili'.nal  Ineii-o  t  .  tli  '-.-  uli..  lia\i'  liei-n  »  .1- 
ilier-,  all  (li-|...-iti'.ii  f'.r  imali.l-  I..  llii  .u  lliein-tl\  •■•.  aii>  fiirtlicr  than  i^ 
Iifi-i.---ar> ,  ..11  the  sii|.Ii"rt  ami  pr..teiti..n  ..f  -..ru-H.  V..ii.  uli..  lune  p. ml  -.. 
miu'li  attinl;' '11  !•■  ^"I'ial  -.lelKe.  kii..w  h'.u  e.i-il>  I  ...-e.  iii.liili;eiit  an. I  .li-- 
striKtne  ii..ti..n-  ireip  int..  c..mniuniiie-.  iimli  r  the  naine  ail. I  purp..'-e  .if 
hiiinaiiit>.  aii'l  uliat  temptati..ii~  ..f  a  -emiim-nial  kiii.l  tin  re  uill  I.e.  t.. 
favi.r  a  iii.hc\  which  will  uii.lcrniine  >elf-re~pect.  ^clf-^^l|)|...rt,  ami  the  true 
.Xinerican  pri.le  ..f   iicr,-..iial    inilcp..-li.leii.  .■ 

Till-  Ci.iniiii-^ii.ii  had  alrcaih'  "t.-.\c.  .yilatcil"  tlim-  .s,Mii(IiiiL;  jiriii- 
cipK--,  ri:.,  that  there  should  la-: 

1  \-  little  .ait-ide  ir"--rfereii.e  uitli  natural  l.r.v-  ami  -elf.ri--pe.t  a^ 
p.>-.-ihle. 

J,  .\-  iniu'h  ni.iral  ami  ..ther  cue  .uraL;enient  ami  -trcir.;tli.iiim.'  ..f  the 
natural  reliance-  a-  p')--il.lc 

,i  The  ntnv.-t  emlea\'.r  t  .  pr..ni.ite  the  lie.ilthy  ai.-' .rpti.  .n  .  f  thi'  iiivali.l 
da--  int..  t!ie  h..me<.  an.l  int..  the  i.r.liiiary  in.lu-try  ..|  the  i..iintr\, 

Tn  oppiKiticii  tlk-v  f.  Tc-aw  "the-  ri\alr\  ati.l  cninpetiti.  .n  of 
?t;ite--.  in  i^eiu-rn-itv  to  cli-ahK-d  -oliher.-;:  .  .  .  the  atteiiijit  t.i 
make  iM.hiical  capital  "tit  ."I  tip-  -^ytiiiiath}'  i.f  the  puhlio:  .  .  . 
and,  \v.  .r-t  ..f  all.  a  ]iiil)lic  di-p.  i-itimi  t.>  tre.'U  thi-  \\h..le  ela--  as 

■' rnite.l    ."-tales    Sanitarv   C..iiimi--i'.ii.    O'CiinieiU    X.i    4''. 


11,-  \1'.|   I  I'     ml.lill  K-      \.\P    >All.(Pk>     IN      1111       I    \M 


.■>/ 


;i  il.i--  wnli  ,1  n-ln  t..  \n-  uUi-,  i.r  to  lnj;,  (t  !•■  clanii  r\tiiii>Ui>ii 
1 1"' 111  till  •  iiliii.ii)  niK-  •  1  liii;." 

In  .iililiii-n  i><  till.-  .-iiiM.y  i.i  lliircpf.m  iin'ili..,I<  hv  Mr.  iVr- 
Kiii-,  the  I  ..iiinii"P'n  a-kul  Dr.  J.hii  Urdr. .ii.iiix,  iin.|(."(.r  <.f 
-MiilK.il  Juri-|:rn(l,iK\  m  (.  .  liiinln.i  t'l  •llc;;^',  b.  prciMri-  a  l^pcrt 
■  n  a  >_\-uni  n  t  tlic  1- .-.  ii.  iinuMl  Ki-lu  i"  ^i  DisiMiil  S.  .Mur-. 
\\\\u\,  Ik  i.i\-i-iii((l  in  ISi.*  -  II,  .ic>.r|..  .rati-  Mr.  iVrkiii-'- 
-tiLi-r-tpiii-.  uitli  M.iin'  111.  .litlcitH'ii-  .'iiul  fl.ilx.rati'.ii-,  aii.i  adcU 
-rviTal  luw  Icitiin.'-.  ill'  w.irii-  ai^aiii-l  (.-(.iiyiii;;  liliihllv  tlic 
'■"AJ  e  .iiiil  il..ulitli.---  Will  c'.ii-ulcrul  -\-tciii-"  .■!  [■air..|ii'.  t..r, 
.is  ill".-,,  wl),,  liavi..  n-ail  the  ailiniralik-  npLrt-  "i  .Mr.  IVrkiii- 
"''■'11  ii"t  li.i^i-  I.iili'l  I"  inTi-iivr.  iii.r  rriti-c  t..  ailmit,"  tli.-rr  i^ 
ii'iliin-  ill  ihi'iii  "wliiiii-fan  Ik-  a<lcp|ite(l  liorc  with,  .iit  tli.  i.  .ii.^li 
ami  r.i.l;...!  :ilti  rati.  .n.  Tln-y  arv  (k--i.i;iif(l  to  iiii-it  the  want-  <•{ 
a  (hlirrviii  pe.  |.k'  troin  ..I'l  own:  an-  ha-i'd  ujH.n  a  nnich  lower 
-calf  ..I  hahitnal  prr-oiial  ".■xpuiiliture ;  arc  conceived  in  a  -pirit 
ol  predoininaiit  ca-ie  ].rivile.<e.  and  hear  iion.'  of  th.it  inipre-s 
ol  -ympathy  with  the  iiia-e-,  which  ^h.>u!.!  he  the  o\  ,r- 
-hailowni-  element  m  the  !e-i-lation  vi  rill  reiKil.iican  forms 
'••   '.^ox  I  riinitiit  " 

Ihi-  rep'.rt  de-er\i-  i|iii..tatioll.  hecaii.-o  of  its  excellent  .-tate- 
iiieiit  ..I  c..ii-ider,ili.'n-  an.l  i-rinciple-.  repre-entini:  prohahlv  the 
In  M  tl)..ii-ht  of  the  day,  which  in  many  re-pect-  we  haw-  ii..t  vet 
improM'd  ii]ioii. 

.\-  I.,  the  fnmlainenta!  theorv  of  the  re-pon>il)ilitv  of  M.cietv 
f.  r  the  di-ahled  -oldier,  Dr.  Drdroiiaiix  say?: 

W  .■  w..!'!.]  n..t  .-all  li.m  ;in  .iLifft  ■■!  ch.irily,  co  mucli  n~  ,t  .-rp.Ilt.T  ..f 
-.  ■Hi\  f..r  a  j.vriiiari-m  l.enetit  ciifcrrcl  up"!!  it:  an.!  it  i>  tin-  .liity  ..f  tlie 
.■■inimniity  -.•  I.cnelite.l,  while  rea.Knizinj;  tlu-  claiin.  v.  (].,  jiiMici-  n<  «.l] 
t..  ilMlf  a>  t..  i-.ni  If  he  he  a  man.  an.l  can  Udrk,  he  will  neither  ask  n..r 
<\|.i-.  t  I..  Ir  Mii.i...rte.l  in  i.llene--  If  he  he  in.L.lent  an.l  untlirift\.  it  is  the 
.hit\   ..f  -..>ieiy  11. ,t  t..  encuirajjc  tlii«  .hs|„.Mti..n  |,y  entirely  sni.p.Ttini;   him, 

'  Ji.r  -..m.reas.cn  tliis  seems  n..t  t..  have  heen  nrinte<!  as  a  I^nenment  ..f 
the  Sanitary  (. . .mmissmn.  n..r-f|.ies  Mr  I'.elh.ws  refer  t.,  it  m  his  ,,«n  reiLTt 
..n  the  siil.ieit  which  he  made  t..  the  Stan.hnif  Cmmittee  ,.f  the  r,„,,,r,.s.;.  ,.i 
i!ie  I..II..WU1L-  >,ar  It  was  ,,rinl,.I  in  Xew  V..rk,  ,n  1«(4.  as  a  |,.,mnhlet 
.in.ler  the  title  ,„./  Rrrrftl,,-  r,,,,.;,  ,.„.:-  >,„,V„rv  C.mmiss,\,o. 
a  i\,i,m  ;  r  .•/;.■  /;,.•„,,„„.„/  A'..,.,,;  „/  /i,,-„;,/,.,/  s.'lJicrs. 


O.S 


hl^Millli    MM.iilli;>    AM)    ^\ll.lll<^ 


lilt  liuim-  liim  <'iil>  '•/  imii  ii  .i-  will  m-urt  lll^  ■l.iil>  Iprca'l,  Iciiinij  Ins  other 
w.iiil-  1"  In  |rriAiiU.|  i,,r  |j)  111-  .i\Mi  itl'irt-.  In  tins  Ha>  he  i-  -ait'l  ihc 
(l.iiiijtr  1  l.ihihv!  Hit"  ititiri'  ai>.illi)  'ir  Mi'hllfriMnc  ui  ty  hii  uwii  ij'.jitiuii. 
iiii.l  Kn.iiiiiiij;  .1  Ii7;,ili/iil.  I.  ill  |pr  ichu  ii-l;  l.t  iiftu  i.irs . 

I  '.iiMiiuli'ii.il  .111(1  (liatlKtic  ili>tM«i> — .-ulIi  a>  plain ~i-,  (.liroiuc 
rliiiiuiau-iii,  ■■[m1iu1.i1  iiituMtatii 'ii  ill  it>  iiiiiUnik-  l"riii^,"  p.ir.ily- 
M-.  ,i!hl  llu-  ^icitii.-iRi>  1.1  lyiihcul — art-  a  iU'Tc  li.rmiilalik'  i.li- 
-l.uK'  1"  iilivMial  aliilily.  il  i-  iMiinuil  "ill.  .iiid  .i  iii"ri'  pr.  .lilic 
-..iirir  it  inwiluli-iii,  ill. Ill  Miii|ili.  imitilaii"ii.  l"r  iiu.iliiN  oi 
llu-  tla>~,  liowcv  i-r,  in  ihc  (.xi-liiii,'  '«tati-  "1  incilical  kiu 'U  lid^;*', 
|ir"\i-i('n  was  ciMiiparati\  ily  >iiiiplt.'.  Il"-[(it.il>  will  he  lUidi-d 
|i.r  llaiii  lur  I'oiir  it  Tim-  yi.:ir>  ai'UT  tin,-  cji'r-t,'  "t  llif  war.  Iiiit 
iliat  i-  lliv  I 'Illy  vnj^';^r^..,ti,,||  that  i-  iiK  Ic  in  tlkir  IhIi.iIi'.  "Tlify 
an-  iia->iiiL,'  I"  ilic  t;r,i\i.' — Minly.  irriv i 'CiMy — .iiul  llu-  iluty  wc 
•  ■wi'  tluiii  is  In  iiKiki.-  that  pa^.-;ij,'i-  a>  MiU'nth  and  Cdiiip.ri.dik'  .a-. 
p.-Mhk-." 

It  is  tlic  kir^'cr  cla>s.  "f  men  not  ccniplctily  cii-akkil.  hut 
iinahlc  t'l  Work  uiuKr  i.rdinar\-  iiinditi"n~.  "lur  wliniii  wc  >liall 
In-  C'iiii]nlk-d  ti'  provide  nii'.iii--  .ind  iiutlu.d-  I'i  indii-lri.il  acli\ily 
■-iiitcd  ti>  tluir  itulividii.'il  pi'Wir>,"  which  nciiv  is  the  l.ir^;e»t  p.irt 
if  till'  discir-siiin.  In  li.irnidiiy  with  what  the  pre-idiiit  "t  the 
S.aiiil.irv  Ci>nimi»>iiiii  li.id  written  to  Mr.  I\rkin~.  Dr.  (  Vilrnnaux 
i'on-ider>  it  funil.iinent.il  th.it  im  ine.isiiri-s  >hnuld  he  adi'(iU(l 
wlni'h  would  tend  to  set  the  disahkd  soldiers  apart  as  a  di>- 
tiiiet  el.Hss: 

Their  iiiimlicr*  pri'mi-ini.'  to  lip  oxtcntivo,  .il!  irlc.i  ^.f  ilisposiiif;  nf  tlictn 
]'\  .my  -iiiKh- iilaii,  siicli  .1?  creatini:  larj;e,  iiichi'trial  iii-tiliiti"ii*,  mt  oiiliiiiiziiii; 
thi'iii  ill  one  Incality.  hccimi";  prepn^tiTinis  am!  mi<chicv.'iH,  Tn  do  thi- 
w.'iil'l  coincrt  them  ?*  dtict'  into  an  exceptional  chT-* — an  c\iT-pre-ent  caii-e 
of  ;iiipri-luii>.ioii  in  any  conimiinity.  ...  It  i*  true  that,  in  thi-  in<taiicc.  the 
(inahl'icatioiis  of  pulilic  service,  ami  tlie  physical  sufferinir  entailed  hy  it. 
Mould  iiMr^;e  the  diss  of  iinalids  of  ilie  worst  features  of  exceptionali-m. 
Still,  as  a  principle,  the  doctrine  of  lart-e  associations  of  tliis  kind  should  iMt 
lie  fostered.  It  i'-  had  on  many  accounts;  had  hecause  it  'ei;recates  men  from 
the  c-ntact.  and  intliunce,  and  contr..!  of  piiMic  -'.'iitinu-nt  :  had  hecatise  it 
Collects  Ihttn  in  masse-.  h:i\int;  no  diversified  motives  t.i  inspire  or  direct 
lluir  activities,  and  had  hecaiisc  the  prevailinir  sentiment  of  such  a  community 
(tilt  scniinuiit  ■  f  cxccptionalism  i   hecomes  intensitied  hy  tlie  numhers  reprc- 


Ill--  Mil  I  ii  Mil. nil  i> 


\  Ml   ^  Ml  I  ii;^ 


IN      I  III       1    \>1 


.i'' 


neilliiiu   il  .    Ill-   inU-rr.t-  l:ii!li   .  f  tin-  mnntr),  .k«   will   .1-  .  t    tin-   irn.ilnl- 

llu-ms»-l\ t*.  .-mil  i-t  llitir  |iii-.tcrit>.  ili-ni.iiiil  ili.il  llii->  -li'  iiM  In-  ili>|i'.-i-i|  ^1 
III  ji'tTK-  ntlur  jiii|  Mi'Tc  iir,i.'tu-.ill>  U'lii'ii.  i.il  «.i\.  I  In  >  »i-ri-  •■•mii'ii.  m 
p.irt-  .  t  i  ur  .  .•imiHiiiiiu-»  l.<-|..n-  iIh->  i-in«-ri-i|  tin-  imMir  ^ TMn- — tlit-\  sli  .iiM 
ri -mm-  lli'.-t-  iil.ni-^  .<ii(!  iv  n-ili-trilMitt-fl  tlir'-uijIiMiit  llii-ni  mi  ri-liniii;  !>■  in 
It  Mil-  i»  till-  ipmiMti  wlin.li  ri'.i-.  11.  l-iini.nnty  ami  tiMralitv  aliki-  l.■.1Il^|llre 
III  arrue  at,  an. I  Id  iirme  wli">c  >.iiiiii|iic»5  \cry  liltic  arniinii-iit  iii-cil  hv 
ai|iliiii-i| 

At'tiT  tlii--  iiitriidiKtiiiii  1  'r.  ( )ri!ri  ii.mN  (nitlini-s  lus  rfCutiimcii- 
(l.itiiiii>  iti  tiiiu-  "pr(i|H .>itii '11-."  .1^  t"llii\vs: 

i'r'.|...,iti..ti  I  irvt  l'.vir\  in.i'iiri-  tt-inlinK  In  fuse  invaliil':  iiitd  a  c\is^. 
with  [lartuiilar  priiilem>  ..r  immiiiiiln-,.  slimilil  In-  i|i»i-iniiiicnaiu<-'l.  Nnr 
•■Ii'iiilil  any  sncli  acciiniiilatinn^  ..f  tlicm  Ijc  encourai;cil  in  any  1  nalily,  as 
\Miiilil  rt-iiijiT  tlirtn  imlcprndint  cf  iintlic  cipininn.  nr  MKn-ttate  tlieni  frnm 
irimil-  IT  kiinlrcil"  .\s  iiti7<ns  llu-\  "-lill  liast-  l.nrtlicns  tn  l.i-ar  a>  well  as 
|iri\  ilei.'!  -   t.i   enjny,   in   cnmni'ii    with   the   re-st " 

"l'ru[iMMiii,ii  Sccoiul :  A*  far  as  |"i<>itik-.  invalifls  shmild  he  restorei!  to 
their  criiiinal  hnmcs,  and  the  conitruinitie*  to  whu-h  thfy  helnnif  -ilMiild  ahs.>rh 
them,  l.y  a^siiTnini;  to  them,  hy  eonventinnal  a^;n-ement,  the  lifc;hter  iH-ii:pa- 
ti'.ns;  and  no  provivimi  separatniif  them  from  their  families,  or  lhmilll^hlm; 
their  dMnustic  resp. .nslhilitie^.  shmtld  he  enoouraKeil.  I"of.  wlH-re\er  iiuahds 
h.ive  h'lme-^.  piihlic  opinion  should  he  directed  to  these  as  the  he-t  place-* 
f   r  them,  the  oliject  always  U-iiik;  to  keep  them  fp.m  ultitnutely  driftinjf  into 

l-wti  or  roimty  panper  a~.\Uinis \   nian   is  only   sm   far  a   man  a,   he   is 

identitied  actively  with  the  mo\emciit  of  hi-  race;  and  while  ilri.ne^  and 
l.ii;i;.ird-  may  wi-ar  the  ontward  form  of  manhood,  it  i-  ver\  ccn.iin  that 
they  heliiiv;  only  to  it-  I. west  e\prcssi,,n.  ,  .  .  F'.xcept  tho^e  c  .mpletely  Mind, 
or  who  li.ive  lost  hoth  arms,  no  man  amonu  iis  need  siar\e  for  want  of 
Somethini;  to  do.  .  .  .  Let  piililic  .sentiment  he  so  educated  as  to  surrender 
t!ie  lii^hter  ficcnpations  into  the  hand-  of  di^ahled  soldiers  liv  common  cn- 
-ent.  .  .  .  Let  it  he  settled  that  the  well-(|iialitied  invalid  lias  a  riyht  to  these 
employments,  that  it  is  dishoiiorahle  in  a  -onnd  man  t<i  compete  with  liim 
f-r  their  [1. .  -i-sinn,  and  the  disparilv  in  manual  strv-iiKtlr  cease-  to  have  any 
weight"  Sncli  a  puhlic  sentiment  would  render  le«i>'ative  interference  tm- 
nece-sary  :  and  it  i>  in  fact  a  serious  (iin-tion  whether  any  lek'i^latnre  would 
have  a  rii;ht  to  interfere,  excejit  as  it  mii;ht  do  --o  in  prcscritiinij  iiualitications 
for  pul  he  orticers.  rndouhtedly.  howe\ei.  there  Would  not  he  main  em- 
pl..\ers  whr,  would  f.iil  to  comii!>  with  an  e-talili-hed  puhlic  opinion.  To 
create  tti:..  it  is  -m;-4e-ted  th.it  puhlic  meetings  he  held  to  discu-s  the  pl.in. 
ami  that  ass, n ialion-  he  formed  of  emp|o\ers  who  ayree  tii  c.  nf  .rm,  In- 
v.iiid-  -h.  uld  he  taken  on  K'r  idually.  as  vacancies  occur,  not  in  .my  wa% 
uliich   w    iiM  "disrupt  the  esiahlivhed   oriler  of  thiims." 

"l'ro;„,^i!ion  Third:  N'atioiial  niilit.ir-.  homes  or  asvlum-  flu. uld  he  cre- 
ated, winch  -hoiiM  he  semi  industrial :  on  entering  them  the  invalid  should 
re!-iii|ni-h   h\y  pen-ion.   if  a  private   soldier;   or.   if  an   officer,   then   -..   nnich 


40 


lil.sAlll.Kli    Mil. uncus    AM)    sa:l<ius 


•  >t  It  av  woiilcl  lie  An  cqiiualint  l'"r  li:<  li^aril."  Tin  m^titnticns  shoii!.;  l,e 
ia;l>  t-ir  thi.-v  ulin  liavt-  n.  i  lioiiu-^  'T  \(  c  liniiU'  i-  with  relative-  unaMe 
til  ^u]i;"irt  tluTii  cT  li.  -iiii|il>    them  Willi  -n.  h  care  a-  tli  ir  e' 'inliti' ■!!  reinnre-. 

■■i'r-lpiiviii.iM  l.iirth:  L.aihl  ii-t  the  jniMic  laraK  ciiahle  ii-  t'.  f  .riii  iii- 
vali'l  hall.ili'iiv.  cr  ■liMriet-  ivt  iiniuary  ai.'r;cultiiri-t-.  llir'Umli.  in  tlie  ureal 
\\ '■-!  '  In  'he  event  i.f  a  ilf  aiariliy  heiii'^'  iierniaiicntly  ree-taMi-iie'l  :n 
MeNio.i,  w'UiM  it  he  aihi-ahle  !i'  urbanize  ;i  niiliiar\  I'rc.niier'-"  Thi-  -(.em; 
ti.  Iia-.e  hcev  -iiL;i;e-lei|  hy  the  iiiilitarv  eiil'iiiiev  i-I  K'li^o.i  an'!  Austria,  ilaliii;,' 
fr.'iii  the  time  cil'  I'eter  the  (ireat,  ami  ile-iiziieil  t^i  jinaeet  the  ir  .niier  a:;aii;>t 
iiua-iiai  l\  'I'lirks  aiHJ  Tartar-,  nnil  iiiowK  iitally  t^  ]ie"iilc  «a-te  di-triet-, 
I'l-ter  .ii;riei!ltiire.  maiiuaiii  the  ariii\  cheaiily  in  time  of  j'eace.  ami  Mill''}' 
eii-t.im-  .iml  (|iKirantine  dftieer-. 

'T'ri  [I.  -iti.'ii  I'ii'lh;  In  the  iistniotiiiii  ami  serv  iee  oi  the  Pacit'ic  Railroad, 
wli.it  p.arl-  cnhl  he  assiKnc  i  t'l  inv.ilid  -..Mier — ,;/,.  riversccrs,  switchmen, 
fl.it^men,  teleKr.ipli  (iperatiirs,  -t.ali.n  and  freight  agents,  clerks,  cimdnctc.rs, 
eii.i,'ineers.  firemen,  tic,  etc.?" 

'T'ri'ii.'-it!.  n  Si.Mh  :  .\re  invalid  villai;e;  ;iracticahlc.  where  the  results  of 
acciimnlated  and  comhined  lahor  shall  he  animally  di-trihined  am"ni:  the 
families  ccnstitntint,'  them,  accordiiii;  to  the  amount  of  work  perfirmed  l.y 
their  memher.s?" 

This  Miooc-tioii.  like  the  fmirtli,  iiiay  sccin  to  lii<c  si<,'lit  <if  the 
primary  rnii-i<kratiiiii  witli  wliicli  TV.  <  >nlrnnaiix  started  "lit, 
hut  it  is  iK.tiix-alili-  that  they  an-  hi.th  iiLide-  tentatively,  ami 
appareiitly  ttiider  the  pre^-^iire  i>t  Ciinictinn  tliat  it  is  ini])ortaiit 
t"  cttir  as  oreat  a  variety  "f  i ■pp<>rtiiiiitie>  as  pi.^sihle,  "With  an 
intelli.oent  and  adveiitiiroiK  ])iipnlation  like  I'lirs  to  "perate  with." 
the  experiment  df  such  villages  is  thmight  to  be  "certainly  well 
worth  trying." 

"rr.'iL.siti.in  Seventh;  I.s  the  Prussian  I'rrsnrinairj-Sihri)! — or  privilece  to 
fill  v.icancies  occurrim;  in  suhordinate  j;overiiinent  offices,  on  surreiideriny 
the  peiisi,.n  already  held— practicahle  with  us?  It  heini,'  un<lersto..il  that  the 
incutnheiicy  shall  he  Tor  life,  or  durini;  go,.d  liehavior."  .\s  to  this,  "there 
seems  no  H'lod  reason  why  offices  which  arc  now  given  as  rewards  to  par- 
tisans slii.uld  not  hereafter  he  given  to  those  who.  in-tead  "f  a  claim  up<m 
a  political  party  oiil\.  ha\e  one  upon  the  wdi.'le  cumtry."  Preference  should 
he  given  ti'  the  iddcst  among  the  invalids,  "as  well  in  justice  \f  them  as  to 
their  sncce-sors" 

"I'rMpiisition  Eighth:  .V  Soldiers'  Industrial  Exchange  should  he  estah- 
li-hed  in  e\erv  l.irue  city,  the  ohject  and  jiurp.  .-is  ,  which  should  he  to 
furni-h  f,icilities  for  such  of  them  as  ni.iy  he  ahle  to  work,  to  hecome  ac- 
i|iiaiiiud  with  those  who  need  their  l.ihor."  These  exchanges  should  he  under 
lederat  control,  and  there  should  he  one  in  connection  with  cNcrv  pension 
agency. 


Hi.- \r,i.i:ip  mii.iiii.i;.>  ami  >.\ii.(ii;>   in 


I  hi;   i'am 


41 


■■rr..[,.,.ii„  n  Xiniii;  i  .uM  n,.t  ..  S-Mlcnary  Corps  he  i->i.,l,l,^la.,l  ,r,„n 
iiiv.ui.:-.  ...Ill  uiih  uhuli  i.,rt>  CM.M  i,c  ^;,.rn.n,ic<l.  and  all  ilu-  liijliu-r  .liuii'i 
.1  military  life  l,c  [i  ri,.rnK-,l  z"  The  liu  ;ili,l.  (.-rps  aliR-|i  lia.l  n-ciitK  been 
!  riiinl  1,>  tl;e  War  ,  .ri.,irtm<  i:t  .lul  ii..t  meet  tins  -ll:;l,'e^tl..ll.  hecaiise  it 
indiiiie.l  ilrai'te.l  men  i^aind  limit  Icr  ~er\  lee.  and  enlistment  in  it  wa-  f-r 
•illy  ihree  >c,irs  ihe  o.ntetiiplatcd  urKanizati-m  slmnUI  l.c  permarenl  ;  en- 
li-!me.!i  in  it  -li.aild  Te  renewahlc;  it  sliMiiId  l.c  lor  pensioned  disabled  -..Idler- 
«li..  ITeier  a  military  to  a  civil  lite;  pensions  would  l,e  relni.pii-hed  ,„, 
adnii-M.  n  t..  !l,e  crps,  Mine  members  wonid  draw  ,uiv  and  raiion-  and 
mi«!it  be  resumed  at  the  end  uf  a  term  of  service  or  on  hoiicrable  di-.li.ir^e 
at  .iiiv  lime. 


\\Ii;it  may  lie  rc^anKiI  as  tlu-  nftlcial  opinion  nf  the  Saiiitarv 
O.miiii-i'.ii  is  fniiiicl  in  the  reiM,rt  made  hy  it-  cxc-cmive  -ccre- 
l.iry,  the  Rev.  Ilcurv  W,  IVih  .\vv.  to  tile  Standing  Cuiiimittee 
<■!'  tlie  Ci.niini-ii.ii.  muler  d.ite  cf  I)eceiiil)er  15.  !N6.r' 

I!y  way  i.t  [.rei.iie  he  rfter>  v>  tlie  mission  cf  Mr.  Perkiii-. 
".'lie  (if  our  most  i.uelli^'ent  studem>  hito  social  questions."  and 
reviews  the  c-on-ideration,  wliicli  he  had  exjires.-ed  in  his  letter 
to  that  oentlem;m: 

It   seeme.l  t..  me.  even  then,  that  the  yoimsr  and  vigorous  civilization  ot 
America,  with  the  respect  for  labor  and  the  habits  of  personal  self-reliance 
prevailing;  amoni;  us.  and  the  open  oiiportnnities  of  the  new  cuntry.  would 
pre-.ent  the  .juestion  of  provision    fnr  onr  sick  anrf  wounded   soldiers   from 
ever  U-cmm;:  one  of  xery  urueiit  and  buniensome  character;  that  the  expe- 
rience ot   coumries   with   a  long  pa,t.   very   settled   social   distinctions    lin,!   a 
thick  and  crowded  [K.pul.ation.  where  labor  was  cheap  and  povertv  comm-n 
"ould  attord  little  that  was  instructive  to  us.  except  in  the  wav  of  contra-f 
that  the  splendor  of  -he  names  of  certain  military  and  naval  asvlnms  abroad 
the   Hotel   des   Invahdes,   the  hospitals   in   Vienna.   Xaple.s.   and    Berlin    the 
h"-pitals.at  CheNea  and  Greenwich,  were  likely  to  stimulate  our  national  and 
-:..ie  iiride  t..  attempt  some  similar  institutions  reallv  not  needed,  while  the 
nely   s.'.mpalhy   of   the   peo,,le,   ^.-rateful    touard   the   wounded   and    disabled 
uroes  ot   the  war.  might,  when  inflamed  hy  local  rivalries  in  thi-   popular 
kiiul    of    benevolence,    multiply    very    injuriously    as    well    as    needlesslv    the 
retuges  an.l  chanties   for  our  returned   soldier-.     It   seemeil   to  „-    that   our 
pr.de.  asTi  democratic  nation,  ought  to  i„,int  ju-t  in  the  other  direct  ion-,' ,• 
i-ward  s„di  a  -Iiaping  of  ,uiblic  opinion  as  would  tend  to  reduce  dependence 
.tnong   „ur_  returned    soldiers   ,„   „,e    b.wes,    possible   point;    to   quicken   the 
l-al   and    latnily   -en-e   ..f   res,.onsibili,y.    so  as   „,   n^ake   each   neighbor   and 
.-.u-h  hou-ehold.  „u,  ,„   ,vliich  a  s„Idier  had  gone,  and   returned  helple-s  ami 
dependent,   ,eel   it-elf  |,rivileged  and  boend  to  take  care  of  him:  t.,   weaken 


'  riiitol   .'States   Sanitar\    C. 


minis-inn.    horunutit    N'o.    'y.'. 


mmmmmuEL, 


mSAULEU    SOLDIKKS    AM)    SAILCJKS 


all  <li>positimi  tuwani  eleemosynary  supp""  ;  to  encourage  >  ry  community 
to  do  lis  utmost  toward  favunng  llie  employment  of  returned  soldiers,  and 
tsiiecially  partially  disabled  ones  m  light  occupations;  to  make  mendicancy 
and  public  suinwrt  disreputable  for  all  with  any  ability,  however  partial,  to 
help  themseUes;  to  prevent  the  public  miii<l  from  settling  into  European 
notions  in  regard  to  military  asylums;  especially  to  guard  the  subject  from 
artificial  excitement  which  political  and  medical  aspirants  to  place  and  power 
might  stride  to  communicate  to  it,  and  to  keep  it  as  far  as  might  be  from 
l>tate  rivalries,  party  emulation  and  civic  ambition.  In  short,  we  desired  to 
favor  in  e\ery  way  the  proud  and  beneficent  tendency  of  our  vigorous 
American  civilization,  to  heal  its  wounds  by  the  first  imention;  to  alisorb 
the  sick  and  wounded  men  into  its  ordinary  life,  providing  for  them  through 
those  domestic  and  neighborly  sympathies,  that  Leal  watchfulness  and  fur- 
therance due  to  the  weakness  and  wants  of  men  well  known  to  their  fellow 
citizens,  and  which  is  given  witlnut  pride  and  received  wi'.luiut  humiliation; 
and  this  source  of  rehef  failing,  then  from  tb.e  ordinary  chanties  of  the 
towns  and  counties  from  which  they  had  sprung. 

Mr.  Perkins's  report,  he  thinks.  >h<i\vs  conchisively  tliat  "for- 
eign experience,  as  we  foresaw,  chiefly  teaches  us  what  is  to  be 
avoided." 

Their  pension  systems,  France  excepted,  are  wholly  inadequate  even  to 
the  wants  of  the  cheap  countries  of  Kuropc.  driving  the  disabled  into  asylums, 
and  would  be  absurdly  deficient  in  America;  .  .  .  their  ;.^reat  asylums  ...  are 
costly  failures.  .  .  .  everywhere  creating  ennui,  drunkenness,  and  discontent. 
Since  these  reports,  Chelsea  and  (ireenwich  Hospitals  .  .  .  have  resolved,  as 
rapidly  as  possible,  to  scatter  on  pensions  their  dependents,  and  in  so  doing 
nave,  in  our  judgment,  settled  forever  the  inexpediency  of  creating  military 
or  naval  asylums. 

That  there  was  good  reason  to  count  on  the  self-reliance  of 
the  American  disposition  had  already  heen  demonstrated  by 
experiences  during  the  war.  The  independent  spirit  of  the  sol- 
diers was  shown  in  their  haste  to  leave  the  hospitals — their  "anxi- 
etv  to  get  away  from  the  aliundant  and  benignant  care  of  the 
government."  as  Mr.  Bellows  puts  it.  To  be  sure,  this  often 
led  to  premature  escape  from  medical  care,  with  the  re*ilt  that 
maiiv  "have  died  on  our  hands."  in  tile  temporary  homes  which 
h;nl  iieen  otablished  by  the  Commission  to  aid  soldiers  in  transit. 
W  !i;itever  its  disadvantages,  however,  "it  is  fibvious  enough  that 
Mu-1i  ri  -nirit  as  this,  though  it  may  kill  its  proud  exhibitors,  will 
n..t  K;ive  any  willing  deiiendeiits  on  the  public  bounty!" 


IJISAULED    SOLDIERS    AND    SAILUKS    IX    THE    i'AST 


43 


At  first  there  had  been  sonic  mendicancy  in  the  large  cities. 
Si>ldiers  on  their  way  home,  stranded  wilhuut  money  or  friends 
in  tile  early  days  of  tiie  war,  before  mean>  f(jr  helping  them  had 
been  organized,  naturally  resorted  t(j  begging.  The  "spectacle 
vi  numerous  invalids,  weak  and  feeble,"  on  streets  and  in  the 
cars  and  other  public  places,  iiad  "greatly  inflamed"  the  public 
imagination,  and  "numerous  and  piteous  appeals  were  made  for 
creating  a.'^ylums  and  homes  for  a  great  army  of  sick  and  dis- 
abled soldiers.  As  the  piteous  sights  disappeared  from  the  streets 
— projjably  because  of  the  measures  organized  by  the  Sanitary 
Commission  and  f)thers  to  help  discharged  soldiers  in  getting 
back  home — the  public  disposition  changed  and  the  craze  for 
institutions  abateil.  The  soldiers  themselves,  moreover,  showed 
little  inclination  to  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunities  for  insti- 
tutional care  which  were  offered.  The  Home  at  Columbus, 
Ohio,  for  example,  had  had  only  130  applications.  Mr.  Bellows 
thought  that  it  could  safely  be  predicted  that  "very  few  of  the 
hundred  schemes  that  have  been  brewing  in  the  hearts  of  privi- 
leged philanthropists  or  of  public  legislators  will  survive  a  twelve- 
month of  this  uniform  public  experience." 

One  of  the  "hundred  schemes"  that  had  been  "brewing"  may 
be  noticed  as  an  illustration  of  the  popular  feeling  while  the  pas- 
sion f..r  institutions  was  at  its  height.  A  "Great  Mass  Meeting" 
was  held  in  Faneuil  Hall,  Bosf  '.  on  November  4,  1863,  in 
inaugurati.m  of  General  Josiah  Perham's  enterprise  in  aid  of 
fiiunding  a  "national  home  for  our  war-worn  invalid  and  dis- 
abled veterans."'  General  Perham's  plan  was  to  sell  100,000 
tickets  at  $1  each,  for  the  privilege  of  viewing  "a  work  of  art" 
called  "The  Mirror  of  the  Rebellion,"  and  to  place  h(i!f  the 
fofits  in  the  hands  of  trustees  empowered  to  add  to  the  fund. 
More  than  25.000  tickets  had  already  been  .^old.  and  resolutions 
enrnuraging  the  project  were  introchiced  by  John  Hanr  k. 
Snme  prominent  names  are  among  the  trustees,  but  Edward 
Everett,  of  Bo..tr.n,  Peter  Cooper  and  Hamilton  Fish,  of  New 

'  Pamphlet  of  ProcccIitiKs  in  the  Hoston  Public  Library-. 


44 


1)1.-ai:li:i>  ioLUiiiKS  a.\u  sah.uus 


Y,,rk.  had  ••a.cl.iud  m  ^.rv.."     In  hi,  clo-iucnt  uddrc.  at  ihc 
iiicLUiiy  laiKTid  iV-rlKini  .-aid,  in  part: 

,.,,  ,h.  der.y  thr^uKl-u.  the  land  take  up  -'^"''""'""^  ' V'"',";'''!,; 
>,,  .l.nruH-  ,UH1  S.l^la.h  schools,  let  the  r,ch  nian  Ic  s,.,,k1u  ...  •''■"'■" 
.,„„„.,enM,r.ae  «nh  In-  ,m.,..s  a.ul  let  the  ,H,„r  n.a„  Kue  '-";'--;*;„"; 
„,--  l.e  ,,e.,t,...ie.l  u.r  ...di  le.,-la„...  a-  may  W  m.e--ar>   n,  .he  pf^-ea...  ,. 
,     ,h,\^t^.a.   en.er|,r,-e.   a.M   f.T   -uch   a,„.r.pr,atwu   M    ..-.ney,   a.   „..y    he 
,  j     ,  ,     e  ,.ple,e  .he  «,.rk  wh.ch  >,.t,r  ,...ne>   heKa...  .  ^h..uM  C...Kre-s 

,     „  unu..     t,.  make  MKh  ap.r,  ,.,.an.,„-.  a  .hle.n,,..   1   ,,  n..  a„t,opaU 
,       "  e.  the  ^everal  >.a.e-  he  ealle.l  ,.,.■...  .  ■  ■   ia.h...  here,  let  the  pcple  he 
;    ,    „p.,n   .n   .he.r  pr.a.e  capao.y,  .  .  .  The   C.-ed   Mate,   m.t^t  ha.e  a 
,;  ,',r   >t.   ..at,.,., a)   .lefe,..ler..     The  p....r   ,.  hhcr    hroken    „t   health,   u 
1.     In  a  .er^.ee   -..  t;!..r.,.us  as  the  ma,.„ena.Ke  „,  the  hen  g„ven.me,tt 
,,    ,h.  ,.ia  ,K.t  re,t.rn  ,..  he  the  ol.e.t  „t   c..pr.c..„.^  eommon  char,t> 
;,;;  .h„„M  ha^e  a  ,.at.n„'s  Kratitt,de,  a  ,.a.,..rs  care,  a  pla.c  ...  the  ..at.....  = 
hut.seh.jhl.  a  ,eat  In   the  iialiu.i's  tirc-nlc. 

To  verifv  their  impressions  that  tlicre  was  very  little  doniand 
for  .f.ldiers'  hnnie.,  the  C..mnii~>inn  had  >ent  out  a  circular  kf.er 
to  twentv-seven  of  their  repre^entative^  and  other  \vell  inmrnied 
ncrson/in  tlie  chief  center.s  of  the  country,  and  luul  received 
answer,  from  most  of  them.  From  these  reports  .t  uas  eMdent 
that  the  number  of  Hck  and  disabled  needing  puhhc  care  was 
'•c.xceed.ni;lv  >mall  c<Mnpared  either  with  the  size  ot  our  armies 
or  the  eNpectati.,n  of  tiie  public,"  and  that  this  was  true  not 
berau^e  there  were  n-.t  many  disabled  soldiers  in  the  country,  but 
because  thev  were  "the  objects  of  a  proud  and  tender  domestic 
or  neiKliborly  care,  and  withdrawn  from  public  view,  as  it  is 
desirable  thev  should  be." 

Mr.  Bellows  estimated  that  there  might  be  2.000  in  the  whole 
c.,imtry  for  wh<,m  it  was  desirable  that  accommodations  in  a 
hMmc'at  least  for  a  -hort  period.  >houId  be  provided,  but  that 
-not  2  per  cenf  of  the>e  were  native  Americans,  three-fourths 
luini;  Iridi.  and  1.=^  to  20  per  cent  German.  The  W-st  had  been 
,„., .Meager  in  proposing  a-ylums.  but  had  much  less  need  for 
them  than  the  East.  The  largest  number  nee.rng  help  were  in 
I'hiladelphia.  because  of  it-  vicinity  to  WaMiington  and  because 
it  was  the  scat  of  large  military  h..spiials.     Double  the  number 


bl^AliLKU    S(JU-11-HS    AMI    SA11-..KS    IN     IHK    iASl 


45 


,„  aH'l.caUn.i.-..  however,  uu^hi  W-  cxiKCtc-d  m  New  \  nrk,  winch 
•■,.  the  naiut-al  hnme  ..t  the  ni.-i  ^k.lIul  .iiul  Miece~~iul  he-.-aiy. 
Thi.  _'OUU  wuuUl  rai.idlv  decrea>e  with  the  i«>siyc'  -i  a  lew 
v.tr^  ^,,me  w(.ukl  die.  1ml  in-re  w..uld  tire  ..1  in~liiminnal  lite 
and  f.iul  >..ine  wav  to  e^iahli>h  theni>elve-  with  friend-  or  rela- 
tive-. There  wa>  no  need.  Mr.  llellow-  thought,  to  urj:e  provi- 
M,,n  tor  i-ernianent  home-.  •■;.-  it  ai.iK.-ars  certain  to  he  overdone 
wiihom  anv  a>iditional  -tiniulu-."  What  wa^  important  wa.  to 
in-ure  -i.r.'mi.t  temporary  provi>ion" 'lor  the  whole  J.UOO;  ju>t 
how.  he  doe-  not  specify. 

The  reports  indicated  that  di-al.le.l  men  were  havniR  little  dif- 
ficultv  in  tindim,'  work.  The  general  .li-po-ition  of  men  in  the 
\eteran  Ke-erve  Corps  to  >eek  di-char.-e.  a<  '>0  per  Cent  had 
done,  was  reu-arded  a-  evidence  of  the  ahund.mce  of  opportuni- 
ties open  to  them  in  civil  life.  Many  ..ne-armed  men  had  found 
empl<.Mnent  as  me>>en-ers.  "it  i-  ple.ismt  to  state."  an.l  sys- 
tematic efforf^  were  on  foot  in  F.  '  .n  and  New  York  to  estab- 
lish for  their  benefit  the  forei.u'n  system  of  commission.iires. 

It  was  "a  special  satisfaction"  t..  find  that  the  number  dis.ibled 
by  blin.lness  w.as  very  small,  and  also  that  the  "idiotic."  by  which 
was  meant  the  insane,  "turn  out  much  le-s  th.an  was  feared  from 
the  terrible  effect  wb.ich  rebel  prisons  had.  at  least  temporarily, 
iipon  the  brains  of  our  weaker-minded  men." 

Ill  view  of  all  these:-  consideration-^  the  recommendation  of 
Mr.  Bellows  is  the  pnMiipt  payment  of  peii-ions  and  a  more  ffvn- 
erou-  scale:  "We  believe  the  pension  -system  is  the  proper  sub- 
qitmr  for  military  asylums."  It  is  "more  humane,  more  eco- 
tioinical  for  the  country  and  more  favor.ible  to  the  temper  and 
spirit  of  our  people."  .\  pension  lart^e  enougb  to  live  on  should 
be  pr<.vi<led  by  the  government,  and  the  men  should  then  be  "-suf- 
fered to  u'o  where  they  please,  and  look  up  their  own  re-^idence 
and  their  own  protectors."  .\  pen-^ion.  nion-over.  is  the  only  way 
to  reach  the  worst  suffering  of  all.  which  is  in  the  familie-^  of 
(hsal)led  men  who  w-ill  make  no  apiK-.al  for  help  to  the  public. 
The  fertile  -iusfrcstions  made  by  Dr.  Ordronau.v  are  not  discussed. 


'.V'lV 


.1-, 


■i^-- 


46 


ui 


SABLEU    SULlill.US    ANU    SMLUKS 


\.  :i  rt-ull  ni  Uk-  inlcrot  armi-al  at  this  period,  -cvcral  suh- 
McUarv  nKih..l>  oi  a>M^l.ng  d.^al.lcd  M.Ulicr..  >u  addn.-n  f,  iku- 
,,.,n^,\a,.R-  ml.,  use  in  the-  Uimc.l  Slatc^,  s-mc  ol  wlndi  .l.uW 
the  mll.Kiicc  of  Uk-  di>cu>.-ion>  wc  have  reviewed. 

l;v  a  joint  re.-oliUion  ol  ilie  two  houses  of  Congress  on  March 
^  INO^  the  I'russian  plan  of  preference  in  appoinlnunt  to  poM- 
n,,n.  ni  the  c.v.l  -ervice  Nva>  e>tahh>hed,  omittin-,  however,  the 
nature  of  surrender  of  the  peuMon  up...n  receivm.i;  a  poMi...n. 

IVrs..„s  h,„K,ral.lv  di.char^cl  frw„  .be  m.l.tary  ,.r  naval  .er^ice  l.y 
.,.„•„  „■   ,l.al.l„y   rcM.U.uu    ,>,,.   u„ur,.N  .r   mcW.k.s   .nc.rrc.l   m,       c  h,  e 

„,„„,■.,   ^c^'   .l.e   1.-...-=   .ai-aa.)    nc.c^-ary    l.r   ll.c   proper   >l,^d.ar,e 

Thi^  lias  been  con>triied  hv  the  Attorney  General  to  mean 
tint  disd.l.d  s.,ldiers  and  sador^  are  not  exempt  from  habd.ty 
I,,  .xannnatioM  for  adn.,^Mou  n.to  civd  service,  hut  that  they  are 
entitled  to  a  preference  lor  appointniem>  a>  aganist  other  persons 
.,f  e.iual  M"alilication>  for  the  place.  .\  decision  by  the  Supreme 
Court,  moreover  (Keim  ex  U.  S.,  l-.'OO.  177  U.  S..  -"JO),  states 

that 

Tlu-  ^.Htion.  .1.  nnt  contemplate  the  retention  in  office  of  a  clerk  uh.. 
i,  ineriuu-,.,.  nor  a,<emp,  to  transfer  tlu-  power  of  .le.ermin.n,  the  „ue.t,on 
.„■  ,,„„.ncv  iron,  tlu-  Ik.uN  o-'  the  .kpartments  to  the  -;"■  ^  '  '  '  ''^ 
prc.ercnce/an.l  ,.  >>  only  a  preference,  .s  to  be  exercised  a.  hetuecn  .ho>e 
•■finally  cinalined." 

The  prediction  that  there  would  he  no  need  to  stimulate  the 
f,,„ndn.-  of  institutions  has  been  justitie.l.  The  Xati-.nal  Sol- 
,Uers-  IlouK-  in  Wa^hinuion,  which  had  been  established  m  l.^.-^l, 
now  ha>  ten  hranches-in  (-»hio.  Illinois  Indiana.  W  i~consin. 
<,.uth  Pakoia,  falif..mia.  Kansas.  Tennessee.  V.rgmia  and 
M  line— and  there  are  sonie  thirty  institutions  under  Stale  auspi- 
ces  receivitm  per  capita  sub^idie^  front  the  federal  i;overnment^ 
On  lime  .W,  l'n7.  there  were  17,"73  inmates  in  the  national 
home-      This  number  ^vould  have  been  a  cruel  disapix^intment 


|J,i,_-'-'-      »">pj»".t>  -  -•  -    -■^:l',  ,•  .  -    ■  -r — II-    »T    '     - 


-71;^  -fir  <v 


l)l>  Alil.l.ll    Mil 


.DIKKS    AMI    SAII.DKS      IN    THE    TAST 


47 


-S 


t(.  ilic  Saniiarv  Lcimini->i<'n,  wliicli  iliil  ii"t  ci'iitiiiiplatc  the  neccs- 
Miv  l"r  iin.\ulin.i;  l^r  ili"^c  \vhu?u  dily  di.-abilily  was  old  age. 
ll  i>  at  Ici-t  I'lRii  iw  j-iKCulatioii  wIkiIrt  inii>t  of  llic»c  old  sul- 
diiT-  nii^'lil  iiMt  liavc  enjoyed  iivre  normal  ^llrroundiIlg^  in  their 
old  aikje  II  tliere  had  been  le>?  lavish  provision  of  institutional 
acLi  'iiiniodations. 

A  third  I' ■nil  of  assi-tancc  >;iven  by  the  government  since  the 
Civil  W  ar  is  artificial  liiiihs.  A  soldur  or  sailor  who  has  lost  a 
k-  cr  an  arm  or  the  Use  of  a  let;  or  an  arm  is  entitled  to  an 
ariilicial  limb  ..r  aiiiiaratu-  every  three  years,  with  transijortation 
t..  and  from  the  place  when.-  he  -elects  it.  Since  1S"0  commuta- 
ti..ii  ha-  been  allowed  for  those  who  jirefer  money  to  the  appli- 
ance:  S7.s  for  a  le^,  i?30  for  an  arm,  or  for  apparatus  for  either 
a  Kl;  "r  an  arm.  Commutation  is  overwhelminj^dy  the  [irefer- 
iiice.  In  l''l.^.  for  example,  the  Sur,t,'eon  ( ii-neral  reports  that 
]7  Ku'^  and  1  f"ot  were  sujiplied.  while  coiiimutation  certificates 
were  i-sued  fi  >r  155  cases  of  amputated  lej;-,  92  of  amputated 
arm-.  7  of  amjiutated  feet,  and  1.667  of  l.,-s  of  use  of  a  limi; — 
nearly  J.OOO  in  all. 

Private  philanthroiiy  durin;,,'  the  Civil  War  concerned  itself 
vrrv  activelv  with  the  need-  of  di-charijed  soldiers.  The  Sani- 
tarv  ("■. mini— ion's  Department  of  Special  Relief,  which  dealt 
"mainly  with  the  waifs  and  estrays  of  the  army,"  relieving;  the 
individual  -oldier  when  "temporarily  out  of  connection  with  the 
militarv  sv-tem."  mu-t  have  given  much  temporary  help,  in  one 
wav  fv  .motlur.  to  di-abled  soldiers  on  their  way  home.  One  of 
the  iiliject-  of  ilie  temporary  shelters  establi-hed  by  the  Commis- 
-ii'ii  wa-  to  secure  railroad  tickets  at  reduced  rates  for  di-abled 
-.  idier-.  and  bv  posting  agents  at  the  railrr.ad  stations  to  protect 
iluiii  fp.m  robbers  and  "sharpers."  Accommodations  for  women 
relatives  were  fre(|uently  jirovidcd  by  the  Commission  near  the 
-real  militarv  ho-piials.  As  far  as  di-,'ibled  men  were  concerned, 
the  hel|i  given  pnljably  consisted  chiefly  of  temporary  comforts 
and  traii-p'  'rtation. 

Some  uf  the  sucieties  raised  monev  bv  exhibitions  of  "left- 


48 

iuiUll 


I.IS.MILEU    S.-;.l.ll.K>    AM'    .sAlLOU-> 


arm,  Iml  ll>i- 


l,n.-Lr\r(l  ui 

ciuh   irniu\\a~lnn.m..n,  i^-a.l-; 


T.iiiir  \RTrvni 


I,l.;\m  II.     HIT    V.  .T    T.l 


TIIF.    I.l  I  I  11 


(,|!\M>    I  ximiiTi..v 


T.FFT  TI\M' 

rrvM  \N~ini' 
nv  t.M.niru-    \vi>  ■^Mi.'.R- 
,.„„„u,    ,...^.    nun.    ,<...n    ...   .ru-v,.  xn.  w.« 
,,im:n-  I'W    \M'  Kvr.NiN.. 

(  (  ,M\U  \.  IN''. 

Trr.«nvv   m  ^'i'   ' 

AT    ■iF  \T..V    lIM.t. 

rnr<NFR    ..F    MVrn     AN-n    P    STRFFT^ 

TirKFT<,    :^    I  FNT=: 

,X..FP,    Tin-    T.IKF.TI..N    ..I    TIH-.    <;.ii.inK. 

,^.,_,.    ,^,..,,„., „,„,„„,,,.   <......,FW^    AN-   SUL..H.ANU 

IllKIH    FAMILIF.S 


PI 


>.\1II.1.1I    SdLUlKKS    AND    SMUjKS    I.N     nil.    TASl 


49 


llK-  ..ihcr  i..>l.r  c.nic^  ir-.m  New  V^rk.  a.ul  the  O.mmitlcc 
01  Auard  includes  -.nic  well  kn-wn  iianies; 

wii.i.  ■  i.">r. 

IIU-RSKVV.    M  M<.     1,    AT     N'"'. 
tl,--l    IN     l'l;I7I - 

cKANi'  i.xnir.i ;  I' IN 

1 

I.F.n    II  \NI>    WKIllN'. 

i'  1 

msvm.in  ^"i-yiiKii-   anh  .-\!i."R'^ 
wii-    luvK   i..'si    iHi:iK    Kn-,iir    akm'^    iu-kino    titf   w\r 

N"W    lilTN 
AT 

c.iKNF.K    i-r    TWKNTV  IHlUIl    sTKIKV,    N      ^ 


(MMMlTHf:     I'F     AW\KIi 

,!!-     IXdt.t.FNTV.     R      y      IKNTMN,     (.nVFRX'-R     OF     NFW    V-RK 

KIV     11     W     1U.I.1...W<,    I'KKS     r     S     <ANITAKV    O.MMI'^MMN 

WM      MFI.FN     MKVVNT.     F>.>  '■K".     WM      .IKTI-^.    ESQ 

UM     i;     I„>|H,K,    -K  IloWAKI)    I'l.TTFU.    E^O 

lllKcUi'iRK    Ri"i«EVF.r.T.    ESQ 

|-KorFKn«    E'lK    THi:    IIKNIKIT    I  iF    UlSABEm 

SnIJ>IFRS    AN1>    SMt.uRS 

TI,KLI~.    -:    CENTS  tlllLUREN.    1"    TENTS 


.>  'i:-^^-'^''>>^^<!K.- 


-K.r- 


CHAPTER    III 

Disabled  Men  in  Civil  Life 

It  niiulu  Ik  .Ni.cu.l  ili.ii.  .A.n  i!i">iuli  ciniaraiiv.ly  Uule 
alUl.U.^u  ha-  Inn,  -^iv.!.  !■■  inullr^ml  i.P.MM..n  LT  .li-al.Ua  "A- 
dicrN  llKT.  w-ul.l  Mill  he  a  l-n-  aiul  iruUlul  cxiR-runcc  .11  \n1ik1i 
uc  iin-hi  ilraw  111  thi^  .■nur.uuu y.  m  xv-rk  uhicli  lia>  h.vii  d-nc 

liar  (li-al)ilitic-.      l".\ar\    iliv.  m 


lUil  an<l  l>lnuKi! 


I.  T  ci\iliaii^  Mitlirm^^   Ir'iiii  Mtiiilar  i 

l\w  i.r.linarv  ninimc  "i   lii'.-.  "kh  arc  main 

di-ahlv>l  hv'illiU".     In  all  c->cnlial>.  cxcq>t  iIk-  aura  -I  luii  >ary 

^l.Tv,  llKv  arc  m  the  sunc  MUiatK.n  a>  nun  uh-  arc  ,li-ah!cd 

111  liattlc.     I'.xi.cricncc  in  niccuii-  ihcir  need-  ^Imuld  he  Mi--c-tive 

in  iiiakin;,'  plan-  I.  .r  .li-ahle<l  — l.lier-  and  suLt-. 

When   v.e  examine  that  experience,  h-wevcr.  w  ■  arc  .ihliKcd 
t,,  reali/.e  that  very  little  -eri^u-  attenti-n  ha-  hitherto  l.cen  i;ivcn 
to  the  -cial  an.l  ecn-mic  pr-hlcm-  nf  di-ahlc.l  men.     .M'.rc  has 
l.ecn  dnne  l-r  phy-ieally  handieapped  children,  tlion-li  even  that 
1-  far  fn^ni  ,i(le.|natc:  Init  experience  with  children  an.l  th.-c  who 
ha\e  hecn  crippled  or  hlm.l  iroiii  hirth  ha-  a  very  Imiitrd  appli- 
cation in  dealiii','  with  a  man  who  l,;i-  MuUlenly  lo-t  a  !e-  or  an 
arm  or  hi-  -i.i^dit  or  hcarinc.  hecau-e  hi-  whole  l.;icki,'ronnd.  lii> 
li-vcholo-v   and    hi-   education,    are   entirely   ditUrcnt.    and    the 
••l.rocno-i-"  for  hi-  economic  fnttire  i-  therefore  e<iually  diiTercnt. 
P\'w   per-on-  are   wholly  ahled^died   and   al.Ic-miuded.      The 
iiidu-trial   and   the   intellectual    work   of   the   worl.l    i-   done  hv 
hiim.in  heinL;<  who  -uftVr  uvre  r,r  le--  from  eve->train.  head.iche-. 
indi-r-tion.  (Uafne-.  hronchial  affections  flat-t..i.t.  <.r  -ome  of 
tlic  other  numerou-  limitation-  to  which  we  are  -uhiect.     Kven 
in  recruitin-  .an  armv  phv-ic;d  perfection  can  not  he  rei|uired.  hut 
oiilv  a   relative  de-ree  of   freedom   frotn   tho-c  defect-  and   di-- 
fa-e<  which  e-pecial!y  interfere  wiili  the  service  to  l,c  performed. 

50 


|pl>  \i:i.l  li    Ml 


iv  (  i\  11.  in;; 


51 


I'rml'iii  trctii  illiu-- .mil  1  ii\Mi.il  lUlit-t  i-ii-lcl  ii-ili  .i  w  r> 
liii;li  iiK.il  "I  lualtli.  \\\<  I-  iK-ir,iliK  i-  -inn-ili  .iinl  fii.hir- 
ami-  .iiul  -kill.  What  !■-  imii  mi'Tc  (!r-ir.ilik-  i-  re- .iim  luliu  ". 
ami  aiKiniatc  iiioiui-,  and  will  ["'Wcr.  .\r-,iluil\  ilic  luahli  i.U.il 
iKiiiaiiiU  liic  uiitraiiiiiu  Kil  luiiciw  ■inn;;  d'  tin.-  ImhIiIv  '■I'.uaii-.  in- 
tluilin'.,'  ilic  1)1.1111.  .\tririii.iiivcly.  it  ;i-miiiu-  ilair  lull  (U-\il"p- 
iiKiit  ami  i.\irci-e,  a  dinn  "•;  will  winch  fviri"  .ic-  ■■r  i^'m.n> 
niiii"r  iinmati'iii^  aiiil  (  a  i  ii'  iir-s  '^r  circuiiuiia^  c\i'n  M.ri'at~ 
ji1i\-r;i1  iklict.-  \  K't'T  llii..  '-  llinlliiii,'  aicnmit  d  uliai  <'nc 
imaidfd  t<'iKT  ol  the  mm  c^'uld  aic  ■iniili^h  in  i>\  crci'iiiiiiL;  liic 
liardi-t  ti'iiditii'iis  iin|)i'~id  li\-  nature  i>  I  rii|iKntly  iiialehcd  in 
rial  liu-.  rrudeaii,  tarryini;  "ii  I'T  ci\ir  ihiily  year^  in  the 
Adir'iul.iiks  lii>  iiiK-qnal  li.uht  ti'r  i  .xi^tinci-.  while  at  the  ^auie 
tiiiK  -eiiiriii),'  lite  and  health  l^^r  hiindreiN  ni  \u>  >iinilarly  al- 
fetted  Comrades.  i>  "iilv  an  extreme,  a  heroic  example  >•{  what 
i.-i  done  daily  hy  iiiiii.inied  lieroo  of  ci\il  iile. 

The  tnndanieiital  reliance  niu>t  '/c  on  the  individu.ii.  not  iso- 
lated .as  on  Ihij,'o's  rock — ordinarily  iH't  even  .'i^  nearly  >o  as 
Trtuleaii,  .'-urrotinded  iiy  hi--  jiatieiits  and  a  tew  lrieiid>  and  jiro- 
fe>>ioiial  collea},'Ues — lint  pLiced  in  lii>  >ocial  rel.'ition-.,  with  the 
support  of  family,  nf  ('Ccu[iation.  of  all  kinds  of  economic  and 
social  honds,  .ind  with  the  incentives  which  >uch  hond>  j,'i\e  to 
(Verconie  his  h.-mdicajis,  whatever  they  may  he.  'Ihis  Innd.i- 
iiunl.il  reliance  rem.iins  on  the  individual  even  when  it  is  a  ques- 
tion of  developiiii,'  or  re,i,';iininf,'  economic  u-efulne>-  .after  a  di^- 
.ililint,'  illness  or  injury.  Our  new  compensation  laws  rij,ditlv 
place  .i-i  much  a-  pos-ihle  of  the  resjioiisihility  on  industry ;  hut 
it  i-  the  financial  part  princip.ally  th.it  can  he  so  placed.  \'erv 
feehiv  and  tentatively  society  h.is  hej,'un  to  reco;,'nize  '-ome  col- 
lecti\e  resjionsihiiity  for  trainimr  for  new  occupation^  (.r  re- 
trainini:  for  old  nnes  when  di-ahlin^'  disease  r>r  accident  has 
tnadr  it  nece--ary.  Hut  neither  employer  nor  the  ^tate  can  do 
more  tli:in  sii[,[ilement  wli.at  the  invalid  op  cripple  is  determined 
to  do  fi  r  him-elf.  The  anihition  and  will  of  the  individu.al  are 
the  key  to  the  situation.     The  frieml  who  can  awaken  the  cue 


mm 


.'JiSi^ 


._>?^: 


;•  MSAUl.l.li   siiLMli;-    \Nli  S.\ll.iil;> 

.,,1.1  -ircn^tlu'ii  the  -l!i<r.  ihr  u.luMrv  uliuli  can  KU.'  a  r.a>..ii- 
,|,K  cliaiH-.'  l-r  Ih.ni  1..  -I'cralr,  tli.  Male  uln.ii  ra-i  l.v  lur.nM.- 
,„.  ,.,hKat..nal  faolilK-  -r  lacilitu-^  fr  plac.uunt  MiitK"'ua 
llu-  Ut..rt>  ul  the  victim  -l  arculeiit  nr  ilista-c  V.  regain  In-  p.- 
Mi.nn,  .lc.crve  reCnKniiP.n  a-  u-Uul  allic>;  Inil  all  CMnhni-.l  tluv 
;u-.  ..nluianlv  ncKli^il.le  as  cnmfaRd  xvith  the  will  f  ..vercinc 
uhich  even  tlie  iiin>t  frail  and  the  ni-st  battered  wreck  ..t  hiuuaii- 
iiv  may  humelimes  bhuw. 

Till.  Di.Ai 
Amon-;  those  wh-.  are  plivMcally  handicapped,  the  deaf  have 
perhaps   exliil.ited   the   Kreate-t   capacity    for    independent    >eli- 
rce-verv      Their  int.rmilv  i>  k--  ..l-vioiis  than  hlindiu-s  ,,r  lame- 
.K-s.  hm  it  is  exceedingly  seri-uv     Nm  t-  hear  human  si.eech, 
,,r  the  multitude  of  sounds  which  uuule  the  liearmK  man— .k  vc 
,,r  less  uno.nsci.iuslv— in  hi-  ^•^^vA  and  coming;  and  in  his  or- 
dinarv  ..ccupations.  and  which  keep  him  in  touch  with  the  cur- 
,v„i,',.|  Hie— this  mi^'hl  well  seem  t-  he  a  haii.licai)  which  would 
re.luce  the  average  pervai  to  an  inferi,,r  p.^sition  in  the  economic 
.cale.     N  et  it  appears  that  -ai  the  wlv  le  the  .leaf  m  civil  lite  are 
n-t  a  l.urden  on  the  commmiiiy;  that  they  are  wa.ire  earners  and 
producers  of  income  in  a  decree  which  compares  well  with  the 
j;eneral  p.  .pulaii' .n ;  that  in  many  ..ccuiations  their  infirmity  is 
,,f   v.rv   slii;ht  disadvaiitai,'e ;  that  <  .n   the   wlmle  the  deaf   hold 
themselves  . .n  an  economic  eMualit>    with  their  felL.ws  and  ask 
,„,  alms  or   favor-.'     These  i,'eneralizatiMns  apply  to   .\merica 
rather  more  than  to  Europe,  and  they  miRht  not  remain  true  if 
,1„  numher  of  the  .leaf  su.ldenly  were  to  he  jrreatlv  incrcas.-.l 
l,v   the   war.     On   the  -.ther  hand,   those  who  become  deaf   in 
a.hilt   life  after  having  had   speech  and  hearing   from   infancv 
will  ..r.linarilv  overcme  their  drawback  even  more  easily  than 
th.-e  wh"  iHL'in  life  a<  deaf-mute*. 

U  i-  .he  excellent  -pecial  scl,.  ■■  .U  for  ihe  deaf,  and  the  very 
^Mural  a.lvantai^'e  -f  vocatinnrd  trainin-  which  thev  pn.vide- 
1  Harry  Pe^t  ■  The  P.-.i/.  paee  00. 


MS  MU-iii   .\ii:\   IN   (  IV 11.  1  11 1: 


53 


•  III  .ul\.iiii,ii;i'  iMii  II  till-  |MrticuI.ir  \>'C.iii"ii  l■^  ii^l  altirward 
tll'Wi'il — .iiul  tlu'  i.ut  lii.ii  I"--  "I  lu.iriiii;  1-  i.'.m|i.ir.iti\>l> 
r.iii  111  \ '11111.  ih.it  ixplaiii  ilk'  t,i\ '  r.iMi-  -Imwiiig  iiuuk-  li)  tlic 
tliai  111  ilii-  <  I' •ii"iwii:  liK-  I'l  till   ii.iii"ii. 

l.viii  1h\iihI  till-  Liliic.iti'  11  ami  irainiiig,  ImwcviT,  ui-  nii;>t 
-nk  III  ilu'  iinlnuliial  ikai  man  liiiiisclJ  the  cxplaiiatiiii  oi  In-, 
-iR\C".  lie  inU  that  hecnii-i.'  •"'t  lii>  intiniiity  ho  imi>t  he  in.  re 
i.irriiil,  nil  ri-  >a\  in,:;,  nii  iiiilii-trir.iis,  nVTc  iiricient,  th.iii  his 
hrariiiK  luij^hl" 'r.  .N"  (l"nlit  iIk-  dcat  cxhiliit  every  m'PI  of  weak- 
iH  "  ami  inT\ii-ity  that  is  t"  lie  ti.tiiKl  among  dtluTs.     Tlie\  are 

•  iteii  -ui-i[i\e  .iml  -n-piiiiai-.  P.nt  on  the  average  they  liihl  in 
till  -\  rijialliv  wliiili  .ther-  l\  el  li">r  tlietn,  ;inil  in  the  nece^-ity 
whieli   I'atr  ha~  ini]"'-e.l  upon  them,  ;in  exceptional  motive    I'^r 

I  niiiii:,'  torih  their  lie>t  ettort.  'riui>  they  find  woik  <'r  make  a 
place  for  them-elve-;  they  e.'irn  a  iivini;  or  a  Ci>nipcieiu-e ;  they 
ri-e  lo  [H.^iti'ii-  of  intliunce  ,iin1  responsihility.  They  jii>lify 
;iie  -pecial  trainini;  whiih  -ociity  ijives  wiuii  necessary,  ami  he- 
1-  n;e  Imrdeii'  on  >ociety  ordinarilv  only  when  >ome  other  inlirm- 
it\,  -ikIi  ,1-  old  aue  or  iline->,  i>  joined  to  their  deafiu--,  whicii 
111  ilie  m.ijority  of  ca'-es  inii,'ht  have  led  to  the  dei)endence  even 

I I  111  arm,:;  had  Ineii  ii'  'rm;d. 

Lip-re.Klinu'  :iiid  \  ocal  speech,  ahhoiit;h  known  in  the  >ixteenth 
,iiid  -eviiiteeiith  centuries,  h.ave  heeonie  the  coninion  [)o>>e>-ion 
'I  the  i^Teat  lioily  of  de;Lf-mute>  only  wkhin  the  present  j^eiuT.i- 
ti'ii.  I  'n  .account  of  the  presti.tje  of  the  Ahhc  I'l-'jiee,  tlie  founder 
in  1775  1  of  the  first  reLjul.ar  school  for  the  deaf  in  wliich  the- 
-i:;ii  l,iiiL;ua,t,'e  was  used,  and  hecau^e  it  is  easier  to  teadi  ,'ind  to 
learn  the  >i:,'n  l;m),'ua,i,'e,  this  more  complete  restoration  to  so- 
ciety \\a<  rarely  realized  for  a  centurv  after  its  jiracticihility 
had  Iieen  demonstrated.  The  .\hhe'  I'F.pee  himself,  however. 
-.:id  thai  "the  deaf-mute  is  completely  restored  to  <ocietv  onlv 
when  lie  ha-  heen  tauu'ht  to  express  himself  in  .audible  speech 
and  !■  •  Trail  ff'  'in  the  li])-  "' 

'  rir  r^Mvatine.  r.f  Lv.ins,  at  tlie  fir?*  Inier-.Mlie'l  Cr'nferencc,  P.iri-;,  l')17. 


■.:».".•".  Ai '£-.  K'       »  I 


■t,'^  \K^V:. 


54 


UISAULEI)    SULDIKKS    ANU    SAILORS 


Tni;   P)I.INIJ 

Blindness  seems  like  ;i  nn^re  seriuus  affliction  than  deafness, 
and  in  fact  it  dues  more  narrowly  restrict  the  number  of  possible 
occupations.  As  a  conse(juence  it  creates  more  often  a  need  for 
reeducati(>n,  and  it  is  necessary  in  a  lartjer  proportion  of  in- 
stances to  provide  some  kind  of  permanent  employment  in  which 
there  will  be  a  certain  def;ree  of  protecti(jn,  even  though,  given 
such  kindly  protection,  the  beneficiaries  may  be  entirely  self- 
supporting  and  may  even  contribute  to  the  support  of  others. 
Chair  caning,  typewriting,  and  the  making  of  brooms,  rugs 
and  baskets,  are  among  the  more  usual  occupations  in  shops  of 
this  kind.  Of  course,  many  distinguished  musicians,  i)oets,  jour- 
nalists, preachers,  have  had  the  misfortune  of  blintlness  to  over- 
come, and  at  the  other  end  of  the  scale,  it  must  be  admitted  that 
the  blind  beggar  has  been  a  far  too  conmion  spectacle.  That  it 
is  by  no  means  imjjossible  for  the  blind  U)  be  usefully  etTii)loyed 
is  not  a  recent  discovery.  The  Spanish  scholar  \'ives,  in  his 
treatise  Conccruimj  the  Relief  of  the  Poor,  addressed  to  the 
Senate  of  Hrnges  in  1326,'  makes  no  exception  of  the  iilind  in 
his  scheme  for  banishing  mendicancy  and  transforming  the  char- 
acter of  the  charital)le  institutions: 

Nor  woiilrl  I  allow  the  MinH  cither  to  sit  idle  or  to  wander  around  in 
idleness.  There  are  a  great  many  things  at  which  they  may  implny  them- 
selves. Some  are  suited  to  letters;  let  them  stuiiy.  for  in  sume  of  them  we 
see  an  aptitude  for  IcarninR  hy  no  means  to  l»e  despised.  Others  are  suited 
to.  tlic  art  ■  f  music;  let  them  sing,  pluck  the  lute.  Mow  the  flute.  Let  others 
turn  wheels  and  work  the  tread-mills;  tread  the  wine-prtsses ;  hlow  the 
hellows  in  the  smithies.  We  know  the  blind  can  make  little  boxes  and  chests, 
fruit  baskets  and  cages.  Let  the  blind  women  •^pin  and  wind  yarn.  Let  them 
not  be  willini;  to  sit  idle  and  seek  to  avoid  work;  it  is  easy  enough  to  find 
employment  for  them.  Laziness  and  a  love  of  ease  are  the  reasons  for  their 
pretending  they  can  not  do  anything,  not  feebleness  of  body. 

The  P.raille  jKiint  system  of  embnssed  printing,  invented  in  the 
first  half  of  the  nineteenth  century  by  a  I'rench  teaclur  who  had 
himself  been  iilind  from  inf;iney,  served  to  restore  to  l.irge  num- 

1  Sni.l'r-  in  Social  Work,  Xo.  H.  PuMished  by  the  New  York  School 
cf   riulanihri  py. 


DISAIll.r.l)    -MKN     IN    (  nil.    LIFE 


55 


lii.T>  of  the  hliml  a  cutitact  with  rcccitlctl  ideas  which  may  Ije 
cniiipariil  in  importance  with  the  ser\  ice  of  hp-reaihn^'  in  re- 
st'Tinj,'  I"  the  deaf  tiie  privilege  of  a  lUrect  exchange  of  ideas 
with  tlieir  contemporaries. 

W'ilham  the  CoiKjuerdr  in  tlie  eleventli  centnry,  Saint  Li^uis 
in  the  tliirteeiith,  and  exceptional  individuals  of  le>-er  renown 
from  time  to  time,  foiiiuled  institntions  or  maile  hequests  f^r 
the  henehl  of  the  blind,  hut  it  was  not  imtil  near  the  end  of  the 
eighteenth  centnry  that  their  neces>ities  were  con-itlered  snlTi- 
cientlv  l"  injure  anything  like  general  provisi"n  fur  iheni.  'I'lie 
important  exiierimeiits  which  had  heen  made  in  educating  the 
blind  were  Confined,  as  in  the  case  of  the  deaf,  to  privileged  in- 
di\iduals  of  wealth  and  station.  In  IT'K)  a  sclmdl  was  started 
in  LiveriHinl,  providing  general  instruction  and  al>o  industrial 
training.  In  this  school  much  the  same  occupations  were  taught 
a>  at  present.  Within  a  decade  two  others  were  established,  in 
llristnl  and  in  London.  A  few  years  earlier  X'alentin  Haiiy  had 
organized  his  "])hilanthropic  society,"  which  undertook  the  edu- 
cation of  twelve  young  persons,  at  a  cost  for  ach  of  twelve 
li\Te^  ;i  mdiith. 

This  sun  of  Picardy,  it  is  related,  first  had  his  indignation 
and  symjiathy  aroused  on  l)ehalf  of  the  blind  by  witnessing  ■'m 
a  public  g.irden  eight  r>r  ten  blind  mendicants,  with  spectacles  on 
their  no^es,  standing  liefore  racks  on  which  music  was  displayed, 
and  executing  a  disconl.'int  syniplinny  which  seemed  to  excite 
the  I'il.iiitv  of  the  passers-by."  He  asked  himself  whether  it 
wiiuld  U't  be  possible  to  do  something  different,  an<l  in  spite  of 
his  i>wn  r  eager  resources  this  idea  gradually  took  shape.  Nine 
years  afterward  be  undertook  to  meet  the  exi)ense  of  the  edu- 
cnii.n  if  rran(;ois  Le  Sueur,  who  in  trrn  became  bis  colleague 
in  the  ^I'ciete  ]'hilanthropi(|ue.  This  work  developed  during  tlie 
KeM.hnion.  ;iiid  later  Ilaiiy  foimded  similar  institutions  in  Her- 
liii  and  St.  iVtersburg. 

1  lie  Natinn.'d  Conveniinn,  recognizing  that  in  destroving  cer- 
m-tistrou-   institution-."  of   the  old   regime   the   Republic 


t.'.in 


,-ti  Iil^Al;l.Kl)    .soI.lili-KS    ANIi    SAIl.UKS 

iiiciirn.'(l  ilic  (plilij,'ati"n  of  suli>titmiiij,'  .-.'ilutary  c^tal)li~hIlU•nt^, 
ill  wliicli  "virtiK-  iiccil  iii'i  l)lu~li"  and  "wlicrc  the  right?  of  hu- 
manity and  i>t  iMjiiahty  .^hculd  net  lie  ignored,"  declared  that  it 
had  considered  all  the  indi.i;ent  infirm  nf  the  Repiiijlic  and  had 
a--tinK-d  a  >acred  engagement  to  as-nage  their  muttering*;  hut 
that  among  all  tlK>e  unfortunates  the  indigent  blind  had  cs- 
I  eciallv  rieenied  wortliy  of  attention. 

'riipugiiout  the  nineteenth  century  increasing  attention  has 
naturally  been  given  to  the  in^truction  of  the  blind,  to  the  or- 
gam/ation  of  industrial  homes  for  those  who  need  institutional 
care,  and  more  recently  to  the  giving  of  aid  to  self-support  in 
their  own  home?,  with  their  own  families.  Far  more  emphasis 
has  been  laid  of  late,  however,  on  the  prevention  of  blindness. 
It  has  been  di'^covered  that  congenital  bliiulness  is  orilinarily  due 
to  infection  at  birth,  and  that  this  can  be  prevented  easily  by 
>iniple  precautions.  Industrial  accidents  resulting  in  blindness 
can  al>o  be  avoided  by  suitable  .'Safeguards.  The  increasing  use 
of  ajipropriate  glasses  to  prevent  eye-strain,  and  the  advance  of 
oplnhalniolcgy.  resulting  in  the  more  succes>ful  treatment  of 
eve  di>ea-'es,  should  eventually  reduce  the  number  <jf  cases  of 
iilimlne^s  arising  in  civil  life. 

Tile  blind,  like  the  deaf,  constantly  exhibit  extraordinary  ca- 
pacitv  in  winning  their  own  way  in  spite  of  their  handicap.  The 
be-t  service  society  can  render  them  is  to  strengthen  their  self- 
contidencc.  to  utilize  every  contribution  they  are  capable  of 
uiakiiiL;.  and  to  regard  them  at  rdl  times  as  entitled  to  coni])lete 
silf-re~pect,  based  not  only  on  self-suiiport  but  on  a  reasonable 
contribution  to  the  welfare  of  others. 

The  TiuicKCULOus 

Tlie  widespread  and  well  organized  campaign  for  the  preven- 
tl'  11  of  tuberculosis  lia-;  naturally  involved  some  consideration 
<'f  i!k'  economic  u-efuliuss  of  those  who  suffer  from  this  disea-e. 
nftni  proloiii;ed  through  many  momhs  and  even  years.  The 
patient  who>e  di?ease  is  cured  or  arrested  may  still  be  limited  in 


3m!Mm^,.M^ 


a?:* 


mM 


DISABLE.)    MEN    IN    CIVIL    LIFE 


57 


tliL'  raiiijc  I'l  his  (.cciipatmn?  and  in  llie  amraint  of  fatigue  a'ul 
txjKourc  wliicli  he  may  >aicly  umlcrgn.  Unfdrtunately  ;i  large 
jircporticni  (if  wiirkcrs  wIim  have  tliis  (lijLa>c  ilti  not  find  it  out 
in  tlic  early  i-tage,>,  and  by  cnntinuing  their  regular  work  they 
>ln'tten  their  lives  unnece.-^arily,  and  shorten  even  more  the 
|ierii'd  in  which  tliey  might  with  proper  advice  and  care,  con- 
tinue to  be  usefully  employed. 

Many  experiments  have  been  made  in  the  direction  of  light 
(utd"or  empjoyiuent  for  patients  discharged  from  sanatoria, 
but  it  can  not  be  said  that  they  have  been  conspicuously  success- 
ful. That  an  outdoor  life  i>  preferal)le  to  the  office  or  factory; 
that  occupations  which  are  dust  producing,  or  which  require  a 
.-looping  posture  or  severely  exhausting  strain  of  any  kind,  are 
especially  dangerous  for  one  who  has  had  tuberculosis;  that 
vocation.'d  guidance  by  a  competent  physician  is  advantageous — 
are  axiomatic.  Sanatorium  and  dispensary  and  instructive  nurs- 
ing have  undoubtedly  added  a  few  years  to  the  average  effective 
working  life  of  large  numbers  of  tho-e  who  have  tuberculosis 
antl  whose  infection  is  di-coverjd  at  a  sufficiently  early  stage. 
The  Self-denial  which  the  tuberculous  are  perhaps  most  often 
called  upon  to  make  is  that  which  consists  in  sacrificing  an  in- 
come tem[)rirarily  in  order  to  be  cured  for  a  longer  period  of 
comparative  health  and  working  efficiency  afterward,  even  if 
this  involves  acce[)ting  aid  from  r.Ia.ives  or  from  the  public. 
"The  best  occui)ation  for  a  sick  man  is  to  get  well,"  and.  unlike 
the  <leaf  and  the  blind,  the  tuberculous  are  not  defective,  but  ill, 
and  their  program  re(|uires  to  be  modified  accordingly.  The 
main  element  in  the  restriration  of  the  great  body  of  the  tubercu- 
lous to  their  greatest  economic  usefulness  lies,  therefore,  in  the 
cru-adc  for  tlic  prevention  of  infection,  for  early  <liagnosis,  for 
pr'^mpt  medical  and  nursing  care,  for  education  botli  a^  to  their 
I  wn  [HTs'inal  hygiene  and  as  to  the  care  of  the  other  members 
of  their  families;  and  those  wlio  tiiemselve-  have,  or  have  had. 
tile  disease  are  the  most  valiant  of  all  crusaders. 


^f^^r.- 


VHP 


:^V'i^'^''M 


58 


ins.\iiLi:i>  b(ji.i)n;u3  a.nu  saii.oks 


CkII'I'I-Ks 

Of  the  liandicappcd  iii  civil  liic  it  i>  the  cri[)[)lcs  who  have  been 
iiKi.sl  iKj^'icctcd,  ;dtlicu!,'h  ihcv  arc  by  lar  tin-  iiii.>i  iuiin..Tnu-.' 
']  Ikv  arc  k-s  obviuii^ly  IrIjjIos  than  the  blind  and  ihc  dcaf- 
iiuitc,  and  have  not  made  so  strong  an  appeal  tu  the  kind  of 
conipa-M..n  that  nianile>ts  it>eli  in  intelligent  stuily  of  need>. 
Tile  eciiiomic  re.-iilts  of  their  disability,  moreover,  are  not  ^o 
iiiuiudi.uely  apjiarent.  lor  these  reasons,  pnibably.  their  serious 
prolileiiis  have  been  more  generally  ignored.  Functional  re- 
education, which  is  comparal)le  in  their  case  to  lip-reading  for 
the  deaf  and  I'.raille  for  the  blind,  liad  only  begun  to  show  its 
possibilities  before  the  war,  and  was  availaiile  for  onlv  a  very 
tew  persons.  Serious  >tudy  of  the  productive  prissibilities  of 
men  crijipled  in  ditferent  degrees  and  different  ways  was  still 
more  embryonic. 

For  tiiis  reason,  therefr)re.  because  the  "program"  of  work 
for  cri[iples  had  not  yet  taken  sliape,  except  in  tiie  minds  of  a 
few  individuals,  and  for  the  further  reason  tiiat  am>>ng  the  nun 
permanently  disabled  by  the  war  the  iiiiitUrs  and  the  lame  f;ir 
outnumber  any  other  class,  it  will  be  of  interest  tr.  examine  in 
some  d.tail  ivbat  had  been  done  f(^r  cripples  before  the  war 
and  what  Iiad  been  learneil  from  that  experience. 

Pcf^ciidcnt  Crif'pli-s  in  ihc  United  States 

Crippled  men  li.ive  been  forced  upon  <a\t  notice  as  a  conspicu- 
ous part  of  the  wreckage  in  almshouses  and  bread-lines,  among 
])nrk  loafers  and  street  !)eggars.  and  we  have  concluded  that  a 
cri[>pled  condition  was  a  cause  of  pauperism  and  mendicancy  and 
that  therefore  accidents  ought  to  'e  prevented — which  is  all  vcrv 
well  a<  f.ir  .as  it  L;oes. 

'I'he  compen-,.;ion  laws  which  have  been  passed  in  nearlv  a'l 

our   Sl.iti-   in   the  l.i<t   ten   years  h.ave  been   an   important   stej> 

t  'Ward    wliat   may   ultimately   be  a   "'iystem"'   of  providing    for 

■   \m'!i>    fr.  Ill   tli'.-p    !-..i:i.I!.Mppcil   Ii>    pulninnary   tiiliiroiiloM-   aii'l    -iiiiilar 


niSAlil.KD    .Mi:.\     IN    CiVlL    LIFE 


59 


iiulustrkil  cri[i[)li,->.  They  ;irc  I'lily  a  licgiiiiiiiij,',  liowcvcr,  anali)- 
j;i'U-  to  the  |)(.n>i(iii>  lor  disabled  >"l(hi.r>.  The  lumu-y  [layineiit 
i>  a  "c"iii|Kii>ati(iii,"  hut  it  d<if>  not  <>{  itself  insure  tliat  a  ih>- 
aliKd  man  will  not  take  tlie  ea>y  downward  path  to  disci)iira,!,'e- 
iiient  and  deterioration.  There  are  many  cases,  nioreuver,  to 
wiiich  it  does  not  apjily.  (July  11  [ler  cent  of  all  the  crijiples 
found  in  the  recent  conipreheii>ive  >urvey  in  Cleveland  owe 
their  coiulition  to  an  industrial  accident.  Men  are  injured  not 
only  hy  machinery  in  lactorie.-,  but  by  automobiles  in  the  streets 
and  by  a  K^cat  variety  i>f  acidents  in  domestic  and  social  and 
fcononiic  relations.  A  carp  .r  slips  in  the  shop  and  falls  on 
some  splinters  of  j,dass,  with  the  re>ult  tiiat  he  loses  a  foot.  A 
farm  hand  sees  a  lij,'htcd  tire-cracket  in  a  fieltl  where  some  pic- 
nickers have  been  celebratinj;  the  l-"ourth  of  July,  and  when  he 
tries  to  kick  it  into  the  creek  it  explodes  and  hits  his  hand,  in- 
juring' it  so  seric^usly  that  amputation  i-  necessary.  One  man  is 
hurt  while  luintinj,',  another  while  stealing  a  ride  on  a  freif^ht 
c.ir,  atiother  in  the  process  of  beiii::  ejected  from  a  saloon.  The 
stran^re  and  sinister  disease  throml)o-anfjiitis  obliterans  <leprives 
a  tailor  of  first  one  lej;  .and  then  the  other.  A  snow  shoveler 
freezes  his  hands  and  they  have  to  be  taken  off.  An  ice-man 
dro[)S  a  block  of  ice  on  his  foot.  cru>hin{):  it.  A  butcher  lets  the 
he,i\y  lid  of  a  refrij,'erator  close  on  hi>  hand.  .\n  owner  of  oil 
wells  is  burned  by  the  explosion  of  one  of  his  tank.-.  A  m.an 
who  has  a  day  off  from  his  factory  w<irk  undertakes  to  wash 
the  window.s  at  home — on  the  first  floor,  as  it  happens — and  falls, 
badly  injurin;.:  his  arm.  A  nail  in  the  shoe  causes  blood  poison- 
iiii:.  A  hot  fifjht  with  knives  disables  one  man,  while  "a  friendlv 
tii"le"  is  equally  serious  for  another,  as  he  hits  his  "friend's" 
teeth  with  his  clenched  fist,  breaking  the  skin  on  one  fintjcr,  and 
tlii-  i-  followed  by  blood  poisoninc;.  These  are  onlv  a  few  sam- 
ple- of  the  accidents  wliidi  arc  responsible  for  the  condition  of 
cri;iples  iii  \\w  \'ork  Citv  todnv. 

Tile  etVorts  whicli  have  been  made  to  readt  the  adult  cripple 
before  he  Iiecoines  demoralized  .and  help  him  kee[)  his  jilacc  ;is  a 


'.0 


Iil.>.\IUJ.li    Mil.iail:^    AM)    SAIi.liKi 


[>r<ihK'ti\r  nicnibcr  i>i  M.cicty,  i.r  to  rL>t"n.'  him  U>  that  place 
aiicT  liL-  lia,>  taken  the  ca-v  [lath  t(p  chronic  ilciiciuk-ncc,  h.iw 
lain  iiiiMk-,>t  and  l\\v.  liidiviihial  ini]il"yi.r>  and  lrit.nd>  ha\  c 
,i;ivcn  th"iii,'Iit  In  indiviihial  caM.--.  Charitalili'  ^(icictie>  havi.'  fiir- 
ni-hi(l  artificial  linih>  and  tried  t(j  find  cinplovincnt.  Individual 
-■cial  wrkrr-  liavc  \aliantly  fiaiijht  t"  rcvi\c  the  remnant  "i 
-ell'-ropect  and  anihilinn  wiiich  tliey  Cnuld  >ee  even  in  deninral- 
i/.eil  wrecks,  and  <Jie  it  tun  f.f  tiieni  have  tried  to  pninl  nut  the 
]H -nihility  d  preventini,'  ;i  larije  part  of  thi>  wreckage  by  .U'^'".'^' 
help  and  encoura.i^ement  before  tlie  demoralizatitm  has  pro- 
j,'res-ed  ti'ii  far. 

AiiT'iii,'  these  arc  Jaiiics  Fr.rljcs,  Mendicancy  Agent  of  tlie 
New  York  Ciiarity  Organization  Society  during  the  years 
(  I'^OJ-rWit  when  a  special  committee  of  the  society,  with  the 
co('[ieration  of  the  Police  Department,  succeeded  in  alinost  elimi- 
nating begging  from  the  streets  of  the  city,  and  Alice  Willard 
S' ■lenberger,  wjii'^e  study  of  Oiw  Tlinusaiut  Homeless  Men  of 
Chidnjo  '  includes  a  chapter  on  crip|>les.  Mr.  Forbes's  re])ort<  " 
show  how  large  a  propi>rtiiin  of  the  professional  mendicants  are 
nun  who  have  been  cripj)led  in  some  way.  and  give  glimnses  ><{ 
w'.Kit  was  done  to  try  t"  help  tliem,  though  unfortunately  most 
of  lii>  experience  remains  scattered  in  fragments  throu;;h  tiie 
cn<e-rec'>rd~  of  the  thousands  «{  men  he  knew. 

Mrs.  Solenberger  found  that  254  of  her  thousand  men — not 
beggar-;  neces-arily,  but  "l  dging  In 'Use  men"  w  In  'iii  slie  liad  tried 
to  help  in  connection  witli  the  Chicago  Rureau  of  Charities — 
were  crippled  or  maimed,  by  disease  or  accident  or  (a  very  few) 
from  congenital  defect.     Her  testimony  is  important: 

\  tiiaii'^  .Tiliii-tnicin  t.i  !ii^  cliar.ucil  c>iii<litinn.  and  Iiis  ultimate  p.isitirin 
in  tho  iniltistrial  iVMrlil.  seem  to  dciicm!  in  very  laree  part  upon  liis  own  !^pirit 
and  trmreranr.iit  and  h\<  ircneral  attitude  Inward  lite,  Tlie  man  wlin  \va«  a 
%;i;;rant  and  a  tramp  before  hi-  inii;r\  i-  likely  t.)  I.e  one  after  it.  and  will 
nfttn  ii-e  lii<  handicap  as  hi~  nm-t  valiial  !e  lieuL'inj  a>-et.  Tlie  man  who  wa< 
a  V.-.  rkrr  will  in  mo^t  ea^c:  he  a  worker  still,  it  not  totally  incapacitated  hy 
liii  ininr-i-  • -r  i.\erwlithncd  Iv    dire  ]ioverty  or  friendlessncs?. 

iPnlli'hed  Iv  the  Knv^cll  ?ai.'r  F  invlation.  1011 

-hi  the  annn.il  report-  '  t  the  I'liar'tv  i  Iruianizatioii  Societv  of  Xcw  Vurk 
Ci:'. 


iiis.xiii.i.h   Mi:.\    IN    I  u  II.   1.11  i; 


61 


In  '■'IK-  '".i-L-.  IT  tWi.  .M.ar-  ue  u.itiln'''  aii'l  »nrki-c|  a«aitist  llio  (;raiiu.il 
ilctirinraii  ii  i  i  a  riallv  Imc  man;  Im:  tlie  (>iM<  aKam^l  Iniii  m  tlie  strtii;k;le 
I'T  iiiiii'i'i-ii.icia  f  wcri.  \tr>  K^'a'-  '!"''  a«M ■(.■iatinii  with  \i\\i:r--  ami  Iji'Kuars 
if.  tlu-  !■  I'liini;  lii'ii-c-  tinally  C'iii\  irti-il  \\\m  im  >  'lie  "i  their  luiiiihcr.  Ue 
ia'it'l  iiUcrlv  {■•  save  tin--  man;  lnu  I  helie\c  lh.it  lie  hail  eiioii^h  .jf  seli- 
re-jieit  ami  alilit>  uhen  he  lir-t  ap;iluil  t  ■  the  liurcau  i.t  liel|i  l-<  li.ne  heeii 
s.ne.l  ill  ih.c  er.c!  li  we  cuM  l:a\e  i..unil  llie  riglit  ^■•n  nt  wurk  fnr  him  aii'l 
li  lie  i"iiM  have  1  leii  rem"\eil  in  time  irMiii  the  rn'rully  jj.  .i~.iii"Vis  atiii'.^iih.ere 
i.|"  the  liifl),'iii«  li.iii^e-. 

SeMTal  men  -h<iweil  th.e  re-iih-  of  failure  !.■  reeeivc  iieeileil  lielii  at  the 
|.e,i;nitini«  of  their  (litticiiltics. 

The  im|iortancc  of  iircimpt  aii'I  ailcmiaie  relief  of  sonie  ^^^rt  in  th.e  ea-e 
of  every  -elf-re^pectiiii,'  cripple  C'li'lenine"!  t.i  li\e  in  a  liili;iiin  li.iii^e  can  n^.t 
Ih:  overestimated. 

Si 'me  men  claimed  to  he  lie>;i;in:-'  onl>  I'  secure  money  f.ir  an  artit'icial 
ley,  saviiiK  they  wniilil  pn  to  work  after  ohiainiiii;  one.  hut  in  no  case  wlien 
a  Wii  hail  l-iecn  purchaseil  did  the  hcKninij  cea>e.  .\m  earnest  recital  of  a 
de-ire  to  work  as  soon  as  an  artificial  lei;  i-  -ecnred  proves  to  lie  productr.e 
of  -uch  t'ood  results  in  the  form  of  coiiirihutions  from  the  puhlic  that  it  is 
the  favorite  lie.cgtng  story  of  many  one-legi-'ed  tnendicms.  One  man  wIm  is 
stdl  known  to  the  Inireaii  ha>  ii-ed  the  story  for  eleven  consecutive  years, 
dnrint;  which  he  lias  received  money  enonnh  to  purcha-c  scores  of  leg?.  Not 
a  few  mendicant  cripples  who  own  artificial  leg-  wear  them  hy  day  and 
unstrap  them  and  heg  on  the  streets  at  night  There  were  even  tivo  in- 
stances in  Chicago  where  men  wore  their  artificial  legs  and  wer';  emploved 
during  the  day.  but  begged  at  the  theatre  doors  at  night. 

.\11  ifYort>  to  help  the  disahled  liave  hecii  lianii)erc(l  in  tlie  past 
l)v  lack  if  facilities  fur  traiiiiiit,'  the  ha!ulicai)[)e(l  and  by  in- 
(iill'ereiice  "n  the  [lart  of  tile  j^eneral  public.  In  fact,  in  cur 
priivisinn  for  civil  cripples  (e.xcept  fur  crimpensation.  which  af- 
fects (inly  those  disabled  in  industry,  and  those  onlv  in  their 
financial  problems),  we  have  hrirdly  jirojijressed  heyutul  the  first 
sf,iL;e  in  tiie  evolution  of  care  for  war  cripples.  Our  main  re- 
liance in  the  twentieth  century  is  that  of  the  middle  aires — 
litrnsf  to  bes  from  the  public,  with  or  without  the  transparent 
dist^uise  of  a  few  shoe-strinRS  or  pencils  offered  for  sale.  Our 
subway  stations  and  shops  and  traveled  streets  have  tlieir  coun- 
terpart- of  the  mutilated  rit,'ures  whicii  frc(|uented  the  hii;hwa\~ 
and  market  town";  and  feti's  of  medieval  Europe,  tiie  only  differ- 
eiu-e  luiiii:  that  these  recite  no  tlirillintj  tales  of  adventure  and 
C'  nflict,  but  limit  themselves  to  a  whinintr   furmula  or  find  it 


^•.>'KSf^^ 


>^: 


''-  l'l>\l;l.l.li    Mii.|,|iK,     AMI    >All.(j|;.s 

MirncKiu   .n>nlv  t.,  M,|,,,l_v  ,.  a,,,  ,.r  a  cap  t,,  r.cc.vc  ll.c  ready 

Ah,I,-  in.,n  ilii.  M.rvival  o,'  „K..licvaI  us.kc  ami  tlie  itulivi.l.ial 
Hl..ii~  ,,|  „,nal  w..ik<r-.,  aliiL.^t  ilic  ,,i.ly  atUiiii.t  in  tlic  L-iiiud 
>iat.-  1..  lulp  tlK-  a.liilt  cni.],].-  ulw,  ikoN  help  (many  .-t  tJK'm, 
"I  o.m-H>,  -nh^.  ilKir  ,.uii  |,n.|,letii>  \vnl:,.ut  a-istaiicc;  lia^  hciii 
tlk-  -i-ani/.atin,,  ,,|  special  anpl.-yiiKiU  lnireaii>  t,,r  llu-  liatuli- 
opped— n,.t  e.xclu-ivcly  f.,r  crippk-.  luit  ii,cliuiiii«  thcni— which 
liavc  .in.KTiakcn  t..  lin.l  w,,rk  liitcl  t..  tiicir  capacity  i,.r  pcr>..ns 
at  a  (h>a(!vamaKe  in  tiic-  cnijictitivc  lahnr  market' 

Tile  lir-t  ct  these  special  employment  hiireaiis  was  the  .  .ne 
Cf.ii.Iiicted  t(.r  six  years,  fn.m  April,  l'»Or.,  v,  June,  I'MJ.  hy 
the  aiarit>  ( )r-anizati..n  S..ciety  ,,i  the  City  (,t  New  V,,rk.  All 
kind,  ni  lumdicaps  were  ;i<lmitte<I— phy>ic.d.  ment.il.  and  s,,cial 
— Michulin.tr  extreme  crpulence,  a  criminal  record,  previous  his- 
tory of  tiiherculosis,  cardi.ic  disease,  mere  "delicacv"  .,t  lie.altli, 
•""1  inal.ility  to  speak  F.nj,di.h,  as  well  as  the  nmre  cmmonlv 
di>cii.-.e(l  hard-hips  <,t  defective  vision  and  hearin^^  aye.  Lame- 
ness and  deformity.  There  were  no  prece.lents  for  the  hureau 
to  tollow,  and  perhaps  its  most  imjM.rtant  service  lav  in  the  <lis- 
cnssions  of  the  committee  in  chartje  of  it,  under  the  chairman- 
ship of  the  late  Dr.  Tho.dore  C.  Janeway. 

Amonjj:  the  six  thousand  and  more  men  and  women  who  were 
re.i^istered  in  the  course  of  the  six  years  there  were  250  men  who 
were  crippled  hy  the  loss  of  one  or  more  limhs.  Work  or  train- 
in-  was  secured  hy  the  hun.au  for  only  fifty  of  thein,  one  out 
of  five.  The  fifty  who  were  helped  in  some  way  were  prohahly 
on  the  whole  more  favorahle  suhjects  than  the  rest,  and  from 
tlie  inform;  iion  which  is  availahlc  al)out  them  it  is  evident  that 
tluv  had  many  handicaps  hesides  their  crippled  condition. 

The  maiority  wi-re  cases  of  ancient  injury,  two-thirds  of  them 
datm-  fnmi  at  lea-t  three  years  hefore  the  .triplication  to  the 
bureau,  some  of  them  from  childhood,  and  of  these  many  had 


MSAllLKU    Ml.N     I\    lUlI.    1.11  K 


63 


Milliri.ll  a  naliiral  (U  prtciatiiii  ci  (.liar.itur  ami  cci'innnic  ability. 
ScM-ral  had  hicii  ci 'iiliniKil  \a).^raiu>  aiul  l)c^'.i;ar>  liclnri.'  llicir 
aceuicnl.  and  "IK-  imiii  aiiU'ii!,'  tln'-c  rcxxiilly  cnpiilcd  had  nut 
hi>  injury  while  >tt.alin!,'  a  ride  in  Xtvaila  in  tiic  i;.\tTci>c  ct  his 
j)rofi'->iiin  oi  va,i,'raiicy. 

Sinic  I'i  till-  iiKii,  ninreiiviT,  were  di>ea.-ed  ar  had  hal)it>  uliie'h 
interfered  witli  their  earning'  pi  Aver  nmrc  >eriipii>ly  than  did 
their  injuries.  Many  <'t  thein  l)eli>ii),'ed  to  families  which  had 
heeii  under  the  eare  of  eharitahle  -ocieiies  and  were  ni't  >lrik- 
inj,'ly  dit'fereiit   from  other  dependent  families. 

( )|i]iortunilies  for  traininj,'  were  found  for  some  rif  these  cri]i- 
jiles  and  paid  employment  was  secured  for  forty-three.  Tile 
training;,  however,  which  the  meaner  facilities  of  the  city  af- 
forded, was  not  ailaiited  to  the  character  and  ])revious  e.\peri- 
t'lice  of  the  men,  and  the  occupations  in  which  ]iaid  employment 
was  secured  were  for  the  most  part  low-]);iitl  and  unskilled  and 
in  m.iny  cases  the  same  which  the  men  had  been  accustomed  to 
since  their  injury. 

In  view  of  the  experience  of  the  luireaii  it  is  not  surprising,' 
that  it  w,is  discontinued  after  a  trial  of  six  years.  Most  of  the 
applicants  who  came  to  it  had  loiij.,'  been  leadinjj  lives  of  semi- 
dependence  or  mendicancy,  and  needed  much  more  varied  and 
extensive  as>ist;ince  than  an  em])loyment  bureau  could  j,'i\e.  The 
men  who  were  alreaily  skilled  in  any  occupation  did  not  need 
the  services  of  a  special  bureau.  For  those  whose  injuries  were 
recent  and  who  were  in  other  respects  hopeful  candidates  for  a 
useful  career,  except  that  they  were  unskilled,  few  fipportunities 
were  found  for  the  tr.iinint;  or  instruction  which  they  needed. 
It  was  clear  that  a  larjje  variety  of  special  opportunities  for 
training;  must  be  available  if  any  considerable  number  of  crip- 
ple^  is  to  be  restored  to  [iroductive  life;  jewelry  and  feather 
work  and  stuftinfj  teddy  bear^  do  not  constitute  a  ran^'c  to  suit 
the  aptitudes  nf  nil.  Tt  is  evident,  moreover,  from  the  records 
f'f  the  bureau,  that  such  work  can  be  successful  only  if  the  staff 
is  larj;e  enou,i;h  and  ingenious  enouijl)  to  m;ike  a  thoroui;li  -liidv 


64 


ui.>.\i,i.i.;)  .■•1)1.1)11. 


AM)    S.\lLoK> 


'I  ihi'  |i(--il)iluus  (,i  i-.uii  iMppli.  uli'.  a|ii)la--,  :iihl  t. .  -uii|)ly  P  .r 
liiiii  ilii'  iiii;i.t;iii;itinn,  aiiiNiti,  .n,  and  C"iir.i),'f  uliitli  liu  iiiav  lack. 
Il  I-  wi'ik  thai  laii  ii..t  In  i1..ik'  i|Uii.kl_\'.  l\i-laU"ii-  iiui~I  lie  dii- 
tiiiiKil  luiiil  ihu  ruidju^tiiiciii  i-  C"iitiriiicil.  li  i-  ii'a  i.-ii"Uj;h  [" 
rriir  a  man  l)'a  pi-iti'.ii.  iii'  imi~.  '.c  vi>iti.(l  I'l  tiiul  "Ut  \vln.-tln.r 
In  t'H.k  till'  work.  itiO'iirayvil  iliri.iii,'h  tin.  lir-t  (lilliciiltic~.  ami 
I'llnr  (■iipcrtuiiitii--  niii-t  I)l-  ola-rcii  limi  uiitil  ila-  ri,L;lit  tliiiij;  is 
I' '1111(1,  at  wliiiii  Ik-  can  -uccccti. 

In  ami  .iiiuiiii,'  it>  (Kcim"I1  in  di^Mntimic  the  -i>i-cial  cm|il"V- 
HKiit  hiinati,  tin-  ci'iiiiiiittcc  "l  the  Charily  ()rt:aiii/.ati< m  S"Ckiv 
rcci'r(l>  this  (i|)iiiii)ii: 

Tin-  i>i|n  rifiuf  oi  till-  liuri'.iii  li.i<  •.Imwii  th.nt  it  i>  imp..4<ililc  to  create 
a  1  i.irkit  tor  the  lalmr  of  cri|i|ilcil  adults  witlicut  fittinn  them,  liy  traitiiiiK 
111  MiitaMe  kinc|>  c.f  industry,  tn  cimpett  on  practically  even  terms  with  tho>e 
«li"  are  not  liandicappe'l  Special  investigations  made  under  the  a'lspiccs 
oi  the  commitlet-  in  charge  of  tins  Imreau  united  with  tlii>  experience  to 
riif.irce  the  con\iction  tl.at  special  industrial  training  is  the  fundament,il 
rciiuiremeiit  to  assure  opp..rtuiiity  of  employment  for  those  whose  powers 
have  Keen  impaired  hy  .iccident  or  disease.  The  natural  and  dcsiralile  arrange- 
ment is  to  ass,)ciate  the  employment  of  persons  s.j  handicapped  with  a  train- 
mi;  school  adapted  to  their  needs. 

A  year  i.r  sn  afjn,  the  idea  of  a  special  em[iliiyment  bureau 
for  cripples  was  revived  and  a  dep.artinent  for  the  handicapped 
was  (irj,'anized  in  connection  with  the  j,'eneral  eniployment  bureau 
c<.nducteil  by  the  Hudson  (aiild,  a  settlement  of  \ew  York  Citv. 
Tl-.is  has  since  become  a  dejiartnient  of  the  Red  Cross  Institute 
for  Crijipled  and   DiN'tbled   Men, 

In  many  respects  ilii~  bureau,  while  it  was  connected  with  the 
Ihid~iin  Ciuild,  repeated  the  ex[)erience  of  its  pmtotvpe,  but  it 
li,id  ,in  adv,inta,i,'e  in  its  connection  with  a  general  employment 
ay;ency.  This  br..u;,dit  in  knowled.i^e  of  positions  which  would 
II' >t  o.me  to  a  special  bureau,  and  it  was  found  that  a  qualified 
cripple  cmild  freipiently  be  placed  in  a  position  for  wliich  it 
W'lild  imt  occur  t"  the  employer  to  seek  a  cripple.' 

'  P  T  information  ahout  this  l.tirean  we  are  indehtod  to  a  studv  made  bv 
Mr  .1  _t"  r,irie«  diiriiiu  the  summer  of  1<)17.  Mr  t'aries  examined  the  re.- 
I  rd-  of  all  the  male  apphcams  wlv^e  Iiandicap  was  an  injury  to  legs  or  arm-. 


•V.-TiWp»S«  • 


|ll>  \r.l  III     MI.N     IN     '  1\ 


1111. 


0.-' 


1  (,r  llio  ni"-l  p:irt  tin-  i.iiulul.ac>  Iki  •,  ti",,  wvU'  tliM-c  uli.» 
h.ul  Ixnii  i.ii[>iik-<l  \<<v  >r;ir-  ;iiul  li.nl  >iu.'i.  iiUm  ;i  |i.ii,i-itic-  alti- 
ui'k.  lliii,  ••i.l;;!!!!,  It  wa-  h.uiiil  lliat  iIk'  r,iii'.;i  "I  lccuimU'Mi- 
111  wlmli  [>l.uiiikiit-  ucn-  iiiaiK-.  aii.l  ak"  tin  ,.ai,-i'  >•!  \\lial  (h. 
nun  ill  .unlit  tlicy  umuM  liki'  I"  d".  ua~  \it>  liiiiitid.  The  Uni.l 
,  I  work  till'  iripiiK-  a-k«(l  t'l.r  >li..w.  tlial  -u^ui  >ti>.ii  i-  >tniii;;.r 
lliati  iinaKmatii.il.  W  li.il  tlkv  liavf  mtii  (.llii.r>  iln.  uli"  an- 
-iinilarly  lian.licapiic'.l.  mi),'.l;cm-  im^-ihli'  lino>-  i.l  cniiili.yiiuiil. 
Ir.iinciliati'  iifCf->ity.  tiirtlnTin.  .ri',  dtin  t(.ri<>  tluni  iiito  llii' 
r.mk-  ..|  the  uii-kilK(l.  TIk-  wtU  u\<>-\  i...iiiin.  >ii1\  a-ki-il  '..r  l>y 
lli..~i-  iiiaimul  ill  till'  liaiul-  'T  ariii>,  l)iit  wii --i'  i"'\M.r>  <>{  Inc..- 
iii..ii..ii  an-  uniniiiaircd.  i-  tliat  of  wali-hiiiaii  i.r  in<>-t.ii;;<T. 
I'll.  .M-  will .~c  haiulicai)  ha-  iiii|iairnl  l..i(.iiii.ti. .ii  ciiiiiv .niv  ap- 
ply  t..r  Mated  oiciii)atii.ii-.  Clirical  work.  addri-.>i'  .  and 
-winlilii.ard  (>i)iralinK  arc  iiv^t  (.ttcn  a>ki.(l  I'l.r.  A  f  w  want 
1. 1  niii  I'lf valors. 

'i'lu'  ixiKTiiiico  <if  this  Imrcaii  has  cmphasiz'd  anew  the  luvd 
lit  <.i)pi.rtuiiiti(.'-  tnr  lraiiiin«.  and  alM>  tin-  impor'ancc  nf  -n- 
tcn-ivc.  individual  "casi-wnrk."  iiatiitit  and  inj,'t'n'..us.  contiii- 
lud  until  the  irippie  is  firmly  i-st;il)li-hal  in  a  p'.M.imi  nf  ^v\t- 
-upi».rt.  With  its  tran>t\r  m  the  Red  fro-  Institute.  t!u- 
facililio  at  the  cnininanil  of  the  hureau  have  l..en  greatly 
extended,  and  its  work  will  he  watched  with  intere>t. 

The  Kehillah,  or  Jewish  Community,  of  New  York  City,  has 
for  ei^;ht  or  nine  years  conihicted  an  employment  liureau  lor  the 
haiidie.ipi)ed.  servin.i;  chiefly  jewi-h  ai)iilicants.  A  study  of  its 
ree.  .rd-  i~  now  under  way,  which  should  he  of  '^r^.a  valiU'. 
Other  efforts  to  study  the  economic  need-  of  the  handicai.i)ed 
and  to  place  them  where  they  can  earn  a  living'  h:r  e  heen  m.ide 
in  other  cities.  \'crv  -if,mificant  w..rk  has  heen  done  ;it  the 
Ma-.ichu-etts  Cieneral  ]Iosi>it:d  in  I'oston.  The  State-City  I'ree 
l.ahor  l'.\chant;e  of  Cincinnati  has  a  "Handicapped  nejiart- 
inent."  wliich  has  entered  n]win  increased  activity  in  anticip.i!i..n 
of  tlie  need-  of  di-.ahled  soldier-,  hoping  to  develop  i'-  own  nia- 
ehinerv  so  as  to  he  readv  for  the  increased  demand-  when  they 


■  '     \l;i  I  I'    .^■il.MI  l;s    AM.    .s  \ii.ons 
.i^iiur.d  I  i:Mi,    1,.  ,|,,  III,  ||.  |,,,ri 


in  ri-.ii.l   vc,,|-~  M\ir,,l  ..ll>in|,|>  1m\c-  Ik.ii  iii,„k-  |,,  i,-.!  ;,  ;,.,.„. 
"■■''  '"''   "'  •'"   ^'o..,..!!!,,-  -i.uali..ii  .,,  all  ,lu   cri|,pl./i.,  a  ;;ur„ 

""" '.^         'I"     "i'-l    MKTr--l„l    ,.„..    n,a,l.    IkI,,,-.    i1k     u;.r, 

uliuh  mkIu.u,!  a.lull-.  ua.  llir  ..iu'  c  .ii,l,uiv(l  In  iIk-  Sp.-.ial 
>.li.-U'  MiLoinnuiiri-  ,,1  tlir  oiv  ..i  I  ;innni;^luin.  |-.ndaii.|  ' 
A  iripi.!,  wa>  .idiiud  a~  "a  [„•.-.„,  u|„,,^.  (,„„,.ni.ir)  tn.a.- 
'n.i.t^  arr  M,  ,;,r  nMrui.-.l  I,v  aoi.JHit  ,.r  .|,Ma.,-  a~  Im  ,,l"Urt 
lii>  .ai.aaiv  I.  t  .vc!t-Mi|,|,.  „  t."  I„  ih,.  oiv  .,t  MO.OOO  inlial.i- 
l.ml.  ll,..  o.mnitt..,.  ,,.„.„]  1.001  rri,,,,lrs  ..v.r  ^iM.vii  v.ai-  ,.t 
.lUf,  .■^4(.  mails  aiKJ  455  tfiiiaK  -.     ( )|  ilic-  54i)  imn: 


!-N  ».ii   ,,.„.,,i,.r,  ,1  .,|.Ir  !.,  „,.rk  inulrr  ..r,!,M.,rv   >  ...i.lil,,.,,.  ; 
'"■'  ■''  I'    ''•  wTk   in  .1  »|u.  Ml   «..rk>li,.|,: 

"  ''•  'I-  t,-t,„,,„T,,!H,    «M,k   .,1    h..ni.':   .,11.1  tl:r  riiii.,ni.i;.^ 
•''A  uii.il  !(■   t'l    .'.,   ,,rii    11  iiniiirr.iliM     n.irk 


I  ill-  ua-  11..1  a  t..iii|,ktc  iinMi.  ,.r  ilu-  a.liilt  n-i|,|,K-  ..f  ilu- 
niv,  HtKV  l.v  ilK-  .Khnii,,,,,  ulnd,  wa-  a.!.j,tc-,!  ihr  ui,!c|Ku,k„t 
.■in,l  MKTC--M1I  n,K-  wcrr  c-M-Iii.K.I.  Tlu'  triu-  |,ictiuv  ,,|  Hu-  ni- 
tiri-  -rnn|>  v\ni,l,!  1^-  ,„tu-|i  nimv  Ii..,„.|nl  tl,;,,)  il,,-;  aii.l  ihr  pp.^;- 
11' -i-  f.T  war  ui|,|,k.  \v,,„M  1,1.  .(ill  „„„.,.  ciunnra-iii-  simv 
tlii-i'  l"i,;;iin's  iiu-in.K'  in.n  «Ii..  lia\r  I„vn  nii.i.K.l  tn.,,,  Iiirth  ••v 
diildlin.i.l  a-  wdl  a-  ili.-^.  mI,,,.,,  i„j,„.v  j,  ,va,ii. 

A  Mir\fv  waMliaiK-  in  llir  Stall-.. f  k],.,,;,,.  j,!,,,,,]  ,„,,  1,  ,„,^.  ,.,-'■ : 
''lit  tluTi-.  I...,,  the  .■mniKTati..n  \va<  iiKvitahlv  ino  .mplrtr,  :m.l 
iluiv  wnv  uii.l,.„l,ti-,Ilv  m,,ro  nmis.i.m.  ,,,■  Miav-.tiil  rrippK-s 
lliaii  ..f  .KpiMxKut-..  Only  40<>  M-Imhiks  uarc  cnlKcicl  ait... 
U'.ilkr.  and  <.f  t!u-.c  ,,nlv  ,^')  wcrr  tn^n,  a.lnlt.  ..vcr  -cvcntivn 
^c■ar-  ..."  ai:> .  Of  tlu.  S->.  ;,]  ,,,,r,.  np,.rtal  t..  W  intir.Iv  M-lt- 
Mippnrtini:.  J.>  parliallv- 

Sincr  t!u-  war  In-an  a  nuifli  nmro  anihiii..,]     -tndv  Iia^^  lu-cn 

-//a/.  V.,!,    III.  N,,    .!.  p.n;,.  II,!  '  ■"-'^ 


ce  04, 


^'■^• 


l<\^  Mil. I  I)     M  I   N     IN     1   I\  II.     Ill  I. 


Ii/ 


iii.iiK'  in  tliMl.iiiil,  ()liii',  uiidi-r  llu  .lu^pur^  ■.!  tlu  Will.ni- 
I  I  (li  i,;li('ii.  wIikIi  uiuUrti'..k  ;i  -uim  \  •  I  ".ill  tin  iriii|plr-  il 
(I.mI.iiuI"  Ml  llu  yi.ir  I'Mi).  r.\  a  li-ii-f-ti>-li-n-^'  t.uu.i"  "I 
l.-U,(KH)  I.iiiiiIk^.  4.lN'i  iicr-'iii~  wire  t"iiii>l  uli"  uur  ";.li\-i 
f.,ll\  l..,iiiluai'inil  li\  (Uti-il^  "I  ~Kilit..ii  nr  ~kililal  inu-ili-" 
i  111-  iltliniiK'ii  \\a>  ■ii!ii|it(il.  rallicr  lli.m  "\\v  ha-id  I'li  ni'in'iiiu 
111  111.  im.iii-c  il  \\a>  riaii/id  tarl\  in  ilu'  inquiry  tli.it  tlu  -,iiiu- 
ili-.il)itit\  niiylil  Ik-  ";i  inoa-iiraliU  ci"ii"inii'  iiaiKlicap  in  <'Ik  i.i-i- 
.iihl  a|i]iarrntl\   imiu-  .it  all  in  aii' 'tluT." 

Tlir  l..~.^.'^  nun  lirluiiii  I'.itiiii  and  -isty  \iar~  "t  :i;:i-  wli" 
v\i  rr  I'.uiiil  \\i  i\-  (.•l.i--itnd  ,1-  |.ill"U-  V.  nil  ii-|H'tt  {'<  tlu-ir  alnlity 
t"  \\"ik: 

(  l.i"    \      \.l    .-I  ri"ii-I>    li,iii.lir;i|.|ic.l    i-ir   ii..rm.il    . ,. .  n|..ili"ii "'-'  jMrirnt 

Cl.i-s   l!       Mil     r.    u^rk    ,it    -rlivlf.l    ir.i.|r>    .ai.l    prM.i--.--  4.^  inr  .ml. 

I  1.,-^  (       |ii  .ilili.l    I'.ir   U'.rk    witii   ii..riii.il   inT-.n^    -'n  I'li   .  i-m 

Tlir  nu'ii  in  l'la'>  A  \\\r^■  cliiillv  tli"«i'  wli"  li  1  l"-t  "iio  font 
i.r  U;i  IT  il^  ii'O.  cr  wlm  li.ad  iiiiiHT  d'-l\i't~  <•(  tin-  hand  "r  arm, 
ti.mllu-r  with  ;i  ci'n~id(.-rahk'  iniinluT  wlin^c  iM.dic-  wirt'  dc- 
Icrintil  hut  wli'i  wiTi-  li.in<hr.ipi>id  only  in  aiiiic.ir.inci-.  I'.y  ii' ■ 
int'.in-  all  "i  ('la~~  A  wi'H-  ai'tnally  at  \v<ak.  wliiK'  "U  the  utluT 
liaixl  liiu-t'c'iirth  of  ('l.i-~  ("  wire  iinployed 

Si\ty-tui'  \KT  lint  of  the  nun  hmt  tiftein  win-  iin|iloycd. 
and  .^."^  [itr  it-nt  wire  "larniii),'  ;i  living'."  'I'luv  witc  working,' 
at  ;i  j;riMt  v;iriit\'  <<i  oiiii|iatii>n--.  Si\i\'  ditfirmt  nccup.itinns 
WiTi'  nprcsinti'd  liy  four  or  more  men  e.ieh.  The  l.ir.:,'e  .L;rou|is. 
however,  except  for  the  carpenter-.  p:iinter-,  and  other-  wlm 
hail  m.i-lered  a  trade  hefore  hecomin.i;  cripf>!id.  were  in  nil- 
skilled  emplo\inent>. 

Of  the  Conclusion-  readied  hy  tlio-e  who  m.ide  tlii-  -tiidy  of 
the  cri])pled  popnlation  of  a  city — ne.itly  -nmin.irized  tinder  eii,'nt 
he;idin,Lr-.  fonr  for  children,  fonr  for  ;idnlt — the  nio^t  iiertinent 
in  the  present  connection  are  the  folinwinjj: 

7.  The  prciit  variety  of  furnT;  nf  h.-iiulicap  .ind  n"':il-!'.'  'litTcrcncc;  in 
•iptitiules  and  experiences  prii.r  to  liicdtninn  crippleil  p"int  t-.  tlie  need  of  a 
ni..>t  flcxilile  svstem  uf  sir\uc  to  tli.'se   aini'iv.'  crippio   nil"  can  nut  make 


f>s 


DISMU.I'.li    Si)l.lin.l;>    AM)    SAILOKS 


lluir  ua\  iiiiaiilcil,  liiit  wlio  tii.i\  l.r  ln'iiclitcil  |,i  >iieci:il  plan>  rir  \..vr 
tch.iliilil,ili"ii  .iiiil  ri»c|iKaIi"n  I  liis  plan  iiia>  uuil  In-  a  part  ul  an  a'lc- 
i|U;iii-    -^.i-liin    lor    \Miatir>nal    Iraiiinii;    f.ir   ,,!1   citi/in.^. 

^  'I  In-  iili\Miall\  haiiilkapiJi'cl  ar<  a-  an  im  rraMrik:  cli~a(lva:itai'c,  no  matter 
li..H  ,  ,,niiH-tiiit.  liciati^f  "t  [];,■  irn.iii!.  \  oi  ciiiiiIon  tr'.  to  avtjiii  aiMcil  ri>ks 
iiunrrrd    l.>    iinplos  in.n    liamlu  aip|ni|    |nr-on,.' 


"AnAi'l  AI  |(p\     |rp    .Ml    I  1LA11(J.N>" 

111  till.'  industri.'il  ci>tiiitnc-  ni  iuimpi-.  wIktc  C(»niiKMi>atinti 
l:i\\>  li;ivi'  lifcii  lull);!.!-  in  i 'pir.ili' 'ii  ami  acciilciil-  ic  wrkm:; 
nun  lia\(.'  for  this  and  uiIkt  nax'ii-  rcifivcd  iiiDrc  M-riniis  at- 
i(.iitiiiii  than  they  haw  iv  .\iiKrica,  xarimis  t)t.'i;inniti),'s  h.td  heun 
niadi'  hcl'nri'  ihc  war  which  tiii,i;ht  have  devtli .pud  f^'radtialK 
intii  a  I'liiiiprtht.-ii'-ivu  >ysitni  (,f  rei'dticatinn  and  rfst('raii"n  I' 
cciitinniic  u>ct"iiiiK>s.  t\cti  withmit  the  iiii|)etus  wliicli  ha>  heen 
tjivi-n  Iiy  llu'  exent^  ..f  the  la^t  fmir  vears. 

Several  years  a^o  a  study  was  niaik-  <if  what  we  in  .\iiieriea 
wmdd  tail  the  "uncial  as|)i'Ct--"  <if  fiiiKtinnril  reedncatinii.  liv  a 
-iir^'ei'ii  (if  (ieiitva,  hased  i.n  his  e.xperience  with  ca^o  n{  in- 
dustrial accident  A  re\  ised  edition,  ptihlished  in  l')l»>.  wliile 
i'ri>fi-s(ir  Juliiard  was  attached  to  an  au.xiliary  hospital  in 
l.\i'iis.  Contain-  a  diaptt  r  on  injuries  of  war.- 

l'"unctii  iiial  rieducati' 'II  is  i.!nii>u-lv  the  ha~is  nf  future  ahilitv 
in  economic  life.  The  dei^ree  in  which  the  disahled  man  is  ahle 
to  indemnify  liiniself  for  the  niis^int:  or  usele-s  meinher  deter- 
mines the  dei,'ree  in  wliich  lie  will  he  ahle  to  resume  his  accus. 
(•nied  |i!.i(e  a<  an  inte,i,'er  in  th<-  w^rld.  Professor  fulliard'- 
stiidy  is  tiierefore  of  fundamental  interest.  lie  analvzes  under 
twelve  he.-uiint^'^  the  factors  whicli  affect   functional  adaptation: 

(n  .1,-  The  yotino(T  tlie  iniured  i)er<on.  the  more  com- 
plete and  thorouirh  is  I'e  adaptation  likely  to  he,  thr>uL,'h  it  is 
iiiiiii -sihle  |o  siv  at  \^'iat  ;i<:e  it  tnav  no  lon<;er  he  ixi'icied. 
Therr   :irc  daiiLrer^.  on   ihe  ■•''ler  hand,   wlien   the  injurv  takes 

'  I  ,hi,iili'ii    .01,/    ( l,-,n.ri'i"i     '/    Crif'f-f.-s     JnTi-tii!-    aiui    .-Idnlt     l.v    Liii-\ 

\\rli;lil    ini!    \rn\    M.   Hamlmrurr      rnlilirali "f  tlic    l\i'l   Cr.s,    Institute 

for  ("riiiplcd  an.t   I^i'satil.-.l   Men    Si-ri<  -   It    \.    .'1      r  lO^  ^ 

'-  C'li.irlrs   liillianl:   I  '.Iti^'ulumjv,     iiur    ''util  I'i  1:  f 


DISABLED    MEN    IN    CIV  11.    LIFE 


W 


j)l;icc  in  youth,  that  growth  may  he  arretted  or  that  the  daiiia- 
tion  may  be  made  tlirough  eoini)eii>ati'ry  delormilie-  ..  i  are 
themselves  undesirable.     .\  "social"  advanta.t^c  of  ai  ly  in 

youth  is  that  determination  or  chanj,'e  "1   occtipatioi.  asier 

then  than  it  is  later  in  life.  The  p-yeholoj,'ical  effect  n  ly  he 
less  or  more  serious,  depending,'  in  teiiiiieranieiii  and  ntlur  cir- 
cumstances in  the  situatinn. 

(2)  Nature  of  the  wound.  The  extent  and  loealiini  of  the 
injury;  the  amount  of  scar  li--ue  formed;  its  pro.xiniity  ti>  an 
articulation,  to  a  larjje  tendon  or  nerve-trunk;  wliether  or  ii'i 
other  organs  are  involved;  the  length  "f  time  reciuired  fur  heal- 
ing; whether  or  not  the  wound  liecnme-  infected — all  these,  and 
f)ther  variati(jns  in  tlie  character  and  hi-tory  of  the  wound.  lia\e 
;i  bearing  on  the  prognosis  for  adafjlalion  of  the  member  .alter 
the  wound  is  healed. 

(3)  Occupation.  .X  given  injury  obviously  is  a  more  serious 
handicap  in  some  occupations  than  in  "thers.  hut  in  general  it 
is  astonishing  to  find  how  rarely  a  change  of  occujiation  is  neces- 
sarv.  Marvelous  adaptations  arc  accomplished.  It  is  necessary 
to  study  the  essential  motions  of  the  work  and  also  to  consider 
the  "social"  disadvantage  wliicli  the  mutilation  may  be  in  a  par- 
ticular occujiation.  Highly  specialized  workers  ..ften  find  greater 
dilTicultv  than  the  unskilled  in  adapting  tiiem-elves. 

(4)  Legislation.  Compensation  in  a  lump  sum  is  more  favor- 
able to  rapid  progress  than  a  periodical  allowance.  Progress  is 
much  faster  in  a  man  who  has  received  his  indemnity  and  knows 
he  has  nothing  more  to  expect  than  in  one  who  is  entitled  to  a 
pension  during  the  period  of  his  disability. 

(5)  Character  and  intelligence.  .\  great  deal  of  effort,  per- 
sever.ance.  and  ingenuity  arc  necess.iry  if  muscles  are  to  be  re- 
trained and  members  are  to  he  luibituated  to  new  duties  and  new 
wavs  of  performing  old  ones.  Mere  educatii'U  seems  to  be  of 
little  :ul\antage:  sometimes,  in  fact,  it  appears  to  "engender 
idleness."  Character,  however.  ,ind  natui.il  intelligence  are  of 
sunreme  importance. 


70 


iJis.\i;i.i:i)  s()i.i)ii;i;s  and  .saii.oks 


(C))  Social  comlitidii.s.  .Men  wlm  have  wives  .'uul  cliiKlreii 
(leiieiuK-m  ui.oii  tlkiii  i.n.-re,»  ta>ter  liiati  nieii  willioiit  re-poii- 
.Mhilities.  Tile  coiuliti,,ti  of  liic  lal.or  market  and  tl,e  '^nwru\ 
st;imlanl  <■!"  liviiij,'  have  an  inlUience  un  llie  rate  c.f  ree.>verv. 
wliile  a  man's  own  previous  ht"e  may  liave  contained  some  cir- 
cumstance wliidi  affects  his  individual  i.ro},'ress,  as,  for  exani- 
I'ie,  if  a  previinis  a  ciuent  and  its  attendant  period  of  inaction 
lias  given  him  a  taste  }(»r  idleness. 

(7)  "Integrity"  of  the  body.  The  f.-st  injury,  other  tilings 
Iiemg  e(iual.  is  the  one  to  which  the  body  can  tuo^t  readily  adapt 
it>elf.  If  a  ni.m  who  already  has  a  disabled  shoulder  or  elbow 
injures  his  hand,  his  adaptation  in  the  ca>e  of  the  hand  will  be 
less  |>erfect  than  ii  the  rest  of  the  ariii  were  normal. 

(S)  Time  since  tlir  accident  occurred.  I'avorable  results  mav 
be  expected  in  inver^e  ratio  to  the  time  all.Aved  to  elapse  before 
functional  reeducation  is  begun. 

C)  Se.\  is  not  very  important,  bnt  women  seem  to  have  some 
adv.antage  <.ver  men  in  the  case  of  injuries  to  fingers  and  .nhers 
in  which  c<.mpensation  involves  skill  rather  tli.an  strength. 

(10)  Personal  "disposition"  n{  b(Kly.  Corpulence  is  a  dis- 
advantage. f.,r  example,  when  a  leg  is  lost,  and  ambidexteritv 
an  advantage,  in  case  of  injury  to  either  hand,  while  it  is  good 
luck  for  a  m;ui  who  loses  his  right  hand  if  he  happens  to  be 
left  handed. 

(Ill  L'nitralucmcKt.  'suggesting  both  more  and  less  fhan 
"tnmiing."  is  difficult  to  translate,  .\nimation  in  tlie  patient, 
re'sponding  to  force  or  drawing  power  in  the  one  who  is  edu- 
cating him,  is  perhaps  nearest  what  is  meant.  The  sooner  an 
injured  man  gets  under  way,  the  better  is  the  prospect  for  bis 
success  in  ad.iptation.  and  for  this  reason  it  is  desirable  that  be 
sIk.iiM  return  to  work  promptly,  as  soon  as  he  is  able. 

(12)  Influence  ..f  the  d.^ctor.  and  r,f  all  who  advise  tbo  pa- 
tient. The  surgeon  or  pbv-ician  who  i-;  so  intimatelv  associated 
with  the  injured  man  "umediately  after  bis  acri.lent'.  and  some- 
limes   f.,r  a  long  time,  has  a   ^^erious  re«po,isibilitv.      It  is  not 


l)lS.\l!l.i:ii    .MllN     IN    lUU.    I.IIX 


71 


rnoiij;;li  for  liiiii  'Siniply"  to  l)c  ;i  giiml  tldctnr.  lie  imi^t  !)i.'  t'.iat, 
of  lOurM',  hut  lie  imi-l  al>o  he  alive  lo  the  social  a--i)eei>  <'l  tl.e 
j)roi)lctn.  lie  imi>i  make  no  mistake  in  iliaK'no.-i>  or  in  proj,'- 
nosis.  init  he  mii>t  al>o  uiulerstaiul  the  C(jmiKn>ation  ia\v>;  he 
must  know  eiiouj,4i  ahoui  hi>  patient'r,  work  to  advi>e  him 
whether  and  when  to  return  to  it  and  Imw  he>l  to  prepare  for 
resuming,'  it;  he  niu^t  realize  the  ])sycho!oj,'ical.  as  well  a-  tlic 
muscular,  effect  of  idleness;  he  must  not  treat  the  wound  >iniiily 
as  a  wound — keeping;  the  limh  iniiiioljile  for  a  lonj,'  time,  lor 
example,  to  favor  healin.i,',  without  regard  to  the  etVeC  on  func- 
tional activity — hut  he  must  give  it  what  is,  in  view  of  all  cun- 
sideraliuiis,  a  "rational"  treatment. 


SciEXTiFir  Stidifs 

Analvsis  of  the  motions  invoked  in  an  ncrupation  and  nf  the 
individual's  ahility  to  perform  tiio>e  motions,  which  is  alluded 
to  I)v  Professor  Julliard,  had  heen  recoirnized  before  the  war  as 
offerini,'  pos-ihilities  of  a  scientific  method  of  approach  to  util- 
i/inj,'  dis.ihled  workmen.  Professor  Jules  Amar.  in  his  l.ahora- 
torv  at  the  Conservatoire  des  .\rts  et  Metiers,  had  for  ten  or 
fifteen  years  heen  f.tudying  the  "human  motor"  as  a  madiine, 
and  even  before  the  war  broke  out  he  had  analyzed  the  naturj 
of  the  effort  re(|uin(l  in  a  great  many  operations,  and  Iiad  u<ed 
this  knowledge  in  finding  out  what  occupations  were  possible 
for  disabled  men,  in  devising  artificial  appliances  for  tlietn  and 
appar.itus  to  facilitate  their  progress  in  functional  reeducation, 
as  well  as  instruments  for  analyzing  their  ability.' 

In  .\mer:ca  also  a  beginning  had  been  made  in  "motion  study" 
and  "fatigue  study,"  as  a  jiart  of  the  "efTicicncy  movement" 
which  seeks  among  other  things  to  eliminate  waste  eff'Tt  of 
every  kind.  Since  the  beginning  of  the  war  the  aiiplicaLiliiv  of 
this  idea  to  the  rceducati<in  of  disabled  soldiers  lia-  been  pointed 
out  and  much  has  been  written  about  it  by  Mr.   (now  Major) 

'lull's  \niar-  !.,•  Mntt-tir  Humiiin,  r(  A'.r  /•,7,f.\r  si'rnlifi ju-s  tin  tr.i:u! 
I'r.'f.-ssi  'UU:  I       1014. 


':.is^se:k^a...^^^j^ 


~'~aBa»-^»?'y>y^T 


''-  l>|s\l;l.!  h    S(i/.uii,|;.s    AM,    s.MUiKS 

I  !.'nL  I;.  („ll,r>ti,.'  \l,,j.,-  (.illMxlh  l.;i^  r  Ik-uul  m  Inspiuau- 
'•■l"'>.ii-r>  ai  rn.vHl.iuv,  |<l„„le  M.nul,  iii.niy  rccTcN  ,.i  ilic 
""•ii'"i^  iii\..1m,1  111  iL-n.iin  |.rnci.->^.-.  .m.l  .,N..  main  lilhh- 
^rai.li.aiMl  ..il„,-  n>...N,,|  xs  hat  cnpi-lul  p.  i-o,,.  1,.^  J  actually 
''""  ■''''^'  '"  ''"•  ■\-  !''■  1"H>  it,  Ilk-  N\..rl<  in  any  (.o;n|Mli..n  may 
br  t'  iiH.l.  r>,l  a^  a  ,|.  iiiaii.I  l..r  ivrtaiii  ni.  .li.-n,,  an.!  liu  u.^rk^'r 
■■"  ''"  """''■^'  "'  ^"I'l'l.v  -if  lii-H'  ni..ii-n~.  The  |.r.  liU-iii  ilun  is 
t"  (hM..\,  r  ,  \,,,  :l\  uhai  iiMii.ii-  niav,  an.l  what  ni-tp.;i.  nitiq, 
'"■  '"-"'  '"  l'>"'  "ii  i1k  u,,rk;  uh;,,  ni..|i-n>aia-  i,...~il,lc  r^r  the 
!''"'"'"l.'r  "lan  niakr  .-n-uK  rati,  .n  :  and   uhal   tyiK-  ..I    u,,rk   Ik- 

'"■'.^     '"^'    '"     ^"l.tpl^'l    !•■.    ;nnl    h..u     ilii-    a.lantali..n    nuv    he 
at  I '.iii[ili-h.(i. 

^'""  ^""'>  '  •'"  'I"'  ■'"'  "'ily  HI  ivlalin-  the  nainial  ahiiuu'. 
'•'  il"  in.iiM.hial  1..  a  i-ariiailar  nauiaiion,  hni  aN..  ni  d.M-,,,^ 
.■il'i.hana-    wIikIi    uill    -n|.|,k-nunl    [\:r   nainral    iM.u.r-   ..|    nun 


<li-alilril    in    \arii  i;- 


^^"^->  ■""!   Ill  ailaiiiin-   niaciiiik  -  t..  iIk-  n-.- 


•  •I  crijiiili-.  !,y  MiMilttii-atK.iis  which  i.  nninact  han.licaii-.  It  lia^ 
I>cc„  o.i,,i(l,rahIy  (k-wlopt-d  and  niiii/.d  diirin-  the-  war,  ,-|h- 
ciallv  in  IVancc. 


I'll  Kdfl    \\     1\SI 


1 1  rii()\s 


rx'tli  in  l-.iH-i'iH   ami    \iiicTica  niaiiv  iii-iituti(  .n-  ,  \i^t th.iu'i 

tlK\    ar,-   tar   rr-iii  hriii-  adciniatc  t-  tlir  n<cd— |.t  ihc  pin  -  ,  ! 
can   and  cdiuatiMn  ..|'  crippl.  ,]  cliii.han.     S..i;i>    ..l   the  lair. 
iMMili;li..n-  lia\.'  liird   I-  prMxid,    aK^   f .  .r  adnltv 

'I'lic    Scaiidiiia\i.tn    c^nnlrii-    were    ilir    leader-    in    .  .r.i;aiii/:ii- 
\-cati.na!   trainii,-   1.  ,•  ,  nppK  -  -      j,,    I  srj    l'a.,..r   Ilail^   Km,d 
^'■n    f-undrd   in  ( ', -pmha-,  n  ih,'  fir^i   r.aliv  criici.iu   -M-icf.    p.- 
Ihr  aid  .  !    cnpp!,.^      i'u-mnini:  "Hh  a  clinic.  ,  ,pc„  ,„„•  li,.nr  a 
uick.  It  added  imr   i.air.rc  alur  an-tlur:  pn.viM..,,  ,,f  artiticial 

.■,nuJyn:j:';^:J:'  ]^nr ''"'""'  '■'"-  '"■•■  '■""-■•^''  -  ^  '■''-"■ 

-Dr.   M;uiru-f   n.iirrilln.,  •   /:.Is.u.ki,„:,  ,■  „„x  /■..f/r,./',V.,  ,-.'  „u  y    !/»•   , 
/  .(.„•»„/.•/..  M,.;l,:  .1  .\,.rTV//.-.     (lri^;in;,II^    |,„l,li,!„.,|  ;„   p^i.?;  rn.rjiitcl    u-lh 


Ill-  M.I.I  l>     .Mi:.\     IN     I  l\  II.     Mil. 


"3 


api'lMiici  >,  \M 'fki' •'  III-  hr  iiKii  ,111(1  w'linii.  ,1  lii'iiif  I'l.r  ilnl- 
dfLii  in. Ill  the  priiMiici.?,  ;iiul  a  -uin.'l  inr  (.liiKln.!!.  Snnil^ir  iii- 
.-iiUiUi'ii-  liaMj  liiiii  c -i,ilili-lu  il  III  ■illn.T  Si:iiiiiiii.i\  i.iii  cuu-  ati'l 
ill  (.ii/riiiaiiy.  I'lii.  Scaniliiia\  i.iii  ixiuru  iiii. ,  -a\-  !  )r.  1'.'  iinilli  ;,, 
iiulitati.>  lliai  ahmil  liall  ilk  iriii|ik--  can  In-  [nit  in  ii"-iii..|i  Im 
vara  iluir  Iuiiil;  ami  lliat  i1k-  dlur  hall  i.in  i.irii  -■nu-ihin-. 
IIkti'  arc  n.  ■  laiiu-  liuu^ar--.  hr  -.i\ -.  in  ilk-  -trii-i-  .'I  «  "[nn- 
ha.^'i-n  aiul  Sf  ■ekiw  ■Ini  and  <  hri-liania. 

W  lull-  ihr-c  iii-tituiiin-  aia  -n,i;.i;i--ti\  i-.  and  tlui:  ri-ull>  ni- 
ci.ura,i;iii.L;.  llkv  lia\i  •'iil\  a  Imiik-d  ,i]i].lk-ali' .ii  \"  \'\.i\\-  I 
cri].|ili-'l  -i.ldii  r-.  'I  h.  ir  iliiim  K-  i-  i.' >iii|ii  .-rd  lar-cl)  o|  ihildnii 
and  ic.ii.i,'cnit:il  criiiiih-;  lln-  t..ial  nuiiilur  .ii'  adiill.-  alVnlcd  is 
Miiall.  and  tin-  i  ii-(ii]i.i!  ii  n-  in  wlikii  training;  I"!'  adnh-  i-  ui\iii 
arc  liinitiil;  in;iiiy  i.t'  ilic  ni'.  n  wli'i  ,.ri-  traiiuil  ai  kr]!!  in  ilu- 
iii-litnticn  and  dn  iiH  iiikkTtakc  to  ci^niiKlc  uuli  llic  ahlrdi.  .du  .1 
niidir  crdiiiary  w « .rkiiiL;  o  .iidiiimi-. 

Intrfi'-tin:,'  -iiiall  i  \|nriniciil-  ha\a'  lui-n  in.uU-  i-!-c\\  Ik  re.  lure 
and  llure.  a-  in  the  Ma\iinilien  Ih.-|iilal  <■{  i 'etr.  v_;rad,  wlnre 
since  \S'>7  cri|i|ile-  li.i\e  liecn  tani;hi  -evcr.il  trade — t'-pecialK , 
with  C'li-iderahle  -ucce--.  the  ni,d<inL;  nl'  pri  -lliriu-  apiiliancc-. 
it  i>  ikl.i.'ilini,  lii.wever,  which  helCrc  the  war  had  d^ne  tile  nn -t 
.alKiiked  wirk  in  the  recdiic.it  ii 'H  i|'  iiidii-lri.d  crip|ile-.  in  the 
faiiKiii-  -cliiM.l  at  ("harlcriii  and.  the  In-tiini  dc  1 ',r:ih;int.  The 
teacher-  tn'in  the-c  -chunl-  have  c\erci-cd  .i  ni.irkcd  innneiicc 
en  the  ilc\  ell  .]iiiicnt  "t  tr.iinin^'  'Hr  w.tr  cri]i|ile-  in  Iraiice,  as 
Well  a-  in  the  r.elui.in  in-titiitii'ii-  "ii  IVench  -i  il. 

A  -lii.rt-li\cd  expiriincnt  in  training;  adult  cripple-  h.'id  hecn 
made  in  the  I'liilcd  St.itcs  hef.  Te  the  \\a'.  A  tr.ide  -cIum.I  was 
cpeiicd  in  New  ^■(.rk  Tity  in  I'M.',  hut— tor  rea-^n-  which  i 
iiM  \v,i\-  in\;ilid,ile  tlie  thc(ir\-  c.n  which  it  wa>  ha-ed — it  was  imi 
Miccc--tnl  and  -I'l.n  went  "iit  cf  e\i-teiicc. 


!'i.  w  di'  I  iir  M  \s-  \.  H    -I  I  IS  I'.d  \i;iMi|-  |-'inc  ,  ■  ii,\ 

In  I'^l'Miie  !\ra--achn-ett-  I'.iard'i'  l-'.dncilii.n  w:i-  in-trncted 
I"  nial;e  en  inenire  in  reu,ird  1'  >  trainiiii;  I'er  in  in  red  per-i  .ii-.     It- 


■; 


1)1>  Niil.l.U    >i)l.lill.KS    AND    >A11-(jKs 


nijnrl  wa-  i"iKil  iii  1  thriiai  > .  1''17,  uii  llic  cvc  ot  the  entry 
ol  ilir  L  nilnl  .States  lilt"  llie  war. 

I  h.  li'Miil  l^uiiil  lliat  tliriT  were  lew  ■■en"U^  accKlelit-  in  the 
-killed  tiaiK-,  Willi  the  i)">-il)le  cxceplinll  oi  cari)elltry,  aiul  thai 
the  ,L;ie.ii  iii.iji'iilx  Ml  (h~ali!iiij,'  iiijune>  ueciir  aiinMij;  men  '\illi 
liiilr  or  ii..  iraiie  Iran, mil;.  iiK'liulin.i,'  naiiy  itniiiij,'raiU>  with  little 
.uMier.J  echnali"!!  a^  well;  al-M  that  nn'-t  iiulu>trial  aeiideiUs 
i.niir  heiwuii  tile  ai;e-  "l'  tweiity-ime  and  Inrty,  when  men  are 
>lill  -eneralK  >iiMeiitii)le  {<<  trainin.i;,  "that  i>.  u\i>V<r  i-iM.nlma- 
li'iii  iiid  reaeii"ii>  ean  he  e>tal)li>hed  as  hahit>,  aiul  dej,'rer>  ot 
-kdl.  clr|unduiL;  n]i"ii  llu-  cajiaeitiis  df  individual-,  e.m  he  al- 
1. lined."  '1  he-e  c.  .n-ideiati"!!-  point  to  the  need  lor  pro\  idint; 
o|i|M.i-iniiine-  I'or  VMeati"ii.d  ediuatioti  after  injury  and  ,1,'ive  a 
li,i-i-   I'T  hoi.iuu  that  ,i^'"m!  re-nlt-  may  i)e  expected. 

T. .  proudi  >iuli  opportnnitie-  it  was  recommended  that  a 
hnreaii  for  the  tr.iiniiiL,'  "l"  persons  whoe  earnin;,'  cap.acity  has 
hren  ile-ir.'\ed  or  impaireil  liv  industrial  .iccident  op  di-e;i-e  he 
<M,dih-iud  Ml  ilu'  r.^ard  of  Mdiication.  Tlii>  hure.ni  should  co- 
operate wiih  exi-iiii'^'  ;i,i;encie>  that  deal  with  injured  per-on-. 
Iml  it  -li'iiiKl  al-o  he  empowered  to  estahli>h  new  a,i;encie>  it 
n<ee".ir\,  ami  to  e-taiili-h  special  cla>-es  in  e\i-till.i(  school-..  It 
-hoiild  he  eh.irued  with  the  re-pon-il'ility  of  atlvi-ini;  the  h.mdi- 
c.ippid  in  re-ard  to  choice  of  an  occup.itioii  and  other  matter-: 
and  it  -hoiild  |)rovide  iravclint,'  teachers,  to  supervise  the  instrnc- 
i:-n  ■■lienil  in  -clvol,  or  wrk-h.'p-  all  over  the  State.  .\t  tlu' 
I'Ui-it  iproh.ihK-  two  Mich  Iravelint,'  supervisors  would  he  needed; 
oiu  fi  r  I  ipeiatioiis  connected  with  textile  m.anufacture ;  the  other 
[■•r  th"M'  m.iihine  operations  which  ;ire  in\'ol\ed  in  a  v;iriety  of 
-<iiii-kiili  d  '  '.cnpaliMn-. 

M:i".irlm-eii-  i>a--ed  two  l.'iws  in  the  session  of  I'llZ-hs;  for 
ihr  ir.iiniir:  of  di-;ihled  per-oti<.  f)ne.  for  the  henelil  ..f  ]ier-ons 
iiu'.ip.uit.iii  d  f^r  earnim,'  ;i  lixini,'  throm^h  indu-triid  ;iccideiil. 
i-l;dih-lied  :i  dixiMoii  in  tile  department  of  the  fndu-trial  .\cci- 
diiit  r.^ard.  t"  .lid  ihiT'  "ill  "htainiiv,'  such  education,  trainim:. 
aiid  empl'.\ment  a-  \\  ill  telle!  to  re-t'ire  their  c;ipacitv  to  earn  a 


MS\i:i.l.li    MIN     IN     *  l\  "•    '■"  I- 


75 


livililio'-.il."  Tlii-  (li\  i-i'  ■!!  may  "i'  •■  'I'l-rato  w  iih  ilu-  I  'lutr,!  SiaU> 
(,..\irmiunt,  aii.l  in  i. -lu  rail' 'ii  willi  tlk-  I'-ard  ..|  I  ahKali. 'ii 
may  c-talili«li  .t  mainlaiii.  -r  a-i-t  in  i-iaMi^hiii-  'T  niaintau\- 
„!.;'.  Ill  ~cli....l-  Mllf  itol  v.ll.ll\  .T  111  part  \>y  iIk-  o.niin-ii- 
wi'alllt.  -utli  c..ur-i-  a>  it  mav  .l^in  i  xpolii-nt,  and  ..ilurwi-c 
mav  ai-l  in  -wh  maniur  a-  it  may  (Kcm  mri-ary  I"  aiC' .mpliMi 
tlK''i,mp..M-  <•{  till-  aa."  Tlu-  -iliiT  law  i-  "t..  iiP.vi.h-  !■  r  tlie 
traiiiiii.i;  ami  in-trniti..n  d'  .l;-iM>.l  -..l.lur.  aiul  >ail..r>  l.y  tlio 
c-(.nini..n\\aaltli  ami  tlk-  tLiliTal  ,--\  crnnunt."  Tlic  r.>'ard  >•{ 
K,huati-n  i^  (liriYt.d  V>  c>tai.li-h  a  diviM-n  \<<r  thi-  imrp.-o. 
'J'hc  ^..Nfrnnr  i>  amlM.ri/ad  l<>  tran>u-r  t-  tlii-  divi-i-n  "any 
Statc'h-l'it^'l.  ^^■'""■'-  '"'  w.-rk^ln.].":  ihv  1-ard  -t  Kduoatinii 
is  ciiipnwvnd  tn  make  aj^rri-mcnt-  l-r  llu'  n»'  I'l  ^xi-imi:  ta- 
cilitit-.  tn  pn.vidc  nilicr^  and  t"  ^nii.l-y  m":''"''"-'''  usH-lur;,; 
SIO.UOO  i-  appropriattd  Icr  it-  ixiiin-i-  l^r  the  i)re.-cnt  year. 

Rkcknti.v  (KiriM  ki)  Mi;\ 
Tlie  cxptTience  <.l'  cliarilalile  -ncietie-.  alm-liMU-e-.  -pecial  eiii- 
,,l..vment  iuireau<,  ami  va-ramy  ..nieer-  lia-  tamiliari/.ed  n-  with 
the  iiaraMiic  tvpe  nt  eripple.  and  ha-  -h-un  h-w  ea-y  it  i-  t-r 
the  man  ^^\u>  1' -e-  a  le.,'  ■  t  an  arm  t-  -ink  inn.  di-enura,i;emenl. 
idlene-.  pauperization.  On  the  -llier  hand,  thi-  -ante  experience, 
-npplemente.l  hy  the  scientitic  and  -.oal  -lu.he-  that  ha\e  heeu 
menti-ned.  and'  the  ^vnrk  .■!  a  tew  in-tlmti.  .n-.  ha<  Iiirni-hed 
due-  ti.  the  kind  ..f  help  that  i-  needed  t-  prevent  (Uteri-ration 
:.n.l  <leni..ndi/.,-itinn.  I-.verycne  kn-w-,  m-re-ver.  that  there  :'.re 
luiiulr.,1-  ni  rrijiple-  wild  hv  their  ..wn  unaided  eneri,'v  ami 
initiative  and  e,.uraue  have  l-uml  it  p.-ihle  t-  ke.'p  their  in.le- 
jvndene.  and  even  t-  h-ld  envial.le  p.-iti-n-.  There  are  manv 
even  wh..  d.ite  the  h.-innin^'-'f  their  <ueee-  fp.in  the  time  when 
a  rripphu','  injury  had  made  neee-arv  a  new  -tart  in  life. 

Tn  -ecure  mere  definite  inf.  .rmati.  .n  .ih-ut  cripple-  wlin  mic- 
coed  in  readiu-tini:tlu-m-elve-.  and.  if  p.-ihle,  t<.  arrive  at  -..me 
idea  <.f  the  relative  pn  q.- Tli.  .n-  ..f  the  tu-  ela-e-^.  the  Red  Cr-^-s 
luMitute  f..r  Cripple.l  am!  Pi-ahle-l  Me-i  d-ei.led.  a-^  a  part  of 


1^ 

ii 


ii|-  \r.i-i  ii  »ii.i'i 


\ii  111. 


I'  •    II    iWcl    IilT-i   1. 


il-  I  ii  liiiiiii,ir\'  wi'ik  III  till    -uiiii.,   I    '  ;    1 

lii-li  III-  I  I   iiii.li   wliM  li:i\r  liiiii  iriii]il(.'il   ill  i  i\  il  lili    m  tlu'  cil'. 

(.1   .\t\\    \iirls  III  tlu    l,c-t  twii  "P  tlirir  \c:ir>.' 

kvi'iiiiK  cri]i|iKil  nun  ami  mm  i.i  military  a^i-  witi'  -"Uu;!!!, 
fur  lilivii  1!-  ria-nii-.  I.i-t-  wiTr  Mi-nrwl  I'runi  lii '-pital-,  iri'iii 
till'  Iniln-Irial  (i'mmi--iin.  ami  ii'iii  tlu  IiiIitIm  t' in;;li  Kai'i'l 
Iran-It    ( '■ 'ni[iaiiy,   ami    iii\  r-t  iL;ati  ^r  —  wlin   wcri    all   iiiii\  (.■r«it\' 

'.,r,iiliiatv   -tmliiit \i-itiil   tlu    nii  n   I'l   ,:i  I   tlu  ir   -teric^. 

'I  lie  I'lijiii  ■•!'  tlu  impiiry  w  a>  tn  di-ii  Acr  tlic  id 'iii 'inic  vIl'tTt 
(I  lartii'ular  injiiiii-.  tn  -i  r  tn  \\]:al  (.\trnt  nun  wlui  lia\i'  -nl- 
IiTiil  tlu -I  injiirir-  lia\;'  luiii  aMi  t"  ritiiri!  tn  tlu-ir  i 'Id  ma'n 
1 .1  til  '11-  I  r  I' .  taki-  n|i  •  'tin  r-,  li'  ■'.'.  tlu  y  lia\  >  -n'liri d  tin'  trainiir..; 
lllt\  III  riKcl.  I  r  wlial  tlir\  l;a\r  llrcilMl  \vlnrh  tllcS'  W  iPr  ni 't  alili 
!!■  -nnrc.  'i'lii'  |inriii'-c  i^i'  tlu.'  \  i-it  \\a-  aK\a\^  t'rankh'  t\- 
|ilai!icil  til  tlir  nun,  ami  with  tlu-  i\i'i']:lii  ii  i  l'  tun  i.r  tlim-  wlu' 
Will  -n-|iiciiinv  I  i'  ~i.nu-  i' ■iiiK'i'tii 'H  \viili  tlir  ( 'i  iin|ii  n~atii  n 
I'll  .iiil,  ilu\   t'lil  tlu-ir  -tnrir^  nu  i-i  '^'ciu  ri 'n~l\'.  ijlad  tn  inakc  llii- 


ntnlmtii  ill    til   iilati- 


I'l-r   till'   \\i  If 


irr  I  I    <'riiiiik'il   -I  ililirr^  an 


ill  r~.      In   \  ifW  I'f  tlu-  cirnim-Iaiu'c-  nmlcr   wliiili   the   in\i-li 


j,'atu  '11  \\  a-  niaiu  .  it   \\a^  lu  -t   ] 


t   ,i,.-il, 


t'  I  \  rnt\-  tile  inti  irniali'  'ii 


•■ii'iinil    'ri'in    tlu    nun    ('xcrpt   a>   tli.it    rmilcl   In    ilniic   liy  en  i~-- 
txainiiiatii  n.  aiul    it   \\a-  nut   ci 'ii^iiKriil   aihi-alilr  tn  make  rr- 

I  I  .iti'ij  \i-it HUT  tlial  mii;lit  niii-c  cxiirriatii 'ti-  tiiat  ci'iili!  lu  t 

If  fnlfilKil  — fi-r  tlu'  -akf  nf  u'^ltim;  iKtail-  i.Mrli'i.knl  in  the  I'lr-t 


intcrx  icw. 


■  r  tlii--  ri'a-iiii  -nnir  nl   tlic  -tnnc^  arr  mcnmi 


ilili 


il 


iim'   i.t    tin  111    ina\'    nut    lu-    wIihIIn    accura 


111.'.      Ill    ''i-tural, 


lu  woir.  llu'  in\  r-tiv;ati  r-  frit  that  tlicv  ^nccn  iKil  in  i^rttim,'  at 
tlu'  truth,  ami  ihn-r  wlu'  lia\(.-  -tmlicil  tlu'  I'l  llrftinn  nf  rri'inl- 
ftrl  th.ii  it  riM-al-  a  urrat  iKal  ahmtt  tlu-  critical  jicriml  iinnu- 
(liatiK-  fiilliiwim;  a  -rriiii-  .iccidrnt  in  tlu'  life  nf  a  urnwii  man. 


'^■iii-c  tl'i-  -tmh    w.-.-  111. nil'.  i!u'  ffii'il   '^l^iti  -  r.nir.Lii  ..f  T. 


m;iiii-  .11.   iii\  f-TiLMlii'ii 


•  f  1. 


.ft  nf  wlml:  I-  inilili-liril  in  llu-   1'    rthiv  I  .il   ■>■  /•' 


iiuiifP.-iilii  n  1'  i-r-   in   M.I--  1.  'Mi-i'tt-.  ;i  r 


IiiK,  I''1S   uii.!<r  till 


'If.    "W  li;il    I '.III. Till' 


\IiM>    iripiiln!    in    lniln~tr\  ■•"    l.v    ("ill    1 1.  .'.k-t.ul' 


Tl.i- 


,il   'i.t'i!-  1.1  ...iiririt!  llu-  ii'iiiri --1.  n-  L';iini-i1   f ri  ri  tlu-  i;.-.  I'-l-uatii  ii 
I'r.i--   In-tilutf.  ,1k  luri-  ili-'riUil. 


i)i>.\iii.i,i>  .mi;n    in   '  i">  n    i  hk 


Alii.Kctlur  3A1  !-i,,rii>  were  ^i'tluTc.l  '  lA-aMiii;  <'\n  ;i  lew 
crippli-  uitli  whiiiu  ilu-  invi^tii^aliT^  -crapcil  ,ii..|U.iiiuaiK\-  en 
tin-  'tri\l,  \\\h<  iroiiuiul)  einl.i.  .i.lii  ni  tliur  laK  -  ;  ■  hm!..  lhf!!i 
iii.irc  iiiliTtaiiiiiiK;  Ka\  iii^'  ""t  aU'.  ilin.-c  wli'-i.  iii|ii!\  w.i-  "i 
IciiK'  .taiulinK'.  tlK'  "Id  ru-n  a:i<I  :  di  ..l-l...y-..  aiul  tii'-  wli'-o 
iiijnrv  \va-  niily  ii-iiipdrai  v  in  iliaraiur,  we  have  a  K'""l'  "'  -^^^ 
liUMi  p.  iiiiaiuiltly  ili-al)Ie.l  t^  a  i;riater  .  T  Ie>~  »le,i,'rce.  wliw  in  ai;. 
ami  privicu.-  i  irciini^taiuf-  apiimxiinalc  what  iiii),'lil  Ije  e.\- 
]Ktiril  aiiidiij,'  (li~aliKtl  -'ililur*. 

A  larj,'e  majority  liad  Miffrred  'iily  iinii"r  injuria— tlic  1'-^ 
i.f  iiarl  111'  a  ringer  "V  -■ — wlinii  wmilil  hardly  he  c  .ii>ieUrcil 
w..rlli  iiieiili-iiinK  i"  ciiiuiti'  n  with  war  irii.iik-,  hut  ani.'iii,' 
the  300  ^tnrie-  are  many  i.f  men  who  have  ha.l  -eriniw  ampiita- 
tinn>.  anil  there  are  exampK-  cf  all  -tai,'e>  anil  varieties  i.f  re- 
ad in-inuiit.     The  injuries  were  a~  f  'll^w-: 


( )m-  i.r  more  fiiiciT^   

I.i-ft   li.iml 

Left  arm    

Kik'lit   lianil     

Kiylit   arm 

llaiiil  (  not  -i>i-iilH-'l  «hic-li  i    . . 

Tnes    

I'lHit   (Ml  one  case,  liotli   feet » 
Leu    


Tota 


IJ 

1,! 

14 

1! 
} 

') 
.1) 

(..? 


lui'ihiiiiii  l\i\iiljustnh-nt 
Tn  'tndyinj;  these  recriN  fmm  the  imint  of  view  of  the  re- 
adjustments the  men  have  made  they  may  he  divided  into  the 
follow  ini:  irrouji-; 


1  W'-ikii'.'-'  at  tlie  ■;anu-  .n  relation  as  t)efore  >hi-\r  injury    

_'.  W  orkiiii;,  Ijiit  at  a  'iitTereiii  ••;■ -upation   

,V  I.i-ariiiiii;  a  trade  .ir  pr-fr^ioTi   

4  N  ■«  workiiii;,  for  various  rea-ons   


.11 II I 


Total     

'  \  -•iiiK  ■  f  tli,--e  ''il  re. or.!-  t'Vi'le  h\  lotiii  CullH-rt  I'arie^.  wa-  i-ii<-r| 
l,v  the  Ke.l  (  ro--  lii-tiinte  for  loiiple.)  aii.l  Di-ahled  Men  on  .laniiarv  1^ 
1'»1S  a^  one  of  ,1-  iml.Ii.at.on-  l  S.-ne>  1  \o,  .\  l  The  analvM^  whirl,  i- 
n-e.l  HI  onr  text  i.  l.a-ed  on  an  in.lep.'n.j.-nt  ,tn.|y  made  l,v  Mi^.  i.randt  of 
the  .VNI  eaM-s  amonu  the^e  .''d  "h'^'h  n--'  n.-irly  approach  the  situation  ot 
ili-al.led  soldiers 


It  w.i'  llii'ii-lii  Ml  .-i(l\  .iiii  (■  ili.ii  II  U'imM  In  imjii. riant  i''  tni.l 
(■111  uli.il  pp'iM-i  ii..|i  1.1  ilu-  null  li.dl  iitiirni'cl  i..  ilicir  liiniiir 
I  ni|i|' ■Ml  ~.  (.iilur  m  iluir  li'inirr  |».-iiiiin^  m'  in  -iiinc  (iilur 
i:i|iaiil\.  lull  It  u.i>  .-<".n  a|j|i.irnii  ili.it  lli.ii  w.i-  .in  ili'iii  ..|'  liiiK- 
si,L;nilu  aniw  Mii~t  of  iliisc  nun  wiic  wi.ti.in;;  in  l.ui'iu-  "i" 
('tiiir  I -lalili-linuiits  cinipli  ^v  ini;  a  ri  .n>iili  raliK-  iniinlni-  ni  nun, 
;iiul  at  '  ■(  I  iipalii  ill-  rfi|nirniu;  iillli'  -kill.  'I'lir  nun  wli"  triil  •  >r 
tind  iiLuiiinc-  arr  tin-  niii-i  nninri'Mn-  ^jri'iip  I'l  all.  Muli  \\"\U 
ri(|nii\-  \iry  lillli-  IrainiiiL;.  Wluilur  a  man  v;"!-  Iiaik  if  ilio 
••anic  inailiiiu-  nr  I"  aiifilur  (Icniaiiilini,'  iii'  iiuia-  cxiHiiriua', 
wlii'tlur  111-  i^iH-  hatk  I"  the  -anil-  -li"|i  i  ir  aii"llur,  -ri'iii-  n.  lie 
l;ir!.;i!\-  a  inald  r  el'  cliaiuc.  I'.\c!i  anii'iiu  tin-  nifi.'  -Killnl  tiu'ii 
it  Miiii-  111  In-  a  nimli  K --  ini|i"riaiit  inaltrr  in  ,i  iii\  liki  \r\v 
\<  rk  llian  ni:L;lil  lie  anliri|ialcil  Smiir  liail  lir.  m  wi.rkiii','  I'lilv 
a  sliiifl  iiim-  in  tin-  placr  wluir  iIk>  wire  injnrnl.  S"nic  -n  ni 
to  fircfrr  111  clianu'i'  t"r(i|nini!\ .  S"iiii'  tuck  ilii-  ( iiii"  iiinnil\  tn 
li'i'k  ar. .1111(1  and  fniil  -i  iiiu  iIiiiil:  I'litrr.  Sfitu-  went  hack  tn  tli.- 
old  [iuT  fi.r  ;i  -li'.rt  tinu-  [ind  li.iii  Irfi  fur  a  licihr  |"'-iii'.ti 
SiA.ral  ^aid  tliat  tlitv  "iiiiild  lia\f  ■.■iiir  liack"  it'  tln'V  had  -i 
(Ic^iriil.  It  i-  ( \  idnit  that  tlun-  i-  a  liiuli  d.-L;roL'  <if  iiiuhiliiy  in 
till   lalinr  fcri'i'  wliiidi  tlii'-c  crippK-  riprr-riit. 

T(i  j,'rt  at  wliat  wi-  art'  i'-|iri-iall\'  iiiNTi'-trd  in,  :•;""..  ti'>  wlnt 
cxtint  tlir-r  cripplr-  Ii.i\i'  viu'i'i-idi  d  in  niakin,:  -aii-rai'i"i\-  re- 
ad in-lnirni-  ^ilK•c•  dii'ir  injury,  \\i  may  diviiK  tlii'iii  ri'nL;liK  iiitn 
fi'Ur  j,'riiiips: 

Ml  [liii-p  wli.i  tiiav  1,0  r(,i;ariicc!  n-  n  iiii;  iikmIc  n  «;iti-fai-t.  -•■■  ;iit.!ii-t- 
mciil.  wlh'-c  >.itii;iiii.n  i-  ;i-  i; I  .,-  ,.r  imur  ili.ni  il  w.i-  lii't'iff  tin   r  iiijiirv  ; 

(-1  liii.^c  mIim.  alliiiiiiuli  ill  a  li---  fa\oralile  ccuii.imii-  -itiuHn.ii  tiiaii 
Iifcrc.   Ikim-    iiKi'lr   a    ;..i--m1    rraili'i-Inionl  : 

(.'1   'riii.-f  ill  mIm-i'  ,.,-(•-  til-  .'ii;o,inK-  i*  nut  yet  a|>pareiit ; 

(■i)  TliM-c  hIio,  at  any  rair  llui-  far.  have  liceii  nil-  ii-e-vfiil  in  rcaiijiist- 
iiiL'  llii'in-eK  is. 

In  till'  fir-t  .tjroiip  w  i-  iiuducv  tlinse  wlio  are  workiiii:  at  tlv^ 
s.inu-  or  liiiiiT  watri";.  wlutluT  in  tluir  dd  (n-cupatinii  i  r  a  mw 
I'lir;  ili.-r  wliii,  ili.in,t;li  m  a  wi.rkin:;  iinw,  ci  mlidintlv  ixpcct  to 
K"  liack  ti.  wcrk  uiR-ii  tlicy  f,'it  ready  to;  tlm^c  wlm  can  ^'ive  up 


»ft*?^Til 


MB 


Ui>\r.i.i;i)  Mi.N    i\   <  i\  II.   Ill  1. 


79 


\\i  rk  uillii'iil  ili-.uh.iiil.i;;i  ;  :iiiil  tlii  \ii>  u\\  \\\\'-  aii  li.itniii;^ 
a   traili-  i'T  ii'iilimiiii;;   llu  ir   ^;iiur.il  (.tliK.iiii  ii       In    llu-    ~iiiiiil 

^(■■•ii[)  all    lli"-i    uli'',   lli"n.,li   w^'ikm;;.  .iic  c.iili'i^'   I*. il'.-il 

Iiiiuli    If til. Ill    ('•riiurl\;    in    llu-    llind.    lli'i-i     \\li'i~i'    piiMiit 

|ih\-u.cl  i^ncliii"!!  inaUi  -  il  mm  rtaiii  \\\\.a  tin.'  "UIi'Miu-  uill  In  ; 
1' ,i\  in;;  in  tin-  li'iiilh  ui^ii]!.  ■  ;  ili*-  iin-n<'i'i-«l'ul.  tli.i-o  \\\\><  aro 
iii.t  ii"\\  ui'iKitii;  and  i^r  \\li'-i-  iiiu  ni|ili '\  iiu-nt  tluii-  i^  ii"  "li- 
vimi-^  I  \iilaiiati"ii.     'I'lic  ri -nil   i-  tin-   I"1N 'W  iiiu;  taMi': 


I'Hh  -I  \  r    I'l  r.siiMir    SlIlM  I 


I'lIU 


I  M  1   K  \ 
H  :,  ■! 


I T'<\  \i. 

,,.  I  .^-     N    .   I..,      I'.  ■  ..nt. 


1.   S;ili-f,Ht.'rv    ;i<liu-niiciil.   -ilii- 

.111. .11  .1-  u 1  ..r  ImIHt    ,  .  .      l.'O  10 

J.   I'.irli.il      rciilui-mu-nl.      mIii.i- 

II..11   1.  --    l.i...r;il.li- I'j  ir 

.1    (  Miti-..iii.     II. .1    Ml   ai.p.irciil.  .  .  .^  J 

4,   I'li-mi.    -till  ill  ni.ikiiiK   riM.I- 

ju-iiiii  nt    1.'  1'' 


T.ml 


I. -4  .-4 


1) 

-" 

in 

>"* 

!' 

4.-^ 

K. 

•• 

JO 

27 

<) 

25 

54 

\>i 

0 

.'i.') 

.iiHI 

lull 

.\cC"r<lin.L;  l"  lhi<  ;iiKil\-i-  r.  .ii-idi  raMy  r.viT  linit'  llif  mm 
wln-v  >ti.ric-  \\i-  liaM'  -f.-nri-(l  (  17".  ..r  .^7  ycr  nnl )  liavi-  .nl- 
i\.ulv  in.uK'  ilitir  i.wii  ad  jn-tnu  iii  -  .-md  arc  i.nly  >liu'litl\-  inc.i- 
|iacii.itcd.  it'  .ii  all.  ill  lainiii;,'  a  li\  ill!,'.  S' 'iiu'  ait-  ivcn  in  n 
lirll'.T  |".-iti.'n  lli.m  tluv  were  licl'i.ri-  tin-  injury,  luTa'i-c  of  tlir 
(.(■i-,i>ii.n  it  li.i-  liriii  fur  ni.ikitis,'  a  cIliiilji'  df  (lociqi.iti'in  nr  In- 
I'aii-v  it  >ci'inN  in  Ikui.-  ai'Icd  a>  ri  -tiiiiuhi-;  tn  iniliativi-.  Si.iiir 
arc  di.iiit,'  iluir  wi.rk  with  ;;rfat<.r  ilifticnlty.  tliniiLili  iii.t  -cri- 
(.ii-l\  lianilii'aii|icd.  Mi.-t  <<(  the  iir-i  ;,'r.  .n|i.  ln.wixar,  arc  in 
ahi'iit  the  ^aiiK-  ii'i '111  iiiiic  ^itnatii.ti  a^  Inl'.rr  iluy  were  tTi|i|il(d. 
In  the  time  that  ha^  ii,i^-ed  -iiice  their  aieident — ran^in^;  fnni 
three  ni..iiths  u>  two  yi.ir--  and  a  h.ilf — tlu  y  li.ive  --lUiH-i  ded  in 
viriiiallv  uhliteratiii);  it>  effects  n-  a  fruHT  in  their  ei-i.ticniie  life. 

Sixteen  per  cent  mure  are  \\i.rkin).j  and  earniiii,^  ^i  nuthini,'. 
Si 'Hie  I  if  the.-e  will  iindniihledlv  |ia>>  np  iiitu  the  ^ucce>~liil  da^-i 
ill  tile  ccnr^e  i>f  time;  >iinie  nf  tliein.  hi.\ve\er.  will  drift  in  the 
(itluT  directii.n  and  hecninc  ninre  helpk>?  and  dependent  if  they 
are  left  111  thein>e!ves. 

TwelUy-^even  nf  the  men   (^  per  Cent)  are  >lill  under  treat- 


MICROCOPY    RESOIUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI  and  ISO  TEST  CHART   N,:     2 


.0 


I.I 


.25 


"  12.8 


«^-' 


1.4 


2JS 

II  2.2 

III  ?  <"> 


^     APPLIED  IIVMGE 


NO 


li|.>  \i:i  l.li   M  Ji.l  I  i.i:>     \Mi    s  \ii  i)K 


iiuiil.  ti-'l  yet  ill  (I'liditii'ii  to  wurk.  •  •]■  tlii\  ;iro  ill.  (ir — iti  scvi-rai 
ra-r^  ijI  !.,,>  1,1  Ki;— "iIk-  ntlkr  K.l;  i-  If' pulijitii,'-  liitii." 

'riii>  l',a\c^  al>"iil  <>iK--vi\ih  "l'  ilit  300  iiK-n  I  IS  per  cent) 
wli'i  ihi!^  lar  ]ia\i'  liciii  (Ictiiiitcly  mi-iK-co^tul  iti  roailju-tiiii; 
iliciii-il\c>.  i'i,--il)!r  (■\])laiiatic'ii~  i<'V  thi-ir  f.nliin.-  will  Ik-  c.'ii- 
-icKrnl  HI  (itlkT  I'  •iiiucli'iii,. 

'I'lu-  |iri.]iiirti(iii  ..i'  -iKi-(."~>i-<  and  failure^  wuiihl  Ik-  ex[HCti-(l 
I"  \aiy  ci'ii-i(K  T.ilily  with  ilk-  iialun-  ni"  tlk-  iiiiur\.  i)i>ri-i;ar(l- 
iiii;  tlk-  ta>t->  i>i  partial  rradiii-liik-iu  aikl  tlii'-i-  in  which  llk- 
■  ■iitrionc  i-  nm  yi-t  clear  (,i;rc)U[),-  _'  ami  .1  in  tlk-  tabic  nn  the 
prrcedin!^  paLiv  I   the  [lercentagcj  are  a^  t'i'll'iw-: 

VfM'  I.\T.V,K- 

AII 
rKi--i.\  1    Si  n  .\  i.ii\ 


Sati^l'.ict'ry    . 


All 

Han.! 

F  ...t 

(    .l-C^ 

liiiHt-r- 

"f  Arm 

or  Lc,' 

.-^ 

7S 

35 

2.H 

'l-< 

K 

JO 

30 

l.dss  of  I'iiifh'i's  (ir  Toes 

The  nkre  l  >-<  cf  a  lin.t,'or,  or  even  of  three  or  fonr  fiPijer-. 
-erni^  \i<  make  little  dilTerence  tn  these  in-.-ii,  and  it  seems  t" 
make  little  diiVerence  whether  it  is  (Hi  the  ri^ht  hand  i>r  the 
Kit.  After  the  ainpntation  of  a  finj^^er,  however,  the  neit,diI)Mr- 
111,^  fiiiLjer-  are  frei|uemly  left  ?titt  and  are  niMre  tr^nhle-onu- 
tlian  the  lack  of  the  one  that  is  fjone.  There  is  a  skilled  rihhnii 
weaver,  l".  .r  example,  who  has  list  his  ri.i,'lit  index  fini^er  atul 
d. 'e-  Ik  4  mi>-  ii  in  the  lea-t,  hnt  i-  1). 'thered  hv  the  .-titTeiu-d 
middle  timber.  The  ^reat  majority  <.f  the  154  nu-n  amnii--  the-e 
.1IH)  who  have  had  injnries  to  the  tini^er-  have  .ijone  hack  to  ihc-ir 
lormer  work  or  have  ea-ily  fotukl  another  portion.  The  acci- 
dent i-  only  an  incident  in  their  live-,  not  a  cri-i-.  T<i  ennmer- 
;ite  the  occupation-  in  which  they  liave  heen  en,<,Msed  since  their 
ir.jnry  i-  hardly  ik'ce-siry,  for  it  i>  e\  ideiit  that  such  iniuries 
do  noi  oi'dmarily  incajiaciiate  a  man  for  in(lu>tria!  aikl  commer- 
cial occupation-.  In  the  ca-e  of  an  arti>t.  a  tlentist,  a  >ur,!,reon, 
however,  even  a  tritliiit;  injury  to  a  rin,i,'er  mii,dit  nk-an  jjro- 
fe--iona!  di-a-ter. 

1  he  I0--  o!  one  or  two  toes  may  he  a  trivial  injurv,  or  it  may 


IJ^Ig 


^M 


,y^/;>;.v.,^  /  .,- r^v^y.  :.tj>^Vy:^a-^^^^  ^^lA^  - 


lUSAlIl.Hi'    MTX     IN     I  1\II.    I.IIF, 


81 


iiiUTfcrc  Trii>u-ly  uitli  c-ariiinj,'  capacitv  I"r  a  li'ti.t,'  tinu-.  I  lu' 
niii>-  nun  anioii.u  our  300  .  -i*  liad  Ic-i  loi--  wen-  l)ack  at  w.  .rU, 
liut  .-(.■viral  cf  tlu'in  said  .liat  liny  -till  had  (.-(.n-idiTahlc  pain 
and  were  di'in,ir  tiieir  wnrk  nnly  with  dit'ticulty.  One  of  tluin. 
an  nii;-kilk'd  lahorrr,  went  hack  to  lii-  old  employer,  Iiul  the 
place  where  he  wa-  put  to  dii;  wa-  damp  and  that  luu-t  lii-  lame 
foot  so  that  he  was  otili,i,'ed  to  lea\  e.  'I'lie  forced  change  was 
ni)  disadvanta|,'e.  however,  for  he  found  a  place  at  three  dollars 
a  (la\'  in-!i  ad  i  'f  two. 

A  j^enial  ( lernian-.Xmerican  who  has  for  many  year-  heen  a 
successful  butcher's  salesman  at  S_'0  a  week  finds  it  hard  to 
st;uid  all  day,  and  says  that  the  pain  in  hi-  fo.  ,t  hotiiers  him 
so  that  he  j,a'ts  his  accounts  mixed  n[>  and  ha-  to  -ta\-  after 
hour-  to  strai,!,diten  them  out.  He  is  worried  le-t  hi-  employer 
iiiav  };et  impatient  with  him.  It  is  prol)ahle  that  the  -ur,t,dcal 
treatment  he  ha-  had  from  two  hospitals  and  from  sever.il  pri- 
vate piiy-icians  has  been  at  fault  and  that  he  needs  skilled  medi- 
cal attention. 


Loxs  cf  luu't  or  Leg 

The  lo-s  of  an  entire  foot  or  le;,'  i-  often  less  serious 
■lie    mi.irlit    anticipate.      C'rii)plin,s,r    from   a    stiff    knee    or 


than 
badly 

set  boiifs  mav  be  more  di-ablin,i(.  If  the  surgical  work  is  suc- 
cessful, the  .amputation  below  the  thish,  and  the  artificial  le;,' 
is  skilfutlv  titted,  a  man  can  do  almost  anything  he  has  ever 
been  able  to  do.  \\'e  have  heard  <if  a  "()ne-Ie!,^i,^ed"  base-ball 
team  in  New  \iirk  Citv,  and  one  of  our  men  mentioned  that 
he  plav-  tennis  and  ba-e-ball  with  friends  wiio  have  ,dl  their 
members.  One  man,  a  Jewi-h  ui)holsterer,  ,i;oos  so  fai-  as  to 
sav  that  "if  a  man  ha-  any  will  power"  there  is  no  reason  why 
the  loss  of  a  leg  should  handicap  him  at  all.  He  himself  went 
back  to  his  own  work  ei,i;ht  months  after  hi-  accident  and  five 
days  after  .yettinjj  his  artificial  lej:;. 

The  will  power,  unfortunately,  is  not  always  adequate,  and 
sometimes  there  .arc  complicatim,'  disra-ed  conditions  which 
make  complete  reco\erv  impossible       Sucli  a  case   is  that  of  a 


OfSi^.TlK^fLi* 


82 


!i|^  \i;i.i:ii 


ii.ini  i; 


AMI    ^  \ll.(Jl.'S 


miil(lK-;iL:Ml  ni.-'U  uli"  !i;ul  In'cu  ;i  -c  iiii-iii\  riliil  lirc.-m-i'  "f  <li,i- 
luli-^  liLiM'c  I'-iii.l;  hi-  lf,L;,  ami  will  pri 'lialily  nr\  ^  r  lie  well 
.i.L,,im.  >"nK'nnic-  al~"  ilii-  juil,uiiKiit  i■^  faulty  in  lUtiilmt:  >  .n 
plaii^.  a-  \\a-  tlii'  i"a~f  with  thr  hahrnla-luT  whu  |nit  hi-  i''ni]Kn- 
-atii'ti  iii<iu\-  iiiti>  a  ji'iu-y  liii>iiH--  in  St.  L'Hii-  and  did  ii<'t 
make  a  -lU'.e---  "f  it.  .and  i-  n^w  -npii'irted  hv  hi-  t'.itluT. 

After  tlu  1<--  c'f  a  fiii't  nr  a  leu'  •'m  artitleial  -nlKtitnte  i< 
alin"-t  indi-]ien-;ilile  t"  --lucess.  It  -eeiii-  to  he  nnieh  ninre  ini- 
l".ri.inl  t"  re]il.aee  a  hu'  th.in  ,'in  ;irni.  Crtitcites  interfere  wiili 
the  free  n-e  "i  arm-  and  h.'ind-  .and  nmreMver  j,'ive  an  air  "f 
di>ahilit\'   wiiich   i<   ]ir.iciieally  a   -erimi-   handii";q). 

Anii'iiL;  tlu-  .^<^0  men  we  are  -ludyiiiL:  tiic  S.^  who  have  In-t 
a  fi'i'l  i>r  a  leu;  d"  n^t  m.ake  ,as  f.aecrahle  a  -hi>wini^  .ts  wrinld 
he  exjiected:  only  JS  [nr  eent  nf  then;  have  made  what  can  he 
e.dled  a  >ati-faeti 'rv  read  jn-tnient — less  th;in  the  prnportiun 
.inidni,'  the  nii'n  whi>  lia\e  li-t  a  h.and  nr  arm — and  .W  ]ier  cent 
if  them  are  nnt  workint;  at  all.  ( )ne  cxpl.an.atinn  for  thi-  i- 
tli.at  nianv  "f  them,  f^r  one  re;i<iiii  or  anuther,  have  no  arti- 
ticial  le,!.^.  This  is  true  nf  nearly  half  of  the  men  who  are  idle. 
.\nother  prohahle  ix]ilan;iti<'ii  is  that  cnni]i:iratively  few  of  the 
men  w  hi  •  have  lo-t  a  lej;  h.ive  had  the  ad\anta),'e  of  compen- 
sation— onl\-  1''  out  of  ((,1 — wilile  iidrly  ;i!l  of  the  accidents  to 
hands  ,111(1  .arm- — 13  out  of  52 — were  industrial  injuries  which 
received  compensation.  Occujiatioiis  covered  by  the  compens.i- 
tioii  law  are  more  apt  to  produce  injuries  to  the  up[>er  linihs 
than  to  the  lower. 

The  occnp.itions  represented  amonc  the  34  "leg  cripples"  who 
are  working'  are  the  folli  .w  iiii,':  electrici.an  (.superintendent  of 
Work-),  nphol-terer.  dental  mechanic,  carpenter;  .t  haker,  a 
hutclur,  a  painter,  an  autoniohile  mechanic,  all  four  of  whom 
h;i\e  'heir  own  Ini-ine--:  owner  of  -tore  (2).  elev;itor  rep;iirer. 
Worker  in  Cement  mill,  oper.itor  on  artificial  flowers,  folding; 
p;iper.  (lau'ni.m,  timekeeper,  writchman,  kitchen  as>istant  (2), 
ilriver  iJ),  helper  on  truck  and  on  mail  wa,i,'on,  laborer  (2), 
elev.ator  o]ier;itor  (3),  pedler  (2),  odd  jol)>  (4). 

The   tir-t    two   in   thi-  li-t   ;ire  not   h;in<lic.ipped  at  all.      The 


-^rm^ 


iiis\ni.i;ii  Mi'.x   IN   (  nil 


1 1  !•: 


85 


(liiital  nifclianic  i-  ;i  l\u--iriii  !'\v  wlic  liad  (.Mrni-d  from  $25  to 
^,>U  a  wrrk  liil'i'Tc  lii>  at'ciiKnt.  Ili>  waui'^  ui>\\  ar^'  ''iilx'  $1S 
lucaii-r,  lii~  I  uijildvcr  --av-,  "In-  fan"!  ini>\c  ari'iiiul  -m  well'";  hut 
the  iinc-li^ati'r  i;nt  tlk'  im]na--iiin  tliai  lu-  wa-  unrih  a-  niiu'i 
a^  i-vcr.  and  iliat  hi^  laniriK--  wa-.  iiKrcl\-  niaiK-  an  t'Ncu-c  lui' 
till.'  r((hu'tiiin  in  wa^'r^.  Tlii-  carjii'titi'-  i<  lariiini;'  a^  tiuk'Ii  as 
lut'i'TC.  (  inr  "I  rlu'  >t'irrkrt'|HT-.  a  I'Tnur  l)rakrnian,  lia>  al- 
laady  Iiad  tlirur  .-ii'ri->  in  dill't-ri'iu  pl.na-  in  twn  vi.ar>  and  a 
halt,  i  Ic  ;-a\~  lir  i>  "iitakitii,'  a  living'."  hut  it  i-  |iriihahl\  not 
a<  unod  a  ont.'  a--  his  \\a;;i"-  <>(  $2.'^  ]ir(i\idi-d.  \\^^  sa\s  iliat 
thv  railri'ud  had  pri'ini-L-il  In  find  -nuu-  t-nipli^ytni'iit  for  liini, 
hut  had  iV't  yi't  d^nc  so. 

Tlie  hakiT.  hiitduT,  paintrr.  and  aiiti'iiinhile  iiu'chanic,  wlio 
have  tlieii  <\\n  I)usinesses,  ari-  not  handicapped,  or  do  no,  expect 
to  he  as  soon  as  they  are  fully  recovered,  'ihe  painter  is  a  Ktis- 
sian  Jew  ci  vtronj,^  character  and  decided  opinions.  lie  ha--  lo.-t 
hotli  legs  ahove  the  knee,  one  eit;ht  or  nine  year>  aj^n,  the  other 
recently,  as  a  result  of  i,'anu'rene.  He  u.ilk-  a  mile  or  so  every 
day  and  employs  three  or  four  men.  IK-  thinks  there  is  no  rea- 
>on  why  a  painter  who  losi..s  ;i  let,'  >houl<l  give  up  his  trade  hut 
that  a  one-armed  man  coidd  not  do  the  work. 

The  rest  of  the  list  has  a  f.imili.ir  look,  inchidint;  as  it  does 
the  unskilled  low-paid  work  into  which  cri[)ples  naturally  drift 
unless  they  have  such  special  ahility  or  such  traits  of  charactt  r 
.as  are  represented  by  the  first  three.  Some  of  these  were  doint^ 
nothing  hetter  hefore  their  injury.  hiU  two  of  the  ele\.itor  oper- 
ators had  heen  .  machinist  and  a  driller  at  good  wages;  the  nun 
doing  odd  johs  had  heen  re>pectively  stonema-on.  driller,  -witch- 
repairer,  long>h;irenian;  one  of  the  pedlers  had  heen  a  skilled 
tailor.  The  hill-poster  who  is  working  for  hi>  old  emplo\er  folding 
liafier  says  that  he  is  earning  $12.67  per  wiek,  hut  as  this  is  the 
:  mount  to  which  he  would  he  regul.arly  iiititled  under  the  com- 
pensation law  the  probability  is  that  what  he  calls  wages  i>  his 
compens.ition  money.  He  seeiii'^  to  l;e  a  dull  man,  without  ambi- 
tion, and  content  with  his  presc  i  situation. 


84 


I)!.s.\i;i  i;ii   >'ii,i]ii  i;>    AM 


■  \ll.nl;S 


Loss  I'f  I  lull!  .')■  .hill 

Tlio  l"-<  of  a  K'i't  hand  "V  .■triii  i~  ni'.rr  -tri'.ti-,  i.tlirr  tliin.crs 
hciiii,'  (iiiial.  lliaii  tik-  1'--  "t  a  t'"'t  "I-  a  K-l;.  ami  tin-  ^.-^  "f  ihe 
rii;lil  liaiiil  "v  arm — < 'V  the  lift  in  ca~r  "f  a  K  ft-liaiuKd  ]H'r-'n — is 
the  nn-t  -rri'.ii-  '^i  all  the  l'i«~i-  <if  ri  -iii'-;K-  imtiilnr.  I  \  ni  in 
-..  -erii'ii-  a  la-r.  h..\\r\er,  the  pliy-ieal  (li-alnhiy  >eeni-  t"  he  the 
l.a-t  inip'irtanl  fael'>r  in  (leteriiiiniiij,' llie  (lc.L;ree  m1  ineaiiaeity. 

Tile  hri,t;iite~t  ]]rn>|,,TiN  ainoii.t;  all  the  men  w  h^-c  -(..rie-  we 
have  are  th"-e  cf  a  s>.iinL,'  1  liiiiL^arian  wln'-e  rii^ht  haiul  \va-  cut 
(iff  ;it  the  \vri>t  in  c m^eciuence  nf  an  acciilent  while  "[nT.itin,^'  a 
chair-eitilM.--ini;  machine.  \\  hile  -till  in  the  Im-iiital  he  tan'^'ht 
liim-elf  t'l  write  with  hi-  left  hand,  ami  when  he  went  to  vi-it  hi- 
si>ter  in  ani'ther  tiiWii  f^r  ci  >nvale-cence  he  t'".k  a  clerical  ]i"-i- 
ti<'M  at  $1-'  a  W(ek  t"  pa--  the  time,  lie  .i,'"t  hi-  c  ■ni|ieii-ali"n 
in  ;i  lump  ^mn  and  ii-'-d  it  in  e^tal)li-ll  hi-  father  and  iiK.ther  in 
a  hakerv.  lie  had  he.L;iin  a  ni,i,dit  o  air-e  in  architecture  hefi.re 
hi-  accident,  lli^  I'ld  enipli'VCT  oifered  tn  take  him  hack  a-  f ■  tc- 
man'-  a-sistnnt  at  increased  waf^es,  bnt  the  hakerv  i-  pr- -perin^' 
and  he  want-  tn  he  an  architect,  sn  he  ha-  decided  t^  cmplete 
tile  four  years'  conrse  of  trainin.i;  fnr  that  ])nii"(.>-itin.  I  le  would 
he  ,L;lad  to  teach  any  other  cripple  all  that  he  ha-  learned. 

The  men  in  this  ,i,'roiip  who  have  returned  to  their  tormer 
W(irk  are  an  express  clerk,  a  si^n  painter,  a  ^teamlitter.  a  hoiler- 
niaker's  helper  (  at  increa-ed  waives  ).  a  haker.  two  pre--ineti,  two 
pajHT  cutter-,  and  another  machine  opirator. 

Tlio-e  who  :ire  workin.t;  at  -omethiiiL;-  difl'erent  at  .about  the 
same  wa.iu'e-  a-  Mrmerlv  are:  ;i  former  pre>-  hoy.  who  ha-  hiconie 
a  clerk:  a  haker.  who  i-  tvav  a  stahleman:  a  laborer,  who  i-  novv 
a  watchman. 

live  h:i\  e  made  a  chan.L:e  to  their  finan'-':d  advant;i.L;e: 
(  1  I    A   former  pre.--maii  i-  earnin.L,'  a  dollar  a  week  more  in 
a  bookbinder}  ; 

(2  "I  ,\  porter  h;i-  become  an  iceman,  with  an  increri^e  of  $!.-> 
])er  111'  iiitli ; 

(?>)    .\  black-mith  has  a  po-itiou  with  ;i  water-meter  company; 
(4i    .\  liov  who  i-  working;  wil'i  a  printer  ha-  received  over 


m^m.r 


Ills \r.i, F.I)  MKN"  IX  tun.  i.iri". 


85 


SJ.OOO  in  C"niiii.T.-;iti"ii.  '1  iu'  c  ■iniiii"ii 'U,  in  .iwanlinj,'  it.  ad- 
vised liis  jianiiK  l>'  liave  him  Kani  a  iraiK-.  lie  i>  .uctlinK  more 
waK'i.-  Willi  tlu  I'l-imcr  than  he  did  in  hi^  tornuT  ])(.>iti'>n,  wh.  tc 
1k'  Ird  a  paiier-cuttin,!,'  machine,  and  W-  ha-  a  iliaiice  In  learn  the 
trade  if  he  will; 

(5)  An  in.n-worker  has  found  a  supervi-ini,'  j>o<iti(in.  hut  he 
savs  he  .1,'i't  it  "ilir"U,i;h  influence"  and  dnes  ni>t  -eeni  cnnlnU-nt 
that  he  will  he  ahle  {><  keep  it. 

The  re-t  wh^  are  at  w^rk  {\r)  are  in  the  familiar  uiiiin 'litahle 
positiniis: 

I'ive  are  watchmen,  wlm  liad  heen — "Ue  an  electrician,  one  a 
driver,  tliree  laborers ; 

Twn  are  mi  --enj,'er>,  who  hail  heen  m.ichine  hand-  in  factories; 

Two  are  pedKr-,  formerly  a  baker  and  a  wool-carder; 

A  switchman  is  teiulin^' a  machine; 

A  press  feeder  is  n<iw  a  checker; 

Another  machine  tender  i-  >ellin)^  Soda  water; 

A  Scotch  engineer  is  earning;  only  ahr.ut  half  his  former  wages, 
doin.i:  liKht  w<.rk  in  the  st<'reroom,  hut  he  has  $4,500  compensa- 
tion, his  com]i;mv  j,'ave  him  an  artificial  arm,  and  he  is  not 
anxious  ahont  the  future; 

A  horseshoir  and  an  iron-worker  are  also  doing  light  work  or 
odd  jobs  for  meas^er  wages. 

The  Mcr  Who  .he  Better  C  '^  Siiiee  Their  Injury 
A  suli^tantial  number  among  these  300  men  are  in  a  more 
favorable  economic  position  now  tlian  they  were  before  they  were 
crippled.  There  are  61  wim  may  be  so  described,  including  those 
who  are  earning  more  than  formerly,  whether  at  the  >ame  or  a 
dit'ferent  occupation,  those  who  have  gone  into  bnsine-s  tnr  them- 
selves, and  those  who  are  learning  a  trade.  This  is  one  in  live 
of  the  total  number.     I'.leven  have  liad  major  amputation^. 

It  is  not  possible  to  say  how  much  of  tliis  improvement  is  due 
to  the  accident.  In  some  cases  ibe  increased  wages  merely  rep- 
resent the  general  increase  which  ha-  been  taking  jilace  in  the 
last  three  years.     In  <  others  tiie  increase  w<iuld  have  ciiiiie  to  the 


S^  HIS AIJl.Kl)    SOI.IHr.KS    AM'    SAII.IJUS 

]iarticul,-ir  man  r^ 'Iuhtiui.,  wIk'IIut  lu-  liad  liucii  injtircd  or  not, 
a^  an  iiK-i(l(.iit  to  hi-  liinj^'cr  -i  r\  ice.  \:\vi]  iln'sc  ca>i.--  ;iri-  -ii,'- 
iiilKaiU,  hiiau-L-  tlk'v  >liii\-  iliat  llii.'  injury  1i;l>  at  lt;i-l  imt  iiinr- 
KTc(!  witli  U'lrinal  pripj^rcss  nr  has  n^t  put  tlu'  man  nul  d  iIil- 
running'  in  rumpi-liliciii  fur  the  Iii.s,'h(.T  rates. 

( >ne  (if  tile  lie-t  examples  of  the  une.xpected  ways  in  whicli  an 
aeeidein  may  al'.ect  a  man's  fortunes  is  offered  hy  tlie  romantic 
story  of  a  forty-year-old  Hungarian  who  lo-t  jiart  of  one  tin5,'er 
with  the  re-ull  that  another  linger  was  left  sore  and  stiff.  He 
had  hern  a  cavalry  oflieer  in  the  Austrian  arm\-,  hut  had  lo-l  his 
propert\-,  fallen  into  deht.  and  left  the  arni\-.  After  coiiiim;  !■> 
Anieriea  he  earned  a  lixinir  ''i"^  Ji'i  instnutor  in  ridinj;  siho. iIs, 
l)ut  at  the  lime  of  his  accident  he  had  fal'eii  to  the  position  of 
c'onitnon  laborer.  He  went  hack  to  work  in  four  davs  and  mij,dit 
lie  thee  still,  ;il  $10.50  per  week,  if  he  had  not  heeii,  discliar,!,'ed 
the  ilay  after  Iiis  compensation  was  awarded.  He  was  (rut  of 
Work  for  si.K  month-,  and  his  family  was  reduced  to  actual  want. 
Then  lie  found  another  ])osition  at  unskilled  labor.  It  happened 
that  the  superintendent  here  was  interested  in  horses,  and  to  tliat 
<iup  friend  attrilmles  the  fact  that  he  has  been  promoted  to  be 
:i  ]iiini]ier.  at  aliotit  $J6  per  week. 

In  cirtain  cisi's,  however,  though  these  are  fewer  than  miglit 
be  hoped  and  e.xpected,  the  accident  itself  is  clearly  directlv  re- 
sponsi!)le  for  a  brij^diter  prospect,  either  because  it  lias  supplied 
;i  stimulus  to  exertion  and  jolted  the  man  out  of  his  comfortable 
rut.  or  becrui-e  the  coinpens.ation  h;is  provided  capital  allowin;^ 
for  in\estment  in  a  business  or  further  education. 

The  li>t  of  those  who  are  preparing'  for  soniethin.i^  better  is 
short,  and  includes  only  one  man  with  a  major  amputation: 

Oc-ciip.ition 

lii-fcirc  Tr.iiiiing 

.\go  Injury  .Xccideiit  tn  he 

17       Two  fini;cr.<  ri.L;l!t  Iiand  Mae'hir"   fciilor  Tirol  maker 

IS        r«n  liiii^iT^  partially Machine   feeder  Tador 

_'l        Three   lingers   partially   .\1aeliiiie  feeder  IriMi-unrker 

-'_'       >  hie  linyer    rre--maii  Clmh  cutter 

I"       Three    Inn^er^    M.icliine   feeder  I'.ookkeeiier 

17       (hie    linmr   I'plinlsterer  In   Hiyh  School 

19       Kiylit   liar.cl    .Machine  hand  Architect 


-7-;,-t-^z^ 


DisAni.r.n   mkn   in   >  i^  n    in  i 


S7 


Tlie  men  wlm  Imve  fiimc  iiUc  lni-iiK>-  I'T  iIkiu-cKc-  aiv  tlic 
fdlldwinj,': 

Two  iKive  lioiiulit  farms.  ..m-  (if  wlioiii  was  a  maihiiu-  hand. 
ihc  iitlur  an  iKiiric  lintiiian; 

A  man  ulin  liad  Inen  pri-^idcnt  of  a  Itakcry  cmiiany  lias 
ac(|«ircd  a  InitclKT  ^h<>\).  nm  wiili  lii-  compiii-atinn  nii>ni>.  how- 
ever. Init  tlifouyli  IkIp  fmm  liis  <i>ti: 

AncitluT  i)akiT  (furi'maii)  wIid  lost  liis  left  arm  Iia-  li.'iiLrlit 
two  tcncnuiit  lionsi^  wiili  lii>  compiii-alioii  nioni-v,  and  now 
looks  after  his  pminrty  ; 

A  ilrivcr  ha>  K'""-'  '"'"  *''''  "^'"^  hii~ini>-; 

A  middle-aj,a'd  foreman  in  a  inarhitif  -h^i)  ha-  ln-i^'un  iradmi; 
in  machine'- ; 

A  jirinlir  lia-  Ik'Coiiic  a  real  estate  a!,'ent  and  editor  of  a  local 
paper ; 

Three  men  are  keeping  small  general  store<:  a  hraketnan  wlv" 
has  lost  his  left  leg;  an  insurance  agent  wlm-e  left  foot  was 
injured,  and  a  machine  hand  who  lo-t  a  -ingle  linger  and  wa>  n^t 
incapacitated  for  his  former  occupation; 

1-inally,  a  man  who  had  heen  a  machini-t  explains  hi?  present 
apparent  idleness  hy  claiming  to  he  an  inventor. 

A^'piiyciit  Xccils  of  the  Men 

Thrnugiiout  the  investigation  the  vi>ii(.rs  were  on  the  look- 
out for  indications  of  what  these  cripples  need. 

The  most  common  and  most  ol)viou<  need  was  for  advice  an<l 
encouragement.  With  a  few  nolahle  e.xceiitions  the  men  -eemed 
to  have  little  amhition  and  little  imagination  al)"Ut  wjiat  they 
might  do.  Some  of  tlio-e  who  had  received  compensation  liail 
alreailv  wasted  the  money  or  were  using  it  u])  withoiu  locking 
ahead  to  the  time  when  it  would  sti'p.  Wry  few  were  ni.aking 
any  effort  to  increase  their  value  in  the  lahor  market.  Manv 
shi>wed  signs  of  having  hecome  already  dependent  in  -piru.  W  i-e 
counsel  and  stimulus,  jier-.i-tently  and  patiently  applied,  n^t  -pa- 
niodicallv,  hut  throughout  the  critical  period  i.f  readju-tment, 
seems  io  be  the  fundamental  elenieiU  in  a  program  I' t  cniiple?. 


SS  |i|-M;llli    -.111  l.ll  l;->     \Mi    »Mlii|;s 

I  i-r  iiKU  'aIi"  ;ii"i-  cri|iiiKil  in  i'i\  il  lit'i  ilii-  iiii<;lit  Ik'  -ni.|>lii-(|  Iv 
tin-  -ci  i.il  ~cr\iic  (K]';irtnunt-.  nf  liM«|iii;iN,  tli^ii'^li  \ii\  litilc 
:i|.|Mr(.  nih'  i--  ili'iir  li\  lli>  in  in  tin-  din  tin 'ii  a-  \c  i  in  Ni  \v  N  I'lk  ; 
and  al-"  li\  a  >ecial  ^ir\  uh  di-iiarinunt  ailailird  t..  tin.  (Mininii- 
^,iii'  II  I'.i'ard. 

.\n  ti.iiiU  Ikis  hcfii  made  <'l"  tlir  ra-r>  in  wliiili  aiK  ii'i'  or  pcr- 
^i.iial  ^ir\  iiT  I'l'  ^cinc  "rt  wniild  \n-  ct  ad\aiilauc,  lucan-i  il 
wiiiild  liavi-  inilndiil  marly  all.  I'^r  llic  'HIkt  ^impK'  lurd-  llu' 
tnllcwiiiL;   taljlc   ^liuw>  tin.-   nlalivc   iirevaKiuc   in   llic   dittcruit 

Is  nkv 

ll,,iM|,.r  l-"i|'T 

.\l'r.\RrN-Ti.Y  IS- \ffiioi-  liimcr-         .irm  T.if^  l^^■  'liitii! 

rraiiiini:     1"  1''               1  ':  '- 

( K  iitr;il  t'lii.iiiii.il  lii'lp   1  •  •  -^  ' 

llclii  in  nTiiriiiL;  .-Hi  arlilna.iMiiiili.  ..  U  ..  -1  •'-' 
I  It'll.    Ill    tlll•llll^;    -iili.ilili-    finpl".- 

III,. Il    IX  1-1               1  ^  <■ 

Mi.lu.il  .utiiiiMii  4  3..  S  !-' 

T.iiiil    clitTiToiit    ':i-i'~    ill    lUM  .1    •  f 

s,,iiu-  kin.l  Ml   lulp   -"'  M)  -'  44  ]('.= 

Imi.iI  iuiinl,<r  cf  ia-i>   1.^4  .M  <>  W  .-nj 

I'lTiiiit.iKi'  ill  iiL't'il  III  lieliJ 1''  .'<>  ..  ?3  ,^.1 

Till-  i-  \v>\.  a  .urinip  <•(  aii|ilicaiit<  for  charity  and  tlnTo  w..- 
wrv  little  (.\itKiice  nf  need  <'t'  I  mcial  as-i>taiifi-.  except  ill  sniiu 
ca-es  l"  >ecure  an  artificial  ar.n  i.r  le.!,^  1- rei|iieiitly  the  coinpeii- 
^ati(ln  niMiuv  i>.  all  used  tor  living,'  expenses  as  it  cnines  in  week 
hv  week  and  when  the  time  arrives  fur  .i^^ttinj,'  the  artificial  appli- 
ance there  i.-  m  >  prcxi'-inii  fur  the  ^uh-lantial  mitlay  it  re(|uire-. 
and.  a-  has  been  seen  ahnvc  (.p-'.'-''-'  ^-)  many  i>i  the  accident- 
n -ultiiiL,'  in  In-s  of  a  let;  are  not  cffvered  by  the  conipen-.itii  ii 
l.iw.  There  nii^ht  he  a  ditference  (>\  (>])iniiin  as  to  whether  the 
eleven  men  put  dnwn  as  needinj,'  helj)  in  buying'  a  hand  nr  arm 
really  need  it  in  order  to  earn  a  livin.i(.  for  many  successful  (■w.- 
arnied  men  think  it  is  not  essi .ilial.  The  question  of  artificial 
linu'er-  ihn.->  ivi  ari-e.  except  for  esthetic  considerations. 

There  would  hardb'  he  any  (|ue,-tion  in  rey:ard  to  the  21  who 
AW  -aid  to  need  a  f  iot  or  a  leu,  since  .an  artificial  substitute  i- 
almi.-t   iiuli>pen-al)le  when  lI;u^e  members  are  Kone.     Whetlier 


Ills  Mil. 11)    m:.n    in    1  I\  II.   LIIF. 


m 


tlie  rNiKti-i'  -Iv'tiM  In-  iiH't  Iiy  iiliil.itiilir"iiv.  liy  rclalivi-s,  liy  ilic 
nun  tlkiu-i'h  1-.  1--  a  i|iu>tii'n  whuli  ciild  lir  aii-wcrcd  in  lacli 
la-f  "iil\  alt>r  lurtlu  r  iii\  r^liyati. 'ii  wiili  lli.il  iii  iniinl.  The  ^ijj- 
iiiriiaiu'c  ••t  llii--i  rii;uri^  i~  nu nly  tlial  Iktc  arr  .>_'  iiu-ii  I'lil  nt  a 
l(.tat  <>\  l.v  ul)i>  lia\c  liail  iiiaj'T  aiii|iutalii'n-  within  tlu-  Ia>t 
lliri-i.'  VI ar^.  -hhk'  i>i  wliipin  Iwur  ruaixid  ci'iii|n.n-atii>ii  nr  ilam- 
aj,'!.'^.  ^^ll"  lia\i'  11' 't  tittnl  thfni^il\  r-.  with  an  artificial  liiiih  and 
wlin  ^icin  in  datif^iT  nf  >,'i'in,i,'  uitln'iil  it  te  tin  ir  di^adv  aiita^ji-. 

A  fiw  i>i'  tilt;  men — \2  or  14  in  all — arc  olivn.n-ly  in  mcd  "f 
Mir.uical  nr  incdiial  atmitii'ii  whiili  tiny  arc  n^t  receiving'.  Many 
nuTc  arc  under  inatincnt,  hnt  tlu<c  1_'  't  14  arc  ca>cs  in  wliidi 
C'liditinn-  wliicli  -ccni  -criniH  tn  an  intclli>;cnt  layman  arc  hcin;,' 
nr.L;lcctcd,  Minictimcs  after  a  di>ci>ura}.;int,'  iii^t'Ty  i,{  varinii>  cx- 
]jcricncr-  with  Im-pital,  dispensary,  and  ]iri\atc  pliysicians. 

TIk  |irn|icirtii.n  ot  men  \\h<>  need  trainiii),'  i>'V  a  new  (iccn]>atii>n 
is  an  iniiiortant  (]nestii'n  frnm  the  pnint  of  view  nf  the  present 
in\e>tiL;aiiiin.  It  is  nut  a  simple  one  to  answer.  As  we  have 
seen,  over  iialf  of  all  arc  at  least  as  well  off,  economically,  as  they 
wire  before  their  injury.  Many  of  these,  however,  are  doiiii; 
onlv  low  i,Ta(lc  work.  In  selecting;  those  wlio  need  traininj,'  we 
niit;ht  inchule  all  who  have  never  hecn  trained  to  do  anything  as 
well  as  tliosc  whose  injury  has  made  necessary  a  clian},'e  of  o'-cu- 
jiatio.i,  disrej,'ardinK  ability  and  attitude  and  other  possible  con- 
siderations. This  would  be  an  extremely  academic  and  arbi- 
trary procedure.  For  practical  purposes  what  is  desirable  is  the 
number  who,  bcin>^  without  a  profitable  trade  or  occupation, 
niij,dit  be  disposed  to  spend  tlie  tiiue  ami  effort  needed  to  acquire 
one  and  f;;ive  promi.se  of  suflicicnt  ability  to  warrant  tlie  invest- 
ment. On  this  basis,  52  have  been  selected  out  of  the  300  as 
bein^  possible  candidates  frT  trade  traininj;.  A  few  of  these  are 
skilled  men  whose  injury  has  incapacitated  them  for  the  occupa- 
tion thev  know — a  weaver,  a  machinist,  and  a  cari)enter,  for 
example,  from  among  those  who  Iiave  lost  an  arm  or  a  liand — 
but  most  of  them  are  unskilled  young  men  who  have  never  done 
anvlhing  better  than  to  tend  a  machine  or  help  on  a  wagon,  Init 
who  show  promise  of  ability  and  at  least  rudiments  of  ambition. 


•i() 


|i|>  Mill  ii   VI II  till  ;'^    \  M'   >  MP  ii;> 


;iiii|  \\]\"  iiiiL,lil  li''  |ifr-ii,iiK '!  !'■  i"!!!  ,1  Ii.kK  ili--.  In  ni:m\  "f 
till -1  i.i-i-,  li''\\i\,r.  Ilic  ic"n"iiiu  i|\U'-li"ii  \\"iilil  In'  :i  luiiluT 
|.i'  lili  III  ii  II  I  .iiiir  I'  i  ilu'  p'  •ml  "I  (l((  iiliii'^,  ,1111 1  It  i-  ii'.t  iinlikil\- 
til,  1 1  I  lie  re  \\i  iiiiil  IV  ■!  It  III'  •IT  than  ,i  (!•  •/ill  i.r  1  .^  nl  ilu'  52  I  ,iiiil 
tii.il   i-.  al-i'.  I't   till    .^0()i    wli.i  w.^iiM  ailii,ilK'  i;i\i'  ii|i  the  »iiiall 

|irr-lllt    \\,lL;rv  lllr\    t.lM  iMIIl    I'M'  lllr  -,i1m    i,|    llll'   IlltUrc  .-llK  atlta ',,'i'. 
Mi-'llI    '•nr-llltll  I'l    till-  null    I  lid  I    ~iTlll  I"  lie   111   lUTil   III    ,i--l-I- 

aiiif  111  tiiiilinu;  -nii.iMr  i  iii|il"\  iiiriit.  I'lii-  iiii1iii!in  -■•nu-  hkii 
w  li'  •  an  iii.w  at  U'  •rk  liiil  iii  inlirii'r  |ii  ■~iti' 'ii-.  'I'lic  im  i-«ti!;ati  ir-. 
iiLidr  a  pi,ulu'r  I'l  tilliir^  .ill  till'  nun  wli"  \\\w  "itt  nf  \\"rk,  I'T 
ill  nii-,ili>lail"rv  \\"ii<.  ali"ni  llir  lliiil-"n  <  iiiilil  l-jiijili  lynu'iit 
lliirian  <  Mih'  Im  I't  llicm  .-iiii'lml  tliiia-  l"r  |i"-iti"n~;  ami  I'lilv 
I'lH-  I'l  till-  III!  \sa>  I'i.u'i'!.  Ill'  t""k  a  ]i"-iti"ii  a--  l;;1i1i.t  lint  lull 
at  tlic  iiid  I'f  lliffc  da_\>  lKC;iii~t'  tin.'  pay  was  >iiuill. 

SiMM  \i;s' 

TafiTi-  till'  \v,'ir — I"  ';iiiiiin,iri/f  tlio  kn(nvK-(l(,ji'  nvaikitilo  at  that 
tiiiu-  l"r  '•tir  1,'iiiilaiuT  in  ])I;iiinin^,'  fur  di'-aliU'il  •-"IiIki-^ — cihu-a- 
tii'ii.il  nicili'iU  t'l'  tiai'liini;  Mind  and  deal  adult-,  ,i-  wril  ,i-  ihil- 
diTii,  liad  lifiii  dr\  (.•!• 'lad,  and  cni'Ui;!!  attciiti'iii  !i,id  Ihhii  i^iM'ii 
til  iIk'  ]ir"liK-in-  "f  i.Ti]i]iK-d  nun  In  iiuiicali'  in  a  j^'oiiiTal  way  what 
tJK'ir  iiifiN  .ari.'  .and  lu'W  ti>  nu'ct  tliciii. 

It  w.i-  already  kn"\\ii.  lli"ni;h  lU't  widely  .i|iprcci;itcd,  tliat  tlie 
In---  I'l'  a  k-i,'  nr  an  arm  in  achilt  lite  i>  \  ery  apt  tn  re>nit  in  di-- 
Ci'iir.iL;enunt.  deterii 'ratii 'ti  ct  ahility,  ;ind  p.inperizatii 'ii  "I  -piril. 
iinle--  e\cTptii'naI  -treii'^lh  nf  eh.ar.aeter  i-  |ire-ent  i  ir  exeeptii'iial 
hliinnln-  and  direetii'ti  are  al  li.ind  tn  ci 'iititeracl  the  natural  teii- 
<lene\-.  (  )n  the  I'tlur  hand,  it  w.-e-  ele.ir  etinujj;!!  tiiat  the  ii-iial 
deiiii'r.di/alii'ii  .and  w.i-te  i-  lU't  ine\  itahle,  Init  that  it  e;m  he 
pn\  lilted  li\  ;ippr"priate  pree.antii 'ii-.  A  prii,i;ram  ("r  re-t"ra- 
tinii  t"  eemii'iiiie  independence,  it  had  hecii  seen,  nui>t  include 
the-i.   elements: 

(1'  ^kill'iil  ^iiri;ii':il  tri'rilmont,  iti.lu'liiiu  iirr|i:ir,iii"ii  nf  ll;i'  -tiiniii  tn  rc- 
cciii-  till    .crlilu  :.il  laiil.  jinl  ii-c  it  t"  tin-  l.f-t  :ii|\  .int;ii;e  ; 

I J  1  liu  •  iir.ii^i  iiuht.  -f.iinilu-.  .ih'i  ,i''\iiT-  .il.'.ut  llic  future,  Iji  .:iriiiiiiL;  .i- 
fijon  ,1-  ]i,is,iliK  after  t'le  inniry  t.ikt";  ;il,'n-; 

(.'i    I'tiiKti.'iial    recdiK.iti.'ii.    .i-    llie    e-MMUi.il    I'a^is    f'.r    [ler f'Tiniiii;    llic 


IT  J    ....  .-JVI 


lU.-. Mil. I. II     Ml  N     IN     '   1\  II.    I  II  \ 


'l\ 


roiitiTic  •f  o\rr)-i1a\   life  aiul  l..r  r.iiirniii^  t..  wrl.  vilirllirr  in  tlu   ^.I'l  .  .    'i 
puli'iti  nr  ,1  ni'A  iiin* ; 

(4i    I  \|.<Tt    .i.UiM-   111   iliiMiMiiK    .III   .".  ui,.iti..ii.   ill   ..Ii!.r    th.il    tuuir,     .■.   . 
II. .nil.    r>!.iii..ii-  iii.r.   !•(•  fmiii'li'l  ^ii  tlif  Miii  l,.,-i-  -i  i.t- ..In. 'is  lU    r.itln-r  lli.m 
f.n  iIh-  in-f.iirc  rrli.nuc  ..I   i.il>   ami  .|..vi.il  ...iiM.litMti.n  .    Willi   lull  .i|i|irivi.i 
ti..ii  ..I   till-  .I'K.iiil.ii'.i''  in  roiiniin-.;  tin-   I.Titu-r  ... .  iiii.iti  .n.  ..r  t.Tkiiik;  ii|.  ■■i'.- 
i-lo«cl>   alliiil  Willi  II  : 

(5i  I  i|.|i.irluintics  f..r  vpi.ial  tr.miiK  :n  .1  lu'w  .  .  .  ii|mIi.  .11  f..r  lli.iM'  mill 
wli,,    iir..    I,,   ,i|Mi  il.iii  .1    !■  r    ruUiriiiiiLi    t..    lluir    |..nnrr    u..rk; 

(III  1  ,1.  ihlio  l..r  iil.uing  tilt  tiH'ii  111  ii.iMli.iii>  wliiTi-  llicy  will  be  uf  tin- 
niaMinniii  iililily. 

THL^iiHiini,''  Iiad  lu'cti  tn.-uli-  in  wurkin'^'  "ut  tlu-  ]ir.irtic.nl  waV'^ 
ami  im-;m-  liy  wliii'li  tlu'-f  iliMiU'iit-  "t  tlu'  iir..urani  iluKI  \w  iir"- 
vuliil.  A  low  -|)iciali-l-  ti.ul  (Kni"ti~lratvil  tin-  |M.--il)ilitic>  "i 
>urL;iial  and  1  .rihi>|n'<lir  Irfatnunt  ami  "I  I'uiu-li'inal  rcriliu-a- 
tiiifi.  A  t\'\v  -iiinti-t~  li.itl  flalMir.Urd  iii-tnitn<  nl-  nf  prfci^inil 
ti.  aid  ill  aiialv/.iiiu  tin-  roi|niriiiiftil  -  nl'  a  iin.ri'->  ,ind  tho  jKitiM- 
ti.d  cthrKiKv  ••i  a  man  in  juTfnrniini,'  tli.it  pn.ci  "  .\  i\  \v  ^i.ci.il 
\\..rkii>  iiad  >-\iHriiiicntfd  in  >n|i|ilyiii,i,'  iiiiai^'in.iti' .n  .iiid  ~tinnilu- 
and  ill  luintiii),'  nut  i.ci-n|iati"ii^  adaptid  ;■'  nu'ii  with  CiTtain 
liandii.-;iii>. 

All  tlii<.  however,  \va*  nn  an  extrenielv  limited  -eale.  Many 
|)nil>lem>  had  imt  heeii  M|iiarely  taind.  ;ind  iii.wlure  \va-  there  in 
cilieratiiiu  a  cnmprehen-ive  iin'ijr.iin  fur  men  disihled  in  civil  lite. 
I'm  arrive  at  mie  the  >tinuihi-  ni  tin-  nniireCL-dented  ennditinn^ 
iinuluced  hy  the  war  wa>  needed,  t"  -h^ek  n>  mit  nt  mir  n.itive 
ajiathy  and  needed,  jii-t  a-  ^1 'me  e\tr.e  .rdin.irv  -limnhi^  i-  re- 
(|nired  fi  .r  the  ordinary  individual  eriii[ile  before  he  will  draw 
en  hi>  re^er\e^  uf  charaeter  and  intellect. 


PART    III-CURRKXT    DKVKLOI'.MHNTS 
IN    CKR'IAIX    COLXTRIKS 

CHAPTER    IV 
Great  Britain 

riF.N.:i;Ai.   Char  Acii::;   ni-    I  )|-Ai:i,()i'\iF.NT 

P)i-f'iri'  the  present  war  ( iri'ai  Ilriiaiii.  like  "tlur  iMuntrit-.  Ii.m'. 
limited  its  jirovisiim  fur  (li~al)k-(l  ~'ilcliir.-  ami  ^ailm-^  in  a  iiindr-t 
|)en-i(in  (in  (li>chari,a'  tn>ni  the  ~er\  ut.  t",L;etluT  with  e<|iii]inuiit 
with  an  arliticial  liiiih  nr  eye  when  that  \\a-  reei  unnieinled  hy  the 
niedieal  ofhcer  .:.  chari^e  of  the  ca-e.  Private  ^(icietie>  had  -tip- 
pleniented  the  state  pensions  and  had  jirovided  certain  (ippurtu- 
nities  fnr  traitiini,'  and  nccnpatiin. 

In  the  ecit  '  week  of  Se]iten,lKr.  1914,  the  first  men  were 
diseliarijed  froih  ihe  armv  for  di~al)ilitie-  incurred  in  the  present 
war,  and  it  >oon  i)ecame  apparent  that  the  accustomed  method-- 
wmild  he  inade(|nate  for  the  new  emerL,'enc\-.  e\en  if.  as  wa^  then 
hoped,  the  war  should  he  a  short  one.  l)i>cn— ion  sprant;  up.  in 
rarlianient  and  outside,  private  societies  hcf^an  to  increase  their 
activities,  the  ( lovernment  ap]iointeil  committees  to  ''onsider  the 
matter,  and  a  ch.ar,icteri>tically  ihiti^h  develo;)ment  wa>  sonn 
under  wav — ton  delii>erate,  undoui)tedly.  for  the  nrj^'ency  of  the 
men's  needs,  hut  nevertheless  one  of  steady  |)roi;re>>  toward  ;i 
coniprehensive  and  adeipiate  system.  "At  le.ist  ue  can  never 
he  accused."  sa\  s  the  U'tir  I'ciisiiiits  (iaci'ttr  of  N'oxemher.  I'M", 
"of  not  preserv  int;  an  open  mind  and  not  heinjj  re.idy  to  nive  ,'iiiv 
scheme  a  chance." 

The  chief  features  in  this  de\  el' •jiment  have  heeii :  ;ui  increa-e 
in  llie  seale  of  pension^;  aii  exleusii.n  in  ihe  amount  of  res|)i)tisi- 
liilitv  assumed  hy  the  state.  Iiotli  for  ph\sic.il  treatment  and   f"r 

93 


'.'4 


Ills  \i;i.i.ii  .-(ii.iiii.i;>   AMI 


■  Aii.(ii;s 


f  ..m!...k 
W  itli  <ii.h 


r.v~t:ililiHiuH-m  ill  in  il  liw:  llu'  irrati'^n  <-i  ;i  ccntf.il  .•i.liiKTr,-- 
Uaiui-  1m.(1\  t..  .li-iii.ir.m-  tin-  rc^in 'ii-ilnlity  ;  ilic  ( .r,i;aiii/.ati' 'ii  \'V 
tin-  lanlral  autlii>iily  <>i  a  -y-tiiii  >•{  care.  Iiy  I'l  .crdiiiaim),'  llic 
siattcnd  iliiiunt-  alruaily  ixi-lini,'  in  (k'liariiiunt-  i>\  ,u"\  (.rnr.n.iil 
aii.l  jirivalc  a.^nu  ir-,  riliiii'^'  up  tlic  ka\'-.  ami  t.--tal)li~l.inj;  1' 'ral 
iiiacliiiH-rv  ."i-  lln'  tuiulH'iiiir^  "f  the  :-y~trni ;  tlu-  cliaii.^i'  m  iliar- 
acur  1. 1  llir  cnitral  aiitli'Mity  it-rlt,  fn'iii  a  m  ■miiialK  "vlnn- 
larv"  Ii'kK  1"  winch  imlilic  luuctiniis  \\ai\-  (.•iitru-lccl,  [•■  a  rt',L:ul;!r 
(IrliarliiKiU  I  if  the  ^'(iM-riiiiK-in  ;  and,  al  i.\rry  >la,L;i',  tlic  fiii-iaiU 
inuriilav  nt'  >taU'  activity  and  jirivaic  (.'ttiirt.  roullinL;  m  ,.  ~y  — 
tcm  which  i>  a  inn>aic  ft  the  twd  elements,  tu  tlu-  C'lnfu-nn  ■  i 
the  hi-lnnan.  lull  tn  the  ad\  aiita.i,'e  "t  the  di-alikd  man,  let  r.s 
hoije,  a>  C  apt  lin  i'.a^il  Williams  pninls  diit:' 

What  i~  li-l  tlior(li\  in  'xminctry  aii'l  ]iii;ii'al  cxactnci^  ,.;  s\ctrm  i< 
cnm|ieii^at<il  fir  li>  a  iiiiniimim  ni  ilull  mutiiio  ami  liy  the  iiitriHhictinn  i.f  ,i 
clucrtul  human  tliiiuiit  inln  a  cmi-erti  whrre  cunMam  fri'^hne- 
and  s\mpallictK-  --tnil)  nt  inch\iiliial  la^cs  ari-  e-'^i-mial  In  '•uci-e-- 
a  coinhinali'in  tlu-ri-  i^  every  prn-inct  tliat  tiic  eare  of  thn-e 
sai-reil  in  ii-  uiU  imi  hi  sti-rcntvped  iiitu  a  (hill  iir.K\-s  of  i-Mnnu  'li'lo  '  vtr 
a  cnuiiler.  uhilf  the  ona-mnally  fiinhMi  and  harmful  a.li.in-  nf  iititlijn'r:ii:i; 
fentimentali-l^  will  le  inrlnd  liy  the  orderly  di>pu>itions  oi  cnlightci.ed 
oIlK-iaK  and  nun  ef  fcietuc. 

Thnui^dKiut  the  periml  df  the  war  consideration  of  the  needs 
i>{  disdil'il  men  has  lieen  asMiciated  with  con>ideration  of  the 
needs  of  the  families  at  home  while  the  men  are  in  sirvice.  and 
(if  the  widow>.  orphans,  and  other  dependents  in  ca~e  oi  death. 
In  the  earlv  months  of  the  war  the  claims  of  the  women  .ind 
children  ;t]i])e.iled  a>  the  most  urgent,  nmhahly  hecau-e  it  was 
found  uece-~arv  to  reassure  the  men  <iti  tlii^  sere  in  ordir  to 
fjet  recruit--,  and  hec;m-e  clirotioloj;ic;dly  disahleinent  is  a  much 
later  sta,L;e  than  enlistment.  It  was  prohalily  true,  iis  a  ".^all.iiit" 
meiiiher  of  tlie  1  liiii--e  of  Commons  -.-lid  some  time  later,  that.  "If 
there  was  one  thini;  more  ajiparent  than  another  ...  at  the 
hetjinnini:  of  the  war  it  was  the  stern  resolve  of  the  [Hople  that 
never  again  in  the  country  should  he  seen  disahled  soldier  or 
sailor  hedging  at  the  -treet  corner  as  was  witnessed  in  the  old 

'  Tn  hi>  article  cii  rinsinns  in  tlic  first  number  of  RcialUd  /.'  Life. 


^m'^ 


(,ki;Ai    in.'iiAiN 


'J5 


(lav-  a  fur  iho  Cniman  and  otlicr  war-":  Imt  trdin  otir  prfsciit 
|>c'iiU  'i  view  iIk-  atli'iitiiiii  at  tir-t  ai'Ci'rik-d  X<>  llu-  lUL-d-  "I  ilk- 
nii.ii  tlK'HiscIvi.'-  in  ca-c  nf  injury  Mcni-  MOUiwiiat  iniMdcnial, 
and  it  wa-  only  i;radiially  that  ihi-  Mihii'Ci  a--unud  a  Iar;;<.T  place 
ill  the  puMio  intere-l  and  in  jiarlianunlary  deliheratiim. 

e'l)r(in<.liii,'ically,  the  develniinunt  <■!'  the  l'.n,L;li>h  >y>teni  falls 
intii  three  peridd-: 

(1  )  IVi.ni  the  l)ei,'innin}j  nf  the  war  to  the  e-tahli-hnient  of 
the  Statutory  C  .niniittee  at  the  end  of  r)15; 

(J)  The  vear  1916,  during  which  the  Stattitopy  C'oniinittee 
worked  otit  ])rinciples  of  treatment.  traiiiiiiK  and  eniplcjynient, 
and  sit  up  a  network  of  local  committee-: 

(3)  From  January,  l'>17,  when  the  Mini^t^y  of  IVn-ioiis  was 
established,  to  the  present  time. 


First  Peuiod:  To   ihf.  F-nh  ok  I''1.S 
Pro:'I.U(>iL';  in  I'luw  in  .iu(jt<st.  lor.} 

The  scale  of  pensions  for  di.-.ihility  which  was  in  force  at  the 
outbreak  of  the  war  was  that  laid  down  in  the  royal  warrant 
for  1913  and  in  the  corresponding'  order  in  council,  the  execu- 
tive orders  establishing  the  pay,  a]i]iointment,  promotion,  etc.,  for 
the  armv  and  for  the  navy  re-pectively.  The  royal  warrant  for 
1914.  which  was  issued  on  December  1,  made  no  chanjje  in  the 
rates  for  the  armv.  The  scale  for  non-commissioned  officers  and 
men  i>  found  in  .Article  116i  of  either  warrant. 

This  article  provitles  that  permanent  pen-ions  may  be  granted 
in  case  of  discharj,a'  "on  accoiuu  of  wounds  or  injuries  or  sun- 
stroke received  in  action  or  in  the  perform.ince  of  military  duty, 
or  on  account  of  blindness  caused  by  milit.iry  service,  or  of  dis- 
ease due  directly  and  wholly  to  war  service."  I"or  luuviiK'an 
soldiers  of  the  lowe-l  "class" — trooper<.  privates,  fjunners.  driv- 
ers, sappers  and  pioneers  in  the  R<iyal  Kngineers — the  rate  per 
tl.iv  ran.ijes  from  1  ^hillinj.J  6  pence  to  2  -hillinj,s  6  pence  "if 
totallv  incapable  of  earmn.ij  a  livelihood."  ruitl  from  6  pence  to 
I   shillinj;  6  pence  in  ca-e  of  jiartial  incajiacity.     The  maxiimini 


or, 


UlSAItl.l'.l'    Mil.Dll-.i;.-.    AMI    SMl.DKS 


for  total  (li^al.ility  in  tlu-  lii,t;lH-l  cla^>  i^  3  ^1,1111,,^;,  r,  pence,  nnd 
tin-  scak'  l-r  '•i.on-r.nn .pcan"  >n\dwr<  i-  I'wvr  in  all  cla>--cs. 
Willnn  tJK-  pn-iTihid  ran,i,'e  tlu-  \KU^h<u  i>  t..  Ik  tixcl  ••a>v..nlmj; 
tn  ihc  .K'U'ivc  -1  tlK-  ininrv  -urUTot,  tlu'  Kn.i^ili  "i  the  man's 
vcrvHT,  lii-  diaraeler.  ai  ,.  ,i  wounded,  anv  luruliar  ciraini- 
slan.e-  aUeudui-  hi-  Conduct  at  the  time  the  u-und  \va-  re- 
cei\e(l."  In  the  ca-e  (.1  -li^lu  iiennauem  injiuv  a  ,i,M-atuily  not 
exeeediiiL;  £'00  mav  he  awanUd  in  lieu  ni  a  penM..n, 

l'r,,NiM..n  i-  made  al-n  i  Artiele-  1163-11701  f.  t  pen-i-n-  in 
ra^'  ('1  di-clian,'e  ..n  aeenimt  ol  "iher  disihilitie-  than  those 
named  in  Artule  ll'-J.  after  14  year-"  -ervico;  t-r  gratuities 
,,r  temiinrarv  pen-i..,,-,  whieh  under  eerlain  o.nditi.-n-  may  he 
Tuade  ,Krma'neiit.  in  ca-e  the  len-th  nf  -erviee  ha-  l>een  less 
than   14  vear,-:  and  f^r  -peeial  eampai.i,m  i.eti-iMn-. 

For  orticers  who  have  "reeeived  a  wound  in  action  which  has 
„ccasioned  the  lo-  of  an  eve.  or  die  u-e  of  a  limh,"  ,L;ratuities 
are  provided,  ran.uin-  from  £100  for  a  -ec-nd  lieutenant  to 
£.^,500  for  a  field  mar-hal.  Suliject  to  certain  condition-  per- 
manent i.en-ion-  mav  W  .i,'ranted  to  Mich  <.!ticer-  a  year  later, 
ranuin.u  from  £70  to  £400.  with  "-pecial"  rate-  for  a  held  mar- 
shal or  ;i  .uener.d.  An  officer,  furthermore,  may  he  recommended 
f..r  a  pen>ion  or  a  gratuity  "for  each  limb  or  eve"  of  which  he 
has  lo-t  the  u-e  through  wound-  received  in  action.  It  i>  al-o 
pn.v-ded  that  "an  oflicer  who  ha-  heen  wounded  in  action,  and 
has  1  ereliy  lo-t  ,in  eve.  a  limh,  or  a  to,.th.  or  -u-tained  any  other 
iujurv  nece-itatiu.i;  the  u-e  of  an  artificial  appliance,  may  he 
oranted  -ucli  -urn  a-  our  Army  founcii  -hall  con-ider  -ulhcient 
I,  defr.iv  the  uece-arv  expen-e  of  providing'  the  artificial  appli- 
ance."    ( .\rticle-  f).i''-647.) 

.\dmini-tration  of  the<e  proviM..ns  was  in  the  hand-  ot  the 
r„,:,rd  of  Comnii-ioners  of  Chel>ea  Ho>pital.  where  it  h.ad  heen 
ever  -iuce  pen-io„-  had  heen  i:'  en.  fhel-ea  Ho>pit,al  i<  the  in- 
t-titmiou  fMunded  hv  niarle-  1 1  on  the  model  of  the  Invaluk-  of 
I'.ui-.  to  1  a  refuse  for  di-ahled  -..Idier-:  and  when  the  practice 
uf  pvinu  ea-h  payment-  a-  an  alternative  mode  of  a-sistance 
p.,,,,,.  i„i|^,  ,„,.— at 'first  because  there  was  not  ro,,m  in  the  li<.>- 


CRF.AT     IIKIIAIN 


97 


pital  for  all  the  veterans  entitled  to  its  shelter — the  responsijjility 
tnr  such  iiavinent^  \\a^  :ialurally  entrusted  tn  the  Lhelsea 
C(ininiis>i(iiier.-.. 

Wiriiin  tile  limits  «et  by  the  royal  warrant,  the  amount  of  an 
individual  iien>ioti  was  tixed  hy  the  coniiiiis>ii 'ner>.  on  the  i)a-i^ 
of  the  considerations  enumerated  above.  In  addition,  since  the 
South  African  War,  it  had  been  within  their  discretion  to  add 
sixpence  per  d.iy  to  the  pen>ii'n  of  a  private. 

When,  early  in  the  war.  the  War  ( )rtice  a-ked  the  ClieKea 
authorities  fi.r  their  "views"  on  ilu'  e\i»tini;  >ystem.  the  only 
chan.s^e  thev  fuj,'Kested  was  tiiat  this  discretionary  sixpence  ^iiould 
he  n)ade  ai)plicablc  to  all  ranks  of  noncommi-sioned  oflicers  and 
men.  in>tead  of  bein.i;  limited  to  privates.  They  pointed  i^ut  th.ii 
the  existin;,'  rate-  h.id  been  established  in  ISfj-l-,  and  that  the  orly 
modification  in  the  .^0  year>  had  been  the  allowance  of  tins  addi- 
tional sixpence  since  IS'''';  so  that,  a^  the  stand.ard  of  comfort 
h.is  undoubtedly  ri>en  and  the  purch.isin.ij  power  of  money  has 
declined  durin;,'  the  half  century,  the  rales  tlo  not  "reiiroent 
todiiv  a  benefit  eciuivalent  to  tiiat  provided  wlien  the  scale  was 
fixed  in  1864";  bnt  they  thouj,dit  iii.it  if  the  discretionary  allow- 
ance were  applicable  to  all  nuiks  tli.it  would  suffice  for  all  ordi- 
n;ir\-  ca>es.  and  that  "larjie  f.iinilies"  shuuKl  be  helped  from  some 
other  fund.  As  to  the  advis.ibility  of  discrimin.-itinj;  between 
married  ami  slnyjle  tiien  in  the  amount  of  their  pensinn,  the  possi- 
bility of  which  iiad  been  suj^tjested  by  the  War  Office,  the  ixiard 
did  not  think  it  would  be  wise  to  attempt  this,  because  investij,'a- 
tion  of  f.amilv  circumst;ince>  would  be  "im|)ractical)le." ' 

In  the  navv  the  disability  pensions  were  administered  by  the 
Admiralty,  throufjh  the  authorities  of  C.reenwich  Hospital. 

In  addition  to  these  pensions,  soldiers  and  sailors  mij,dit  be 
insured  in  the  Army  and  Xavy  Insurance  I'und.  Most  of  the 
new  armv,  moreover,  had  as  civili.uis  l)een  insured  under  the 
National  Health  Insurance  Act  of  I'Hl.  which  makes  insurance 
compulsorv  for  all  whose  waues  are  le-s  than  £1^)0  per  year,  and 

1  CorrespiiiuleiKe  iiitrodiiceil  a^  testimony  lietorc  the  Select  Committee  of 
tlie  House  of  Commons,  see  p.  103.  Ijelow. 


^^«*a55~ 


98 


iil.-..\i:i.i;i>    S(ll.lill-.K;>    AM)    SAU.li 


UIK 


.Tf  ciitiiliil,  ill  ca-L'  I't  (li-al)ilily  incu 
k-r  ill, it  ail.  which  in  iioniial  (.a-r-  w 


imd  in  -LT\  ici',  l<)  hvuchis 


i-k   i> 


r  Jfi  wii 


c-  and  .■^  -hilling;-  a  \m.-i.' 


.ul.l  Ik-   lU  -hillin.u- 
k  111 


iTi-alUT  a-  h  'nu  a- 


ti'lalK-  (h-aliK'tl.  n\)  v>  the  a^'c  "I  7 


tlK\     wrri' 

).  .r  the  hiin'tit  ihi'v  iim-t  havi-  Im-n  iii^nnt 


0.     'I'm  111'  ihuihU 


tor 


!04 


wiik-  and 


liil  104  i-Miitrihntion-. 


M 


in  incapai' 


italed  hcfiTo  tluv  ]i, 


Ilk-  rii|iiir^ 


(1  niinihi-r  "f  C(iiitrihntii'n>  win.-  a!lii\vi<l  V<  ccnlimu'  ti 


]'a\-  iiniil  tlii'v  liac 
the  National 


to  ]i  ill)  the 


Am 


1  inaiU-  it  n|).  Men  wiio  hail  ln-cn  iuMind  ntnUr 
ilth  In-nrance  Act  were  allowed  on  (.nh-tinent 
Na\\'  Insurance  1  niul,  in  which  condition- 


IV  and 


i\nieni    were  a   liltk 


itK 


more   la\oraliK 


halt  the  wecklv  c  iiitrihiition.  a-  coniparid  witli  the  civil  cmi 


-mce  the  arnn-  ]<: 
th  th 


\enili-:  and  the  arm 


.  r  -  threi'--i 

<eeiiin,i;  the  man  injured  a 


V  contri!iiuii>n  was  acce|iied  a? 


Iter  that. 


/■ 


Sl,-[^s    ii 


I\irl 


Ultlhllt 


d   midnii,'ht  on   .\ni,'ust   31.    1"14.   Y,..   Tlamar  Green 


wh.  >  had  been  trvin.ir  :~ince 


ik, 


•  K 


-pirileil  ple.i  in  the  I  lon^e  ( 


I'k  "to  <'ei  a  ch.ance  to 


<i  Commons  for  in- 


ices  and  of  pe 


n>ion--  tor 


crea>im;  the  rate-  ol   -epar.ation  ;iliowan 

the  di-.ihled  and  for  the  dependent-  of  lho>c  who  -hould  he  killed 


an 


nonncin^;  .at  the  end  of  hi.-  -]ieech.  "I  intend 


to  k 


potin 


il  the 


ivernnienl. 


I  intend  to  stnmp  the  conntiv  on  i 


lin.L: 
t.  if 


nece--arv,  and  1  intend  to  vote  .i^am-t  the  s^'overnmeiit  it  nece-- 

le  di-,d)led  w.is  "a 


ar\-. 


Hi-  p.articnlar  propo-.al  in  rei:ard  ic  tl 


mimmnm  o 


f  JO  -hillini 


iier  week  ;i 


the  di>al)ililv  l;i-t- 


A  nieinher  for  rort>inonlh  -])oke  to  the  same  ]inrpose  in  hehalf 
(if  -ailor>.  and  both  pleas  were  -up]iorted  liy  Sir  Clement  kin- 
lochA'ooke. 

A  few  ilavs  later  Mr.  P.arncs  a-ked  the  Prime  Mini>ter  "if  the 
L:o\arnment  has  considered  the  (|neslion  of  m.akinii  ade'|u,ite  pro- 


\  i-ion  tor  ihi ' 
front.  -a\-.  on 


-e  c-ipplei 
the  ba-i- 


or  tor  the  wu 


lows  (d"  those  kuK'.'.  at  the 
if  tlie  Coi.ipeiis.ition  .\ct."     Mr.  .V^diiith 


a--nred  him  tiiat 


le-i'  i.i-e- 


w  ill  Ik  iiro|,erIv  ]iro\idi 


I' 
d  for.  but 


certain  a-pe 


:t>  (d'  the  matter  .■ire  still  under  con-ider,ation."     On 


b- 


ire--ed    further   b\-   ani'tlur   member   about   tlie   ba-is  on 


;{-v-j^" 


CKI-.AT    IlKITAIN 


«;»') 


which  provision  woiiM  he  nia.lo  W  pntcrml  to  im,mi,..iic  any 
staictiKiU.  hut  pronii>td  I"  uiaki.-  one  hiforc  a.lj>'nrnnuiit.  '1  he 
next  (lav  another  impatient  inenilKr  ]nit  a  (im^tP.n  [<■  the  -■  .v- 
ernnunt  ahont  provision  for  the  imapacilated,  m  winch  the 
Un<ler-Sicretary  "f  State  f-r  War  replie.l  N.oihingly:  "In  iht 
case  of  all  woundal  provi^i^n  wil!  be  made." 

Silh-iiu-  I'n'l^oscl  hy  the  C.oycrnmcnt 
Mr.  A-(|iiith  \va<  nna1)le  to  make  a  statement  hefore  adjonrn- 
nient.  which  wa-  taken  on  Septemlier  IS.  luit  when  rarliament 
came  together  a.i,'ain,  <'n  N'ovemher  11.  it  had  f^T  cnn-ulerati-n 
a  memorandnm  fn.iu  the  i^cvernnient  pre-entin^;  its  deciMnii-  as 
to  "the  main  line.-"  '<\  a  -cheme  nf  allowance-  and  pen-ion-  m 
respect  of  seamen,  niarine-,  and  -tidier-,  and  tlieir  wive>,  widows 
and  dependent>.  ' ' 

The  -ections  relatin;,'  to  disability   (l.vl7i    propo-ed  that   in 
the  lowe-t  grades  of  h^lh  army  and  na\  y  tiie  niinininm  allow.iiu'e 
for  total  "di-ahlement"  -hould  he  14  shillini;-  a  week  f'T  unmar- 
ried men  and  K)  shilling-  d  pence  fnr  m.irried  nun  witli-iu  chd- 
drcn.  with  C(  rrcspondinj;  impmvemeiit-  "U  the  exi-tmi:  -cale  f^r 
the  higher  ^'rades :  tliat  the-e  aninuut-  mij,du  lie  incre;i-ed  at  the 
discretion  of  the  anthoritie-.  acCMnlinj;  tn  the  number  i.f  depen- 
dents and  other  circum-tances,  up  to  a  maxiuuun  of  J3  -hillini;-; 
that  these  allowance-  -hould  be  in  addition  h>  the  -ickne--  or  di-- 
ablenient  heneiits  to  which  in-ured  -i  .Idler-  and  >.iil'ir-  were  en- 
titled under  the  National  Health  hi-urance  Act;  that  llie  allow- 
ances  for   partial   di-ablement   >hould   varv   from   3    -hilliii--  6 
])ence  to  17  -hillin.!,';-  6  pence  per  week,  "the  amount  luin.i;  deter- 
mined with  re.i:ard  to  reduction  of  wat;e  earnin.i,' c;ip;icitv,  number 
of  dependents,  and  other  circuni-taiice-" ;  that  payiiiein-  -lioul.l 
be  made  weekly.  ;Mid  that  the  adniiui-tratiou  -liould  continue  in 
the  hands  of  the  Admiralty  and  the  (."hel-ea  1  lo-pital  authorities. 
While  these  propo-als  repre-ented  a  -uh-tantial  incrja-e  over 
existing  provi<ion<,  thev  did  not  ,u"   'ar  euou.uh  to  ^ati-fy  the 
member-  of  the  llou-e  who  were  -pecialle  iiitere>ted  in  the  sub- 
'  Wliitc  PLii.or.  r,i.  rw..\ 


100 


UlSM'.l.l.I'    Siil.|)ll;l;>    AMI    SMl.nKS 


ir.ilun-  in  c.  niuclii'n  wilh  llu-  pfiM  .~im1  pcti- 


ji-cl,  and  riTtaiii  li 
SI. .11^  tor  ui.l-w-  <lul  n-l  c-miii.ii(l  iIiliincK  i-,  alih-uuh  tlk' 
i-ri!iR'  Minister  a->urr(l  i1k-  ll^u-i'  iliat  •'Nn  -uhjcct  ha~  ^ivL-ii 
tlu-  -o\.riiiiii-m  111..IX'  aii\i"U-  lli-n-iil  and  i-MUMik-rati.  .n.  and  1 
tl..nU  MTV  nmcli  ulullur  llir  .l^lay  ihat  ha-  laki'U  j.lacc  in  regard 
1,.  tin  ilidi-ralb^n  -1  iIk.'  -liunn'  "i  |,i-n>i(>ns  i>  >'W  \\h\d).  V 
ii-L-  lanuliar  \'  «U  lli>--  laii>.  i>  a  mailer  I-r  r^-rrt  it 


.-c   W  11' 


wirr  III  it  di-pii-t'il  to  aci'L'iil  llii' 
■d  li\    Mr.   I'miiar  Law.  KaiK  r  nt 


s-uriiri-c. 

'llic  M.-iuinunt  111  ili'-i-  wli" 
f;ii\crnnKtit'-  plan  \\a-  ixprt  -- 
llic-  OiiiM.-Uii.n,   uli.i  r-aul,  in  iIil-  ci.nr>c  nl   ihc  '\ki)ale  -m  llic 

;nldrc.->": 

Tlir  M-.  iiiil  cau-c  that  lia^  liiiulircil  ruTuitiriK  i.  the  (Ulay  ami  imror- 
tiinty  a^  t..  uhat  the  u>  .v  urmiicnt  Muaiit  to  iI-  1- T  the  d.'iictulcnts  i.t  \\u- 
men  uh..ar,  t.uhti.,4  anil  i.T  iIk  nun  tl,em-cKc->  after  the  uar.  .  .  1  ne 
..miM.^aU  «h;ch  the  i;-\erni;ient  have  ma.le  il-.  ii-t  -eeni  t-  me  ivw  to  he 
y,|^.,H,.,,e  .     !•   M-Mii>  t-  me  that   the  real  way  to  ileal  uilh   tin-  qne- 

,„„,  even  nou .  ,-  t,.  an-nU  a  MUall  eommittee.  a  very  >nKill  one.  repre- 
sentative of  all  partus  in  the  lion-e.  who  w,ll  g.  into  the  matter  u.M  draw 
up  a  plan  wlmli  the  government  mii;ht  acce|it. 

l-nlkr  di-cn-inn  timk  place  a  wvvk  later,  when  the  que>tiim 
of  ilie  appoinlnieni  of  a  ^elecl  Coniniitlec,  as  iir^'ed  by  Mr.  IJonar 
Law.  wa>  l)efore  the  Hon>e.  .\t  the  openin.s,'  of  this  se-ion 
(. November  IS)  a  petition  with  12.=; .000  si',matures  iiad  been  pre- 
sentetl:  ■"That  thi>  llon^e  will  be  Kracii>u>ly  plea>ed  tu  .i,Tant  jn-t 
and  !.:.neri.it>  pensions  and  allowanee>  to  all  our  soldiers  and 
siilor-  disii)led  in  this  war.  al^o  to  the  widows  and  other  de- 
pvndent-  of  iho-e  who  fall  in  the  war."  The  criticiMH  of  the 
White  Paper  >ciieme  wa-  directed  in  the  main  a.t:ain-t  what  wa- 
ftlt  III  lie  an  in.ideiiuate  scale  of  pen>ion> '•miserably  inade- 
quate." -aid  .Mr.  r.arne:-.  •"No  man  can  live  on  14  shilling's  pvr 
week,  .md  It  mean-,  ih.at  he  i-  to  be  a  Imrden  to  his  friend<  and 
relative-.  If  he  i>  K"'".i-'  t"  '"-'  •'  burden  to  anybody,  the  burden 
should  be  borne  on  tlie  i)roail  lack  of  the  whole  community." 
Labor  member-  held  thai  a  pound  a  week  .-hould  be  the  minimum 
f(ir  lot.il  di-abletr.ellt. 

Lord  llus;h  Cecil  wi-hed  to  direct  "the  special  attention"  of  the 


■  ST-?>ii-''^«I>«Lj 


cKKAl     r.i;l  I  MN 


101 


I.n.pf.std  c.iniiiittir  "t-.  tlie  ca-c  "I  tlu-  di-^al.lcd  in  ad.lition  to 
tlu'  ca-o  ni  tlK-  widows  and  (K-iKMidnit-,  ..|  win  .in  s, ,  imuh  lias 
Iktii  Slid  in  llu'  i-.  .iirse  ..f  the  di-cn-i.  .n."  The  rlaini  ct  the  di- 
aMkd,  Ik-  tliMU-^ht,  •-Imuld  apiieal  I',  n-  with  s|K'i-ial  iTCe.  .  .  . 
Ik-  cciiMinus  jn~t  a-  hvf.  .re,  hnt  he  niake>  n..thint,'."  He  often 
lued- exiien-ne  tnatiueiit  and  aiipliancr-.  "I'r.  .lial)lv  there  i>  ii" 
ea-e  in  which  ni'  luy  i>  of  in.  .re  in!i".rtanee  llian  the  ea-e  I'l  a 
man  who  ha-  >uliereil  ~..nie  injiirv  whieh  reqwire^  suri,'ieal  treat- 
ment." I.'.rd  Cecil  ur^ed  tw..  e.  .n-id-'rati.  .n-  which  have  -uice 
Inc.  .me  a\i..niatic— in  the  .rv— hnt  winch  at  that  tnnc  were  -nil 
novel:  that  a  man'-  iHn~i..n  -h.  .idd  n..t  he  reilnced  if  he  improves 
(.r  trio  ti.  earn  -.inethin;;;  ami  that  a>-i~tance  ^h..uld  he  ]ironii)t. 
<  )ii  this  latter  [..  .int  he  say-: 

1  Imiio  tli;it  ilu-  :,-~iMaiK-o  L.  .li^all.'!  men  may  Lc  uivt'ii  Jmmi.li.itcly 
I'm  liave  b-^'ital  an.l  ciiu-  m-ii  tl.eir  ..wii  rt.s..urcc^.  It  i>  >a<l  that  tluri- 
.h.^ul.l  I.r  any  iimr^al  .Inrir.i;  AiiKh  th.\  are  lianiiitiK  al...ut  ex|icctiii«  M.nu- 
ll'.nii;  '..  l.e  (I..110  f.-r  tlii'iii.  wlan  tlay  il.  r.<<\  >\n\xe  know  what  is  K..inn  t.) 
hv  ,1.  no.  I  (I..  n..t  think  that  that  is  cc.ntcnii.late.l,  hut  it  happens  «<.nHt:nus 
tlir.  nub  defective  maclnmry.  Cr.at  care  sh..uM  he  taken  that  not  the  slight- 
e--t  interval  is  allowed  t.i  ilaji^e. 

The  principle  inv-.lved  in  the  proposal  for  partial  di>ahilitv 
was  criticized  hy  Ix'th  Mr.  P.arnes  and  l.-rd  Cecil,  who  tli.mKht 
that  a  dermite  anionnt  shonld  he  fi.xed  f..r  .=[)ecitied  injnrics,  as 
was  already  d'.ne  in  the  ca-e  of  ..fticer-,  instead  of  attemi>ting 
t..  •:an;;e  the  dej^ree  to  which  a  man's  tiirnin^;  capacity  had  heen 
dinnnished  hy  his  injury  and  fixin-^'  the  anionnl  of  his  iiension 
i.n  th.:it  hasis,  A  permanent  administrative  h..dy.  to  have  charj,'e 
c.f  all  the  pensions  and  allowances  under  disctissj-.n,  replacing  the 
several  authorities  anions;  which  they  were  distrilmted,  wa.  ■  pro- 
p..scd  hv  the  Risht  H.morahle  Ilave^  Fisher,  chairman  of  the 
executive  committee  of  the  K<.yal  Patriotic  Fund  Corp<. ration, 
and  nieniher  of  a  joint  Select  Committee  of  the  Lords  and  Com- 
mons wliicli  had  made  u  similar  reconimendatiun  at  the  time  ui 
the  Transvaal  War. 


-^MM 


^^i^^^imj^^tE^f^^^ 


102 


IilSAlll.l  II    Sill, 111!  i;s    AM)    SAll.dUS 


yl!-luiiitliiu-iit  of  the  Sdt-ct  Cciiiinitti-r 

After  cnnsidiraliK'  diNCii^sicn  of  tlic  iiiiixirtana-  of  tlu'  prnhlom 
til  he  inlni-ti(!  l"  tlic  propd^td  Cdniinittii-,  tlu'  ri--pcci-  in  uliiih 
tlu'  i^MMTiiiiniil  -rluiiu'  w.i-  iiii-ati-laclnrv.  and  llic  w^rdinL:  cf 
tlic  "rifiTiiKH',"  it  \va>  ordiTcd  (  Nnvi-nilnf  IS,  l')14)  "that  a 
Sili-rt  (ipTniniKcf  hv  appninti-d  ti>  cun-idrr  a  ^ilnnu'  nf  pn)~i"iis 
and  jjraiit-  ti""  "rriiir>  ami  men  in  tin-  naval  and  military  ^t.r\  ices 
di-aliled  liv  v.i.nnds  it  di~iaM-  ari>ini,'  ('\it  nf  the  pre-ent  war, 
and  I'T  tlu'  widnws,  nrphan^.  and  dependents  <>i  uflleers  and  men 
who  liave  ii^t  tlieir  live^.  and  whether  the  exi>tin.i;  >e!uine  <<( 
separation  allowanees  tn  ui\t-,  children  and  dependents  shnnld 
lie  amended;  and.  if  sn,  in  what  way."  The  cnmmittee  was  to 
ei.n-i-t  (if  six  niemliers.  and  it  was  (ifhcially  knuwn  a^  the  Select 
(."iimmittee  <iii  Naval  and  Military  Services  (IVnsinns  and 
Cirants). 

On  the  fnllnwiiifj  day  the  cnmmittee  was  name<l — an  excellent 
fine,  it  wnuld  seem,  repre>ent.itive  <if  varinu>  interests  and  puints 
(if  view,  and  well  prepared  tn  iiandle  the  suhjccts  entrusted  to  it, 
th()U},'h  there  was  complaint,  when  their  report  came  to  Ik-  dis- 
cussed six  months  later,  that  so  pres^inj;  a  matter  should  have 
lieen  left  to  the  "six  husiest  men  in  the  House."  It  was  <le- 
scrihed  liv  th.e  Man|uis  of  Crewe  in  the  House  of  Lords  tlie 
next  summer,  on  introducinj,'  the  me.isure  due  to  its  wnrk.  as 
"hoth  ])erson,illy  and  in  its  rejirescntative  capacity  as  stnmt;  a 
committee  as  the  House  of  Commons  coidd  ]iroduce.  It  included 
tlie  then  Chancellor  of  the  Kxcheiiuer.  Mr  I  loyd  ('leorj^c.  .and 
liis  sncces-or  in  that  ofhce,  Mr,  McKenna:'  it  also  included  .1 
former  (,'hancellor  of  the  l"xche(|ner  in  the  person  of  Mr.  Austen 
Chamherl.iin.  .and  the  then  leader  of  the  Opposition.  Mr.  Pionar 
Law;  the  other  memhers  were  Mr.  Piarnes.  representins;  to  tlie 
fullest  extent  the  Lahor  Party  in  the  House  of  Commons,  and 
Mr.  T.  P.  O'Connor,  represent  in  1;  the  Irish  Party." 

'  W'li.i  at  the  time  "f  h\<  appnintincnt  on  tlii.i  cutiimiuec  wa>  the  Sccre- 
tarv  L.l"  State  l.'r  the  [{■•vm  lleiiarimeiit. 


(.Ui:\[      IIKITAIN' 


103 


TIk-  committic-  luM  inanv  t,K..-tin>,'>  ami  exatnincl  tw.ntv  or 
IKT^nn,  wh..^c  cNiaruMU-cs  ..r  i.U-a.  were  nf  vahu-.  Imt  in 


ilmiu'  "f  tistimi'iiv  it  is  imiH)-.<ihli'  tint  to 


nvrc  ji' 

Idokinir  through  the  VdlmiU'  " 

^vnipatlii/A-  uitli   ll.c  (l.saKriHal.Ic   nutulKT   cf   th.    HmKC    (the 

.'■mio  u,K-  u-l.n  th..uu'!u   it   uiif.rt.matc  that  tlic  c.miiimt.e  %vas 

nia.le  up  of  siicli  i.ii^v  nun)  that  thtrc  must  Imvu  Ik-ch  "a  ^r^-^t 

,Ual  nf  cxpericmv  in  the  cunirv"  uhuh  the  o.mm.tt.o  ".hd  u-t 

jrct  "    On  tlie  ([ueMinn  nf  prnvi^nn  Tt  .lisihility— which,  it  n.u^t 

be  rcmenihiTcl.  was  nnlv  a  i-art.  an.l  really  a  suhordiuato  part. 

„f  the  cninniittcc's  cnnc.rn— tlu-  wiiiu.s.s  ct   ^rcat.-t  iiUeri-t 

tn  us.  f,.r  iliTercnt  ri-asnn<.  wore  Mr.  Hayes  1  ..her,  Mr.  See- 

bnhin  Rnwntrcc,  and  Sir  Charles  CruiehUy. 

Sir  Charles  CnUchlev.  secretary  nf  the  i'.nanl  nf  I  .  „nnus.,nn- 
crs  nf  Chel-ea   Hn~pital.  did  nnt  say  nnuli.  hut   li.s  testimnny 
(,pen>  vistas  to  the  r.fticial  pnint  nf  view  which  helj)  us  tn  visual- 
ize the  -wteni  in  oj.eralinn  at  the  heKinniuK  nf  the  war.  and 
indeed    fnr  nianv   nmnths  afterward.      His   letter  to   the   War 
OlTice  which  has  heen  referred  tn  ahnve.  is  intmduccd  as  part  of 
his  evidence,  and  aNn  annther  letter  written  by  him  alter  the 
puhlicatinn  of  the  White  Paper  scheme,  in  which  the  cnmini^- 
si.mer^  protested  ai,'ain.  in  lan«uai;e  as  emphatic  as  was  cnus,<t- 
ent  with  theii  diKuitv,  against  the  pmpn.e.l  intmductmn  nf  a  new 
consideration  in  awarding  penM<.n^.     "l-p  to  the  pre-ent,     he 
wrnte    "the  cmnmissinners   have  been    re(|uired   tn    pay   ret,'anl 
onlv  to  the  decree  (^f  disablement  aflectinji  earnin-  capacity  ari^- 
in^;  frnm  wnnnd,  injurv  or  di^ea^e,  the  len-lh  of  service  and 
character  of  the  soldier  himself,  and  any  peculiar  circumstances 
attendiuK'  his  cnduct  when  w.nmded.    .    .    .    F"r  the  first  time 
in  the  historv  of  army  pensinns  the  number  of  dependents  of 
a  -nUlicr  are 'to  be  taken  int.^  cnnsideratinn  in  the  assessment  nf 
hi>  rate  of  pension."    Not  nnlv  wnuld  this  necessitate  the  adnp- 
ti-n  nt   a  precise  definition  of  "dependrnt,"  but  "it  is  open  to 
dnubi  wheiher  under  the  new  re'.mlatinns  the  soldier  wnuld  not 
find  mure  ground  for  dissatisfaction  than  at  pre-ent,  for  he  would 


104 


|.l-  M:I  I  P 


il  mi  I'-i    .\M>    SMIOIC 


ii(\.r  kii-w  wlmlur  llir  ;iv,  .ird  h.n!  luili  iii.hK-  hi  tlic  dc'Krci-  i{ 
In-  I'lr-iiial  iiiiurv  nr  iii  -••lur  v-timatc  nt  lii<  taiuily  cirtiim- 
M.iiK'-  t"  whuli  1r'  iiiif^ht  ln-l  ili-i".M(l  ti>  taki'  cxccptinii.  lu- 
lled, a  iiii-taki'  ill  Iii^  rn'  rd~  a>  I"  his  family  cr  lluir  cKik'H- 
d.uuu  wiiild  n.ui  111  111-  p,  n-i'ii,  ami  iiiju-tiix-  rii;;lit  tlnTi'liy 
iiin\iitin,L:ly  lie  d.iiir  t<.  tin  -.  Idur."  Sir  Chark-i  fiToaw  with 
(ii-iiiav  a  im-i --in  I'T  ri\i-iii'4  the  ]nn-ii'ii  fn'in  tinu;  tn  tiiiK', 
t..  ko'j)  [lair  with  \ariali"ii-  in  the  tminhi  r  <<i  (Kin'iidi'iiK. 

Tiic  iii"-t  Mfii'ii-  iniiM\ati'Ji  pr..]..  .-cd.  Ii-wimt,  fr-m  his  jii.iitf 
cf  \Ww,  \\a>  the  intr'diu'tp'ii  I'f  weekly  rate>  in  plaee  it  the 
dailv  rate~  if  the  1a-l  50  \ear-.  Tiii-  w .  .uld  make  a  "tremeiidi  .n-i 
e.in|)lii-ati"n";  il  W'tild  iieie--itatf  "tu..  -et-  I't  ImmI-."  \\  n-klv 
]'a\ni(iit  -eem^iU't  ti>  ha\e  heeii  the  in-iiiierahle  (litVicnlty,  tlu'ii'^Ii 
the  iMiMcni  had  Imn  li>  pay  hy  tiio  i|iianer,  hut  rather  the  C'li- 
fn-i"n  in\'  h  ed  in  dialini:  wiih  calenlatii 'ii^  on  thi-  tun  ha-e-;. 

,Mr.  Seehcihin  Iviuiitrco  ari^iied  f^r  the  jirinciiile  whieh  tiiifir- 
liinateK  wa>  ti'  he  iiu«  r]"  rated  hy  the  C'lnmittee  in  it>  ]ir"- 
Iii-;d>  with  re-|ieet  t"  |)in-i"ns  fnr  partial  di-ahility,  and  which 
iiad  Iknred  in  the  White  TaiHT  selieine,  that  the  iieii-i"n  should 
^niiiilenunt  tiie  iiian'^  earning;-,  hrin,i;ini,'  hi^  iiicme  tn.m  the- 
twii  '-I'uree-  ii|)  U>  the  ami  ■tmt  i.f  the  jien-iiiti  fur  ti'tal  (li>ahility. 
He  tlnMii^ht,  hiiwever,  that  there  -hi  add  he  a  minimum  jiaynieiit 
aenrdi  i,'  tn  a  fixed  -rale  i"r  >]iecilied  injuries,  in  recuj^'nitii 'ii  <'f 
what  he  lalled  tlie  "iKr-nnal  iiU' 'inenieiuc"  cf  ln-in;,'  -'m  arm  it 
a  lei,'  or  an  e\e,  even  if  the  man  could  "i;')  rij.'ht  hack  to  his  ('Id 
]ii-iti''n" :  hilt  that  o\tr  and  a.lnAe  llii>  niinimnni  the  ]«.'n>iiiii 
^hl  uld  he  increa-ed  until  the  sum  of  jicn-jon  and  earnings 
aiii'iUtUid  to  the  !-;ime  as  the  pension  for  total  di-ahility.  For 
total  di-ahility  he  thou,t,dn  the  amount  should  he  the  same  as  fi-r 
a  widow,  with  an  additional  t"i\e  s!iillin,i,'s  jier  week  in  coii-idera- 
tii'ii  of  the  additional  cost  of  havinj;  the  man  at  home. 

Mr.  1  laves  I"i-her,  who  had  heen  chairman  of  the  executive 
ci'inmittee  of  the  Koy.al  Patriotic  h'und  C'orpor.ation  -ince  1''07, 
]ire-enied  a  memor.-indum  of  the  history  and  current  work  of  tlie 
Corporation,  which  to!.;ether  witii  his  te-iiniotiy  was  lar^'ely  re- 
>pon-ihle  for  the  recommendation  that  a  Statutory  Conmiittee 


i^3I^Ur^SSLi^Sii^ 


(iKKAP    IIUIIAIN 


10? 


In-  ;i|']".intr(l  v>  nu(t  till'  IK  III-  ii"t  providal  for  by  the  »\-t<i.i 
i.t  imi-idi-  and  v;r;mt^  aii'l  ;ill« .uaiici's.  It  !■-  nf  histnrical  iiitir- 
«-t  that  Mr.  il,i\i>  1  i-hir  uri;iil  •ii  t!u-  e  niinitlfi-  a  plan  lir 
II  •nil  lit  rat  in  l;  in  a  -ini^li-  ainli"rity  the  adniini-tratu  •ii  <•!  all  tnili- 
t.irv  and  iia\al  pcn-i^n-,  a-  he  h.ul  >-tiui;i-tnl  pri\  inn-ly  ni  tin- 
Ilcti-e  anil  on  otlur  cuia-ii  n-.  ami  as  he  was  to  have  Uirtlur 
I. pp". nullity  til  iirj^e  in  the  I  mure. 

Tlh-  C<'iiiiintti-c's  Reports 

The  couiniittee  made  it-  ree.  iiimeiid.iticn-  in  three  spt-cial 
np.'i-t-.  The  tir-t.  Milimiite.l  iii  l.inu.iiv  M^.  r'15,  pn^po-ed 
an  inerea-ed  -eale  <-i  peii-i^ii-  and  aili.waiur-,  ineludmL;  di- 
ahKineiit  peii-i.  n-,  I'l-r  "ineii"  and  their  di  pendent-,  re-ir\ini; 
ree'.muiendali. '11-  in  rei;.ird  In  clVieir-  t-r  a  lurther  rep..ri  ;  al-. 
thai  "s-i'ine  h^dy,"  either  an  exi-lini;  i  .ruam/ati' ■!!  re.  .r,i;am/Ad 
and  -trenL;tlutu  d.  cr  a  new  1m  ^dy  t"  he  -]ieii.dl\  ereateil  |.r  the 
pur[M'-e.  -h'uld  have  certain  di-ereti"nary  pi.wer-  with  reu'ard 
to  pen-ii.n<  for  dependent-  at  tlie  end  "i  -i\  miiuli-  alter  the 
man's  death  ;'.nd  with  reL,'ard  l'>  -iipiileiiieniary  .^rant-  in  .dl 
ca-e>;  and  reciiiimeiiiled  the  employment  oi  e.\->oIilier-  and  e\- 
yailor-.  in  !,'o\ernnient  -erviee  "\\here\er  it  may  i)e  ]>< '--ihle." 

The  second  -I'ecial  reiM.rt,  dated  .\pril  14,  \'>\5,  recom- 
mended that  the  "-jiecial  hoily"  referred  to  in  the  previous  report 
should  he  a  ".statutory  ■Committee"  of  the  Royal  i'atriotic  1  tuul 
Corporation. 

The  third  and  List,  which  wa<  not  suhmitted  until  Septemher  ,^, 
dealt  with  pen-ions  and  >,'r:mts  to  di-ahled  officers  and  ofticer-' 
widows,  or])han-.  and  dependent-,  recommending;  increase-  in  the 
case  of  junior  offa  ers  and  modihcatii  ns  of  e.xistini,'  rej,'iil.itioiis 
in  ither  respects,  chiefly  in  the  direction  of  systematizing,'  and 
harmonizing  thein. 

Iiicrcascil  Pnisicus  ami  .UlozcanCirs 
The  scale  of  pen-ions  and  allowance-  deiiended  on  administra- 
tive action,     (juotions   were  a-ked  occa-ionrdly   in   the    Ilou-e 
fif  Commons  as  to  when  the  new  rates  wi.uld  ^;o  into  effect,  hut 
thev   were  not  discu-sed.      The   increased   rates    for   separation 


•■Ji^/. " 


!()(, 


iplSAlll.I"!)    Slil.DIl'KS    AND    SAII.OUS 


;iI!.i\\;Lticc=  took  effect  Marcli  1,  I^IS.  The  new  scale  fnr  dis- 
aliilit*-  i)eiiMi.ii>  diil  imt  ,!,"'  """  "lierali"!!  until  later  (May  _'l, 
]'>]?:  Ariuv  ( )rder  _'!_').  Inn  arrear>  were  jiaid  as  fri.in 
March  1. 

The  i)arai,Maiih-  eiiilMKlyin^  the  reconiniendati'.n-  "f  tlie  ci'in- 
niittee  with  ropect  U<  the  rates  for  di-ahility  iieji-ii>ii-  are  ni  it- 
lir.-l  siHcial  reiiiTt  and  read  a>  f(lll(lW^: 

15.  TIic  r;ac  .•{  pcn-ii.n  fnr  t-tal  (li-.iMeinent  can  not  tic  c.nMilcTi d  uith.nit 
r.tard  t..  (li-al.li-iiH'iit  Irir-IH  uii.Kr  the  Niumnal  Healtli  In-uraikc  Ait.  \ -ur 
oiiiiinittie  bad  m  mind  tlic-  ^raut  nf  a  \wn-u.u  cif  .'II  shilliiit;^  a  week  in  addi- 
tP.ii  to  tlll^  LiMulit,  liiit  it  l.a^  In.-ii  pointed  ..lit  tn  tlicni  that  all  -aihirs  and 
.,,ldnT-  w..idd  iiHt  lie  ciitiiK-d  to  di-aliltinent  hcm-ht  under  the  lii^^uraiue 
.\,t.  We  re>-.iinmcnd  tlRref..re  that  a  iieiiMun  i.f  2S  sliilliMLjs  a  week  di-uld 
lie  !.;i\e;i  hv  the  state,  ';.Kieties  and  fnn<ls  under  the  lii-uranee  -\ct  heini,' 
rehe\cd  ..f  the  eliar.ee  .>f  5  slnllinus  a  week  in  re^pcet  t..  snch  <.t  their  mem- 
l.ers  a>  WMuld  receive  di-ahlernent  heneht,  hnt  reinaminu  liahle  for  the  ctner 
henet.i-  due  under  the-  act  anil  f-r  the  dilVerence  between  the  5  shilliim.s  a 
week  I.f  wluih  we  pr..p..-e  t..  relieve  them,  and  the  sickness  henel'it,  i;ener- 
.•,1!>  111  vhillinys  a  week.  t;i\en  under  the  act  f...r  the  first  six  in..n!hs  i.f 
incapacity. 

Id.  '1  lie  rates  f.  .r  partial  ilisalilemcnt  slinuld  he  such  proportion  of  the 
al.dve  rate  ..t  J5  shilhnijs  as  will,  with  the  wawes  wliieli  the  claimant  may 
he  (lei'me.l  to  he  capable  <'f  earninif,  amount  t.i  -'5  shillini;;.  but  in  \v<  case 
U->  than  10  shillings  b  pence  a  week  for  tbc  loss  of  a  limb  or  an  c.\e. 

17.  Temporarv  allowances  sh..uld  be  tjiven  in  cases  .)f  temporary  di-able- 
ment.  ami  appeals  may  be  ma.le  ai^ainst  awards  in  the  case  of  partial  disahle- 
ment  after  1-'  nionth-  and  at  tlie  end  of  every  siKxeedinj;  12  months. 

IH  If  a  sailor's  or  s.'blier's  earning  cajiacity  is  totally  imiiaircil  each  of 
his  children  .Oiouhl  receive  during  the  peri..d  ..f  such  im|iairment  a  weekly 
ali..uance  of  2  sliillini;s  6  pence.  In  case  of  partial  Impairment  allowances 
n.it  exceednit;  2  shillings  6  pence  a  week  for  each  cliiUl  may  be  Rranted. 

The  new  jietisinn  f"r  ti.tal  'isahlement  was,  then,  25  shillin.<::.s 
with  an  ailditiniial  allnwatice  <if  2  sliillin.us  6  pence  for  each 
child:  fur  partial  di-ahlement,  "Mtch  atnuunt  a-  with  the  wa.ces 
which  the  mail  mav  be  deemed  tn  he  ca]>ahle  of  earnin.i:  will 
aiii'.tint  t.._'5  shillin.o- a  week.  Init  in  nil  ca-e  le>s  than  10  shillin.us 
6  pence  a  week  fi  >r  the  li.>>  '<i  a  limh  or  an  eye."  tn.^etlur  with 
(liMToliiitiarv  additinn-  nut  exceedin.t,'  _'  shillin,i;s  G  jieiice  fur  e.ich 
cliild.  Tlii-  was  a  suh-t.iiitial  increase  nver  the  scale  |irnpi.--ed 
ii,  the  White  Paper,  wiiich  iti  tnrn  was  tiuich  tin. re  favnrahle. 
e-peciallv  f^r  married  nieii  with  children,  than  the  i.iie-  in  f .  .rce 


.,™.^^-;, 


^Pf 


C.KKAT    Iil;lT.\IN' 


107 


at  the  hcp;inning  of  the  war.  and  it  (.'(iiializeil  tlie  rates  a?  Iictwccn 
sailiirs  ami  snidicrs.  It  was  five  shillin.i;>  a  week  iiinre  than  the 
standard  >et  up  earlier  l)y  tile  nicniliers  of  the  Lalmr  Party, 
and  Mr.  MeKitina  was  no  dnnht  ■■jii>titied."  as  lie  h<']ied  he 
wa>,  "in  '■ayinj;  that  tlie  Ihiuse  as  a  wln.le  accepted  the  scale 
rrci 'inniendetl  hv  the  cmnniittee,  and  that  tlie  scale  ha>  hicn 
C"n>ideri(.i  hv  the  cuuntrv  as  f;iir  and  reascnahle."  On  the  other 
hand,  in  niakintj  the  pencil  in  for  p.irtial  disahlement  dependent 
en  "the  \vaf;es  which  the  man  may  he  deeineil  to  he  capahle  of 
eariiinj,',"  a  feature  was  introdiicetl  which  was  destined  to  cause 
a  j;reat  dial  nf  trouhle. 

It  w.is  pr(i])i'Scd  in  this  rep<Trt  (paragraph  13),  as  has  already 
Iieen  nientinned,  that  ">iime  hody."  which  should  he  specitivd 
later.  sli< 'uld  ha\e  certain  di>cretii>iiary  pt^wers  with  refvriiice 
to  the  iued>  of  dependents.  In  par.'i.i,'raph  1*'  it  is  stit,',s,'ested  that 
\i'luiU;iry  funds  he  "invited"  Xo  supplement  the  state  pensions 
and  allowances  in  cases  where  they  do  iKJt  meet  the  iieetls.  and 
that  a  scale  of  such  supi)lemeiitary  grants  should  he  fixed  hy  the 
"hod\"  referred  to  in  p.ragraph  13: 

1''.  I'lio  increase  in  the  government  scales  which  we  propose  will  in 
ninny  cases  relieve  existing  voluntary  fumls.  We  sngKest  that  the  Prince 
>'i  Wales's  I'niul  and  any  other  lucal  funds  should  he  invited  to  snpiilemem 
tlic  govcrnnunt  rates  of  allowances  and  pensions  where  it  appears  to  he 
(Ic-iralile  h.  ilo  so.  having  regard  to  all  the  circumstances  of  the  case 
The  scale  nn  wliich  such  supplementary  payments  shnuld  he  made  and 
tlie  fixing;  of  a  maximum  not  to  he  exceeded  in  any  individual  case  would 
hi-  a  matter  for  the  committee  of  the  funds  concerned,  hut  in  order  to 
secure  uniformity  throughout  the  country  we  recomineml  that  the  scale 
of  grants  should  he  tixed  hy  the  hody  to  which  we  refer  in  paraj^raph  l.V 
the  .i;r^iit>  hting  administered  throuj;li  the  Soldiers'  and  Sailor>'  I'amilies 
\>s"ciation  or  such  other  local  committees  as  the  ahove  mentioned  body 
ni.iy  think  fit. 

The  recommendation  in  regard  to  the  emplovment  of  cx- 
soldiers  and  ex->;iilor>  in  government  service  re.uls  as  follows: 


_'>.  We  rccommcnrl  tliat.  wherever  it  may  he  possihle  to  employ  old 
sa'I'TS  or  soldiers  ur  their  widcnvs  in  government  service,  this  should  he 
doiic,  and  that  in  such  circumstances  their  remuneration  should  he  f'-xed 
wirh.mt  regard  to  any  pension  they  may  receive. 


^r:^mw"'^ 


3^ 


108 


IiISAI:LK1i    Sol.DIKKS    AND    SAILORS 


The  "Sf^rcial  Body" 

In  the  ?cc<'ii(l  sjx'cial  report  of  tlie  committee  it  wn';  rccom- 
nuiuKd  that  the  "-iiecial  hmly"  referred  to  in  the  first  rcfiort 
~liiiulil  he  a  Siatuinry  Committee  of  tlie  I\oyal  Patriotic  Cor- 
iMiratii'ii.  TIk-  K"val  Patriotic  I-"uiul  Cor])oration,  to  u^e  its 
Ir-.il  tiilr.  had  ori,t;inati.(l  at  the  time  of  the  Crimean  War.  a< 
the  i\'i\al  i'airiotic  Commi-^i(.ni-r>.  At  the  time  of  the  South 
Airican  War  it  \va-  made  a  cnrjioration,  and  Parhament  en- 
ini-ted  ti>  it  Narii'ti^  funds  raided  f"r  the  lienefit  of  si^lihers' 
famihes.  Ap.nnd  this  reci  .nvnendation  and  the  l)ill  which  "was 
intr^diHcd  t..  carrv  it  iiU"  effect,  a  \"U'^  and  animated  di-cu-^ion 
\v,i>  \va,:,'ed,  m  hi  ah  ll"U-e-.  The  (.ri,i,'inal  recommendation  Avas 
as  follows: 

1.  W  I-  rco-ninHMi.|  tliat  lln-  -I'^'-i'  1" 'ly  rcicrrc.!  •  in  [Mr.nuruiili^  13 
nil. I  ]'>  •■!  '  ur  tir-t  rci'-rt  l<  wliuli  icrtaiii  dutif-  arr  a-^iu'iidl  ~li.  iilil  lie 
tlir  Ivixal  I'atr:.  tio  {' ■rp-ratH'ii.  n-..' institute.]  in  aco. inlaiu'f  with  the  pro- 
\i-i..i!~  .if  a  l.ill  t..  lie  pro-i-mr.l  l..  I'arliamcnt. 

J.  ^\c  i.r.i|i..se  til. It  a  Siatm.Tv  Ci.mniittce  cf  tlic  C..rp..ra'i..ii  sli.ml.l 
t..-  ai.iii.inti-.!.  t..n-ist;r.i;  .•!  t\si'nl> -live  nntiilicrs,  nl  wli.>m  li\e  ^luill  f.'rm  a 
.H'.i.runi,  lit  tho-e  t\MiU\ -fnc.  tuelve  shall  lie  ajii)..inti.l  Iv  tlic  Cr.iwn,  ..t 
wh.in  .iiic  sliall  !)(.•  L-liairm.m.  t\v..  sliall  \<e  rei>rcsi'ntativi's  i.f  lah.T,  and  iii.t  le'~ 
tlijii  tu.i  sliall  I.e  w.iiiu'ii.  In  maknii;  tlnso  ai>i...)titnu'nis,  rf.iar(l  <h.all  l.e  hail 
to  ihi-  i.r.'iar  rcprc^cntatiiin  on  the  uh'.le  cmimittee  ..f  tlie  s.  vcral  c  imp..neiit 
part-  .  t  the  I'niteii  Kin^'.h.iii.  Tliere  shall  he  further  api'.'inte.l  a  rejiresenta- 
tne  ..f  the  Treasury,  a  tni.iiuial  representative  of  tlie'  Acimiralty  an.l  a  tinan- 
li.il  ripre-eni,iii\e  ..f  tlie  W  .ir  Office.  Of  the  reniainini;  ten  memlier^.  six 
-ii.ill  1  e' app. .inted  hy  tlie  r.t.mr.il  ('.inni-il  of  the  C.irii..rati.m.  n.it  le^^s  than 
t\\..  he:n-  \v.  niieii :  tw.i  hy  the  i.'..vcrnini;  lioily  of  tile  Xati.mal  Relief  Fuml. 
ami  tn.'  1;.  the  S.ihliers'  and  Sa-l.Ts'  Families  Associatioii.  We  propi.^e 
tliat  the  eh.iirman  shall  he  paii!  out  of  inihlio  funds. 

.1  We  ree.  inuiund  further  tli.it  l.'ial  advisory  bodies  or  coinniittees 
sh..iiM  1e  ere.ite.i.  K\ery  county.  h..r..UL:!i.  and  urhan  di-trict  council  which 
de-ires  pi  set  up  a  l.ieal  committee  sh..uld  frame  a  scheme  f. 'r  the  consti- 
tnti-n  of  tlie  c.mniitlee.  Every  scheme  should  tie  sunmittcd  for  approval 
hy  tlie  .'Statutory  C..mniittee.  and  should  provide  that  the  chairman  ami 
.■iie-lialf  of  tlie  rem.iiniii!,'  members  of  the  c.imiiiittec  sliouhl  he  .ipp.  inted 
h\  the  c.'untv.  h.'r.'iich.  or  district  ouncil,  thoutih  n.'t  iuie--a^:ly  fr..ni 
.inioni;-t  its  i.\vn  niemhers.  The  ."^tatnt.iry  Ciminittee  sh.mhl  app.iint  tw.i 
iiienil'ers  on  e\erv  I.'.al  cmmittee,  ami  pr. .vision  sliouM  he  made  in  cverv 
-ilicme  for  the  apiiointment  of  n..t  le-s  th.m  two  \v..nun. 

4.  The  functi..ns  i  f  the  ."^tatut.'ry  Committee  sh.iuM  he  mainly  as  follows: 


GKF.Vr    UKITAIN' 


1C9 


Pirst^ — Tn  decide  qucsti'ins  ui  l.ut  in  rejiard  to  pensions  payahle  out 
of  public  funds  to  dcijciidcnts  other  than  wives  and  clnldren.  Ilu  scale 
of  payment  to  such  dependents  will  lie  determined  hy  tiie  tiiulii.i,'  df  the" 
comnittee,  and  the  payment  itself  will  lie  made,  as  in  tlie  ca^c  nt  -cparati.ui 
allowances  and  all  other  pensions  payahle  "Ut  of  fund^  provide. 1  li>  the 
state,  direct  by  the  naval  and  military  authorities.  The  Statutory  Com- 
mittee may  use  the  local  advisory  bodies  to  collect  information,  aiul  to 
make  recommendations,  but  will  retain  tinal  responsibility  for  tlie  deci-ion 
in  every  case. 

5;ej;,,iid. — In  proper  cases  to  supplement  out  of  voluntary  funds  of  a 
national  cliaracter  the  separation  allowances  and  pcnsi.ms  paid  by  tlie 
state.  The  scale  of  supplementary  grants  should  lie  fixed  in  accordance 
with  settled  principles,  uniform  over  the  whole  country.  When  convenient 
these  »;rants  may  be  paid  through  local  committees. 

Jhird. — To  deciile  in  a  judicial  capacity  questions  relatimj  to  forfeiture 
and  claims  to  pensions  and  separation  allowances  wliicli  are  in  depute 
between  two  or  more  claimants, 

Princi['lcs  Underlying  the  C'   iiulttcc's  Rrciuiniioulalions 

There  \va<  some  anxietv  oxi-i  le  "«pccinl  hndy"  ri'cnmmcnded 
bv  the  ci'iiiniittee.  fnitii  the  moment  thai  the  rei">ri  was  helnre 
the  House,  and  a  demand  was  made  tliat  it  shotilil  not  he  set  up 
until  there  had  been  a  chance  f'.r  (U-cti"i..n,  (^n  May  IS.  1015. 
the  opp'Tttinity  was  j^iven,  on  the  m.dion  "that  this  Ilott-e 
approves  of  the  repirts  df  tlie  Select  (/nmmittee  on  X.ival  and 
Military  Services  (ren>i"ns  and  (irant-),"  In  the  ah-ence  ><( 
the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer,  the  Ibuue  Secnt.iry,  Mr. 
McKenna,  a  member  of  the  cnmmittee.  intn.duced  liie  di,-cus- 
si<in  hv  explainin,t;  the  principles  on  which  the  committee  had 
based  its  recommendations. 

At  the  oiubreak  of  the  war,  be  said,  "the  whole  scale,  buth  n{ 
pensions  and  allowances,  was  obviuusly  inade(iuate  for  the  con- 
ditions of  a  war  such  as  the  present,"  in  which  the  army  is 
m;ide  up  of  men  from  every  class  and  occupation,  most  of  whom 
take  up  arms  onlv  as  a  temporary  necessity,  and  it  was  realiza- 
tion I'f  tlii>  situation  that  bad  led  to  the  increases  by  departmentrd 
action  which  were  proposed  in  the  White  Paper.  In  the  dis- 
cu--i'in  of  these  proposals  on  November  IS  "there  was  no  dmibt 
th;it  the  sentiment  of  the  lion.ir.able  members  in  every  (juarter  nf 
the  Ilnuse  was  that    .    .    .something'  nmre  ought  to  be  d'ine," 


!;o 


LlSAIiLKIi    SOl.Uir.KS    AND    SAII.OKS 


arc 


and  tlii-  fci'linj;  luul  rc.-ullcil  in  ihc  liiipointnuiU  of  llic  SiKct 
Ci'niniiitco. 

A->  h'l-  iIk-  fir-t  rici'mnicndatitins, 

a  niav  1.0  saiil  that  tlie  rcrort  of  tlie  committii:  prc^entc<l  to  tlie  Hou-c  .iii 
J,l  Icliniary  wa-;  iria.lc  the  l.aM^  of  ciinipUtc  .kpartmeiital  p.ction,  an.l  tlu- 
iiiul.nK-  of  ihi-  committee  lia\c  alrcaily  Wvw  carried  into  effect.  . 
rale-  paid  are  far  in  exce--  of  any  rate  hiilicrl..  paid  in  tliis  count. y.  aii'l 
\cry  mu.h  in  esce-;  (.f  any  rates  n..w  paid  l.y  any  of  tlie  great  cniLatant 
countries  of  this  war. 

'Ihe  c.mmittce  alter  a  very  full  consideration  decided  upon  the  principle 
that  grants  made  hy  the  .Male  out  of  pnllic  funds  must  he  on  a  fl.it  r.ae. 
aii.l  that  the  scale  sh..uld  hear  some  relation  to  the  standard  of  liviiii;  in  liie 
cuntry.  We  felt  that  as  a  soldier  every  man  ("Of  the  same  rank."  c  rrectcl 
an  h..n..ral.le  menih.ri  (  verv  man  of  the  same  rank  was  t..  he  treated  alike. 
I'.very  man  olTers  the  same  services  and  runs  the  same  risks.  It  was  lelt, 
moreover,  .  .  .  th.il  admi;ii<tralive  simplicity  is  essential  in  ordi  r  t"  nvni- 
nii/e  d.lay.  That  wa-~  the  ^;r..r.nd.  put  very  sh,.rtly.  on  which  the  cmnrtiec 
delermine.l  that,  so  far  a-  i.uMic  funds  were  concerned,  we  ought  to  rec  in 
meii'l  !■.  tlii'-  Ihu-e  a  Hat  rale  L.ih  ■■!  ,ill..wanccs  and  pensions. 

Dut  it  was  imp..>sihle  for  the  committee  to  disregard  a  very  large  hody 
of  <\idence  that  was  l.roneht  hefore  it.  that  the  sacrifice  which  enlisim.nt 
entailed  ujion  the  family  uhicli  was  left  at  h..me  varied  very  much  in  deur.e. 
The  ahsence,  ihe  incapacity,  the  death  of  llie  l.read-winner  mi;;ht  hring  far 
more  liav..c  and  sulTeriiig  into  the  family  in  one  case  than  in  an..lher.  and  vve 
thouuht  that  it  w..uld  he  riuht  and  pr.'jier  that  a  formal  recognition  should 
he  made  hy  the  cominittcc  of  the  existence  of  this  different  degree  of  sacri- 
iV-e  .  .  .  and  that  we  shouhl  recommend  to  this  House  that  out  of  a  fund 
n..t  v.. led  hy  this  House  hut  i>f  a  puhlic  nature,  or  hy  new  voluntary  -uh- 
scriptL.iis,  an  elfort  shi.uM  he  made  P.  e(iuali?e,  so  far  as  it  was  po-si!.le. 
the  deurec  of  s.icrifice  which  was  entailed  upon  every  family.  .  .  .  T  he 
commitlee  accrdinuly  .  .  .  made  their  recommendation  for  the  coiistitu- 
li,.n  ,.f  a  hody  which,  with  the  assistance  of  local  committees,  should  ad- 
minister these   supplementary   grants. 

The  ccn'^titmion  of  tliis  lifdy  liad  la-cii  "a  matter  wlii'eh  pre- 
sontrd  verv  threat  difficulty."  "We  sought  to  huild  up  a  new 
Iv.dv  i.f,t  •■*'  nianv  ec .iistittieiit  jiarts,  the  principal  one  nf  which 
is  the  Iv.val  Palriutic  Corpnralinn.  We  liad  in  that  corpuratioii 
tlie  example  of  an  excelleiu  in>titution  which  has  done  a  .ureat 
deal  of  puhlic  work  with  the  approval  of  the  country,  and  we 
tliou.oht  we  could  not  d<>  better  than  lock  in  the  m.ain"  to  it. 
r.tit  "We  li.ok  n-'t  Lilly  to  the  Patriotic  O.rporation.  ...  I 
ciiifes>  that  we  had  our  eye  on  tlie  money,  and  we  K»'ked  to  the 


}Lsmm. 


(,Ki-,  \i    i:i;iiAiN 


111 


])i.>sii)ilitv  cf  some  fmiHR-ial  a— i-iamc  hiinj:  chtaincd  from  tlic 
National  Kilifl  I'uiiil.  ami  w..-  pn  .\  idiil  in  our  prujio-als  that 
niiriMiUativo  uf  the  National  Relict  I'und  -liquid  he  iiii-hided 
in  llii.-  new  Statutory  Conmiittee.  .  .  .We  looked  aI->  to  another 
jiody  winch  has  di'iic  very  ^'ood  work  in  connection  with  the^e 
matter-,  and  that  is  the  Soldier.^'  and  Sailor>'  I'amilie-  .\--ocia- 
tion,  and  we  propose  t(i  have  two  memhers  of  that  Iiody  as 
nieml)ers  of  the  Statutory  Committee.  We  have  provided  al^) 
for  the  reproeiitation  of  two  women  on  the  n^mmittee  and  two 
reproeiitatives  of  iahor." 

What  the  committee  wa>  now  riskini;  v  a-  "the  apjiroval  of 
tlie  House  to  the  <;enend  principles.  .  .  .  There  i-  ii"  ,i,neat 
IXpartment  of  Stale  with  a  lon^'  experience  and  a  loiij;  iii-tory 
behind  it.  ahle  to  lirin;^  nut  from  its  pi<,'eon-ho!es  propo-al-  which 
have  received  the  con>iileration  of  successive  Ministers  of  State, 
as  is  tlie  ca^e  in  an  ordinary  departmental  matter.  .  .  .  We 
have  to  liio!         'he  collective  wi-dom  of  the  House." 

If  such  a  comiueiid-  it>elf  to  the  House,  "We  propo>e 

.  .  .  that  certain  other  functions  should  he  handed  o\er  to  it, 
which,  in  ordinary  circumstances,  mij;ht  he  admini>tered  hy  the 
War  Office  and  the  .\dmiralty."  These  are  the  detenuination 
of  (iuestion>  of  fact  in  re,i.,'ard  to  dependents  other  than  wives 
and  children,  for  it  was  felt  to  he  "nnde-irahle  that  a  puhlic 
dep.-irtment  should  he  suhjected  to  conlimi.il  jiressure"  in  indi- 
vidual cases  from  "constituents  and  other  interested  ])arties." 
On  the  recommendation  in  rej^ard  to  local  committee-,  Mr. 
McKetuia  >aid  that  theie  had  been  luuch  pre— ure  on  the  commit- 
tee to  designate  some  o:  the  e.Kistitii.,'  local  bodies,  such  as  the  Old 
Atje  Pensiiins  Committees,  but  the  deci>ion  had  been  that  tlure 
should  be  opportunity  for  the  localities  to  take  local  conditions 
iiUo  account.  The  utilization  of  an  Old  .\.t;e  Pen-iou-  Connnittec 
a-  a  nucleus  in  a  locality  that  so  desired  wa-  not  excluded. 
Within  certain  limits  it  was  open  to  anv  locality  to  set  up  the 
iiody  which  would  be  mo<t  vlTective  in  view  of  all  circ',uii>tance>, 
while  the  [irovisu  that  every  >cheme  mu-t  be  approved  by  the 


^^uj^y^^:-  '^^imm'w^:^^'^^'^  mmm^^mm 


\\2 


l)IS.\lll.r.I.>    Si'l.IUl.KS    AM)    SAII.OKS 


StatiUcry  (,'nnitnitl<.c  guarded  agaiii-t  undue  diversity  ami  any 
bizarre  teiideiK'ie>. 

Rcl'ort  of  the  "Murray  Ci>iniitittcc" 

A  fi.rtniglu  l.etiire  lliis  the  d^'partniental  committee  of  the 
Local  (.overiunent  iward,  which  had  heen  aiii-Minied  en  1-ehrn- 
ary  16  "tn  o.n-ider  and  report  up-n  the  nieth-iK  to  he  adopted 
f„r  providing  employment  i-r  s..l.her>  and  >ailor.  disd.led  ui 
the  %var."  had  made  its  rep<.rt,  and  a  opv  had  heen  pre-eiUed 
tn  tlie  11-u-e  of  Comm<.n>.  While  thi>  rep-rt  wa-  i-t  liet-re 
tin-  ll'.u-e  for  acli-n.  it  was  vvitliin  the  cognizance  of  the  mem- 
ber, at  this  time.  It  colored  the  d.scussi.,,,  to  snme  extent  and 
KmI  t-  the  intn.lucti-n  of  additional  features  into  the  hdl  lor 
i-.lahlishin-  the  Statutory  Committee  when  that  came  t-  he 
drafted,  and  for  the-e  reasons  it  is  appropriate  that  we  ^h..,dd 
consider  it  at  this  point. 

The  departmenial  committee  is  popidarly  referred  to  a-^  the 
"\Iurrav  Committee,"  from  the  name  of  its  chairman,  the  Right 
ll,,„oral,le  Sir  t.eorge  U.  Murray.  Ci.C.r.,  It  was  .-t  very  ahle 
.rroup.  The  other  members  were:  W.  H.  P-everidge.  Major  (.en- 
'^rd  ^ir  Charles  Crutchlev.  Ceorge  Franklin.  Artliur  Henderson, 
M  1-  I  llod-e,  M.r.,  Patrick  (VPrien.  M.P..  C.  E.  Price.  M.P.. 
F  I'ullinger.'c.P..,  Le>lie  Scott.  K.C.,  M.P..  R.  Russell  Scott, 
\  \'.  Symonds;  -to  which  was  added  <.n  1-ebriiary  \9,  the 
Kiuht  Honorable  Lord  Sandhurst.  (i.C.S.I.,  C..C.I.E."  Mr. 
lirnrv  1.  Comvns  w;is  the  secretary  of  the  committee. 

The  task  of' this  committee  was  much  more  limited  than  that 
of  the  Select  Committee  of  the  Hous,-.  They  were  to  report  on 
„u-ih,ods  "for  providing  emph^yment"  for  disabled  soldiers  and 
vtilors  When  thev  came  to  consider  this  problem,  however, 
tiiev  faced  the  prel.minarv  prohlen'  of  getting  the  disabled  man 
,„  \  condition  to  be  emplov.able.  and  s.,  die  report'  is  really 
-tn  outline  of  what  is  necessary  to  restore  the  disabled  mat!  to 
the  degree  --f  economic  in<lependence  ot    which  he  is  capable. 

a,„i  repnm'-d  „.   Ur  .-h..-ruan  Journal  ,.;  C  .re  ,  cr  C  nf,"'.-.-.  \  M    I  \  ,  p.  -1- 


*  Mfi    -*« 


CKICa:     UKIIAIN 


113 


It  is  a  modtl  document,  ami  lia>  Ikiii  widely  quoted.  The  pulilic 
estimate  of  it  was  expressed  by  one  nf  the  ineiiil)ers  of  the  Hiiii>e 
of  Lords,  when  he  said:  "A  iiVTe  omci-e,  detinite,  uuatuhiKuous 
rei)ort,  exprcs^inj^  as  it  ih^v-  the  unaiuini'U>  mintl  I'l  an  excep- 
tionally slronj;  c-miniittee,  well  equipped  l"r  the  wi^rk  iiuru~ud 
to  it,  I  have  never  read." 

At  the  very  he,s;innin,;;  "I  its  repiTt.  merely  pau<in,£:  in  para- 
gra[)h  1  to  outline  the  >ci 'pe  of  it>  nii|uiry,  the  cmuiiittee 
expresses  its  theory  that  tlu-  >tate  i-  re-pipii^il)le  for  the  re.-^tora- 
tii.n  of  the  di-aljl.d  nun  t..  the  dei;ree  nf  health  and  economic 
independence  wliicli  i-  [H.>-iljL   fiT  iheni: 

2  At  tlie  ..m?et  «e  de-ire  t..  expre--  fur  opinion  tint  tlie  c.nre  of  the 
sailors  and  soldiers  who  ha'.e  heeii  disaMed  in  the  war  is  an  ohliKation 
which  should  fall  primar:l>  uiioii  the  state;  an!  that  tins  halnhty  can  not  he 
considered  as  having  heeii  extinguished  by  the  award  of  a  iienMon  from 
puhlic  fund-.  We  regard  it  as  the  duty  of  the  -taie  to  see  that  the  dis- 
abled nian  shall  be.  Ds  far  as  possible,  restoreil  to  health,  and  that  assistance 
shall  be  forthcoming  to  enable  him  to  earn  his  living  in  the  occupation  best 
suiteii  to  his  circumsTance^  and  pliysical  condition. 

3.  We  ought,  hortever,  to  add  that,  in  expressing  this  view,  we  are  far 
from  wi^Iling  to  exclude  or  discurage  the  very  valuaiile  assistance  which 
may  be  rendered  voluntarily  by  persons  ai;'l  associations  who  take  an 
interest  in  the  welfare  of  our  sailors  and  s,.Iiliers.  While  the  primary 
responsibility  for  the  care  of  tho-e  wIm  have  sutTered  in  the  service  of  the 
country  rests  with  the  state,  the  be-t  results  of  the  action  of  the  latter  can 
onlv  be  secured  wi;!i  the  ,oopi;ra;:on  and  assistance  of  the  otlier  agencies 
to  which  we  have  referred. 

Sujjfjesticns  are  made  f^r  iniprovinc  the  existing  practice  with 
respect  tn  the  several  clas-es  of  <!is;tl)lfd  men  for  whom  restora- 
tii.>n  to  health  seems  to  he  practicable: 

7.  I'ndcr  pre-er:!  arraivjement-.  the  naval  and  military  authorities  assume 
Tesponsibilily  for  tlie  medical  or  surgical  treatment  of  the  disabled  man, 
until  he  is  discharged  from  the  service  a-  unlit:  but  their  responsibility 
for  the  provision  of  treatment  ceases  on  discharge,  and  it  rests  with  the 
medical  officers  under  whose  care  the  man  has  been  placed,  to  decide 
whether  the  patient  is  tit  for  di-cliarge  and.  if  so,  to  set  in  motion  the 
necessary  machiner>. 

This  decision  is  f>ften  taken  a-  sor.n  as  it  has  become  clear  that  the 
man  will  not  be  able  to  return  t"  active  service,  and  with-ut  much  regard 
to  the  question  whether  his  health  or  his  physical  condition  can  be  improve  1 
bv  further  treatment. 


^^'t^^^^^^^h*^iS§^ ,  ^  ^■pi^^^'^'Tlr^y^f^^W^       i 


114 


M,- \l:l.l.li    SciLUlIK^    ANIJ    SAll.iik.i 


i„     ,;,.  ,,.,,,,    ,u.,l  ,1,„   >.   -l:..ul.l  a^MH,H.  ,1,,.  u.M...n-.l.,l„.v    ,.,r  ,hc  .rcatnu.,,, 

'"'''■''iK,,.   ,.rc   .e^c^al  .la-^.~  of   ,l,.,l,k,l  mn,  ...   ul..-"  .I"S   s.>^;K^^<'""  >- 

"'''!";!'''ll,..-..    ui,..     ,.,.....    .i.-l.:.rue    fr..m    h..-,'.>al.    ron-nro    ,.r.  .L  ...ucl    or 

...o,'a!   a...r  .rcmmn.,   ,n  ,,r,lcr  ...   r.n.kr   .livm   m   ...   rcM.m.   a  cn.l  ucc- 

l..lIM>ll. 

Heart  (li-ca^c.  .•licu.nan-.iii,  -titl  jcint-.  a.i.l  M.nilar  .lisihilitics 
-,rc  lure  int.n.h'.l.  t-r  Nv'Mrh  clectnral  tr.at..u-,n  -r  .na-a-o  i.- 
M.ilahk-  a.ul  11  .-  th..uuln  tlial  l.vr  t.xat.iuiu  ^lw...l.l  hf  i.n.\.(k-.l 
„,r  a^  1....K  a~  liL-ec^-a,  y.  and  al-.  ..I"'.i  a  ■-.■.■..rr.n.v  ot  the  cil- 
<liti"n. 

(1.1   -llmst-   uli..-c  a.-al.ilil>    1^   .luc   ...   .uLrraiLu-   ,li.^tase, 

in  nianv  <.f  v.  huh  caM-  the  .h^a^e  ha^  hee.i  .ktecte.l  at  a  very 
,irlv  vta-e  ami  the  pr^-pect  ct  cure  i-  therefore  lavorahle.  Sunie 
nKaM,re'..l  special  care  is  alrea.lv  hein^  l-ruvi.le.l  t..r  stich  ca-e^. 
,,rinr  t<>  .hseha-t^e.  in  M-ecial  uanl.  nt  the  n.val  naval  hospitals. 
i„  il,,  nnhtarv  h.spita.  .  an.l  s,„ne.i.nes  in  e.v.l  sanatoria.  >  Miy 
of  them  are  iiiMired  u.uler  the  National  Insurance  Act  of  I'll  i 
ami  are  eli^'ihle  upon  .li>chart,'e  for  sanatorui.n  l.eneht.  a.ul  the 
InM.rance  Connnissioner^  had  made  anan.i^enients  to  msiire  their 
prompt  admissio.i. 

WlKTC  howcAcr.  .l,e  t..l.ercul..us  .a>lor  or  ...l.ller  i.  not  olipible  for  sana- 
toriuni  l.em..-,.  .uulcr  ,he  National  h.M.rancc  Act.  we  m„.cs,  .ha,  .bo  rcpo,,- 
s.l.ili.v  .-..r  ,lK-  CO..  ..f  his  .rcatmci,  in  a  resi.lcn„al  ,n.,..u.,on  should  be 
,„ulcrtak..i  b^  ,be  ^,,.,o  and  .b..nl,l  be  cont.nue.l  un.il  be  ..  e..her  cured  or 
declare<l  ...  be  incurable. 

(cl   Tbo-e  «b.i  are  men. ally  affected. 

\o  definite  recommendations  arc  made  as  to  h.nv  these  cases 
should  he  treated.  exce])t  that 

The  cv.rcnie  .nea.nrc  of  .le.ention  In  an  asybnii  sliouUl  ...ilv  be  taken  when 
i,  „  dear  that  .reat.nent  n.  a  hospital  or  other  ins.itn.ion  ,s  unava.bnu.  or 
that  .be  r.-»tient  can  not  be  retained  in  such  an  inst.tu.inn  without  danger  to 
himself  or  others.  . 

,,1,  Tb,..e  who,  owiuR  to  the  loss  of  limbs  or  to  other  cause,   requ.re 
.uryical  .„.,.ba.Kes  to  t^t  .hem  for  the  res.imi.tion  o,  civil  emi.l..>mem. 


CKKAl'    liKllAlV 


113 


Prc~i'iit  practice,  whicli  stipiilits  any  aiiiilianrc;  rocotiinniulnl 
liy  till.'  tiudual  (.rriciT  in  ciiarj^c  oi  llic  la-c  "ii  ili~cliar,i,'i-  tn>in  ihe 
army  i  ^r  tin.-  navy,  i-  "-iilVn.-ii.'ntly  lilRral."  Init  "wc  are  di-poMil 
ti.  tlniik  tiiat  -ut'licii'Ut  a(i\anta;;c  iia-  ii"l  luiU  taken  of  the  -[neial 
kiiii\\li(ij,'e  and  ,-kill  wiiitii  are  n'i\v  avaiialile"  thnui;!!  the 
"marked  advance  in  ortlmpeihc  -nr,i,'ery  ihirint,'  tlie  pa-l  few 
year-,"  and  fur  thi>  rea-cn  it  i-  reei'inmended  tiiat  tlie  aiipHanee 
I)e  [ireicrihed  liy  "an  orthopedic  .-nr,L;eon  d'  rejinte,"  uhu  -h"uKl 
liave  rej,'ard  "tu  the  rei|nircment>  of  tile  indi\idual  and  the  uccu- 
patii'ii  wiiicii  lie  intended  to  follnw." 

Tlu-  vor\  ice-  i>\  iiinre  tliaii  one  mnciiltincr  snrRC^n  will  lie  required  for  the 
piirp<'se;  aii<l  iiKi-mmli  as  tlic  liiilk  of  ihc  men  will  Iiavc  liecii  ili-cli;irc;cd 
from  lidspital  heli.rc  >licy  arc  in  a  fit  .  .iii,liti,,ii  to  l.ear  artiruiiil  apiiliaii.es, 
it  will  he  lleec^^ary  to  arrange  that  the  -ervices  of  an  orthopedic  surgeon 
thuulil  lie  available  within  a  convenient  distance  of  tlicir  homes. 

Tnrninj:  now  from  the  prnhlcm  of  restoring  the  di=a1)led  man. 
as  far  a-  po-sihle,  to  phy-ical  liealth,  ".-o  as  to  cnahle  him  to 
earn  his  livinjj,"  the  committee  proceeds  to  crin<iiler  "in  what 
way  emplovment  shonid  he  fomul  for  him  when  he  standi  in 
need  of  sndi  assistance,  and  how  training'  can  Ik-  provided  when 
it  hecomes  necessary  for  him  to  le.irn  a  new  trade."  Many  of 
tlie  men,  it  is  premised,  will  no  dotiht  he  ahle  to  rcsnme  their 
former  occnpation  and  will  he  ah-orhed  in  the  ordinary  lahor 
market.  The  othe  s  "should  be  given  an  opportunity  of  learning 
a  new  trade." 

1'.  Siuli  trainioR  thnnUl,  wc  think,  he  proMiled  n=  far  a';  po's'^ihlc  in 
the  locality  where  the  man  resides.  As  a  Keneral  re.le  it  w<'ulil  proK.iMy 
l>e  inidesiraMc  to  set  up  special  institutions  .  .  .  ;  hut  if  any  iiistiliitioii 
alreadv  existing  can  be  utilized  for  the  purpose  this  course  should  be  fol- 
lowed. 

Two  reasons  arc  given  for  this:  that  the  need  for  training 
will  diminis'.i  year  by  year  after  the  dose  of  the  war,  and  it 
would  he  inadvisal)le  to  make  large  inve-tinents  for  a  tempor,iry 
purpose;  and  becau'^e  Centnd  training  institutions  wouKl  "in- 
volve the  removal  of  the  disabled  pers(ni  to  the  vicinity  of  the 


\\l> 


Ii|>  \KI.I.li    .sul.Ull.l': 


AMI    .sAIl.OKS 


in>tituti..n  (luriir^'  the  \<cr\'4  d  traitiiti),'.  and  would  frequently 
re-ult  in  s<.ii;ir;ui"n  I'ppin  \\'\>  wiu-  aii<l  lanuly." 

I,?  \\i-  think  it  i-  proI..iKlo  that  iraliiitii;  ^'f  the  kiml  tn  which  wp  .rfer 
niiwl.t  t-  --tiu'  cNimt  1.C  im.liTt.ikcii  in  I.-ii.|..n  and  the  larger  proMnn.il 
tu^^n^  hv  the  Inci!  e.Uuati.m  aiitli..rit> .  ly  nu-.in<  ..i  the  cxistink'  I'nlstech- 
iilrs,  tinhni.,,!  institutes,  ami  trade  vihM.,N.  In  this  ea^c  it  wcuhl  he  very 
ilfsirahle.  if  ii-t  e-sential.  lliat  the  nature  •■{  tlie  eni|il..yment.  lor  whuh 
a  |.art;.yilar  man  was  t..  he  traineil.  sli.uih!  Ir  -leterntined  hy  vme  rcs|.-n- 
sihle  anthc.rity  hef^re  the  c. .iiinKiicemeni  .if  the  I'airse,  ami  tliat  the  pro,- 
jiiM  of  a  vai-aiiey  heiiiLC  availal.le  upon  the  completion  of  tlie  trainiiiK.  sliouhl 
he  e.irefully  examined  hcforehan.l. 

14.  We  simoest  that  the  co,.piTation  nf  the  loral  edncatioii  authorities 
should  he  invited  and  that,  where  tlie  authority  is  in  a  position  to  provide 
the  tr.nuinn  ne>i.-ary  f  r  di-aMcd  svhT-  and  s,,|dl.Ts  resi,l,,iL;  m  the  area. 
this  cairse  shouhl  he  adoptid.  In  default  of  the  local  education  authorit), 
any  jirivate  institution  which  ma>  he  in  a  position  to  afford  such  training  as 
may  he  needed  should  he  utilized  in  preference  to  the  estahlishmeiit  of  a 
Sliecial    institution. 

It  ouj;ht.  perhaps,  to  he  stated  that,  in  our  view,  a  man  should  not  he 
reirardeil  as  d|siiualit'ied  for  training,  tnerely  hecau-e  he  is  classed  for  pur- 
p.'ves  of  pension  as  "totally  <lisahled." 

l.s.  An  alternative  course  to  the  provision  of  traininR  in  an  institution 
w  uhl  he  to  apprentice  the  disahled  per--n  t  .  an  employer,  who  miKlit  he  wiU- 
iiiv,-  to  tr.iin  the  man.  This  method  would,  however,  only  he  feasihle  in  i-olated 
cases,  hut  such  a  scheme  might  he  u-eful  in  a  locality  in  whic+  no  training 
institution   was  availahle 

1(1,  .\s  re^ards  the  provision  of  emphiymcnt.  we  think  that  this  duty  should 
he  ut'.dertaken  liy  the  central  and  local  orKanizations,  whose  appointment  is 
recommended  hclow.  These  liodies  would  work  in  chise  cooperation  with 
the  lahor  exchanges,  through  which  a  comprehensive  organization  is  sup- 
plied for  dealing  in  every  district  with  any  disahled  man  who  may  desire 
to  avail  himself  of  it. 

Arrangements  shouhl  he  made  for  registering  every  disahled  man.  on 
or  hefore  his  discharge  from  h..spital.  at  the  lahor  exchange  of  the  district 
to  which  he  is  going  This  couhl  he  done  hy  means  ,,f  a  form  to  he  tilled 
up  for  him  in  hospital  shortly  hefore  his  discliarge,  showing  the  district 
In  which  he  prop  >scd  to  reside,  the  occupation  wdiich  he  desired  to  follow, 
and  the  name  of  his  f.irmer  employer  if  in  that  district. 

To  proviilo  for  the  varied  and  extensive  rc:.pon?ihilitie«  tints 
(uttlined  it  i-  recommended  that  a  central  committee  be  api^'inted. 
actin.i:  under  the  direction  nf  snme  existini;  department  of 
o.  ivernment  and  cliart^ed  with  the  duty  of  prnvidini,'  suitable 
a.sM^iauce   through  the   apprnpriate   department— the    National 


"*^^^?^ 


■  .r;K\i    i;i<ii  viN 


ii; 


IK.ilili  Ii)-iir,'inc(.-  J.iiit  ('•■miniitiT,  tlio  I!i>nu'  <  >t"tui\  tlio  I.oc.il 
(ifiviTniiK'iit  l^ianl,  tlit,'  Admir.iliy  >.r  tin-  \\  ;ir  Orficf,  tin-  lloanl 
<t  i'-diicatiiFii  and  local  cdiicatii m  aiitlniritio.  tlic  iioard  ni  Trade 
tlinui,'li  tlie  laix.r  c.\clian>,'es — "^r  directly,  in  the  d  iiiparativciy 
Miiail  miiiil)er  <>t  ca^^  which  \v<aild  nut  fall  within  the  >-c<i)c  of 
any  cxi>tin),'  public  diijartnicnt. 

TIii>  Central  committee  >liiiuld  include  repre^intative*  nf  tiie 
deiiartmcnts  likely  to  he  concerned,  and  aNo  of  einiilover^,  lalior 
'■ri^anizations,  atul  the  exi>tini,'  voluntary  ai,'encie«  I'T  ohtainini; 
employment  for  dischar^;ed  -ail'ir>  and  ~i>ldier~.  'j'liere  >h'.iild 
lie  l)ranch  committee'^  for  Scothuul  and  Ireland,  .md  l^cd  cm- 
iniitees  should  he  appointed  in  .my  place  when-  tlie  proh.ihle 
nnniher  <'f  men  likely  to  reijuire  attention  m.ike<  that  de>iral)le. 
th'.uj,'li  it  is  not  thought  necessary  to  do  ihi^  .a  the  outset  e.xcept 
in  London  and  a  few  of  the  larj,'er  town-. 

The  functions  of  this  central  authority  ( limited  of  course  to 
the  ]ierii>d  |oIl<p\vini(  dischar>,'e  from  the  army  or  na\y)  are 
s-tated  in  para,t,'ra[»h  22: 

(a)  To  arrange  fur  the  care  and  treatment  ff  all  ili^abled  ?ail'>r<  and 
soldier*,  immediately  on  their  (li<;cliarye.  with  the  view  cjf  re-itcirinv;  them 
to  health  when  iwis<;ihlc.  and  cnahling  them  t"  earn  their  i.wii  Inin^. 

(li)  Te>  obtain  early  inf(  rmatiun  "f  apprcachink;  <livcharKe5  fmm  hos- 
Jiital.  and  to  arrange  fnr  the  reK:--tra!inn  .f  eory  di*.iMeil  man  who  wa^* 
capahle  of  work,  with  the  laljnr  exchange  (1  the  district  to  which  he  was 
J-"iini;. 

(c)  To  Communicate  with  puMic  dipartmciits  with  the  view  of  ..l,t.iin- 
iiii;  employment  therein  for  such  disabled  men  as  caild  pn.perly  be  ajipointe,! 
to  vacancies. 

(di  To  organize  public  or  private  appials  fn  employers  in  i  rder  t-i 
secure  their  g.iod  will  in  tilling  aii\  vacancies  which  were  suitable  for  dia- 
ablcd  men. 

(e)  To  appoint  I'H-al  committees  (where  necessary),  or  local  rejiresenta- 
tives,  to  assist  the  committee  generally  in  the  performance  of  its  duties,  an^l 
especially  in  fnuling  employment  and  negotiating  with  employers. 

(fl  To  organize  and  assist  schemes  i..r  training  men  who  were  desirous 
of  obtaining  technical  instruction  to  tit  them  f..r  skilled  i.ccupati.i!> ;  and 
to  arrange  for  their  maintenance  during  the  period  of  training. 

(g)  To  consider  and  deal  w'th  schemes  for  employing  disabUd  men 
in  agriculture  and  the  industries  allied  with  it. 

(h)  To  arrange  for  the  emigration  of  men  who  were  desirous  of  settling 
in  other  parts  cif  the  empire. 


ii 


lis 


li|>  \i;i  I  h    >i  i|  Ml  lo     \  Ml    >  Ml  I  ik- 


'i'iie  |iM->il.i!iiv  i-  Mii^m-tr.l  lli:il  muIi  ;m  • 'rt,';mi/,.iti. 'ii  ;i-  i  nt- 
iin.il  iini;iit  ln'  iilili/i'i  l^r  llir  |iiir|...-c  ..|  d.-.iliin,'  Willi  llu- 
cniiili '\  lilt  111  "'  (A— ail'i-  aihl  i'\-~' •liJH  r-  !•!  all  kiinU.  tlir  aliii- 
JH'diiij  a-  u.ll  a>  tin  (li-aiilfil.  'riii^,  Ii'.uimt,  i^  culMilc  tlu' 
(-..iimiilicc'-   "n  h-niici,"  ami   "i-  niily  uuntii'iuil   in   ilii-  \i\.n'<.- 

imail-i-  It  -Hill-  t'l  11-  allM"-t  imiMi— iIpK'  t"  ii'llU'lll|plalc  tlu- 
t-taMidiiiuiil  lit  l\S'i  uiufinm  t((l  <  .ri^.mi/aii' 'iw"  I' 'V  lIu'  two 
(jii-ily  allud  iiur|M.-cs.  'jlif  c  >iliniitt>c  iI'm  -,  Jh.wi'mt,  "Miilnrc 
l,,  -iii^"_;i  ~l"  liial  till'  Stati\ti'r\-  (  i  iiiiniitlir  rcc  ■umiii  ihlnl  li\  tlu- 
S(  Kit  ( 'i.?imiittcc  cii  \a\al  ami  Military  Sir\  i<-f>  (  IVii-ii'ti-  ami 
<irani-)  ".  -Ir  iKatiia'^i  "n>!\-  In'  i'liar;;i<l  with  the  tniuii"n-. 
(li~iii-Mi.  Ill  till-  r<|M>rt,  aihl  tiiat  if  ^luli  an  aiTanmnuiil  wcvr 
liiaiK  "a  ni'Tc  rla'i^ratr  l^ral  i  .rijani/al  ii '11  tliail  \\i-  liaxv-  rtC'iiii- 
iiK'ti(!>il  fi'f  the  |iiiriM-c  "i  llii-  ri|M'rt  tni!,'lil  lio  jii^titud." 

\  am 'lis  siIhiiu-  liad  lurii  ]. laced  In  l"i\-  tlif  d 'imiiitti'i'  f"r 
si'lilin^'  di-aliKd  tin-ii  "ii  tin  land,  hut  iHian-e  cf  their  teiitatixe 
I'iiararliT  n"  ii|iiiiii.n  i~  i\|iri--~i(l  mi  any  "I  tlu-ni.  The  -nhjei-t 
i-.  ci'ii-idered  d'  ;;reat  imin 'rtamn-.  and  i-  coinnietided  t"r  (.mii- 
siderati"ii  hy  the  central  d 'iimiittee  wh"~e  api" 'ininiem  is 
reC'  'luiiu  ndeil, 

Ila\ini,'  \inder-t('"d  that  ditrieultie~  in  indncii..,'  cniiili'yers  to 
ji-e  partialh-  di-aiiled  nun  ware  "apprehended"'  l)ec;m~e  "f  their 
liahilitv  under  the  W. 'rknien's  I 'i  .inpen-alicn  Aet  "f  l"0<i,  ilio 
C'Tuniittee  hail  "thi.n,L;hl  it  ri!;ht"  \"  make  special  inqniry  <'n  this 
I" 'int.  and  had  lieeii  a--nred  that  im  sneh  dilVii-nlty  need  he  feared 
in  the  ca-e  if  eiii]>l"ver-  injured  a;;ain»t  thi>  liability.  >iiiee.  so 
far  a-  the  in-iirame  ei 'iiiiianies  iiu'liidcd  in  the  Accident  OtTices 
A— "ciatii'ii  are  ci'iUHrned.  the  iTilinary  ]ireiniuni  ci'Vers  all 
cla--es  I'f  enipl"\e>,  am!  i 'illy  in  very  exceptiniial  ca^e-.  is  any 
additii'nal  ]ireniiiini  changed  i 'n  acd 'tiiU  nf  ])liysical  disahility. 
The  C'liiniiltee  th"ni;ht.  theref"re.  that  nnly  iiniilsitred  eiilpk 'yers 
wi'iild  he  likely  tu  make  any  chiectiiiii  mi  tlii-  sere  tn  eiiiplnyin,!^ 
di-ahled  men,  and  they  wmtld  he  men  in  a  Miiall  way  nf  hn-iiiess. 
In  ck'-iiiL:.  the  '-'nr.L;enc\-  nf  the  (ine-timis"  into  which  the 
committee  liaa!  iii'inired — the  impi'rtance  nf  estahli-hini;  ;i  ni'W 
ortianizatinii  "fnr  the  perfi 'rm.aiKe  nf  tiie  duties  which  we  reL;;ird 


=r---»-  ,  shs^'irfyr ^•'■^'■^'-^~^ 


i.KK.\r    in;i  IMS 


11" 


.'i>  i)ri'j)crly  I'alliii),'  t'l  tlu'  >tatv  in  rol.i;i"ii  t'l  l!v'->'  wli'i  lii\o 
Mitliriil  III  il>  ^trvicc,"  ainl  "t  t;ftliiii,'  the  iifw  iTy.nii/.ali'ii  iiit'i 
w^rkiiii;  nnli-r  a-  i|iiiikl\-  a-  |i<i--i')li- — i>  pn-^-cil  h|miii  the  altiii- 
ti'ii  I 'I  tlio  txiaril.  .uicl  iln-  (■.Ilnuing  >iiiiiiiiary  c.|  ilie  ct'iiiiiullic's 
rill 'iiiiiuiidatii 'II'  i~  ajiiiciiili'il : 

(.il     I  lir  varr  "i   llic   -.iil  T-i   ami   M.lilur^   (li-aMiil    in   ihc    «.ir    ;.  a   iluty 
uliiiir  vll.  llM    If   a-MlIllnl   Iv    till-    ^taI^• 
(b;   'I'hiv   duly   •-liiiiM    m.  Unlo 

1  lie  ri-'-t'irali"!!  of  llic  tn.in\  lirallli.  where  ;ir  utii  ,il  K' 
The  pr^n  i«i.iii  r,t  tr.iii.iliw  i.u  ilitu'«.  if  In'  (lf»iri  -  !'■  Uarii  a  iii-w  tri'lc 
Tlir  liii'lin^'  c.f  i'in|'lf>im-iit   for  Imn.  hIicii  lio  ^tainl^  in    inc'l  .if  .nt  li 
nssi-taiK  iv 

(i-l  I  ..r  iho  ili«olian.'e  nf  tlu'>c  duties  ti  teritra!  iMinniittie  ^li-iuM  I'O 
appointed,  and  einpuwered  t.i  ai't.  eitlu-r  tlirotmli  the  aneiu  \  ..|  ilie  appr  'pt  iato 
plihlii'  ilepartnient,  or   independentK.  a-  the  ea-e  niav    reipnrr 

(di  '!  lie  iiiitr.il  coniMiiiiee  >liould  lia\e  the  a--i»taiKe  of  -nli.oniiniitee>i 
for  Irelaml  and  Seotland.  ami  Imal  innimittee^  in  an\  part  if  the  I'nited 
Kmirdoin,  where  the  eiriiiiii>taiKes  justified  the  f«taljli»hineiit  of  sutll  ail 
orjjaniiation. 

Piscifs.fl'ni  ill  llir  Ifousr  of  Co)uiu,<ns 

Rctiirnint:  ii"W  tu  tin-  Hnti^c  of  ('niiimiiii-i,  wliiili  wi*  loft  jti«t 
ntttr  till-  iiriiui|ilc>  inilin(lit.'(l  in  the  rii-MintiuiKlatinii^  of  tlic 
Sileit  (.'i.iiiiiiittic  hail  liieii  i\]ilaiiK(l  li\-  Mr.  Sicrclarv  AlcKiiiiia, 
it  is  dear  that  the  Ilim-e  was  far  friiin  eiithii-ia-tic   I'.r  them. 

The  (le^irahilitv  of  ha\  iiii,'  a  >inj,'le  authority  t^  deal  with  the 
whole  hu-iiie>s  (if  pencil, I1-;  was  referml  to  hy  iii-re  th.iii  one 
nieiitlier.  'I'here  was  con-ideralile  (li<Natwfactioii  with  the  pm- 
;  -al  to  lease  Miiiiileiiieiilary  a— i-taiiee  of  all  kinds  to  vol;tnt;'.'-v 
contrihutions,  hoth  i)eean>e  it  was  felt  that  this  was  an  e\a-ioii 
of  ,-i  ^tate  ol)li;;ation  and  hecan-e  It  was  feared  that  .-iiirKivnt 
Voluntary  contriliutioiis  would  not  he  forthconiint,'.  in  view  <if 
the  larj^e  aniotuus  which  had  already  heen  snlwcrihed  to  the 
National  Uelief  Iniiid.  The  po^iiicn  of  the  comiiiittie  that  '"at 
this  inoiiunt  it  is  rij,d!t  that  jirivate  ftnids  should  contr-lnite  to 
this  (.hjeel"  and  that  |iarliainentary  aid  slpudd  i.nh-  he  -.iiL;lit 
"in  the  la^t  re-ort"  was  ni't  coneincinj,'  to  all.  .^^everal  main- 
tained t'vit  vinee  a  "iiro]>er"  flat  rate,  hy  whieh  w;i>  meant 
apiiareiitly  one  which  would  provide  for  the  ca^e  -of  ma.ximum 


iii.--.\i:i.i.ii  soi.iur. 


AM'    >  Ml.t-iKS 


inul,  Willi.!  rriiiiirc  -luli  ;m  ininun-c  -inn  thai  it  0'\M  n<.t  be 
cnn-ulrri-.l  praclicahlc.  tlic  Mate  >h-ul(l  at  KaM  srt  u-uW  a  larse 
;,ni..iim  ..m  oi  i.ulilic  iim.l — a  capital  -uiii  nf  £3,000,000  \va>  a 
lii,'iirc  Mi.L^ut^iril — t'.  l>c  a-..il  in  Miiipk'iiKiuint;  the  tiat  rate,  with- 
(ui  am  Ci  m\Tn  a>  t^  uh-ilur  it  w-uLl  ".Iry  u\>"  i.rivatc  -.urccs 
(if  a--i-lain\'. 

It  \\,i-  tliiius^lit  l)v  ~..r.H-  lliat  tlio  pr.  ii"  i-al^  -t  tlk-  Ci  iiiuiiittcc 
-liotihl  C"  lartluT  t..\v,inl  pn -vidiii'^  iir  tin-  iumI-  "i  .lisiMcd 
men.  One  im-nihiT  nri,'(,d  that  the  liartially  .li-alik-d  ••..u,t,'hl  to 
lii_-  pr.  .tLfieil  in.ni  ..nliiiary  lah-i-  aii.l  th.at  -lurial  w.  rk  <  iU,t,'ht 
ti.  he  i.r.ivide.l  I'T  him,  an,l  that  hr  -li-iikl  receive  extra  care 
ami  atteminii  fn.m  the  •  ■.  h,.tli  t-r  hi-  .iwn  -ake  .aii.l  in  the 
intcre>t  cf  '•ordinary  \v..i,...-  :  iii  the  ,i,'r..und  that  condition-  of 
iiniikivnient  (iU.uht  it  t  ■  !-.■  heaten  d.iwn  hv  the  o  impelition  of 
l-artiallv  .li-a!)led  men,'  '  .other,  with  a  military  title,  referred 
to  the  reconimendation  a...  ■;.  .\  enimeiit  jio-t-  he  re-erved  for 
ix-(iklier>  an<l  siilor-.  and  hoped  tliat  a-iirance  would  he  -iveii 
that  at  lea-t  7^  per  cent  \\(iuld  he  -o  re-er\ed.  hecan-e  "a  >triiii,t,' 
lead  from  the  .uwvernment"  wa-  needed  ti>  iiitlueiice  pnhlic 
(ipiiii.iU  m  the  rii,dit  direction.  Pr.  .\!c.\';imara,  1 'arlianientary 
Secretary  to  the  .\diniralty.  f-re-aw  that  the  ],riipo-al-  f-r 
ileterininin,i:  j-eii-i-n-  f'^r  parti:d  d,i-ahility  w  iiild  he  "ditlicnll  to 
put  into  practice."  .\fter  >e\eral  Iviiir-  of  delate,  however,  the 
report^  were  ajiproved  in  ]>rinciple. 

When  the  hill  for  e-talilidnn-  the  Statutory  Committee  was 
l)rciU,L;ht  in,  it  wa>  fotiiid  that  the  rec^  iniiiiendation<  of  the 
Murrav  Committee  had  heeii  reCoL;niA<l  t..  the  extent  of  .addiiii,' 
repre>entative-.  of  the  Li.cal  CvernmeiU  I'.oard  and  of  the 
National  Health  liiMirance  Joint  Committee  to  the  meinherdiip 
of  the  Statutory  Committee,  and  hy  includins,'  anion,;,'  the  luiic- 
tioiis  "if  the  committee 

to   make   priuiMoii    fnr   the   circ   of   di-.il.lcd   officer:;   an.l    men    after   t'ley 
have    left    tlie    scrucc,    iiiclu.l.ng    i.r..viM..n    f.-r    tbeir    l.e.iltli.    tralln^^;.    aiM 

ITlllili'.MlHllt. 

The  hill  al-o  Mated,  more  concretely  and  more  precis  ly  than 
the  rei-.rt,   the   function-  of   the  Statutory   Committee   and  the 


i.KKAT    i;i;iiAi.\ 


fiinct!i>ii>  and  iiu'iln'il  ei  I'-taMi^linunt  I'i'  ilk'  l  •i.tiI  C"iniiiiiU'i.'s. 
In  plai'i.-  I'i  "vi'huitary  liiiuK  "i  a  iiali^nal  characu-r"  the  pliraM: 
"liind>  at  tlieir  di>iM'~al"  was  u-cil. 

TIk-  criticisms  wliicii  arc  cf  -[n'cial  inti-rc^t  t"  ns  nlattil  \i> 
till.'  financial  iirnvi>ii'n--,  ilic  c 'ni]i">>itiiin  and  uauiro  nf  the  li'Cal 
cciniinitlfcs,  and  the  character  i'i  the  propiised  central  authority 
itself.  It  was  f<ireseen  liy  Miiiie  that  dirficultie>  W'tild  ari^e  fr'ini 
eiitrustini^  state  functii'iis  v>  a  Iwdy  <<{  the  aiVMnal'iis  character 
(■f  tile  priipiised  Statutory  Ci  miniittei. ,  ni>t  re>-i)i 'n>il)lc  to  anv 
niini>ter  and  tlnis  not  ort'icially  re]ire~ente<l  in  the  House.  An 
anunchnent  iilacint;  it  "inider  the  ilirection  i<\  the  Local  ( lovern- 
nient  Hoard"  was  suf,'{;c^te(l  to  meet  this  dit'tlctiltv.  in  i.rder  that 
there  mif,'ht  he  "some  t^ne  directl)-  responsihle  who  can  he 
addressed  in  the  House  of  Commons,"  hut  ii  did  not  prevail 
o\er  the  .government  >eiitiment  that  there  >liould  he  >ome  nia- 
cliiiUTv  "ont>iile  j,'ovenuneiU  departments  alto^'cther  which 
would,  of  Course,  have  more  heart  than  covernnient  depart- 
ment >  are  ever  allowed  to  liave,  or  oui;lu  to  have,  and  more 
knowiedjje,  exi)erience  and  leisure  with  which  to  deal  with  all 
those  (luestions." 

The  ohjeclion  to  the  local  committees  was  tl.a  there  was  no 
justification  for  creating  a  new  set  of  1.  .cal  committees  when 
the  Old  A,i,'e  Pensions  L'ommittees  already  existed,  .and.  as  one 
memher  put  it,  ""Old  At,'e'  coiild  l)e  ea-ily  eliminated  from  the 
title  .  .  .  ;  you  could  call  it  Tension  Committee.' "  Tlio>e 
\vlio  favored  the  creation  of  new  hodies  held,  while  referrinj,' 
with  true  parliamentary  ;ipi)recialion  to  the  excellent  work  of 
the  Old  .\j,u.'  Pensions  Committees,  that  ihey  were  "not  repre- 
sentative enoufjh,"  and  that  for  the  purposes  under  discu»ion 
jieople  were  needed  who  have  been  used  to  doinj;  "this  kind  of 
thiiif,'."  It  was  hoped  that  the  local  committees  would  "vie  with 
one  another." 

More  vifjorous  was  the  criticism  of  the  financial  aspect?  of 
the  bill.  The  chairman  and  vice  chairman  were  to  receive 
salaries  o.it  of  the  public  treasury,  but  salaries  for  the  re-t  of 
the  staff  and  all  the  expenses  of  the  sui>plementary  gr.ir.ts  and 


121 


i)i.-Ai;i.i;;i  sni.ini  :<.^   anh 


.All.OKS 


(f  jH  rfi.nulni;  ilii'  •■ilur  iluiir-  jilaci-d  u|ii'ii  iliv  ciiimiiU'C  were 
V>  111-  nut  "><\n  <>i  t'niuN  at  tlirir  di-pn-al."  The  lidHiraMe  iiieiii- 
!)ir~  wnild  ii-t  he  I'i-Kd  like  tliat.  "Where  i-  ihe  iiieiiey  to 
C'lue  fn.in?"  wa-  a-ked  a-aiii  and  a.uain.  "Vou  are  (,'niii<,'  to 
]ia\  a  chairman  and  \  iee  chairman  <'M  "i  pnhlic  fnnd-;  at  a 
time  when  e'.eryh.nlv  i-  cryin-  mn  'ecimdniy,'  and  this  fur  a 
c-mmiltee  wliich,  in  my  jn.lumeiit,  lia-  t,'"t  ii"  jviwers  whatsi- 
<\ar  wurthy  of  the  name.  ^  -ii  are  .unin.i;  to  flood  the  country 
with  a  ^eiie-  of  k.eal  committer-  t"  <lo.  what? — to  tjive  out  funds 
at  tlieir  (h-po-al.  Where  are  tho<e  funds  to  come  from?" 
A^'ain,  referrini,'  to  the  claii-e  rdiuiriii.i,'-  the  S;aiiu..ry  t'oni- 
miiiee  "to  make  ]irovi-ion  f^r  the  care  of  di-ahl'-d  oflicer-  and 
men":  "I  wonder  h..w  that  i-  d'^ne  wuh.mt  money?  Tluy  liave 
111.1  -j;:,\  :'  lira-<  fartl1im,^  'i"he  whole  hd!  i>  a  -ham  and  a  humhui,'. 
Tlure  i-  nothing'  i'.  it  from  tir-t  to  !a-t  as  to  how  the  Statutory 
C'l'iumittee  can  make  that  provi-ion." 

It  was  pointed  oiu  that  the  National  Relief  Fund,  po|)ularIy 
known  a-  the  I'rince  of  W  air-'-  1  tmd.  on  which  tlie  committee 
iiad  admittic!  it  wa-  relying  to  furni-li  at  lea-t  the  ha-i<  of  the 
voluntarv  funds  which  would  he  needed,  liad  hcell  rai-ed  for 
the  rehef  of  "civil  distre->"  due  to  the  war.  and  it  was  que-tioned 
w  Ik  titer  it  could  he  made  availahle  for  many  of  the  purpo-cs 
luidrr  di-cu-<ioii,  a>.  f"r  example,  for  trainin.t;  di-ahleil  men. 
The  Koval  ratri<itic  Cori.oratiou  it-clf  had  no  fluids  at  its  dis- 
p.  -al  which  were  n-t  .alrcadv  "all-cated."  At  length  the  trovern- 
mmt  ,!,'ave  assurance  tliat  puhlic  funds  would  he  made  availalilc 
if  pri\ate  contrilmtion<  were  not  forthconiin.t;.  i)ut  tiiat  they 
did  Mot  want  to  "dry  up"  the  sources  of  voluntary  suh^cription. 
]'.(|uallv  une(|uivocal  was  the  diss.atisfaction  with  the  scope  of 
the  jiropo-ed  provi-ion  for  disaliled  men,  as  compared  with  the 
rcc(immen(hitions  of  the  Murray  Report.  Mr.  Price  and  ^Mr. 
1l.-ili;e  e-peciallv.  who  liad  hern  memh.TS  of  the  Departmental 
Committee,  were  cxceediii>^ly  di-apjiointed.  Mr.  Price  moved  to 
omit  the  jiarai^raph  alto.^cther,  if  tho-e  "tlirec  line-"  repre-ented 
.all  lint  culd  he  d-iie.  "1-  that  all  the  llou-e  is  iroini;  to  do  f,.r 
ihv-v  nun  when  lliev  c-mr  hack?     If  tlii-  hill  .i^oe-  to  the  country 


f.KKAT    UKIIAIN- 


1_'3 


a<  tlu'  l;i-t  \vi  ■(!  that  tlii>  Hcihc  h:\<.  to  «av  !■)  tin-  di-.-ililid 
s^MiiT  will!)  lir  ci'iiif-  hack,   ii   will  crrati-  a   piTl'vct    ^caudal, " 

Several  tlmimht  thai  ilk'  maitor  ci  train  :,'  ami  ii)i|i|.  .\  iikmu 
of  ihc  ili>al»li.'il  >li(>uKl  Ix-  (.•iitni-tfil  in  a  <li-Uiici  limlv  cri-alrd  i' .r 
thai  jinriKKf  ali'tu",  or  jHThaps  cnmhiiiinj^r  the  duly  nt  iilaein- 
liai-k  in  civil  life  ihe  delin 'hilized  snMiiTh  who  were  IK  .1  cji-ahled. 
a-;  had  l.eeii  hinted  at  in  the  Murray  Keport.  The  Slatutcrv 
Cnniniiilee,  at  any  rate,  Wdtild  have  all  il  culd  di>  with  it- 
other  duties,  and  this  cniivtimted  in  il-elf  a  liii;  ta^k:  "We  >hall. 
I  think,  inevilahly  hear  innre  <>f  this  prchlein."  J'  wa-  :iri,Mted 
that  training'  and  enipldynniit  i-.  ;i  duty  nf  the  nation,  and  ~h.  .nld 
IK'I  he  left  to  private  fund-,  and  there  was  sdiue  dispc.>iti(  .11  to 
"in-i-i  that  a  prnper  bill  shall  he  hnai^lil  in  dealin;.,'  wuh  ihi- 
suhject." 

Mr.  McKcnna  explained  that  he  had  cnn-ulteil  with  Sir  ( '.vr'^v 
Murray  and  had  agreed  to  enihndy  the  purposes  cf  hmh  ecin- 
niitlees  in  the  hill  whiih  he  slu.uUl  hrin.i;  in.  1ml  he  did  n^t  siv 
that  this  clause  had  heen  accepted  hy  Sir  (iei'r,i,'e  Murray  ,i< 
satisfactory.  Mr.  Hayes  Fi-her,  win.  hy  thi-  tiiiw  had  liecme 
Parliamentary  Secretary  for  the  Lucal  ( 'mvernineni  I'.oard.  and 
was  in  char.i^e  of  the  bill  for  the  .i,'nveriuiient,  disponed  nf  ;dl 
criticisms  hy  in-i>ting  that  he  liad  carefully  read  the  Murrav 
Kepo'-t  and  that  every  one  of  the  su.L;,i,'estinns  it  Ciiilained  wa- 
"covered  in  llm-e  three  ^ery  pres^n.ant  lines." 

The  malcontents  were  imt  cniivinced  "U  anv  cf  these  jH'ints, 
but  the  bill  finally  passed,  on  July  JO,  ajiparently  hecair-e  <<{  the 
length  of  time  that  had  rdready  elapsed  since  the  a[)piiintment 
of  the  committee,  the  urgency  i.f  the  -ubject,  and  de>p,iir  at  the 
prospect  nf  securing  a  better  measure.  The  delay  had  been  ".i 
great  trial  In  a  very  large  mimber  nf  people  in  the  constituencies." 

The  ])rincipal  amendment  relating  to  the  jioints  which  have 
lieeii  considered  was  one  provi<ling  that  either  the  chairman  nr 
the  vice  chairman  mi,i,dit  be  paid  a  salary  nut  nf  the  public 
treasury,  but  not  both.  The  re(|uirement  that  "two"  women 
should  b<-  .appointed  nn  tin-  committee  w;i<  ch.uii^ed  to  "-nine." 
on   the   ihenry   that    when   a   minimum   is   si)ecitied    it    tends   to 


il 


1_'4 


|il>Al:l.i:ii    ^(li.|lll.l<S    AM)    .sAU.OKS 


licciiiiK-  .1  iiKixiiiiuiii,  ami  all  a,i,'reLil  that  llic  duties  (.•ntrustiil  to 
till.-  !u\v  li<.il\  utrc  "I  a  kiiiil  l^r  uliiiii  UMiiicn  were  inciiliarly 
adaiilrd.  <  nhi-r  anu'iiihiu  iit^  ware  niadi',  ;iid  llirrc  \\a-  imich 
di^i'n--i"ii  '  -tluT  a-].i-ct-  i<i  the  hUl  wliKJi  aia-  W'l  within  the 
-e^jie  I 'I  I  ur  ]iariicular  in'|uiry. 

At  tlie  la-t  nii'iiunt.  jii-l  a^  the  hill  was  to  have  it-  third 
r'adiMi;.  Mr.  MeKeiiiia  eaiiir  in  t"  aniK'Unee  that  he  had  Kained 
that  the  National  Ueliet  I'lind  \\a-  n^t  willin'4  t^  ■  turn  o\cr  to 
an\-  I'tlur  liod\  the  ni'  ney  that  had  hern  er.tril~led  t"  them,  and 
that  n  wiinld  therefore  he  deHrahle  t-  -Irike  out  the  pi^.M-nn 
that  twi.  nieniher-  of  the  Slaluli.ry  Committee  he  aiiiM.inled  hy 
•lie  Xatii'iial  Keliel  I'lind  and  \\\'<  hy  the  S. 'Idler-'  and  Sail"r-' 
laindie-  .\--i  iciation.  whieh  acted  a-  it-  di-hnr^ini:  a,i,'ent.  'riiu-. 
e\en  hel'i.re  the  hill  wa-  ]ia--'  d,  the  chief  !ii.]ie  of  the  Ci'nimittee 
fir  the  "Milnntary  fimd-  "f  a  national  character"  which  were 
i<i  eiiahle  the  StatntMry  C'inimittee  t"  d<  >  it.-  w  vk  had  di^- 
aplieared. 

I  >isi  iissi''!!  ill  tlir  Iliiusr  cf  L<>rds 

\\  hen  the  hill  reached  the  Ihiii-e  >■{  i.ord.-,  on  Jnly  21.  it  was 
iritri'duced  hv  l.nrtl  (,'rewe  in  the  Ciirdial  Wi>rd-  we  ha\e  ([ni'ted 
1,1-ewhere.  and  he  inenti"ned  that  "in  another  [ilace  it  nnderwent 
an  .nii'innt  of  di-cn--i'ai  which  f^r  the-e  times  when  di.-Cll^^i"ns 
are  -carce  w,i-  I'li;,'  and  conducted  with  c 'n-iiK  rahle  \i\acity." 
Tile  niea-nre  wa-  -crntini/.ed  with  the  L;reate-t  intire-t  and 
recei\cd  ni' .-t  c  •n-cieiuii -n-  con-iderati^ 'ii,  with  the  re-nlt  that 
it   wa-  dra-ticalK    anunded. 

r.\-  a  i|nirk  ><{  rea-'-nin^  .  .r  hy  a  u\'"A — inie\]iected,   whi'i.- 

ever    it    wa^ the   n^'hle    1' 'rd-   ti'i'k    the    ]M.~iti(.n    cf    the    radical 

niemher-  "\  the  i  ther  Ihin-e.  They  did  not  apprnve  the  Nohm- 
tarv  character  of  the  Statnti^ry  Committee.  They  th"n,i;ht  that 
the  "wlu'le  ha-i-"  of  the  hill  had  heen  cnt  away  hy  the  deci-ion 
(if  the  Nati'iial  Relief  h'tnid.  They  did  not  sec  why  the  Iv^yal 
i'atrii'iic  I'nnil  t 'i 'rii. 'r.-ition  -h^nUl  he  hn  >n};ht  in.  when  thev 
had  -lated  that  all  their  funds  were  allMcateil.  and  they  co\il(l 
not  theref'.re  j,n\e  any  financial  help.     The  creation  of  the  new 


GUEAI     IJKUAIX 


1_'5 


1)1 'ily  was  a  sli-lit  I'li  tlic  Sdi..  .---■  ami  Sail'T^'  I'aiiiilii.'<  A— "cia- 
ti'  iicli  had  hcin  dnin^'  >ucli  \  aliiahk-  \vi  Tk     '1  tlioi'  iii'.iulis. 

1  Iktc  \\a^  "net  (inc  >ingle  cuin  ni  anv  >ize.  xirt,  nr  (.'uMTip- 

ti'.n"  ]i;'ivi(K-(l  t"  dn  tlii.'  wi.rk  a--i.i,'in.'d  i^  tlic  now  cniiiinittcc. 
A  l\'ii-i'iti>  J'xiard  estahli-licd  l)y  tlic  ),'■  a  criimom  wa--  what  was 
iKidid.  In  a  word,  state  ri^iK  .ii>il)ility  was  iIr-  kf\-iii.tc  uf 
the  (h^cn^^inii. 

Sn  they  aimndcil  tin-  hill  first  l;y  oiiiittin.i,'  "(if  the  Iviva! 
Patricitic  l"und  '/nrporatiim"  tn)m  the  name  of  the  new  h. .dy, 
which  thus  hecatnc  merely  a  "St.itiit.iry  L'-mmittce" — infercn- 
lially,  ui  tile  Hcu>es  nf  Parliament.  They  hr.  ■ULjht  hack  the  jini- 
vi-i. .n  fcr  re])re>entatiiiii  cf  the  S(>I(iier>'  and  Sailnrs'  l"amilie> 
A>-(.ciation,  They  increa>ed  the  nimiher  t"  he  ajipninted  hv  the 
C'r"wn  and  left  "ut  rci)resentatives  of  the  Local  ( ioverniiuiit 
r.oard  and  of  the  National  Health  hiMirance  Joint  C'oinmitte  , 
and,  in  conseduence  of  the  (ir>t  amendment,  took  aw;iv  repre- 
>eiitation  from  the  Rc^y.-il  I'atriotic  l-"iind  t'orporation. 

Then  they  thoroui,'lily  overhauled  all  the  provision-  ahout  the 
l-cil  connnittees  and  the  functions  of  the  central  hody — improv- 
ing,' thein  f^reatly,  a-  the  Ilou^e  of  Commons  later  admitted. 

Finally,  they  chanj,'ed  the  >hort  title  which  P.irliameni  con- 
siderately provides  for  every-d,iy  use  in  the  la>t  i.,ini,i;rapli  of 
its  act-  from  "Xaval  and  Military  War  Pennon-,  etc.,  Pill, 
1"15"  ;  "War  iVn>ions.  Help  to  Di.sihled*  .Men.  etc..  Pill," 
because  the  former  did  not  properly  -u.i:,s,'est  the  im[)ortancc 
which  help  for  the  dis.ililed  had  in  tlieir  minds. 

Havinj,'  done  all  thi> — ;ilmo-t  lireatliles>iy,  it  ^eein-.  certainlv 
with  a  j^re.at  .<ense  of  uri;ency  and  of  their  re>[>onsihilitv — it  w.is 
pointed  out  to  them  hy  Lord  Crewe,  Lord  President  of  the 
Council,  who  .apiiarently  was  dismayed  to  re.ali/.e  the  -ii^'tiiticance 
of  what  had  been  done,  that  the  chan,s;es  they  h;ul  m.nK  were 
much  ,t:roater  than  would  apjK'ar  on  a  superficial  examination. 
They  had  "in  fact  Itrou.u'hl  about  a  rever--;d  of  the  [irinciple  on 
which  the  liill  was  fmmed  and  on  which  it  i)a--ed  tbri.ut;h  the 
House  of  Commons."     A>  it  now   -toi.d   the  re>pon>ihle  body 


l.»- 


|i|>Al;l.l   li    Mll.l'll-K>    A.\:i    .-AIl.OKS 


LiaHil   U'   liv    in    iln-   111.1111   .1   privau-   t.  ii'i-i 'ralinu .   tla-   iiaiinii,,! 
«.\(lK-i|iur  lid-Miin'  ri'-]>"ii-ilili.'. 

riiai.  lH.ur\rr.  ua-  ju~i  \\liat  thuy  liail  wanttil.  They  ^ll»■(l 
liy  whai  iii>A  had  (Liir.  ami  (kcickil  t..  rvlurii  it  a>  it  \va>.  wiiii 
Muli  iiiriliir  aiiuiidim'iU-  a-  wcrr  luiikd  U'  make  it  "iiinrc  -liip- 
Miai-r  and  c  .Ikthu."  Ain..n-  llic-e  ua-  die  uiiich  o.mpkt^d 
tin  tran^ti.nnali'.n  "f  tlie  nua-nro.  'liny  cliant^i-d  the  name 
■•Staini'Tv  t'l'imniitee"  l"  "War  iVii-i-n-  Heard."  in  frder  m 
]n.i\ide  "a  mere  i.arliaiiu  iitary  (le-cripli' .n"  "I  Uir  c^ 'lUemi.laUil 
I,.  .,ly.  and  llun  impn^xed  that  t"  "War  All.  ■wam-e-  !'..  ^ard." 
(.11  relkciH.n  ilial  "imi-H'ii-"  did  ii"t  c<.vi.r  all  the  I'.rni-  i<i 
a--i~iaiKi.-  wliuli  were  f  inuni[il;iled. 

Seine  imni;ier>  .•-till  tliMiii;ht  the  widest  pnlicy  wenkl  he  fnr 
tlir  -liXM-nnieiit  to  withdraw  the  hill  and  hrin-  in  -.lie  in  .aec --d- 
anee  with  the  Murray  kei».rt,  which  h.id  evideiulv  lieeii  hi,i;hly 
anpreeiated  in  the  -.piier  ehaniher,  Uit  the  hill  went  hack  to  the 
L'ummMiis  in  it-  tran>h,i,'iireu  a^llect. 

riic  L,>riLs'  .Iniriidiiicuts  in  the  Iloiisc  of  Coiiiinoiis 
With  c.iretnllv  controlled  aimoyaiiee,  Mr.  McKeiina,  n^w  he- 
come  V  hancelb.r  of  the  i:xche(|iier,  aiinoiiiued  to  the  Ilou-e.  on 
lU-toher  14.  that  "in  aiidher  place"  the  character  of  the  lull 
had  heen  entirely  changed."  "When  it  ,i,'ot  to  another  place  an 
intirelv  new  set  of  ideas  w.is  hroti.Lrht  to  hear"  upon  it.  In  its 
].rese!it  form  it  -onirht  to  con>litute  a  new  tjoverniiicnt  authority 
I.,  (k-.il  with  pen-K'tis.  Me  admitted  that  "if  wc  h.ad  li.id  time" 
Mich  an  authoriiv  mi.ulu  have  heen  tlie  most  dcsirahle  thing.  lie 
(.utlined  three  p.i—ihle  coiirH--  of  action: 

I  1  I  T,.  uiili.lraw  tlu  l.iU  ami  Mart  uitli  a  new  .jiic  dcalini;  wiili  Ok  uli..le 
(UK  -ti.'ti  III  |ni,-ii.n> ; 

(J  I    I'd  aiicpt  iIk'   I.. 'rd-'  anuiidim-m^ ; 

i,>i  r..  ri-Lirc  the  l.ill  ti.  M]l.-t,iiai.ili\  tlie  t..rni  it  lia.l  when  it  lut  ilie 
llnu-c  'It'  t'.iiim..ii~. 

The  tir-l  wa-  inipracticahle.  hecausc  of  the  lime  it  would  re- 
(jtiire  to  frame  a  comiireheii-i\  e  niea-nre.  The  second  was  not 
.igreeahle    t' .   the   ,U(  .vernmeiil.      He    there  I(. re   a~ked    the    1  h  .USC 


^■  .i.' 


.KiiA  I    I'.Ki ,  a:n 


127 


{'■  "take  a  few  <Iay-""  t"  ci'ii-idir  tin-  rfnu-t  ..f  tlu-  ,i,'n\  u'liuu  m. 
wliicli  \\a~  lliat  tluy  acct'iil  '.ln.^c  atikiidiiunt-  uliii.ii  lie  w.is 
iili-a~ril  1"  (jr-irihr  a~  ■'iiiin"r  inipri  a  iiiuiii^,"  luu  tluit  llu'\  dw- 
aj:rct-  witii  tile  main  aiikniiiiKiu.  "wliicli  rcci ■ti^titiUc-  ami 
rcnanii--  tlu-  >tatut"ry  aiitli' M-itx  ami  ~lrikf-  dut  all  a--"ciaii' .11 
with  till'  V.  .hiniary  .--idc  and  iiiaki.>  tin.-  aiulnTitv  a  ci  .iiii.lrti- 
^'"M-riinunt   antln 'rity." 

'I'Ik'  di-i.ii--i..n  ;i  week  latrr  \\a-  cntcrtaiiiiii,^'.  Tin-  I.aln.r 
ri.[iri'-fmati\i'>  and  iitlii.T>  wli^  liad  iritifi/.td  tlif  charactif  I't 
the  Statutory  d  .inniitter  fennd  tlu'in-rhi^  '  ..i  the  nnn~nal  ji'i^i- 
ticii"  lit  JKlievinj;  thai  the  l.iiriU"  aniendnient-  had  -lreiiL;lhem(l 
the  liili.  and  tiial  the  niaiiiitury  they  |in>|M.sed  wa^  "inlinitilv 
hctter,"  c^[iecially  hccaii-e  df  llic  j,'reater  iM.».ihihtv  it  j,'a\e  <•{ 
ii'iitrd  hy  the  ll<.ii~e  In  lace  'if  the  im-itidi  ni  the  i;"\  em- 
inent, licwcver.  and  heean-e  all  t'elt  that  vmelhinK  'I't'-l  he  d'.iie, 
the  radical  chanjjes  were  iKil  aeeejited.  and  the  hill  wa<  returned 
til  the  Lords,  witii  tl;e  lojidwini,'  "rea-cns  for  <li>a,t,'reenuiit": 

Kifi-rniiK  tn  tlie  cliaiiKO  in  tin-  iliar.iv  ter  .if  tin-  autliority  tn  tie  c^taMisIieii : 
it  u.i*  '■iinc:iik-(l  that  tin-  new  l....l>  -hall  lie  .1  \. limitary  l..i.|y  aii'i  n  .t  a 
p.'\iriimciit  .luthr.rily.  and  thcrof..re  it  i-  ixixclmit  that  it  vli.iiil.l  l.t-  ^L.-rly 
a--..ciati-(l  witli  the  voluntary  i»iily  otahti-lK-d  by  I'arliaini-nt  to  deal  unh 
kindred  matters." 

In  re(.:ar<1  to  the  clianKc-.  in  reprt -entation  en  the  CMiiimittee :  it  wa-i 
deemed  "inexpedient  tn  take  away  re|ireMiitati\c-  tr..in  the  Lnca!  Cl.'vern- 
inent  Hoard  and  other  bodies  and  i.;ivf  them  lo  the  Crown";  and.  "o\vinn  to 
relations  which  will  exist  hetwien  the  new  body  and  I.nal  authoritiev  and 
a|ipro\ed  Mnieties  in  which  disabled  men  are  insured  it  is  expedient  that  the 
Local  (lo^ernment  Hoard  ami  the  National  Health  Commissioiiers  should  be 
rejirescnted  on  the  body." 

.As  to  the  short  t'tle.  the  original  one  was  restored,  "because  it  is  nir)re 
convenient  that  a  bill  dealing  mainly  with  supplementary  assistance  rather 
than  with  i>rimary  should  be  so  described." 

The  last  word  on  the  hill  in  the  TIduse  of  ConiitKins  sntn- 
marizes  tlic  jndfjnte.it  of  a  stih.-tantial  tninority,  if  not  of  the 
majority,  on  the  real  merits  of  the  nicasiire.  allhonj;!)  in  de^p.iir 
it  was  [lassed:  "A  had  i)ill.  which  will  not  onlv  defeat  its  own 
oliject  htit  which  will  cause  consider.ihie  irritation,  ami  I  think- 
even  worse,  among  those  whom  it  is  int.'nded  to  betietit." 


l-'S 


hl- 


vlU.ll'    Sol.lill.l<>    AMI    .sMl.nHS 


Xd-al  and  Military  War  Pni.s-ioiis.  etc..  .let,  r<;r_=i 
Tlu'  I."nU  ilul  n-t  "inM>t  ui...n"  tlu-ir  rojoctod  .■,iu-n.Inunt«, 
rq,,,:ir.nllv  iVdm-.  a-  l.-nl  I.ul.hcM  put  it:  "However  much  we 
lu.tv  .li-like  tlu-  lull  in  it>  restored   l-rni.  ue  Mi-uld   l.ave   the 
whole  re-pon-ihility  of  it  imw  in  tlie  h;m.I>  of  tlie  KovernnKiu.' 
The  ineiiHire  receive.l  the  royal  a>-cnt  ami  became  law  (  3  &  ''> 
(ieo.  5,  Cii.  S.I)   on  Xoveniher  10.  alino>t  n  year  after  the  ap- 
,,oimineni  of  the  Select  Coniniittee.     It  estahli~hc>  a  Statutory 
Committee  of  the  K..yal  Patriotic  Fim.l  Corporation  "(hereui- 
after   referred   to  a^  the   e'orporation  )"   con-i-tint;   ..f   tweiuy- 
seven  memhers.  includini;  twe.ve  appointed  hv  Hi-  Maje-ty    I  oi 
whom  -'Ue  >hall  he  chairman  and  one  vice  cliairman  and  "'-""i^'" 
shall  ho  w.men  and  not  le>-  than  two  shall  he  repre>entatives  of 
labor  I  :   ine   each   appointed    hy    the   Trea-ury.    the    Admiralty, 
the  Armv  C-ouncil,  the  National   Health   In-urance  Joint  Com- 
niitte.'.    the    I.ocal    C.overnment    I'.oard,    the    l.ocal    (.overnment 
r.oard  for  Scotland,  the  Local  C.overnment  P-oard  for  Ireland; 
tu.,  I.v  the  Soldier-'  and  S.ailor-'  l-'amilie-  A->ociation ;  an.l  >ix 
hv  the  C.eneral  Council  of  the  Corporati< .n,  --l  wh   m  some  shall 
he  w<.men  and  four  shall  he  members  of  the  Corporation. 

Such  salarv  as  the  Treasury  may  determine  may  be  paid  out 
of  moneys  p'rovided  hy  Parliament  to  either  the  chairman  or 
the  vice  chairman :  all  other  expenses  shall  be  paid  "out  of  the 
funds  at  the  disposal  of  the  committee." 

r,.r  tin-  inirim.e  of  a.-si^tiiiR  the  Statutory  Committee  in  the  execution 
of  tl.c.r  .lui :.-.  a  !■  .-al  committee  Mul!  le  e^tal.h^bod  for  every  county  an,l 
c..untv  l,or,-.mh.  ,-,i.(I  for  c^cry  l.irounh  or  urlan  rliritrict  liavinif  a  populatinn 
of  II. .t  Ic"  tluui  t'iftv  th-u^and  the  council  of  which  so  (lc<ircs.  ami  for  any 
otlicr  l-rnni;h  or  url-an  district  for  which  the  Statutory  Committee,  on  the 
applicati-n  of  tlie  council  thcre-f,  considers  it  desirable.     .     .    . 

The  constitution  of  the  I'cal  committee  is  to  be  determined  bv 
a  scheme  framed  by  the  council  and  approved  by  the  Statutory 
Gmmiittee,  but  all  schemes  must  ])rovide  for  the  inclu-ion  <u' 
women  ami  reiire.-eiitatives  of  labor  and  for  the  appointment  of 
at  le.i-t  ;i  m.aioritv  of  the  members  by  the  council,  thotiirh  not 
necessarilv  from  aim^no  the  members  of  the  council. 


I.KKM     r.KI  1  \IN 


l-"> 


Tlic  H-Iuiiio  may  [.r.^vidc  i".  ir  the  (li\i,i..ii  ..t"  tlu'  o.iinty  into 
(li-lrirt>  aiitl  tlii'  ai)|M  .iiitnuiil  ..t  a  -iihr.  .miiiiiitv  t-r  cai'li  (li-tnc!. 

l''"tli  I'.cal  ami  di-irici  i-MniniitH\-s  iiiii^t  iticliidc  ■-MiliMantial 
rrpiv^cntalinii  .  .  .  '.l"  irt>-ih  wli.,  liavc  u  iiliin  thr  ana  .  itlu-r 
a^  iiiniilicr.  ..f  il,,-  S..1.1ht^'  aii.l  Sail..r.'  I  annlu-  .\--.,Mv,n. 
"T  ilu-  S<.I.litT-  an.l  ;a!lnr>  Hdp  S-cidv.  cr  (.tlicru  i^-.  Irvii  iht- 
t'Tiniiij,'  tiiii(.-ti..n>  .-imilar  in  ili,,,^  t,,  'h.  j.^-rl'Mniial  liy  1<a\ 
(  "iimiittifN  uiulcr  tlii^  act." 

^  'I'lic  StatiitMry  tmiimittfc  i~  .linctnl  t.)  [irqiaro  and  i^Mie 
'■|..riii>  nf  model  -i-lifiiK>"  t..r  l.r.d  c..mmitt>'>-.  in  nrder  t.. 
tac-ilitate  the  prii.aratinn  ^.i"  their  -eiieme-  hv  the  e.  .,i!ieil. ;  an.l 
II  a  o.iHK-il  i>  -low  ahont  t-raniin-  it-  -ehenie.  the  Statiit-ry 
I  "niniittee  may  frame  (.ue   for  it. 

I  WM  nr  more  l^eal  enmmittee-  may  "cmhiiie  tMi^ether  i"..r  the 
j-iiil  exerei-e  of  any  ,,|  their  p..\\er>  and  dmie-."  aiul  inav  f.,r 
thai  purp..,-.e  ai)pnini  a   joint  eommittee. 

h.\I)en>es  of  a  local  committee.  a>ide  from  tliu.-e  paid  hv  the 
StatiiK.rv  Committee,  ".-hall  he  paid  ..ut  of  fund-  al  the  di-posd 
<'f  tile  local  committee." 

The  function^  of  the  Statutory  (V.nmittee  whicli  in  anv  way 
concern  di-ahled  men  are  the  foUowint;: 

(1.1  Tn  frame  rcKulatiMiK  f,,r  stipplementary  Kr.i'U.  ir.  ca-.'<  uli.re, 
"uniu'  V.  the  exceptional  ciraim-taiu'e-  ..t  the  .a-e.  the  peiH„,n  or  yr.mt 
or  -eparalini,  all..waiu-e  pav.iMe  ,.ut  ,,t  piil.Iic  fuii.l-  -cm-  t  ,  tlie  o,nu„ittrr 
t''  Ire  iiia'le(|iiale: 

{'■■>  'Hit  ,,1  fuiul-  at  their  di-p.-al.  u  ..ui.plement  pen.inn.  an<l  ura!it=; 
and  -eparatinn  all..wanee^  iiayal.le  ,,i,t  r,|  ih.^  puMic  tun.ls.  .,,,  h,,uc\er 
tliat  i„,  such  ...upplemcMtar>  wiaiit  shall  he  nuele  e.xcei.t  in  accr.bnce  w.lh' 
such  re.iiiilath.n-  as  afure-ai.l; 

('1'  <  Hit  ,,f  fun. Is  at  their  (li-p,,.al.  to  make  gran's  or  all..w,an.-es  in  ca^es 
"here  un  separation  allouance-  ..r  pension-  are  ].a\ahle  .nit  o-'  wihlic  fnn.ls- 

(e)   Out    ot    fnn.ls   at    their    .li.p.„M.    to    make    a.Ivaiict-  account    ..f 

pensions  or  Krauts  .ir  separation  aIlo«an.-es  .hie  t.i  anv  per-ons  ,,nt  .,f  pnhlic 
fun.l-  .hirini,'  any  interval  hef..rc  the  payment  thereof  actuallv  commence- 
(.r  .luriiivf   «h;ch   the   payment  thereof   has  heen   acci.lentsllv   interrnpte.l ; 

(111  T..  .letermiue  any  other  .piestions  '  in  relation  to  pension-  or  vt'iiHs 
..r  -eparati.,n  allowances  wliich  may  he  referre.l  to  the  committ.e  l,y  the 
.Aiitnirally  (T  .\rm>   Council: 

of  <u'^'emk"'s'''   '  '  '   ■'""'   '"^^   """'"  '  '  ''^^■''''"'<  'l"^-^'i"n^  i>>  regard  to  claim.s 


130 


|il>  \i;l.l  II    Mil.Hll  l->    AM'    ^  Ml  "K> 


,l,c  CM,,,,,...-.-  U   .1..  (..n"T.» ■  r  I:-   '"■''  '"-""„...■.. ^;r  1,:.   ...»    -.-.cy 

.,r  ,.,1„T  ,.r«:..n/..w„   I., u    nnM-    ,,p,.lu  .lie    L.   H.r   >n,tW,n,.   ..t    «ruM,,   .. 

,Ik-    „,.tur.    ..1     t V     ^^ll^ll     'l.e    ,   f.nu.t,.     ;,rc    ..utl-  .  u.M     t"     "'^'Iv^.     '"• 

""'oT-l'  ,n.,U.  rr,.,-,...  f.T  -iH-  ...r.  .^f  .l-aMc,l  ..l.u.rs  an,lnu-n  amr 
„„,,,„,  1>,.  ,!..  ..r^Kc,  i,uh,.l,„K  i.r.,UM.,a  l.T  tU.r  hc.Ul,,  tr.u.MP.. 
,iii'l  iini.l'.\ini-iit 

l-,.r  i!r-  inii-j.-M'  ui  .li^i-li.ir-in-  tlu-  .lutic-;  inip.-,d  in  ij)  ''  '^ 
,N,„^-~K  Mii.ul..inl  ih.a  ilir  o.ninmt..-  -lull  a!.i...im  "ii  -iHOal 
M,lH-..iiinmuv   uliich  -liall   im-hul.   rqMHMHtaluc.  ..I    rnii.l->rr. 

iiiid  "I  l.ili"r."  .     . 

T.,  uiJ.lc  t!io  i-niiiinitir.-  t..  cli-ili:ir-o  it-  tuiicti-ti-.  n  i-  I'l'- 
M,kHl  tli.it  tlu'  A.hnirall)  an.l  ilu-  Army  r-uncil  -lull  ■  .u  ro|iu-t 
MipiiK  ilK-  o>iunnm>  uith  i.aruailar-  a-  l-  laymail-  uia>tr  I'v 
,lu  ,u'l. .  anv  in.ln  ultial.  aiM  liu'  o  .inn.ut.v  may  in  tui  n  ■  ^n  roiuc-i 
,,,nnimnicat.-  -udi  int..nnali-n  v.  any  charilal.k-  l.-lv  k'l^ui- 
n.at.ly  inun-lcd.  The  luiK-li.^n-  a-.i;n.a  V<  ihc  l-cd  o  ni- 
luiltii.'-  arc: 

,,,,  I,,  i,„,u,ro  in.o  nuv  ra=o  rourrol  t.,  n,om  bv  tlu-  Statutory  C.n- 
,„i„,,,,  „„,  ,.  r,,..at    .    .    .    u.tl,  -l.r.r  a.h,.-c.  a,M  nT,.nnncn.lat,..n.    ._  . 

,M  •{..  ...11.. I  ;.i..l  fr.rn,-h  t..  ll'.r  Matut..r>  (...nmitt^r  -u.'h  nn..n.ia- 
,i,  P  .„  n,,r,  !,■  rn.u.n.l  h  'I"  Statnt..;.  > -.  .mmuf..  unl,  r>M-t  1.  any 
,„,„,,,  ,„„1  ,..  tun„-h  aii.lK-ant-  l..r  r.-n--.-  ..r  .ran,-  ..r  ...,.ara,...n  a  l^;. - 
,„.....  ,u^U  n,f.,rn,,ui..n  an.l  a.hua-.  c-,.c.-ia;iy  in  .1:.  e.mt  ..<   ,.a..nu.n,  l.,n. 


,,U-  l.\-  the  Slatul.ir>   r-'in- 


mi'liily  .lil.iMi! ; 

(.■1    T.,  .li-tnl.nt,    ,ui\    -n|ii.lcnirntar\    i;rant-   mail 
,„;„,,,  „,,  ,l,„r,l.u„..n  ..i  uhuh  ha-  l...-n  .l-.U  .at.-.l  1..  .bo  L.-al  ..annn,,,,-; 

,,,,  ,„„  .,,-  a>n  fnn.l-  ,a  tlu-ir  .li-|...-al  l.T  the  ,H.r,...-.-,  ,..  makr  .■■■nlr:- 
,„„„,;,.  ,,,.ar,l  <h,.  fnn.l-  a,lmn,i-,.  r> .!  !,^  x\u  S.a.n...n  C  .mnn.l.a-.  r. 
i,;,.r.a-,-  ,.vn-..n-,  .ran,-,  an.l  •  ;.a,-a„..n  alLavan.a-.  an.l  ,..  n,ak.-  .ran,- 
,,r  all...aiaa-  ubcr.  n. .  ,..n-i..n-.  .ran,-,  ■  .r  -.Tara,i..n  al^.^^an.H-  arc   o.h.r- 

'"^LVoniVf  fun.l.  a,  thcir  di-p.-al.  ,..  niaV.  a.Uanc..  .m  a.v..i"n  y-  1-n- 
.;,,„.  ,,r  -ruu-  .T  -.|.arat...n  al!..ua,aa-  .Inc  t..  any  ,.or-..n<  ..n.  ..>  iml.la- 
i„u,U  .lurnr  anv  in,erw,l  l..t..r.  ,l.o  ,.a^,n.n,  .h.io.f  artnallv  ...n„nc,a.-. 
,  r  .Inrin..  ^^hu■h■,lR■  pavnu-n,  ,1a  r,- a"  l.a-  Lou,  a.ai.UMUallv  ,n,errn,HC.l  ; 

,,,i„o.  f..r  >l,.-  car.  ..f  .li-aM..l  n.Vu.r-  an.!  nu'n  a„.r  ih.v  have  let,  ,1k 
.crvu-.    naln.li.i.  ,,r..vi-i..n   f   r  ,!anr  lu-al-h.  -ralnin..  an.l  .n„,loyr,UM„  : 

,.,'t..    -■la-i,    aia!    ro-civ.    Ir.Mii    the    pnl-Ue    cntrihut,.  ai";    ^^^^ar.l    any 
such  lairiH.-c?  a-  ;,i\ir.-aiJ. 


<.KI  A  I    i;':ii.\I.\ 


\M 


RrS'^i'icrs-  .l:<ii!,i''h-  f.r  />i\;rL;i  Mm  Ihiri,'.,,  Tins  P,;i.,J 

Mcanwliik',  uli.ii  lia,!  ln.ii  IiapiTniii-  i.,  iIr.  ,Ii,,ilili'il  nn-i 
(Iiiriu-  all  iJi.'M-  in-mli>;-  l,.v  it  iIr-  iiMnli  ■■{  i-\,iit-  -rcni-  -.I,,\v 
111  iIkii-  iiarrati..!!.  i,r..-r,-«  inu-i  li,,\r  l..vii  alni..-i  iini.na'i.iiMc 
!'•  llic  llK'ii  \\li..  wrrr  liciii-  ,  1  In! i.ii-L;i(l  lr..iii  day  |..  day  wiiil,' 
rarliaiiunt  (Khatc.l  an.)  d.iivol.  Ali-m  llmv' th.  .ii-a'ii,|  had 
i'tvii  diMJiar-.d  1..  iIiL-  niidcllr  -I  Ainil,  I'M5,  and  ilu'  "r.ur"  had 
hy  that  tunc  naiiicd  a  tliousm.l  a  in..iiili  and  wa-,  t<.  K"  H'l'^'i 
IiiL;hiT. 

In  tin-  llr>t  i.LuT,  tho  ircaiinmt  la.  .\i(Kd  hv  tin.'  tiiililarv 
anih..|-iiK-s  wa-  .t;ra,lnally  h.nii;  inipr.i\Ml  and  .aIcikK,!.  n-tahlv 
l>v  th.-  t-ial.h^hnunt  -t  ihr  .  .rili..|i,-,l,r  niihtary  ii.-piial--  and 
''"■  -I'>'-ial  iunPi!..-ii;d  h-^pual-.  and  l.v  c.  inrali/iiii,'  llif  I.n-i- 
lu—  ..I  "liinh-liitiiiL;"  ill  ilu-  i  huvn  Marx's  (  .  .lu  ai.-iant  Ansi- 
liarv  Ih.spitaN  at  K-.  ham,,;.  „i  aiai  r.nuiii,.n.  A^  lai.-  a.  May, 
\'<\r.  Ii..\\r\rr.  thr  Mnrrav  (  ■  .ininittuc  t..iind  that  pati.-i:t.  wm- 
""Itcii"  (liM-harL;i(l  a^  -„,„  a.  ii  hicaiiic  cvalmt  iliat  tik-\-  \\,,nM 
n.-t  Fn'  aiik'  t(.  return  n.  :wu\,-  s,r\  ica  ,  with. ait  rr-ard  n>  uluijur 
tlu\-  iniulit  he  hi'iutiiv.l  hv  lurilur  iiudiial  ^r  Mir-i,al  tr.atnirnt. 

In  Ihr  lu-Ni  place— l.-icallv,  at  aliv  rair,  ih.ai,i;h  i.n.hahjv  in 
p"int  ni  tiiiK-  it  ua-at  -ewral  reniMM-  fr^.ni  disidiar-e— di-ahlcd 
nifii  were  rreeix  ini;  pcn~i..ii~:  at  the  jireuar  rales  until  tlir  new 
uarrant  was  is.,Kd  .  .n  Mav  _'l.  l'M5;  alter  that,  and  uuh 
arrears  fnan  Mareh  1.  at  ilie  ,L;enen.ns  rate-  ree-ninien.led  hv 
the  Seleei  I ".  >iiinni  lee.  Sir  Charles  t'rutehley  mid  tJR-  e..niniittee 
-n  January  ]N,  ]'>]?,  ihai  ihe  Cliels,,-,  aut!i-ritie>  Imd  thus  far 
dealt  with  17()  e,ises,,i"  i,,ial  incapaeitv  and  .^SS  ,,('  p.iriial  ine.i- 
paeity  due  in  the  jireseiu  war.  .\tter  the  new  warr.iiit  was 
issiK,!  priisi,,ns  Were  still  in  the  Iiaiuls  nf  tin-  Chelsi.a  p.nanl  and 
the  Adniiral'y,  hut  the  cc^nditidiis  deterniinin-  the  ann.uiit  ..f 
the  pensi,.u,  were  radieallv  ehan-ed,  hy  the  allMwanee  ..f  addi- 
ti'.iis  f,  ,r  each  child  under  >i.vtcen  vears  ,,t'  a,i,'e.  and  hy  hasin.r 
the  aninmit  .  f  the  awar.I  t"(,r  partial  disahility  on  the  earniii.i^r 
cajiacity  which  remained. 

I  he    chief    sMiircc    (jf    :l^.sislance.    howe\er,    thn.iij;hnut    tlii.s 


J 


9 


i.^j 


Il|-M1MI>    ~ii|.|lll  l(s    AMI    >Alt.<Jl(S 


]Hiii'il,  \\a-  111  luu.iic  a--'>i.iaii'  n-.    A^  llu'  S'lMur.--'  nii'l  Sail'ir^' 

l,illllll(~     \  .-' ■il,ill"ll    "'-.nnl    llu     -illKitioll"    iMll>i-(I    Iiv    llir    ilcI.iV 

<.t  tin-  .irin\  anlliMiiii,  -  jn  i—iiiii'^'  ^<  |i;ii;itiiiii  all' iwaiu-i-,  and  l)\- 
llif  iiilicr  iini!-  ilial  ai"-!  in  llu-  lainilic^.  '•n  tlu-  S"l(iu-r>  atid 
Sail"!-  Ililp  ^'i.'iiv  \\a-  '.ii  ImikI  tc  inrt''.riit  -it\  iir-  t'T  tlu- 
iiini  wh.,  \\,r.'  (liM  liar-r,l.  I'.,  ih  tiu->c  -Miartir-  liad  i\i>ic.| 
Him  ilu'  S"iitli  Aliuaii  War.  f.  .r  tik-ir  ri^iKi  li\  i-  |Miri.i  i-c-.  ami 
l"'i!i  Iiail  'iraiiiiu'-  IT  ir|iia--iii!aii\f>  in  ■  iaii\-  part-  ■•!'  tl,. 
ii.iiiitr\;  I.n:  lluir  rc-i.iirn--  \\>ri-  naturally  iiia(lr<|uati'  for  llu- 
(Kiiiaiiil-  irr.iUd  liy  ihr  |>ri -mi  war,  t'\  ill  wliiMi  -ii|iiilrinciitii|  li\ 
-ficiial  laal  luiul-,  aiul  llu  y  wirr  praitiialK'  tinalicrd  in  llir 
niw  rnu  rm  my  ii\  aiU'tliiT  \  "luniary  aL;iiu-\ .  tin.-  .\atii>iial  Rilii  I 
I  ntul,  pcjiiilarly  kiuiwii  a-  the  I'riiici-  ••(  W'aU-'-  I'uiul,  a>  tl'c 
rnim-  "I   \\  airs  ua-  iliairnian  <.|'  till'  ciiiU    1  r.  .inmituc. 

'I  lu'  \'aii"iial  kriiri'  riiiiil  liad  hi'fii  inaiit,'iiratid  within  thrfo 
IT  t"iir  ila\-  I't  ilu'  dn'laratii'it  nt  war.  in  nrdiT  tn  ci  ."rdin.ato 
llu.'  ili.irit.il)K-  n-i  .una-  nf  ihc  C"itntry,  priiii.irilv  with  ,i  \i,w 
III  nlicvin;;  the  ii\il  di-tn--.  (.--lucially  in  the  w,i\  nt  niunipl.  .v- 
nuiit,  which  wa-  ,iiitui|MU'd,  iiut  al-n  in  cun-iiKTatii.n  nt  the 
lunl  nf  -upplrnuni.iry  .i--i-taiua'  tn  t.ainilie-  .and  ti>  di-cliari,'r,l 
nun.     'i'he  aiitii.-i[ialril  di-ire--  .inu.ti'^  tlu-  civil  jn  ipul.itii  mi — tlu.-o 

l.iiiiilir-  wiilii.iit  a  rc|iri--i  iit:iti\c  in  tlu   ti,i..'htin,i;  fnrcc^ did  iint 

nialciiali/i-,  .-itul  llu-  ]iriiuipal  call-  •  .11  the  I'uiid  were  fnr  the  Mih- 
•  ■rdinale  ]iin-p  '-e-.  I.^cal  C"iiiniiuce-  li;iil  licen  e-t.ilili-hed  lie 
the  Xaliiiiial  Kelici'  luiid  al-i..  t..  clK-ct  nmney  and  tu  deal  with 
l'-c;il  di-ire--.  In  _iiu.-l  |ilace-  the  ri!;itii  ni-  hetwee'l  tlli>  Cuni- 
niitiee  and  tlu-  li.cal  c  iinniiiicr-  nr  repre-eiilatix  e-  ui  the  twn 
-"cietir-  wa-  cardial  and  haniu  >nii  .11- :  in  -iiine  pl;ice>  tlie\'  even 
nier,i,'ed  Inr  c.-irryiiiLT  i.ut  tluir  ji  .int  purpu^es;  in  Mune,  hnuever, 
there  wa-  I'rictinii  and  1  •' erla])piii'<. 

The  Soldiers  and  Sailer-  Help  Snciety,  tlieii.  financed  in  lari,'e 
part  liy  the  Xatioiial  Rilu-l'  I'lind.  wa>  duriui,'  this  period  the 
main  reliance  i>f  the- men  ili-charL^i-d  I'mni  the  service,  nu.-t  "I 
will  .111.  I  if  ciitir-e.  were  di-ahlrd  in  -.me  w,iv.  On  di-charue 
every  man  received  a  '"('.  .mmeiidatii  .11  l-"i.rm"  ,i;iv  ini,''  the  aiMre-- 
I'f  llu-  repre-eiilative  i.f  the  >..ciety  iiearol  hi-  lu'iiie,  and  advis- 


<■»    *J 


,),'■*  W,-f  :r- 


■*^i  "^    J ',  »  '  -'^  , 


'■HI  \  I    i;i.i  I  MV 


l.v< 


iiiU  liim  I.,  apilv  ili.  rr  in  c.im-  .  i  .,ti\  ,lili"i.  iilt\ .  -ii.h  a-  ,I,l.i\  m 
Kfttmu  i.ay  dn,  liiiii.  iKlay  in  tli.'  award  .  l  hi,  |,.i|.|,,ii.  iiialnlily 
U<  ),'it  hi-  iii-nraiuc  hiiiclii.  ir  la.  k  ■  t   u.'ik. 

1  hi-  -..(utv  al-.i  had  in  ..pnaii.  n  w.  .rk-h.  .p-  f,  ,r  di-ahl.d  -..I- 
ili<T-,  whuii  had  h.iii  ~iart.-,l  m  l"0j.  |,„  th.  h,  mlii  ..|'  ili,. 
di-ahl.<l  \,iiran-  -t  ilir  S-uih  \truan  W  ar  wli.,  i,.niid  .liltirnhv 
in  mtliti),'  finiil.  .Miuni  m  ih.-  .r.hiiarv  lali.T  iiiarkii.  1..  ad 
Iv  lK•rt^  had  alua\-  takni  a  i,'r.al  ml.  r. -!  in  llii-  \\.  .rk-li.  .[„,  and 
I'laiis  f'.r  j,'rially  . Aii'ii.lmi;  th.ni  i..  ni.ri  ilu'  iu'.mK  ..|  ih.-  |.r.-Miit 
war  wtTc  niidir  .  n|widi-rali.  .11  at  tlic  tunc  ,,t  hi>  .l.atli.  Ii  wa> 
diiidi-d  tliat  thf  nicni'.rial  1m  him  -li..nld  lak,'  ihi-  t'..rni.  ami 
-incc  that  liiiH-  thiv  ha\.-  Ikui  kifwii  a-  the  l...rd  K,,I„ri- 
-Menu .rial  \\<.rk-h(.|i-. 

r..y-niakiiit;  \va-  .t.ci.Kd  ii|H.n  a-  ilu'  -.tapii'  iiiilii-trv,  partly 
huaii-f  this  had  In  .  n  [.rr.iiiiiunilv  a  (  Icrinaii  iraiKv  In  Manh. 
l'M5,  tho  antral  l;i(i..rv  wa-  .  p.  lu.l  in  I'nihani.  l,..ii,|..ii.  an. I 
hv  the  I'lul  ..t  the  v.ar  a  iuin.lrnl  nun  \\\r<.-  iiiipl.  iv.-.l  tlu-r.-  an.l 
I'laiis  liad  hail  ma. If  i.  .r  the  i -lahlidinkiit  <.t  l.raiulu'-  in  tin- 
I'ri.vinci'-.  each  (K\..ti(l  {,,  .nc  >]iicialty. 

At  llu'  iicritaKf  Cratt  Siho.,!-  in  Sussix.  an  in^tiiiili.'ii  t".  r 
crippli-d  childrrn  (■..ndiuu.l  hy  the  (iiiild  ..f  tlif  I'.rav.'  I'...a- 
Tiling-,  a  part  ..f  the  hnildint;-  ua^  taken  ..ver  hv  the  War  (  )ni.-.- 
t<<  HTVO  a>  a  h.i-pilal  l'.  r  . .  .n\  ak->cint-.  Il.rf  an  iiit,'.in-n-, 
educational  -y-teiii  \va-  jml  int-  ..i«Tati..n  l.y  a->i},'nin,i;  t^  .a.li 
s.'Idier  tun  <.i  the  h..y-  who  h,..!  a  -iinilar  di>al.ilitv  and  wli.. 
could  tlKTet<.re  encuraj^'e  him  ami  teach  him  the  trick-  tluy  ha.l 
learne.l  in  c.niieclii.n  with  the  t..il,t  and  ..ther  matter-  of  <lailv 
routine,  and  .il-..  help  him  in  hi-  w.jrk  in  the  handicraft  da-e- 
whicli  were  .■[.encd  to  the  M.Idiers  ..r  or),'aiu/.e.l  e-pecially  inr 
them. 

It  was  in  thi-  fir-t  peri..d  th.at  Sir  .\rthur  IV;ir-..n  e-tahli-hed 
St.  Dun-tan'-  Ho-tel  for  I'.linded  .Soldiers  and  SaiL.r-.  h  w.is 
opened  in  .April.  I'M.^.  in  a  tine  <.ld  h..use  in  ke;,Mu's  I'.irk. 
loaned  for  the  purp..-c  hy  .Mr.  Ott..  II.  Kalin,  and  -.aid  t..  he  ihe 
orij^'inal  ..f  the  M,ir(|uis  of  Steyne'-  m.m-ion  in  riUntv  I'air. 
Thi-  institution  has  had  a  -tea.ly  development  to  meet  the  in- 


i.vt 


Ii|>.\l;l.i:i>    SUI.IMI.KS    AMI    .--Ml.iiKS 


(Tr.-i^iiiL:  (Kniaiiil-.  ;m<l  i-  ]in 'Ii;ilily  tlu-  !i'~l  kiii'wn,  at  kast  in 
AiiHTiia,  el'  all  llir  luw  \\"rk>  l"  \\hii.'li  i.-'  war  iia<  ,;,'i\iii  ri-e. 

(  )iic  ollur  niiiKiiakin!,''  (hirin;,''  tlii^  i)iri'i<l  ^lii'uli!  ho  iioticid. 
In  the  fall  "i  I'M?  the  l\ci,Hiit  Strcft  !'■  ^In  u-fliiiic  in  l.'inil"n 
(iri-\v  nj)  a  ~i'lunk-  <'I  tlii.'  iii~iruiti"n  a\ailalil(.'  in  it-  ciiurM-^-  I'nr 
nii'ii  iiualidt'il  (lit  cif  tliL'  army  nr  iia\\-,  and  ^cnt  ci.]iir>  tn  all 
Iiranclir-  of  ilii.-  >■  .l(liiT<  and  Sailnrs  lii'l]'  S"cii.-ty  in  and  noar 
l,"iid"n.  'I'lii-  apprai"-  in  liavr  lurn  tlir  licLjinnini,'  of  what  has 
liiTn  "lie  lit"  tlu-  (.'harai'ti'ri~tif  dfxi'li  i]inu-nt>  in  the  i)n>\i-ii'ii  nf 
training; — tlu-  acti'.  it\'  "i  the  c^   -tin;;  trade  schi"ils. 

To  >nniinari/.e  the  ^itl1ati"ll  wliieh  presailed  until  the  Statii- 
t'  'rv  ( 'c  'tniiiittee  \\a-~  api"  iinted.  and  in  fail  fi  >r  >i\  months  h  nv^cr 
(until  jul>'.  I'Mtii:  \\iiate\er  -.va-  dene  f^r  di>ahle(l  soldiers  and 
saiior>  after  <li-ehari:e.  a-iile  fri'tn  tiieir  ])eii-i"n  and  insurance, 
was  dune  hv  the  Soldier-  and  .-^ail'T-  1  hi])  Socii'ty,  with  funds 
supplied  chielh-  hy  the  National  Relief  liind.  supplenieiitei!  I)v 
one  or  two  (.iher  existini;  ortLTanizations  wliich  served  as  entploy- 
iiietit  aijeiicies  and  advi-er>,  and  hy  a  few  i-^lated  and  euihryo 
alteni[its  to  provide  o]iportunities  for  trainiiiLj. 


Si-.(d.\ii   l'}:i;ioii:  Tm:  ?T.\'rrT(ii;v  Commiiti".!:  ' 

The  jireliniinary  -teps.  to  the  appointment  of  tlie  Statutory 
Cotninittee.  ha\e  heeii  traced  thus  in  detail  because  they  contain 
the  kev  ti'  the  stil]^ei|uent  development  and  the  present  s\stem. 
The  eharactiri-tic  eKiiients,  hoth  I'f  strength  attd  of  weakiie>s, 
iiiav  already  he  discerned;  the  difficulties  which  tlie  newly  con- 
stituted machitiery  i<  to  meet  ha\e  been  aiialy7.ed  in  advance. 
\^'e  are  now  in  pi'-iti'iii  to  under-latid  what  tlie  Statntorv  (."oni- 
niittee  had  t' •  d".  and  to  appreciate  the  way  in  which  it  was  done. 

A-  far  a>  can  he  <eeii  from  the  (.'vidence  at  the  disposition  of 
thi'  pnhlie.  the  ci 'iiitnitlee  wa^tid  ii' '  linie  in  hewailiti;,'  the  defects 
of  the  lei;iNlatii '11  h\-  which  it  was  e>tal)lislied,  ])Ut  set  to  work  in 
the  ik'j;!,'ed  and  deterniitu'd  and  practical  Piriti.-h  sp  ,it  to  do  its 

"The  I'liic-f  ~i.iin-i'<  m|'  ill  fi'TtiKili"!!  fiT  llii-  nO'Miiiit  I'f  tlii^  W'lrt;  nf  tlie 
St;\nil"r\    ( '.itinii;ili.'i    .iri    |kt-"Iui1  o  hi  i'lTenrc  ■   Willi  ullli'er-.  ct   ilir  conmiiltee 

.iml    .'tluT-    ,1 i.iti-d    \\\\\\    il-    w.^rk.    ;ii',il    ii:<     iir.il'i    ^'t    ii~    liti.i!    ami    uuly 

Mli'ul.     l'n^^-  .■tlurwi-e  iiiilu  .ilcl,  iia.'lali"ii-  .cie   ir'Hii  iln-  rcpTt. 


(.KICAT     DKIIAIN 


135 


licst  tiiukT  tlu'  cciinlitinii!-  ill  wliiili  it  wa--  placcil,  and  lo  carry  out 
taitlilully  \\w  ta-k>  iinjx'M'd  u[)'ii  it.  'I'Ik-  result  \\a~  that  it 
accnnii'lirlicil  a  j,'rcat  deal  in  the  >in.i;lL'  year  l)et'nre  it  was  ^tipor- 
seik'd,  in  siiile  i>i  tlic  handicaii-  under  wiiich  it  uperated.  I't 
wliich  I 'lie  "t  tile  ^'reate-t  !mi>i  lia\  e  been — at  an\'  rate  dtirini; 
the  latter  part  of  the  year — the  kiin\vledj,'e  that  the  iiittire  eif  ili 
[ilaiis  aiul  projects  was  uncertain. 

Mciiiln-rsliij''  of  the  CuinuiittiW  Offices  aihl  Staff 

l"he  Statutory  t'otiiniittee  held  its  first  nieetin.i,'  on  January  17. 
I'Mfp.  under  the  iire>ideney  of  II.  i\.  II.  the  Prince  <■!  W'.ale^. 
\\ho  had  Iieeii  named  a-  chairman  and  served  in  this  capacity 
until  the  estalili.^hnient  of  the  Fen>inns  Ministry  and  the  placin.i,' 
of  the  coniniittee  in  that  department  made  it  unsuitahle  that  lie 
-honld  O'litimie  to  "loK!  the  oflice.  The  vice  chairm.'in  tlirou,i;1ioul 
the  committee^  e\i>lence  wa^  .Mr.  (now  .^ir  )  C"\ril  |ack>on,  an 
educator  and  student  of  social  prol)lem>,  especiallv  chikl  lahor, 
unempIi'Miieiit.  trade  union-.  ;ind  other  Mihject-  connected  with 
indu>lry.  Kec.-dliii.i;  the  effort  which  was  -]ient  in  I';irli;iniem  in 
chanLriiii,'  the  orij,Mnal  rei|uirement  of  the  hill  that  "two"  women 
should  he  appointed  hy  the  Crown  and  two  hy  the  Koval  Patriotic 
I'und  Cor[)or;ition  to  make  it  read  "-oiiie,"  it  i<  of  interest  to 
note  that  onl)'  two  women  were  appointed  hv  e.ich. 

The  Committee  fouml  it  far  from  ea-v  to  secure  suitahle 
offices.  .\t  the  otU>et  the  Roy.al  Patriotic  I'und  C'or[)oration  K-m 
them  accomuK  illation,  and  the  Local  ( iovermiient  lio.ird  .aNo 
placed  rooms  at  their  di'-po-al.  ( )ffice>  were  lent  to  tliein  ;d>o 
by  the  ( Ireal  \\\>tern.  liie  (Ireat  Xortheni,  and  Xortli  I".a>lern 
Railway  L'omp.anies  free  of  ch;iri,fe,  .and  they  secured  .additional 
s[i:ice  in  cert.ain  huildiiii^'s  in  .\hiii.i;don  Street.  I'lliniateh'  nine 
dit'l'eretlt  houses  were  wholly  (ir  in  p.art  occupied  hv  the  Ci'Ui- 
niiltee.  and  the  di\  ision  of  their  staff  anioni,'  tlie-e  sc.atteretl  huild- 
iuLis  w.is  .a  --crious  dis;i(l\,inta.i;e. 

There  Were  difticulties  ,aKo  in  ^ettinj,'  toirether  the  neces-ai\- 
!^lal^.     Assistance  ol  a  nuniher  ui  \oIunteers  wa?  secured,      i  he 


''■h.-r^;^' 


i  ■  i.'iw--'. 


-•'< 


136 


iJi^Ai;i.i;ii  >(jLUii:i<s  ami  sam-uks 


duel    iii-iRCl(ir  aiul  lu.-i  "I   ll^'  -llur  ln^ii-rary  in^.a-mr-   luul 
],rL-Mc.u^lv,  .n  c-nnrcti..n  will:  ihv  S-KIrt^'  ami  Sa.l..r>'  l-annlK- 
,\"..natii.ii,   iKul   •\\iuTitna'  ..I    w-rk   -iniilar  V   thai  nt    l^cal 
cnnimiucc-,  and  their  ^rrvico  were  ..t  .u'rcat  vahic.  partiouiarly 
in  llie  traiiMlinnal  [^nnd  %vhen  the  work  mI    tlie  i.hilantlin.pic 
l,„lie>   was  hejn.u'   taken   (iver   liy    the   !..cal   cmnnmiee-."      '1  he 
l,ai.l   stall    wa^  recruited  in   part   imni  the  vari..u^  -..vernnient 
.lepartment^,  inchidinu  the  lioard   nf   Inland   Revenue,  the  Xa- 
tinnal    Relief   Fund,  the   Natinnal   Health   Insurance  Othce.   the 
r,..ard  -I   Trade,  the  War  ( MVice.  the  P.nard  of  I'.ducati.m.  the 
l\'-t  onice,  the  Local  ( ioverntneiit  I'.oard.     Many  men  who  liad 
raired   from  huMUe^^  or  prole^Mon  were  fouml  wiUin.ir  to  -ivc 
their  >ervice>  at  low   -akarie-.  and   when   po^Mhle  invalided  dis- 
charge.! officers  were  employe,!.      (In  Jmie  30.   I''i7,  when  the 
force  was  prohahlv  at  its  maximum,  it  numhered  J60,  of  whom 
44  were  in  the  •i)i-ahlement.>  Urancli." 

porwiation  •<[  I.oidl  CciniiiittCiS 
In  accordance  with  the  provi^on  of  the  -tatute  whie],  directed 
,1k-  committee  to  prepare  and  i^^ue  model  n-hemes  f,,r  the  co,,- 
.titution  of  l..cal  committer,  "they  ^et  al.out  ih.s  work  torth- 
with."  and  is-ued  the  models,  with  circular>  of  mstruciion  and 
exjilanation.  in  the  middle  of  Fehruary. 

Local  committees  were  made  ohli^atory  hy  the  >tatute  lor 
cverv  countv  and  countv  1.orouj;h  and  for  every  l.orou-.'h  or 
„rh.m  .listrict  with  a  iH.pukition  of  50.000.  and  nn.^ht  he  estah- 
h~hed  in  anv  horou-h  or  urhan  district  with  a  smaller  population 
,f  the  Slatiitorv  Committee  considered  it  desirahle.  "havin-  re- 
K.-.rd  to  the  special  circumstances  of  the  ca-e."  In  _'ll  ca>es  the 
councils  of  such  districts  applied  for  authority  to  est.ahli^h  se,.a,- 
ate  committees,  hut  in  onlv  3"  di.l  the  Statutory  Lonumttee 
decide   that   "the  Conditions  contemplated   hy    the   statute   were 

satisfied."  -  i       , 

Includitii;  these  .-"  suialler  districts,  the  total  numher  ot  local 

e,„n,nittees\stahlished  was  302.     AH  hut  one  framed  their  own 


t.\iV..\,    l;i"l.\l\ 


Li/" 


sclunic  and  sulmiitted  it  t'^r  aiipro\al.  Tlk'  ^inj^'lc  exci-ptioii  \\a^ 
tliL-  I'l'iiiiiy  licnai;,'!!  I'l   Line 'In,  wiu-ro 

llif  ti  \Mi  I'iMimil  uorc  iinwillini;  tn  fr:iinp  a  'clictm-.  app-T'ently  on  tin- 
j;rc'iHi(l  that  aik-iiiiatt-  iir..vi^;.n  «IimiiIi1  lia\o  hoin  inailc  iit  of  ^tato  liind- 
for  tl'.e  jiropiT  oa-e  of  ,.ft'a-cr^  ami  nuii  anil  tla-ir  (lipi-iiiU'i'.i-  lln'  Statutory 
Conniiitti-c  tlicrcf.  ri.'   fraiiifd  a  -tiumc   for  the  liiroiit;li  iiiulcr   Scition  J   t  .U 

(  t    l!u-   ait.      Tlu'   'own    i-^iiincil    wt-rr    aiith.^ri/fil    li\    tlio    'iluiiic    to   a|'i t 

rcpn -i-iit,itivc<  on   tin   lual   committfi.  aial   llv~   tlu>    riailil>    iji'l. 

In  i.atli  ca^c  tlic  siluine  {ixcii  tlif  total  ni'TiiluT  .if  nuiiilur-  nf  tlio  !o,al 
conimittcc,  ami  tlii<  ntmtlicr  iliil  not  nviial1>  is.  ccd  M.  Tlu-  int'Mil.or^  wvrr 
ruinirt-d  to  he  appiiintcci  l.y  the  local  aiithr.rit\  framing  the  >olR-tnc,  Liit 
.-picificd  lal-nr  and  otiicr  orj;anizations  were  entitled  to  recommend  per'son.; 
for  apjiointment.  .  .  .  Save  in  some  exceptional  ca~e-.  tlie  ^clienie^  pio- 
vidiil  that  at  least  a  fittli  of  the  total  nniiiher  .  .  should  he  repre-enta- 
ti^l^  of  lalK.r,  and  they  generally  aKo  ga\e  a  Tke  miminum  represenlatiun 
to  Women.  They  further  pro\ide<l  f.r  the  sniistaiuial  representation  of  tlie 
philanthropic   and  otiur   societies. 

l\i']irt--i-ntati<in  was  </\\<.n  tn  tlic  Snldiir-'  and  Sailnr.s'  Fainiliis 
A>^i'ciatii'n,  tlie  Scldiers  and  Sailers  lUlp  Suciftv,  and  "in 
\ari(.iis  instances"  tn  eniiil"\ers  ni'  lalxT,  tlie  Territorial  I'liric 
As>ipciatii>n,  I'rieiidly  Societies.  Insurance  (Cmniittees  tinder  the 
Xatidiial  Insurance  Act,  the  \ali<'iial  Relief  I'und.  Clianihers  <.t' 
Ci'iiinierce,  Local  Ediicatii'ii  Aiitlinrities,  L^cal  Pensions  (Old 
Aj,'e)  Cdiiiniittees,  the  National  I'nion  of  Teachei  ,  and  Puhlic 
1  lealth  Committees.' 

Only  once  \\a>  the  Statutory  Committee  crdled  upon  t,i  ;i(t  as 
referee,  as  ])rovi(led  hy  the  stn'vte.  in  tlie  case  of  a  ilitfereiiee 
between  the  local  authority  .and  tlio  orj^anization  rcconinieiidin},' 
a  representative  for  a;iiMpintiiient  The  town  council  ;if  W'ar- 
rint^ton  ohject'd  to  two  i,a-ntlemen  recommended  for  ap])oint- 
meiit  hy  the  Tr;ide>  and  Labor  Council,  on  the  .urouiid  that 
they  were  "o|)iH'sed  to  w.ar,  to- recruitiii),'  .and  to  M.ldiers  oeiier- 
ally."  One  of  the  two  w.is  found  to  be  ,-uitable  for  a]ipcjinlment, 
the  other  not. 

Twelve  or  ninre  of  the  local  committees  took  ;ul\.int.i.t,'c  -f  the 
authority  .i,'iven  them  under  Section  _'   i4)  of  iIr-  .-hi,  to    .ivide 

'  All  act  fif  F^irliament  in  the  session  of  lOlz-lR  has  stiiJiilated  that  rep- 
resentatives of  disahlcd  men  ,ind  of  uomen  in  receipt  of  pensions  he  included 
in  the  nHmlier^hip  of  local  and  ili^trict  committees. 


;*-<^- 


-rri-; 


J,,,  :,lS\lil.Kl>    N)I.Ull.l;>    AM'    SAILORS 

Uu.  o.nn.v  inf.  ,1,~u-k-.~  .n,l  a,.pnin.  a  .l.-tr>a  cmnnmv  in 
,,,1,  M-t  nt  ilKin  ;,1-  i-nncl  .ul^nmiitiittec^,  m  a.l.lit,o.i 
„  UK.  nnc  lan.cularly  rnAid.-d  lor  lo  ckal  with  d.Kibkd  -Ifccrs 
and  niuii. 

Tcwtonnx  .'rnnun-wcnts  Pcudbuj  .ltM"'""-"t 
of  Local  I'l'uniiitlics 

T!u.  w.rk  ul.i.h  had  .o  1.  t.kcn  r  by  ,ho  S^ta.u.oryC.nmiU.e  fro,. 

,,;   ^        .V  ^'-   •""-   '-.an,.,,,,,,,.  o,n.M..,l   ..f   -he   M:ppUnu.n„nu 

;;,„„.,  .,„..    ',.„,„  puhhc  .un.l.  an,l  .l.e  Kra.nn.  ...  ccr.an,  .cm,,  .ran   all^u 

^ ;;;:;'r  ^:r;:::;:;::;;;'';;;!:Hi,.rv ,.., ....  ..a,....!  -.. ... 

""  :'Z  '::;;:,,r;ho ' : ..  r:„i,u.o  „.  pcrf„r,„ ...  «■,...  c,.,„,. ... 

;:r;;   ;1  -u   :;.    r..>K..   ...    ...e    S,a,ut,.ry   C,.,...>ncc,ho    Nan.na! 

.,„,.    ^.a.uP.rv   (■.„„„„..,.>■    pr.^scd   tl.e   Leal    au.b..r,....-.   t.    ...   .lu    1'.  •  ' 

,.,„.,:,,     .„   ,;,,  1.    ,ha,   .la.e.  Lu.  i,.  a  cnM.loraMe  number  ...   >v.-c-,  .b,. 
:"   :    :,i  ,„  b.' .mpracncablc.     Tbo  S.a.ut„ry  ^n-.-e  we^  au   wn.ed 
U.^,,„..u   ^   .M   ...-  .!h-  act.  pen.linjr  ,he  app-mtmcnt  ...  a  U..al  or  >nbo.m 
„.         :   .,n    ar.a,   ..   mabc  arranucmcUs   „i,h   any   or«am.a,„...    ...r  .bo 

:,.,„„„.    uubu,   .ba.   avu,   ..f   .cr.au,   ,.f   tbe    funa,..n,   ...    a   b..al   >;.m- 

aml    a>v..r.b,.-lv    .b.v    bn  hoi    the    S-bbor.'    an.l    Sailer.     ham,b.> 

r:  ;■„:  s!:;,b'r,     ami    >an„rs     11.1,.    S,.cic.y    an,.    ..hor    vob.n.ary 

,!mh..  ...  a>-.  a.  .h>.,r  a.cn.>   ."..r  .bo  purp,.~o.  ab.ve  nu-n,,,,,....  ul,oro  ne..>- 

,'         I,.,    n.puM      .      .      .      -.vas   .nnM.l.e.l    wi.b,    an-l    ..w,n.    ...    .be   puMi^ 

r.'.r,',    .  .■   lb,-~,-   b...h.,   and  tbolr  cxoolUnt   arran^'omen.-  lluro   \va-   no   o,--a- 
"    „ra  l.wano,.   .,.   ^ad^r.   and   s..ld>er.  and   .heir   dependents,   am!   .ac.e 
::;„:,,.  n,ade   pen.bn.   .be  .e.tin.  t,.  work   ,.f  .be  l.eal   e„m,m..ee. 
'':,,,„„„.     c.annn,.ee    are    Krea.ly    mdeb.ed    ..    the  _  s  ar„.n,    s  .dmUa^ 
'  >„.i,.  e.auerne.i    e-i.eoiallv  .,.  the  Soldier.'  ami  Sador.    lannbe-   .V^.  .  a- 
•  al  .1      s'bli:r/a,:.i   <ad..r.    Help  Society  and   .beir  _v,-,...r.    .  .r  the 

!;:-Lame  .Iven  them.     They  de-.re  ...  .-eeo.ni.e  tbi.  ,n  .be   .ul.e^t  de.ree. 

riiumccs 
\.  lud  luv.t  antic-i,.at.d,  -.1   thr  "U^-vt   il  Ur^mv  .iccr-su'v 
to   o..,Mde,-    .:-.....    vvhal    ~..n.a-.    hvuU   ^^e■.a■    f   he   i.,-..vplc.l    t..r 


<;i;i:Ai    i:i;ir,\ix 


13'> 


.•;irrvm,i;  cut  tik'  act.  J  hi-  ace.  .nliiii;ly  \va-  |iali.iulv  i-.'ii- 
sidiTi'il.  "It  aiipL'arvd  iiiiiirai-lii.-aliK-  t^  niako  a  c«ntral  appial  |.>r 
\"linitarv  inntrihutii.ns.  ami  iic.LjdtiatioiK  were  (ii)ciU'(l  with  \\w 
TiTaMiry  for  a  ,L;rant  nf  a  >ul)>taiitial  .-mn  v<  fi.riii  tiie  inu-li-iis 
"■t  a  tund.  'I'Ik-  iR'.i,'ntiatinii>  roultcd  in  iIk-  j,'raiu  l)v  I'arliauiiiU 
<>i  £1,000,000  uikKt  ilk-  Naval  and  Military  War  IViiMcns  ttc. 
(i-.\I>i'n~r~  )  Act.  l'M6."  and  tliis  Mini  \va^  pmniptly  i)aid  ini.i 
tile  CMimniitccV  account  en  tlu-  day  alter  it  \va-  ,i,'raiitcd.  'I'Ik- 
Krant  was  .-tated  tn  he  "in  aid  of  the  fuiuN  at  the  di>|)i>.al  of  tiie 
Statutory  Oinmiittee,"  thus  keepiii!,'  up  tlie  ori.i,'iiial  tiction,  and 
was  therefore  available  for  defrayiiit;  the  e.\[ien>es  of  any  of  the 
fiinctioiiv  i,f  tile  c<Jinniiitee. 

W  itli  the  financin.i,'  of  supplementary  se]iaraiion  allowances  we 
are  not  coiicerned.  hut  supplenieiitary  iten>ion>  and  other  .i,'r.-uits 
and  allowances  touched  disihled  men  a>  well  a>  tiie  deiKiideiits 
of  men  in  the  field  or  in  their  ,t,'r,i\  e-.  The  linanciiij,'  of  micIi 
scheries 

iin..l\ccl  tlu-  qiiotiim  of  the  oxtoiit  In  winch  tlio  c.iiiimliti'f's  nperatini'; 
~h..iil,I  l,c  cki.tMiik'iit  u|M.ii  c.intrihiKioii-  ir.^in  vnlimtary  snurois.  Ilii,  inu--- 
ti  .11  had  to  lie  dctcrtniiieil  largely  ly  imhlic  ..pinion,  am!  wliilc  the  act  seeind 
to  imply  that  tlic  comtnittco  would  l,c  ahk-  to  rely  upon  sul.vlantial  \olinitary 
ci.iitnliutioiis.  it  became  evident  that,  owuii;  to  the  effect  of  >tronw  e\prev-ii.ii~ 
of  puhlic  opinion  and  to  the  general  attitude  of  local  authoriiie^-,  >iKh  con- 
triliutions  c<nild  not  be  relied  upon  for  supplements  to  state  pensions,  a!- 
thouiili  it  was  still  thought  that  considerable  sums  might  be  forthcoming 
f'T  education,  assistance  to  the  disabled,  and  grants  c  f  a  c .m|>a--si,,nate 
nature-. 


F..\teiided  conferenco  and  correspondence  were  accordinj,dv 
held  with  the  (  liancellor  of  the  |-'..\cliei|tier.  a-  a  result  of  which 
a  fairly  >atisfactory  arrangement  was  in  si^ht,  when  "tiie  intro- 
duction of  the  Mini>try  of  IVn-ions  I'.ill  nece>-it,ite.l  a  postpone- 
ment of  the  (Hie>tion,  and  at  the  end  of  the  vear  (l*»ir))  the 
wln'Ie  suhjeit  of  the  financial  arran,i,'enients  of  the  Stattitorv 
Committee  was  under  review,  a-  the  re>ult  of  the  chanj^es  con>e- 
(luent  np(.ii  t'.ie  creation  of  the  Ministry  of  Pen>ion>." 

Local  committees  were  aiitliori/ed  liv  the  act  of  ]')]•.  [, ,  s,,|ieit 
and  receive  futiiK  from  tiie  puhlic.  luii  there  ai)pears  (o  have  been 


u 


:v:*-^K-^^.7 


140 


h|vAI!l.l.|i    XJl.hil-.KS    AMI    SAILiiKS 


li'iilc  (li-[" '-ill'  II  t"  lake  ,ul\  anl.iu'C  "I  tlii-  |iii\iIeKi',  in  tlie  l';u\- 
(■I  llu-  |iiil)lit'  Itiliir^'  thai  ihi-  wlii'Ii.-  C'-l  cI  -upiilriiK'iitary  ,iiii- 
^i'li-  ami  ciilicr  ),'vaiu>  mij^lu  In  lir  a  (.■liari,'i.'  en  llio  iiatii'tial 
i\ili-.i|iu  r.  A-.  Ill  till'  ailmini-trati\  0  CN|)i.'n-f>  nf  Im'al  ciiiii- 
iiiitui-,  ilu'  SiatiUiiry  ("(iiniiiittri-  tlii 'tiijlil  "it  wi'iiKl  lie  iiux- 
['iiliriii  tiial  111)  pari  nf  vlv-v  i\[ivn-(.-<  ^hniiid  I)c  Incally  Ixinu-." 
ami  tliai  iIkv  -1i"Ii1i1  lie  tiui  li_\-  tliv  Trca-urx-  and  tlir  Im-al  aullu'V- 
it\-  "in  ci|nal  inniitii^  within  an  a,t,'rcfil  >calc."  I't-mlins^  arrani;f- 
niiiil-  li\  the  li'ial  atithnritie-,  wliw  wen-  llie  ^utircc  indicated  in 
the  act.  the  liicai  cnniinillees  were  all"\\id  In  n>e  nimieys  ad- 
\amed  tn  them  hv  iIr"  CdnmiitUe.  The  deci^if'ii  reached  in  the 
.\a\al  and  .Military  War  I'en-inn-,  etc.,  (Administrative  V.\- 
|ieii~es  )  Act,  l'*17,  was  that  twn-tliird^  nf  the>e  cxi>en>eft  shnnld 
lie  defra\ed  hv  rile  'IVea-tiry  and  cne-third  mit  of  !-ical  rates. 

The  ti'tal  amnnni  received  hv  the  Statntnry  Cnnimittee  frriiu 
vi'lnntar\-  sources  fnr  \arii'U-  -iiecial  i  lijecls,  li;  June  30,  1''17, 
wa-  £61.4_'8. 

Rr(juI(itioiis  for  Siif'plciiuvitiiry  .■Ulozi.anccs 

r.y  the  act  of  1*^1 5  the  Statutory  Committee  w.i^  directed  to 
Ir.'ime  rej^'ulations  i;overninjj;  tlie  ijrantinj,'  of  sniipleinentary  pen- 
sion-, .allowance-,  etc.,  "in  exception.il  circnm-tances."  The 
fiiml.inuiital  <nie>tioii  wa>,  what  circum-tanci'S  -liould  be  inter- 
]iriti-d  to  he  "exceptional."  The  foil,  iwiiii,'  definition  was  formu- 
lated: 


C  ir<;!ni^t:iiU't'-i  w  lu  re  tlip  ilispr. 'piTtii  n  ln-tneiii  tlie  st.ite  imi-inii.  tn- 
fzt'tlier  witli  tarniiins  nr  caniiiit;  capaouy  ami  ntlier  incume  im  the  (iiie  hand, 
ami  tile  jir. •piirtinii  luri'iii.iftir  -pecil'ieil  if  tlic  prewar  iiunme  or  prewar 
■lepitiileiK-c.  cariiin.L;-,  ami  nlher  inomit  mi  llie  .itlier  liaml.  iiuuhis  sptci.il 
liaril-hip.  ;  i..; 

la)  T'ermaiu  Tit  ill-lieahh  (nieiital  rr  ph\-i»ali  <('  the  Iciictlciary,  .ir 
I.i-  I'T  her  incapaiity   tor  work. 

ill  In  the  ia>e  of  .1  widow,  the  f.ut  •  t  there  heiiig  yoii;iK'  children  ir 
an  iiualid  child. 

(el    In  the  ca^e  of  dei'eiulent?.  their  miniher. 

(di  111  the  oi>e  of  .i  totally  tli^.iMt  il  ni.iii.  the  f.ut  of  hi^  re'iuirini.; 
ns-iihir  iiiedual  attend. iiu'e  and  -pcei.il  care. 

(el    .\ny  ither  cireiim-tanie^  ean-ine   -iieci.il  )i.ircK|ii|>. 


msi^^^si^^m^mmm 


Mm 


s^.'.i- 


(.l<i:\l     I'.KITAI.V 


141 


In  tlie  instruction'^  wiiicli  .-ici-.  ■mpanird  the  re,i,'ulati"n-  wlk-n 
tlkv  Wire  finally  i~>ui'(l  i..  the  L.cal  rMinniittees,  in  Oct' .la r,  after 
aii|)r<.\al  In-  the  Treasury  and  pnhlicatii'n  a-  a  \\  hiie  raper  in 
Ci'unectiiin  with  a  (h-cu--i'in  in  liu-  llnu>e  ut  L'^ninn  ■",>,  tiie^e 
j,'eneral  principle-  are  explained  a-  li.llo\\>,: 


Ml  tlif  tirst  pl:ice  it  uill  I.e  tinlciit  tluit  it  is  not  tin-  I'uiutiMii  of  ih 
Statutory  Cc'inniittco  in  e\cry  caM'  to  ^la'^^.■  K'ood  wliateMT  1..,^  ,,{  ii..,-..iiu' 
is  caused  l)y  tlic  dialli  or  di^aMi'mcm  c.t  the  man.  Tlir  act  iiri->v  rilic~  that 
the  cases  in  which  a  siipiilctnoitary  iieii<ioii  ina\  he  ^rai'tcd  imi-t  he  v\ir\, 
tional.  While,  thcrclnrc,  mere  (h-parity  litluecii  the  iiicorne  hel.  irc  and 
after  the  man's  death  H-.uld  n,,t  iu\e-~ard>  he  regarded  a-  an  e.\.;eiit!  .n.i' 
circmtistance.  it  may,  in  certain  ca^e^.  he  so  eNtrcme  as  of  it-elf  I  .  con-t; 
tute  a  special  hardship. 

Ill  the  second  place,  e.xceptiona!  circumstances  nuist  he  only  siicli  as 
arise  ont  of  the  condition,  ,,f  the  iiiclividnal  ca,e  or  allect  it  in  an  excep 
tional  decree. 

Lastly,    the    e.\ce|>tioiiaI    circiimstaiice,    cnteinidated    In     tlie    reijiilation^ 
a  permanent  ra'lier  than  of  a  t.niiiorary  or  ocravMnal  kind 


are  tho-e  of 


I'.xten.sive  directinn>  are  given  for  cimputinj,'  the  jire-ent  and 
prewar  incnme  and  l.-r  i;iter[>retint,^  these  principle-  in  Mtlur  re- 
spects. As  tlic  c. >>t  of  livinj,'  increased,  many  {'.e.-d  committees 
retiuested  that  they  miijht  take  that  into  consideraliMii,  and  the 
committee  decided  that  >uch  .a  method  i,t  adjti-tnietit  w.mld  he 
preferal)le  to  an  increase  in  tlie  flat  rale  and  s,,  recmmended  to 
tile  Treasury.  Tlie  Treasury  did  not  a<<ree.  but  later  tlie  flat  rate 
was  raised  for  wives  and  children. 

.Another  problem  which  .cave  the  committee  coiisider.ible  c  .n- 
cern  was  the  situation  of  jirivates  whose  "general  and  tinaticiil 
circumstances"  were  "similar  to  those  of  ofticers."  The  ciiu- 
mittee  "were  inii>ressed  with  the  desirability  of  accrdinu 
e(|itality  of  treatment,  as  far  as  possible,  to  men  of  like  siaiidino 
and  circumstances,  whether  such  men  held  conimissidus  or  served 
in  the  ranks,  and  therefore  aj;reed  that  the  maxinium  limit  f'.t 
disabled  ofticers  and  for  the  widows  and  dei)eiidents  ..f  decease<l 
officers  should  be  applied  in  the  case  of  disablement  ..r  death  of 
men  in  like  jjeneral  an<l  financi.il  circnmstruices." 

The  re,t,nilali..ns  prcvided.  with   respi-et  \<>  di-able,!  men.  that 


»':.VJ'. 


■m 


14J 


111--  \i;i.i  ii  M  Mi'ii-i;--    \  Ml  s  \ii.i  ii; 


"\\  lure.  1 'Willi;  t^  i  llic  'i  \it|i11i  ■ii.il  nriuiii-Iaiu'i-'  ( -ro  iltliiii- 
ti..ii  I  i.Mlic  i,i-r,"  tin-  -t;iU'  imi-i"!!  "-ii'iiw  1.1  ilic  SlaluP'ry  C  ■■iii- 
iiiititr  tii  In-  iiia(k'i|ii;iti.-.  .1  >uiiiiKinciuary  jn'ii^ii'ii  may  \iv  ;;iaiiu.l 
ft  -ik\\  aiii"iiiu  a-,  \\lnn  adcKil  I"  llir  >latc  piii-i"!!,  lanun-- 
,•111(1  'I'lliiT  iiui'iiii-,'  -liall  II' 't  ixmil  tin-  'prcw.ir  iiii'i'iiK-'  ni  llic 
I'l  iictii-iarii-^.  or  in  nn\-  ca-i-  ilu-  ^iiin  nf  50  ^liilliiiL;-  a  wi-ils."  in 
ilk-  la-i'  "t  l"lal  (li-aliilil\'.  aiiil  40  >liilliiii^~  .'i  week  in  tin-  t-'a-i-  "t 
|Mitial  (li-aliilitv.  In  ck'tcrniiiiini,'  tlir  ani"niit  d'  ^luli  -npi'lr- 
iiuiitar\-  ]irii-i"n  auil  llii  ]'i  i  p'  iti"!!  if  priwar  iiu"nK'  <.'  hr 
alliiwid,  tlu-  I'l'lh'W  in;,'  lai'i"r>  arc  in  lie  taken  inln  i"ii-iih'ratii 'ii : 

( a  I    "I  lie    nuiiil'cr    "f    'lie    irr,in\    I'liililri-n.    tlu'ir    .il:i -.    .iml    .iiiv     ''I'l'.tn- 

-I.iiHC-  iilu^'liti'^  tikiii  i-.a:-!!!^'   -I'lii.il  i-\i'MiM-. 

(I' I    'Ilu-  cstfiit   t"   uIimIi   "llii  r   |'cr-"ii-   ;ir<-   (Ui'indint    U|i"ii   t'.'    injii 

(i  1     I  lir    nature   .-t    tlu-    Tii:in'-    ili-.il;!;!)    :ii    inn --it.itim.'    rf\:i  nu'li-.il 

.,!Iiiiii.nK't-.   ii"t   '"-.i-re'l  I  '.    in-ur.iii' '■.  i  r  "llu-r  i  \tr,i  i-\|icn-(-. 

I'll     \ii\    iir'Ai-i.in   niaiU-   i'"r  il.c  I'.in-    'r  Iraiinni,'  "I   ilu-  'li-aMi-'l   ni.iii, 
(11    1  in-    «li"U-   I'T    pan    "1    till-    iii-uraDii,-    1  riKlit    |'a\al'lL-    f -r    the    !ir-t 

~i\  iiii.iilli-  "1  iikapacit>. 


Suii]il(niL-ntarv  iiiMi^inn^  I'l 'r  parti.il  di^aliilily  "-hall  Ik-  -iririly 
tini|)('rar\-  at  tir-t.  and  -hall  \k-  -"  (l(.--ii,'iiat(.'d,  and  >hall  hi-  -uhject 
to  pi-rii  i(li(.al  ria--e--nR-nt  in  C'-n-iinu-iu'i.-  "1  any  variation  in 
tlu-  (.-arniiiL;-  or  (.arniiiL;  cajiacity  ci  ilk-  (h-ahled  iiiaiL  In  the  lir-t 
;i~,e--nu-nt  ...  a  ]ir"\i-i"nal  earnini;  fap;icitv  -hall  he  a--iinKd 
which  -hall  he  ha-ed  njn'il  tlu'  |ir"hahle  earniiii,'  Jn'Wer  i>{  tlk- 
man  in  relation  t"  the  partiotilar  oienpatioii  or  trade  wliieh  he 
niav  ha\  I-  followed  or  to  wliieh  he  iiia\-  he  aiile  to  ada]it  hini-elf. 
I.'ltiiHatc-lv  hi-  aelti.al  (.arniiiL;-  -hall  he  taken  into  aecoitnt  nnle--^ 
tin-  Statutory  t 'oiiiiiiittee  are  of  o|iiiii('n  on  a  report  from  the 
loi  al  eomiiiiltee  that   earnint,^  capacity  -liould  he  taken." 

l-"or  olTicer-.  -n]iplementary  pen-ioii-  may  he  ,L;rante-d  "in  re- 
^pecl  of  each  of  hi-  children  (if  a.iiy  i"  of  not  more  than  £24 
a  year  if  the  officer  i--  totalK'  di-ahled.  £J0  it  partially  di.-ahk'd. 
provided  the  t"tal  income  does  not  exceed  the  prewar  income,  of 
in  ,in\-  ca-e  the  -n:n  of  £1.'^7  10  -hillin.u-  ])er  year. 

Special  teniporar\'  allowance-  are  provided  for  in  the  ca-e  of 
men  not  elii/ihle  to  a  pcn-iou  out  of  imhlic  fiiiuls,  if  "the  inahil- 


i.Kl  \r    lu;llAI\' 


14J 


ity  .iP  nfu-.il  i.|'  tlio  Adiuir.iliy  i  .r  War  (tlhco  tn  !,'raiu  a  -tati' 
I'cn-i.'ii  1-  II. ■!  iliir  t"  tile  HM\\..rlliiin--.  .•!  llic  applnaiil  it  llir 
iuw,iii>lai.-l..ry  ^rx  iiT  <•(  tlu  i.\\'K\r.  -ail'.r  c  M.IdJcr  i.  .iktiiu-.I." 
and  if  llu-  ri.ntiniltir  "arc  ^ali-ticd  ,liat  llu'  I'a-^'  i~  ..iir  <'i  cMTp- 
lii'iial  iiard-liip."  l',,r  a  di-al)Iid  man.  >iu!t  tiiii[..  .rarv  al!"Uaiu-o 
i-  lint  ti.  rxiffd  JO  ^liilliiiL;-  a  wcik.  with  all.  .u  aim--  |.  .r  ihildrni 
at  ilk'  rail-  [imxidiMl  in  tln'  ,tatr  [Hii-ii.ii.  if  -riMrati.  .ii  all.  ■waiuc 
liad  luTii  i-~lK'il  t..  ills  wilV  or  iK'iHudriit  w  liilr  lir  \\a-  in  mt\  if.'. 
IT  10  -iiillin,i;-  a  wcik  if  tluru  had  lui'ii  im  -r[.arati.  .ii  all'.uainr 
i"iU'd;  for  an  oiru-ir,  n..!  rxcrcdin;,'  t'*0  a  xcar,  with  an  all..\\- 
aniT  niit  vxcccdin.i,'  £_'0  f. -r  rarh  child. 

Thi-  c  .niinittfc  riMi'Iu'd  tlk-  c  .nrln-i.  .ti  that  it  \\a-  "inad\  i-alilr 
in  rxi^iiiiL:  I'ircnin-taiu'c^  to  frame  ^ptritk-  rri^nilati.  .n-~  f^r  jiri- 
iiianrnl  .^rant-"  in  ^nidi  ca^cs.  aikl  aci'.  .rdinu'lv  Cinliiu-d  ii>  |.r.  ■- 
vi-ii'ii-,  to  the  tciiii".rary  allowaiu-o  in  nri^int  can^  of  lianMii|i. 
a-  jii-t  (k'-irilu'd.  The  ill^tnn■ti.  .ii>  to  joial  conmiittiiN  explain 
that  "it  nm-t  he  a-Mimed  that  the  Adnn'ralty  and  War  Ofliee  will 
-.ili-ty  all  in-t  elaini>  hy  the  .i,'rant  of  a  -late  prn-ion,  and  it  i> 
only  in  the  re-idne  of  ca-e-,  whieli  can  not  he  hroii;;hl  within  the 
.U'l'Vernnk'iit  jien-ion  schemes  hut  jiresent  features  of  threat  hanl- 
-hij).  that  the  compa->ionate  action  ..f  the  comniiitee  i<  called 
for."  Such  ca-e>  "will  fall  into  three  main  cate.i;orie-,"  the  lir-t 
and  third  of  which  include  di>ahled  iikii: 

(I»  Wlurc  the  .Iratli  nr  c!is;il,I,iiunl  ..f  t!io  iti.ui  is  n.  t  rei-.'i;iiizc.I  a< 
iliic  1.1  the  war.  .illli.  uuli  .Hiurruiu'  .liiniiL,'  u.ir  -rrvic. 

I  III)  WIktc  tlic  statr  ..l.linati.ui  f.,  a  .li-|.eii.kiit  is  di-charL;.  .1  l.y  tli... 
]ia>tiK-m  i.f  a  :^raliiity  (,nly. 


Api.lications  for  supplementary  pen-ions  and  special  allow- 
aiK-e-  for  disahled  men  were  dealt  W'th  hv  the  l^i-e  Section  of 
the  Special  I  )i-ahleme!its  Snhcommittee,  and  will  he  -pokeii  of 
later.  Aiiplications  from  (h'sahied  officers  and  from  "men  wh.i. 
thou.t^h  not  officers,  were  In  like  .(general  and  financial  circum- 
-t.-mce-."  were  handled  hy  the  r)fficer-'  Snhcommittee.  which 
wa-  apjiointed  on  Octoher  31,  hecau-e  of  the  lar;;e  numher  of 
application-  fr(,m  officer-'  families  which  Were  coiiiiuj:  in. 


I 


144 


I)|>- Mil  III    SKl.lill.KS    AND    SAlI-DkS 


niscil'U-.l  Olh^i-rs 


Siiiiiilriiu-m;ir\  |nii-i"ii^  .■iiui  all"\\,iiui'-.  \mti-  iiiailt'  l)y  tlii'  ( )l!i- 
iiTs'  Siil»."inniiltii'  Im  15J  (li-aliKil  ..rrun-.  t^  Jiiik-  .^0.  I'M". 
In  adiliti^n.  JO'i  a|iiilii:itiiiii-  I'nr  ini]il' 'yinciil  wi-n-  rccrivid  fn'iu 
(li>aI)Uil  I'ltkcr-.  and  I'tl'in^  ui-rc  niaiK-  t"  tiiiil  ~uita!iK  *in|ili'y- 
nunt  t"r  tliini  tliri.nuli  tlic  I'r' .tr>-ii  .nal  (la"!-  I'.iirfau  i-iali- 
li'lii'd  li\  till-  I'm. aid  "f  'IraiK-.  and  llir'.iiuil  dliiT  ixi'iin- 
a'^'i  iiiii>  aiiil  jiiT-i'iial  ai'i|iiaintaiK<.'. 

'I'lu-  c-\|>irKini'  "I  llii^  ^nlici'nnuiiicc  Ird  t"  tlii'  i-~nc  li\  di.- 
Statnti'ry  (  (■minitti.'c  i>t  sii])i)kiiktiiar\-  rfj,nilatiiin-  i-nahliiiij 
tln'iH  ii.  make  ,i;raMt^  ii' ■!  ( \i-i'idni.t,'  £UX)  l"  iniprDvc  a  di-- 
alili-il  "irii'iT'^  cajiarits  'if  liralih.  and  ti'  ^n|i|ilt.-nK'nt  tlu'  ~tati' 
prn^ii'ii  I'f  a  ]iartial!v  di-a!ilcci  i.tficiT  in  adilitimi  tu  the  ~ii|)iilr- 
nu'iuarx'  ]nii-i"n  uliiili  i^iiild  l)i-  awarded  in  re-jiect  m|  hi, 
liiildreli. 

luliUiiti'iii  of  Childii-n 

^  li'irii'iii  It  ilii'ir  u.irk  ii  uliuli  tlu'  St,itul'ir\  Coimnitln'  attLiclic<l  tmuli 
im,i..rt.iinc  lia-  Ikiii  tin-  |ii"i.i^hin  ■f  iiliu  uti' ill  I'lr  i!h'  iliiMrvii  "I  iliHfa^i'il 
cir  lll^allk■cl  .il'tiriT-  am!  iirmi.  TinMr  ulijctt  lia^.  ln-cn  tu  »tMirf  taiilitii*^  tur 
tlii-~f  iliililri'ii  Ml  that  they  may  ulilaiii  an  I'lliiiati.pii  C'lual  to  lliat  ulrji  tlu-> 
umiM  lia\i-  ri-ci'iM'il  luit    fT  tlie  uar. 

A  KttiT  \va-  a(ldre-~ed  liy  H,  R.  H.  the  Prince  of  Wales  to 
tin-  headina-ter^  nf  tile  puhhe  ami  -Mine  ntlier  larm'  -ehimls  in 
ilie  fall  III  l'M(>,  Mi'4j;e-iinu  tliat  I'ree  tiiitinii  nii.i,dit  he  ^'ranted  tu 
the  -III,  III  '"I'ld  hi.\,,"  and  thai  (  )ld  I'ny,'  I'linds  inij,du  he 
rai>e(1  t'l  meet  llie  nlher  (.■.\|)ell>e~.  "There  \va>  a  \  erv  ijelieral 
re>iM>n,e"  ti  ■  thi-  aiipeal. 

hi  additii'ii.  re;;nlatii  in>  were  adniiied  he  tlie  C"niinittec  .allnw- 
iti,;,'  it  til  award  ,ehi  ilar,lii|i,  tip  in  £50  a  year  at  hnanhn^' 
>elii"ils  c>r  £_'?  in  nther  -eiinnl,,  tni^ether  with  a  Mim  not  ex- 
eeechni:  £10  a  year  for  travelini;  and  incidental  ex|)en>e>. 
h'.ditcationa!  t,'rani>  iiad  heeii  awarded  in  1''0  ca-es  ( ciiil- 
dren  of  oftuer,  in  117  ca-e-.  of  -nldier-  or  >ailor-.  in  73)  n|i 
to  Jnlv  17.  1"'17.  lint  the  report  does  not  iinlicale  how  nianv  of 
tlioe  Were  di-ahled  otVicer,  or  men. 


K^--:»' 


-r* 


'^S*^*- 


(.Kl    \  i     IlKliAIN" 


145 


.V/Ti  ((//  r'-''!riiiriilK  Su^'roiimn'tti'i' 

C'.inintr  n-'W  in  tlu'  work  cf  tlir  CMimiiitic,-  c-ix-ciallv  rliar,i,'0(l 
v.illi  "iii.ikmi;  iin.\isi,,|i  tor  tin-  ciro  ..t'  <li-.il.li(l  nlVK-or-;  and  iiuii 
atti-r  tlirv  li.i\f  Kit  till'  -iT\  iiT,  iiulmliii-  |ir(i\i-iciii  fi.r  tlifir 
lualtli.  iraiiiiiiL;  ami  i'iii|)li  ._\  incut."  it  will  Ih'  niallid  tlial  this 
(■■.ininiitir  ua-  t..  iiuln.!>  npn-iiiialiv o  i.t'  t  iiplcpvtr^  ami  ..i 
l.Ii'T.  Si\  of  (.aili  uirv  iiwludiil.  ami  aNo  ri'|)re>ciuati\ a-  ..f 
Ihc  Hoard  of  'Iradi-.  tiic  War  (  Jltua-..  lli.-  Local  ( .oviTinnnit 
Hoard,  tin-  I'.oard  of  .\';rKuhnn.-  and  I'ldurii-,  tlic  .Nalion.d 
lU'allh  In-uraiRi-  (  oniniisMon,  tiu'  Soldier-  and  SaiIor>  I  Iflp 
Soiuty,  and  of  technical  ^clloo^  aiul  "otlurs  spcciallv  (iiialilii-d 
to  >tTve." 

One  of  the  suhcnniniittee'-  fir^^t  nndertakin-;s  \\a,  t,,  prepare 
a  ;,'eneral  circular  (  N'o.  '>  i  addre-.ed  to  l,.c.i|  coniniiitee-,  uineli 
\\a-  i-vned  on  July  27,  1''16.  inforniim,'  tluni  of  the  "preliminary 
arrant,ainent>"  which  had  heeii  ni.de.  and  >tatini,'  certain  fuiul.i- 
niental  principle  and  theirries  unicii  had  lieen  ai,'reed  upon. 

After  cillini,'  attention  to  the  iiuimrtance  of  thi-  particular 
funciioii  of  providing,'  for  the  disahled,  the  circular  advices,  in 
the  tir-t  pl.ice.  tliai  a  ret^i-ter  he  kept  hy  the  local  committee  of 
all  tiic  di-aliled  soldiers  and  sailors  in  its  area.  To  thi-  end 
arram^ement-  h.id  heen  niatle  with  the  War  Office  to  sujijily  to 
each  local  cmmittee  the  names  of  all  men  who  at  the  time  of 
their  di~ciiar,i,'e  proixise  to  reside  in  tlie  committee's  area,  and  to 
j;i\c  e.ich  man  on  discliart,fe  the  address  of  his  local  committee. 

.\rran,L;ements  had  also  heen  made  for  the  furnishinj,'  to  the 
locd  committees  hy  the  lahor  exchan^jes  of  inform.ition  in  re- 
gard to  placements  of  discharged  men  and  in  rej,'ard  to  men 
who  could  not  he  i>l;u-ed.  Tile  desirahility  of  dose  cooiK-ration 
with  tile  lalior  exchamre-  is  empiiasized.  and  it  is  sui;.tje-ted 
th.it  the  Committees  should  rely  on  them  "to  place  disahled  nun 
111  vacancies  arisinc  in  connection  witii  ordinary  trade  and  in- 
du-trv.  wliile  tile  ioc.il  Committees  devote  themselves  esi)eciallv 
to  tlie  a-sistance  of  ca-e>  of  s[)fcial  ditVicultv." 

It  is  laid  down  .a-  a  fuml.imenial  principle  tliat  "in  tlie  intere-ts 


mk 


1  )i. 


I'l'-  M;l  :  |i    >.ii|  hill-     \  Ml    >  Ml  'ii;s 


(.|  CO.  .11.  iin  .ii.i  I  ilu  u  Ml  \   It  i~  iiii|i'  I  i.iiii  I' '  .i\ '  ■HI  I  111-  -I  iiihl;  tip 
I  t    -|.i(i.il   111.11  hitiii\    ii'i    il' .iliiii;   \Mili  ili-.iliK'il   -.iili'i-  ;iiiil    -<] 
ilur-  III  .iti\   i.i-i'  111  wliuli  ilic  111,11  liitiir\   .ilriaily  in  i\i~liiicc  i- 
;iiKi|tt;ilr  if  I. Ill  111    riinlrriil  ;;iliini,ttr   fur  tlif  (ittrpi.-i',  ;mi!  tlir 
M.ililli  ii  \   <  .  itimiiltn-  r.iti  li.  'I  t'.i .  -tti.li;;ly  (Irlirii.ili'  llio  i  \|.rllill 
Itiri'  I.I   till  lit  \-  111  tiiitnii.'--.ir\-  in^iitMtiiin>  or  Miiiirtliii.ti-.  ;r-;iii 
IU-,  wh'ili'r  -lull  iiii'iKv  i>  (lirivi.ll  fruni  public  fiiiuN  i  .r  lr..iii 
ill.  rilalili-   -iiiiiTi  -  " 

'Mil    ,i\  .iil.iMi    I.iiililir-   I'.r  llir  iiii.ri'  impi'rl.int  kiiul-  i.|'  ili-;i 
1ji1i!\     I'.f    wliuli    ;ir.i\i-i..n    \\..iiM    In'    lunliil    ,iit'   i.iillilhil,    ami 
llu'i  llii-  >iilijnt  I'l  ir.iiiiiiiL:  I-  I'.ii-iili  ii  il 

A-  in  ill.  i:i-i-  .■!  liiiiltli,  ..-■.  in  tlir  i  i-i-  ■  l'  ti.iiinin;.  il  i<  ilr-ir.ililr  t..  iii.i)- .• 
th.'  iiiliiM  |..i-.;lili-  n-r  ..|  isi^niiK  .i;;iniu»  I. It.. re  -[.i  luliiii,'  .iii\  iii..iu>  ..n 
ll.i-  |ir..\  i«i.ii  i.f  iii'U    ni-titnti..n-. 

Anil  .ii:.iiii  II  IV  iiii|...rl.int  tli.il.  \\lirri-\ir  |...>-i|.l.-,  tlir  Irainiiik'  sin. ill. I  In' 
if  ^11. h  rli,ir;i.  lir  ;i«  !■.  lit  tin  (li-,iliU-.l  ni.iii  t.>  Like  In-,  jilaii;  m)  far  as 
j.ra.  til  .il'lc  in  llir  ^i  "ir-il   nulu-trial  .  ..imiiiinil> . 

I.aiui'  nmnl.rr-.  |ir  !..ilil\'  tlif  in.ij.  iin  ..f  llii'  mi'ii  ili^.iMril  ill  tin-  JTi'^cnt 
war,  wirr  rni;ai.'iMl  in  iiii|u~lr\  |.i|..r(.  llif\  j..iniil  tin-  fi.rrf-.  Man>  i.f  tlu>e 
uill  lir  111  a  1  ..iiilitiLii.  n.  .tivitli-tanilini;  tlnir  (livaMi'iiiriil.  t..  ri'-iimi'  tluir 
l.iiiiur  1  . .  ii|.ali..ii- ;  iitluTs  will  lie  al.U'  t..  take  up  a  kimlriil  i.e.  iipati.tii. 
|M.-vil  l\  111  .1  liKliter  l.ran.  Il  i.f  the  same  in.lii~tr>.  Tins  pr..ii-.i  >li..til.|  l.c 
f.ieilitaleil  anil  ene. .iirai;ei|  mi  l.ir  as  po^-iMi 

In  |ir. '\  iiliiii^  f.ir  tli"-e  la-e^  in  whi.li  trnniin,'  i.;  iuee--ary  tlie  f.ill.wim; 
girii.il    pnimples    ^li.iiilil    In     il.~ir\e.l 

(ai  111.'  ir.iiiini'^'  sli.iiil.l,  if  p  --ilile,  1.  ■  ;;uen  in  the  ar.  i  in  wln'rh  the 
man  re-nle-. 

l|..  It  i-  laiiK -iral  le.  if  it  tan  Lc  avi.li.I.  t..  separate  the  man  fr.nii 
lll^   fatnil\ 

Il  I  II  i<  j;eneral1>  l.eltiT  t.i  n':r  the  Ir.iinini;  in  an  in~titnti..n  t.i  nliieli 
other  pcr^'iii^  arc  ailmitteil  than  t..  -et  up  separate  iiistitiiti.ins  exeUi^ivcly 
fi.r  ili'alle.l  ^.iili.r-  ami  s.ihlier-.  tlimivh  l"r  speiial  elas^-cs  of  them  it  may 
Ir  neee--.ir:.    t..  make  a.|iliti..nal  pr.iM~i.>n. 

(ill  A-  the  iinmher  it  men  fi.r  uli..m  tr.iiiiim;  i-  iieedeil  uill  ilimiiii-!i 
\e,ir  ].>'  \ear  after  the  war.  expeiulitnro  on  the  pr..\i..i..n  of  IniiMiiii:-  ami 
app.ir.itii-  wlihli  will  only  I.e  reipnrcl  f..r  a  temporary  perioil  sluuild  be  kept 
\Mlhin   strut  limits. 


Til  li;irnii.t)\-  with  tlioo  pritiripK's.  the  cniiiiiiiltoc  "con-iiUT 
that  :i-  a  rtiK-  iho  iHTc--ar\-  iraiiiiiii;.  il  tK'finiti.-  technical  iii-triii:- 
tic'ii  i>  reiniircil.  >h<.ti!il  be  prnviik'il  in  the  cxistiuj,'  polytechnics, 


2i  \y^^; 


i.lM    \  1     I  l;|  I  M\ 


h; 


'"'■'I  -'liH.iIl"l>  .Mllh.Tlth-.  ,,llli..u:;h  1,.,  , .11.1111,1  ,||',,,iM  l„ 
in.i.lc  t,.  -i\,-  I,,  iini.al  Iramiiiu'  iti  a  l\\v  vv,,k.  |.,  a.luli^  uhuli 
It  laki'^  \iar-,  t..ra  l...\  at  a  imu  li  Mi..r,  a.la|.laMc  a'^c  lMa..|iun-  ■' 

TIk'  i...-.Mh>Iit>   ,.  -im:^,  Mr.l  ..t  arran-ini^  uilli  l,..al  .inplnv, 
t"  lirnvick-  iraiiiiii-  ai   ilinr  cuii   xN^^rK.  ,  „,  ||,J,i   nia.liuu 
lli>-  U(.rkn,-.,t  ulu.h  1,11k.  tramiM.:,'  i~  r,-,|,„r,.|.  nut  iraMiin-  ~„.  1, 
..>  (all  ..niv  1„.  s^ivrii  ii!  ilK-  u..rk-li..p."     Tlu    luci-Miv  ,.i   -,,I. 
Knanliiii,'  ua-r>  in  muIi  la-f-  i-  n  I'l  .L;iii/.,(l 

l.-ral  o.niiimtr,-.  ;,rr  ,ir;;ol  t.,  m,  1:,,u  lar  ilu-  p.  rinaiuniK 
<Ii-al.k,l.  i\oi  tli>.>o  ulio  have  ;i  inaMinimi  |).iim..ii.  ran  I.,-  >ii- 
onrauxl  t"  lak,  U'^hi  fiiiplMyitu  iit,  and  li,,w  far  ilu-  pariiallv 
.hsihlal  can  hv  (Itt.-.l  f,,r  taking'  iluir  full  sharr  ni  tl.r  in.ln.try 
'■I  liir  i-otintry.  f-T  in  tluir  .,um  ii,ht,>|  -,1  i,  n,,,^  iin,l.-iral.le 
that  tiRv  Mk.mI.I  l.c  o,ii,Uii,iu.i  t..  a  lifi-  <<(  i,ilriK-.v" 

The  IM-Ml.ijiti^.,  f,,r  aurinihmal  trainiii-  an,|  f,,r  a-i.tin- 
nifii  to  M'ttlc  (,n  the  lan.l  near  tii.ir  t..niur  Im.,,,,-,.  art-  ,-|urial!y 
i-..iiinuii(kd  tn  the  c..ii.i.kTati..M  ,>i  the  l-.al  o.inniitico 

On  tlic  .|iHstio„  ,,f  .niployiiuiit.  tile  Statin. .rv  (•..iiimiiue 
I'-l'l-  that  *•>..  far  a>  i-raetieahle.  .ii^ahk-.l  nun  >|„,„1,|  1,,.  ^.„. 
o.i,ra;;e<l  to  return  to  their  .,un  li.mies  ami  to  take  tiieir  place 
"1  ilie  nnlinary  indiiMrial  coniinnnitv  tin.ler  normal  eo,„liti,,ns 
ot  enipl,.ynient."  'Jliey  -have  e\.ry  rea^o,,  ,,,  hop,-"  ,l,at  a  larjje 
I.rop..riion  of  tk-  ,„,.„  .li^har.i^id'  f,,r  <li^al.ilitv  will  have  no 
chlliculty  in  (Indint:  Miitahle  employ i„.nt  with  former  emplMycr. 
or  l.y  r.ther  natural  mean-  ..f  their  ou„.  l.-,.r  d,,,.,.  ,,,„,  ;,^.^,, 
help  m  this  .hrection,  the  local  committer  are  a.lvi-e.l  tlr-t  to 
••make  the  fullest  n>e  of  the  machinerv  of  the  laiior  exelian-e  '■ 
hut  if  the  man  does  not  f;ct  work  in  tiii-  wav.  tla-  local  cmmit- 


tees  'Miould  tliem^elve-  in-titute  in.|iiine-  an.l  canva.»  employ 
er-,     since  "it  is  important  that   eniplovnuiit   slmuM  he   fonn. 
qnickly.  and  thus  the  demoralization  whieii  i.  the  almo-t  iuevifi- 
l>k.  consequence  r,f  a  pro.racte.l  ,KTi,.d  of  unemplovnient  he  pre- 
vented,       "lurther.   the  nature  .,f  tiie  eiiiplovment    f,„in.l    fop 
the  disabled  man  should  he  .-uitahle  in  every  way,  and  the  waL'es 


I 


1h'   I: 


iir  ua''es. 


148 


M'.Ain.i:;!  mpi.I'Ii.!;.-   .wi' 


■  \Il.llU- 


Ina-ni'.uh  a-  ^<'iiic  riiijili  .wr-  ;i[i|M-:irfil  -till  I"  In-  ntuKT  the  im- 
jir(-.--ii'n  llial  llu'  iii-uraiicc  rati-^  ai^'ain-t  <.'in[i!Myi.T>'  lialiilily  wrre 
iiurca-cil  ill  till-  la-r  d'  di-aliKd  i:iiii.  a  -i  iti'iiinu  i-  iiiclu(K-(l  in 
tile  (iriiilar  "thai  llu-  SlaHit"ry  ( '■  .nimitu-i-  liavi-  1h;i.ii  ik-titiiuly 
iiit'i  ■riin'il  that.  -"  far  a-  llit-  in-iiraiu-i-  c  ■miianii  -  imliicK-iI  in 
till-  AciiiKiii  nrr:ct->  .\>-i  iciai"!!  ari-  ('■•lU'i-rm-d.  tlii-  unit'irm 
liriiiiiimi  "rdiiiarily  i-liari^fcl  hy  llu-  c- iiiipaiiir-  C"\t.'r~  all  i.'la--c> 
of  i-niplcycs  wlK-llur  aljK--liMilic(l  "f  |.ar;ially  disaliK-il;  and 
tliat.  .--ax  I-  in  very  exci  |)ii<  ^na!  ca-i--  and  in  iihilanthrnpic  i-taii- 
li~iinu-nl--  eni|i|iivint;  di^ahUd  nun  nnl\-.  n<i  additional  prcniium 
I-  iliarm'd  I 'U  ai-ciaini  >■{  |ili\-i(.al  di-aliility." 

Willi  ri-K-ri-iu-c-  til  >nj);jK-nKn'.ary  ]icn-ii  in--,  tin-  ji'cal  ci'tiimii- 
ti-i.->    art-    (.'autii'iKd    a-jain^l    niakiiii:    la\  i>li    ri-ciiinincndati"ii-. 


Xdlliiiii,'  (-"iilil  I't-  \M.r-o  fir  tlu-  u-.i-i!  tlu'n-.-f!-.  i-  nr  fiT  tlic  cnmmuiiitv  tliaii 
tl'.a  tlu-ri-  -liiiul'l  III-  :i  larui-  mmiluT  •■{  |Hii-i<iiU'r-  t-i',riiiir;iui'il  to  lirHi'VO 
111, it   tlii-y  mill  ilii  iiiilliini;  HMrt-   fur  tluir  nwr.  -upU'irt.  .     .     W  lull,  llicre- 

fiiri-.  ;i  -tall-  in-iiMnn  h.i-  In  in  :iw,-irili(l  i .11  tlu  Ii.i-i-  nf  ii:irti,il  lii-alilt-mciit 
with  tlif  iiitciituiii  that  the  man  -lial!  a'l'l  li>  In-  ■■\\n  clTirt-  a  -iitiu-ifiit  -iini 
I  1  i-iialilc  him  til  Ini-  in  riimfurt,  tin-  Ih.i;  i  niunittn-  -hi  ulij  i.nlv  rii-nnimcnj 
tlu-  -iip|iUnR-ntiiu:  nf  -luli  peiisiiii  ul.ilc  ilu  man  i-  ln-iiu;  tr,uiu-.i  nr  fnmul 
iinploynu-m  nr  (luring  Midi  pcri'xls  a-  hi-  healtli  niakt--  it  ili'-iralilc  tliat  lie 
-luiiiM  haM-  Ifiiipnrary  i'c--atiiiii  if  ui  rk  aiii!  -h  lulJ  ri\i-;\c  mcil!i-al 
trcatmi-iit. 

In  ciiiKliidin.i;  liii>  fir-t,  and  ,t,'i-n(Tal.  circular  to  tlti-  jncal  com- 
niitlci.-^.  llu-  Slatntiiry  C '  imniittcc  i-\|iri-->i->  it-  (K---irc 

th.il  each  ili-;ililfil  man,  wlurcvcr  lie  may  reside.  shmiM  be  prmiiled  tlirnnuh 
till-  I'lcal  (iiiiiiiiitloi-  with  snmi-  frii-iully  iiihiri'  and  a^-i'^tance  uliciiever  lie 
may  need  tluin.  The  Imal  inmmitter  ran  lir-t  iliterminc  hy  uh.-it  methnd 
tlu-y  can  hriii^;  each  imlividnal  iiitn  tuiKli  with  -nmc  ripri'-entati^e  nf  their 
nwn  lindy.  It  was  undnnlitedly  the  iiitint-nii  of  Parli.-jment  tn  secure  that 
in  addition  tn  a  sy-teni  nf  pen-inn-  paid  hy  the  central  gnvermnent  dcpart- 
meiit>  and  thmnuh  the  ii-iial  nfticial  machinery,  there  -Imnld  he  in  each  di-trict 
persnnal  and  frien<lly  eniitact  with  disabled  men,  -n  that  the  natinii's  deht 
mivdit  he  ili--cliarned  with  more  human  and  indi\idna!  thouyhtfnliiess  and 
I  arc  than  it  1-  |in--ilile  fur  a  central  adniini-tratmn  t  1  hi-t  >w, 

Tlu-  i,i-'k  (if  llu-  siilK-diiiniitti-i-.  in  the  l,-iii[,'n,-iL;i-  of  tin-  act, 
included  ]irii\  i>ii.n-  fnr  the  "licaltli.  Irainini:,  and  ciii[)Ii  .\  nuiit" 
of  disalik'd  iifticcr-  and  nu-n  ,-tfu-r  k-,i\ino  tin,-  service. 


Wfi  \' 


,->-'; .  ■-.  -  />■>  I  '-V       Kt . '''-/» 


'■<'... \  I     l.i;l  I  \i  s 


149 


/'):>:  tsi.rs   frr    I  rr.iliiitul 

li  -t'.iiu'd  i..  liii  ».  .iiiiimin-  that  the  im-ihcal  Inaiiiuiit  ml  ^iild 
111-  "carrinl  .itu  mi  iiali-iial  liiuv" 

!  Np<ri,  inc.  !.-!i  -ji  (.n.-.t  llrii.iin  ,i!-.l  in  i>,iiu-e,  Mi..ui"l  tlial  .ift.r  t!io 
nil',-  di-Ji,uL-o  It  w.i.  istxcliimlv  .liiVuiili  t..  iiiMiru  th.il  lliev  c-i:!.!  l,o 
..Ikth-iI  f..r  !"ur:l!rr  t:r.itimt:t  .\,.tliin-  i,  r.vrr  n.iiuriil  tli.in  lliat  liic  nun 
■"'""''I  '■'-•'■'■  "'•  "'"in.  !■■  their  !;•!:■,.■-.  ■,ii.l  th..-c  u!;.>-i-  l.,i„u-.  ar,  ;., 
o  iintry  villauc-.  .t  -;rall  f.^vn-,  u  !i„ru  t!;crc  arc  mt;,  Ic- a  mcdual  la,,I:ti,.. 
Milter  N  Irini;  unallr  t.>  ■^tt  iho  -iicial  tn-ai-iicMt  uhicli  tlicir  xari...., 
(liv<l.:Ii;-<-  rt'iuirc  \iiur  cart  lul  ,,  ii-iilirati.-i,  the  .•-nimiitcf  i.a«-i-'l  a  ri-.,- 
!'.it;.,i!  V.  tin  itl.  rt  that  in  tlu-ir  ..|i;i!i,.n  n:cii  i-li-iiid  n.  .t  l)i-  (liM-liar:;i-.|  ir..m 
t' I.-  !.Ta<  a-  !•  Ill,'  a-  tluy  >ti!I  nijiiirc!  a>tivi-  iiudi.al  trcatmciit.  Tliri  hail 
tlif  c..nriirrrtui.'  ..f  rti.r(-eiita';\ .-,  .  f  ihf  iiH-ilir,.!  |ina\-si,.i,  an<!  .,t'  thr 
F'arlianicntar:.  I '.  mmittcc  ,,f  tl;i.-  Tra.Ic<  riii.ai  C  Mnt;res-  jii  n-Uiv.n  tl;a'  the 
War  Ottu-e  .|,..ii!.l  raaiii  lull  rc-|"  n-i:..lity  iiiit:!  i\w  men  injur.'. I  ,!raini,' 
tliir  scrvK-o  ha.l  I  Cfii  as  far  a<  [...-.-lie  rr-t-.m!  t(,  lioahli.  Thev  tVlt  that 
'  nly  while  the  men  were  .-11  in  the  -er\  i.a  enuM  they  he  dealt  «ith  e..m- 
Iireheiisnely,  Apart  alt  -ttaher  tnaii  the  r,,nir..l  ..t  the  men,  the  War  (  uVire 
al.  nc  had  |.,ner  t:,  e,  aninandeer  Im-iitaK,  d-rtcrs  and  nnr-es.  A  r.,nier- 
inre  wa-  arran^'ed  at  the  War  I  iffice  at  the  heumnii'i,'  of  Anyu.t.  I'dd.  uith 
reiiresenlatr,  es  ..f  the  Trea-iiry,  the  I...cal  government  l;.>ard  and  the  Xa- 
tional  Health  Insurance  Cnrnmi-si, ,ner..  In  accordan-e  with  a  re-ilntion 
pa--ed  hy  the  committee  .  .n  the  .'1-t  of  Scptcmher  a  <'  utation  waited  on 
the   then    Secretary   of    State    for   War   on    the   .'d    of    .  „iher.    IVld.   and 

l.r(-e.l   \ery    -troiiitly    for   ihi,   solution   of  the   iirol.lcm.     No   an-wer.   how- 
e\er.  wa.  received  tmtil  after  the  end  of  the  ;,ear,  and  then.  unfortini,> 
It   wa-  unfavorable. 

The  committee  had,  therefore,  to  uidea\or  to  make  other  provi-j,  n.  In 
addition  to  the  ureal  voluntary  liosp.taK.  there  is  alreadv  piiMic  jirovisi,  ;, 
for  dealini;  with  variou.  forms  ,,f  di-ea^e.  The  Nitional  Health  In-nra:ice 
(  ommissioners  are  n-poiiMhle  f.  r  the  .irdinary  treatment  hy  me.ins  ,,f  the 
panel  il,,ctors  of  at  lea-t  '"i  per  ce-.t  of  the  men  (lKchari;ed  from  the  army 
Ihe  pnhlic  health  authoritie-  have  certain  duties  with  regard  to  tuhercul-i, 
an.l  oth.r  .|i>ia-es.  and  the  .\vvhims  iVimmittccs  liave  re-ponsiI,i!in  for 
certiiiai.Ie  nient.d  ili-ea-e.  The  IiiMirance  Commissioners  were  approached 
In  the  Committee  e.irly  in  I'd'.,  and  a  pr..\  i-i.mal  a^Tcement  wa-  erne  t.> 
tor  special  treatment  f..r  di^.  haryed  vldier-,  hut  tintil  the  qne.ti.,n  ,,s  t.i 
the  time  .f  .li.char:;e  was  -ettled  hy  the  War  Office,  n..  final  arranyem.  nt 
cnld  he  ma<!e.  The  needs  ,if  the  army  had  ilcpleted  the  statT  ..f  the  h...pitals 
and  had  taken  awaj.  fr..m  their  ..r.hnary  practice  many  ,,f  the  panel  .L.ctor, 
and  other  general  iir.actiti.  .ners. 

It  uas  imp...-ihle.  owim;  to  the  .h..rtai;e  ,.f  i,,l„,r  an. I  mal.rials.  to  hinld 
new  h..-pitals.  The  cmmiftec  theref.r,  came  t..  the  concIusi,.n  that  the 
a.!.liti..nal  accmm.dation  r..!uire.I  cnhl  ..i.K  he  ma.lc  in  the  f.irm  ,,f  aux- 
iliary h..M,itaK  in  !.,.rr.  «,.!  h..u-v,  ..r  ly  means  of  an  c.-:tensi..n  ..f  exim,;. 


'^®t    _  <\^J^     ■ll^-'^&S^ 


:V",;>    .\.f^:: 


150 


hi- \l;l.l.ii   si)I.iui;k>    ami   >\Il.nus 


in-tilnliMn-i.  It  u.i-.  Ii'i|n'l  that  llu'  muil  f.r  in-riiKimiil  iii-titiiiii'ii-  u-mlil  bt 
i"nii.,i'-atncl>    -in. ill. 

S'liiir  ur'iiiii-  ■■{  I'.i-.ililin   lia-i'.  li'iueicr,  rifrucd  -pci'ial  irratnii'iit  : 

(a  I  I  lir  Nati'iii.i'  llcaltli  ln->iraiKc  l'.iiniiii--i'iiur-  lia\c  uiiiK'rtakrii 
till-  il"Tiii>  ili.ir;,  anl  iii^littili' 'iial  trcalnii'iit  of  iii-iirf'!  -ail^rs  ami  -i'Miit< 
<li-i  liariji'l  MillcniiL;  I'r'.in  falunulf  i-i-.  The  uriin-'irid  tul.cri-illnii-  im  ii  aic 
lirM\i,!iil  !..r  !i>  tin-  l...ral  (  im\  erniiunt  Mianl-.  ,  .  .  fii'lir  iho-i'  arraimc- 
iiu'nt-  tlif  ill- liarui  d  -ail'ir  . .r  --Micr  n '|iiirini:  trcaliiK'Ht  I'.rr  tiiliiTcul.'-i^ 
rici;.''-  iinl'iTiiitial  aihni--ii  ii  t'i  -ar.al'Mia 

(1,1  'I  111-  1- talK  1  lin.l  an-  ailniiralil>  trt-ati-.l  in  I.'iiii|..n  at  St.  Dint- 
•■ta!.'-.  .  .  .  i;iiili-r  Sir  \rt!  iir  I'l-ar-.'!!'-  inaii.iL;i  im-iit  1  .im!  ail  .ithliatt-'l 
iii-tiiii!i"!i    in    I  al'iil  iirL:li    ua-    .iil'k-'l    in    T'I"!. 

ic  I  Trr  K'. '(-li.inipt'iii  ll"-|iital.  with  it-;  Ilriyliton  aiiiu  s  .•iml  tlif  -iii.ilUT 
in-iitiili'ii--  ..f  a  -mnlar  kiiiil  in  Sintlainl  ami  Iri-laml.  lum-  ilt-.ih  .vitli 
till    |.r,iw-i..ii  ,.1   .-iriiih-.il   liiiil.-   in   all   la-i--  ■■t   aminitaiiiiii. 

idi  Thi-  K'rcl  (  r..--  S.'Cii-ly  Ii.im-  i--ta!ili-lK-il  a  Im-intal  at  tin-  St.ir  ami 
(..irli-r  .it  iv':.  Inn.  inl  liT  iMr,i|iii->;ii-  la-r--  l.iml  haw  (■jiom-il  ailililMiial  "iif-i 
in  11(1"!  'Ila-  1  iiiiinit.i'i-  .  .  .  li-iiiiil  tli.it  tlit-ri-  «iru  a  imnilitT  nf  iiKii 
who  ui-liiil  t'l  III  iK-.ir  ttair  ri-lilivt--.  ami  tlu-\  llicri-fnrt-  aiiinaU-l  t"  -miie 
111  llu-  i;i-iu-ral  li  ,-|i!l.iK  t"  t.iki  in  a  I'tw  -ihli  la-c-.  ami  nl.i.iinfl  a  m'lieroiis 
rLi]H  .n-f, 

1 1- 1  With  riuanl  t.i  ii-rtnLilli-  mental  r.i-r--.  the  Statiiliir>  l.'"ininittce 
tii"k  ihi-  aih.i.i-  •'{  tin-  r..,.iril  'l'  ('Mntrcil.  1  lu-y  ui-re  i-.in\  imi-il  that  ililli- 
(-iillii-  "f  ,-la--iruatii>n  iiia'Ii-  it  lU-iraMi-  to  ili-iriliutc  tho  men  so  al'llioti'il 
anions;  tht-  i-si-Iiiil;  a-\liiiii-.  '1  1h->  tliiTi  Ion-  made  an  otVer  to  all  the  .i-\liim 
aiilhoritii-';  to  |r.iy  a  -in. ill  -nin  ahoxc  ihc  actual  niainteiiaiu'e  I'o-t  oi  e.uh 
jiatieiit.  -o  that  the  iin-n  mii;hl  n-.t  hi-  pkui-d  on  the  pauper  roll.  Imt  hei-'iiu- 
pruali-   patiint-   cla>-ed   a-   "-i-rv  ir'-   patient-." 

(II  l-'|Mlep-y  is  a  d:-i.i-e  for  uhuli  there  has  heiii  liitlierlo  inadei|uaie 
pro\i-ioii.  To  ohtain  extra  pl.ui^  .  .  .  the  eoniinittee  e.iine  to  an  ai;ree- 
liu-iit  uith  the  i-i  nunillee  of  the  th.iifont  St  tide-.  Colony  for  the  pr.i\i-io:i 
(if  I  \lra  p.-uilion-.  and  the\  ohtained  a  ^enerons  nift  from  tlie  Ked  I'r.i-s 
Soeniy  ■  f  the  iu-i-e--.iry  e.uiital   -urn. 

I  l;  I  Mihh  .msioii-  i!i..iii;lu  \\a-  i;i\en  to  the  proper  treatment  of  iieiira-- 
theine  ea-e-.  In  the  opmi.n  of  medie.il  exiiiil-,  the  expedieniy  of  til.uin-^ 
iiirli  ca-e-  toueiln-r  ni  iti-iitntion-  wa-  i|ne-IioiK-d.  as  it  «a-  thomjiit  tliey 
wonld  reai't  iinfa\orahl>  on  raeh  other.  In  the  anUimii  ..f  !''l(i,  however, 
the  I  hairm.in  of  the  SjieiMl  Medical  Hoard  for  iienra-llieiiie  la-e-  asked  the 
loiiiniiltee  lo  e-tahli-h  an  experiiiu  iital  in-titiilion  in  uliiih  -ueh  men  eonid 
he  pl.ui-d  with  -.ildie.-s  erip]  li  d  or  in.iinud.  'I'lu-  loniniittee  (.;ratefnlly  ac- 
iiptid  the  olTi  r  of  the  authorities  of  tin-  Maida  \  ale  llo-pit.il  i.ir  N'erv.nts 
1  ii-ea-e-  to  nndert.ike  the  nianaL:eiiient  of  siu'h  a  ho-pital.  .\  siiit.ihle  hiiild- 
III-.:  «a-.  after  c  oii-idi  ral  le  tronl  le.  fi'inid  at  <  iolder's  (Ireeil.  and  the  Work- 
er-' I'liioii,  to  ulioin  il  liili  lued.  were  apnr. Niched  at  the  end  of  the  xear. 
.\i  i.iiiui  iiunt-  well  ii-it  i.iiulnded  until  tie  new  >e.ir.  when  the  Red  ('r  .s.-i 
S..eiit\  e.inie  i.i  the  a----t.in.-e  of  the  cominillee  and  provided  tlic  llece--ary 
i.ip'tal   expeii'iilnre. 


'n^KB&m&simms 


C.KKAl     IIKIIAIX 


131 


Traiiiiiiij 

In  view  of  tlic  ojjinion  of  imdical  experts  tliat  in  nrtliiiiteilic 
;iii(l  other  ca-e>  re(|uirinj,f  a  Iw^  and  te(li<>u<  [lerind  oi  treaiiiKiit 
-•nnie  enrative  manual  trainintr  >iionl(l  if  |)n><il)l(.'  \,^-  aiienii.ied 
in  ccinneeti(.n  with  tiie  treatment,  "it  \va>  ury:ed  nj"  .n  ilie 
War  Oflice  tiiat  thiv  >i;(iuld  alii.w  tiii>  curative  manual  traiiiim; 
to  take  an  industrial  hias  !)ef<.re  tlie  manV  di-ehar!,'e.  -n  tliat 
technical  Irainin.i,'  mij^dit  he  continued  afti-rward."  Iv  .ehamiitdi 
lia>  iieeii  the  pioneer  in  this,  providinj,'  W(irk--ho|)>  at  the  ]io-~piial 
and  makin},'  arrangements  with  variiin>  polytechnics  and  citv 
livery  companies  for  courM>  of  trainini,'  lor  it>  "'i^raduati'-," 
the  Statutory  Committee  a->i>tin,t,'  hy  payment  of  fees  aiul  ex- 
pense (if  maintenance. 

The  (luotion  of  settlin.y;  di<ahkd  men  on  the  land,  to  wliich 
the  Murray  Committee  referred  ,-i<  one  of  j;reat  imi)ortance,  luul 
heen  considered  hy  the  Departmental  Committee  on  L.ind  Settle- 
ment for  Sailors  and  Soldiers,  appointed  hy  the  President  of 
the  I'loard  of  .\,i,Ticulture  and  I'isheries  <.n  julv  13,  I''15,  un- 
der the  chairmanship  of  Sir  Harry  Wrney,  M.P.  An  interim 
report  of  this  committee,  dated  Sejitemher  4,  1''15,  recoiimiended 
that  a  free  course  of  trainint,'  at  ;in  at;riculti;ral  coljot^r  sli,,nld 
he  offered  to  fifty  disahled  s.iilors  or  s,  ,MiiTs:  its  report  ..f  lanu- 
ary  21,  l')16.  discussed  the  relatiiMi  ■■<  dis.ihkd  men  to  the  sciunie 
propusid  fur  slate  settkinent  of  ms.. harmed  soldiers  and  s.iilors.' 

The  plan  for  settlement  comem])l;Ues  vill,ii,v  communities  of 
at  least  a  hundred  families;  tenancy  r.ither  than  ownership;  and 
a  resident  director  to  tjive  expert  s^uid.ince.  'I'lie  Committee  is 
opposed  to  ";inythin,i,'  like  tlu-  est.ahlishment  of  col,,nies  f,,r 
cripples";  they  should  form  only  a  small  ])roportion  of  ilio  sit- 
tlers  in  .any  community  hut  it  mi.i,dit  he  exjiected  that  tlie  pro- 
posed scheme  would  .ahsorl)  a  num!)er  of  the  K-ss  se-.erelv 
woiuuled.  I'ndouhtedly  there  existed  in  a<,'ricultnri-  .i  cou-idrr- 
;dile  numher  of  opiiiin.i^s  for  disahled  men.  and  the  I'.o.irii  of 
Aj^ricnliure  .and    I'isjuriis.   acting   un  hehalf   of   nie   Statutory 

'  Parli.iiiunlary  r.-ipir^-.  C'l.  .SISJ. 


i 

r 


mi 


^^m 


^:'i^ 


15 


i)i>  \i;i.i,ii   .-Mi  iiii.KS   AMI  s.Mi.(ii;.s 


% 


C  iiiiimtiT,  -li. 'ulil  ]in.\i(li-  iniiiun.i,'.  Tlic  iin-ii.  wlu-n  ]ir'  porly 
traiiuil.  "-li^iilil  he-  trcali'd  "H  the  -.•uiil-  hxitin.L;  a-  aliU--!"  .d.u  .1 
i\--ir\  ice  imn.  i-xcipl  that,  mhcr  tliiii.i,'-  hiiiij,'  iinial.  iJiftrrunc 
iiii,L;lil  rtaMiiialilv  lie  ,i,'i\cii  tn  iiartially  di-ahUd  nun  in  MJiciiii.L; 
ihi  tenant-  I'l  ■!•  -mall  hi  .lilin^'>  olabli-heil  either  1)_\-  the  >tale  ^r 
li\-  ci'Untv  ciinneil-."  In  ^' '  far  a-  di-alileil  men  were  ;ii(leil  in 
e-tahli-hini,'  thein-ehe-  nn  the'  laiul,  they  -he mid  Ci'nie  uiuler  tlie 
>ame  aiuh"rit\  a>  liie  ahledn  .died  e\--"ldier-  and  -ailiir-;  "tiicre 
-hiiuld  ii"t  he  -eparate  aiitln 'ritie-  dealin.ij  fur  this  jmriio-e  with 
the  ahle-hudi'.d  and  the  di>ahled." 

It  \\a-  Ii<']H<l  li\-  the  Statutory  L'l 'niiiiitlee  "that  niaiiy  men 
.vdilil  de-ire  tu  he  trained  in  ai;rienltitre,"  and  i 'iipi  .rtnnitie-- 
were  madi'  a\ailahle  at  a,iL;riciiltin-al  enlle^'e^  in  acciMiIanee  with 
the  reci 'mmendatinn  i<i  Sir  llarry  \'erne\'s  c  ininiiitee.  I'ew 
eandiclate-,  however,  were  funnd  i><r  thi-  rather  advanced  Cunr-e, 
and  li>cal  committee'-  were  aecurilin.i^'ly  advised  tu  ci'ii-idt  with 
i"Untv  a^rienhnral  ci  iniinittee>  a-  to  the  pi)--ibility  I'f  jihuin...; 
men  with  indK  idnal  fanners. 

1,1 'eal  ediK'.itiuii  anlhnrities  res]>iinded  curdialiy  tu  the  npi.e.il 
if  the  cnniniittee  In  ni.ake  pnAi-inn  for  teehnie.d  trainin'^. 
C'I.i--e-  in  tifty-ei,i,dit  different  siilijects  or  prnce-ses  nf  i'uhi-try 
Were  I't'fered  \  v  the  universities,  polytechnic-;,  and  technical  in-ti- 
ttnes  hefure  the  St;itut<iry  Committee  went  out  of  '.'xirteiice. 

In  L;eneral  the  dilTiciilty  of  the  committee  w.is  ni  t  to  t'linl 
o|iliortunitie-  fc.r  tr.ainin^'.  hut  to  tind  men  to  take  ach'ant.a.tje  of 
them.  "'rile  ,i.;re:it  dearth  ",  l,d)or  lias  m;u!e  it  po-sihle  for 
alnio-t  every  di-cli,'ir^'ed  in.an  to  i,'et  work  without  traininir.  and. 
in  fact,  the  men  have  i;enerally  refu,-ed  training  and  gone  to 
work." 


Fiiif'loytncut 

Consistently  with  '  s  general  principle  of  utilizing  existing 
a^encie-,  the  Committee  ikcided  that  it  would  lie  "unde-irahle 
t"  -tart  emploNuient  Imreaus  -pecially  for  di-ahled  men  if  the 
national  -v-tem  of  emplovinent  exchanges  could  ile.al  with 
them  -ati-factoril\ ,"  and  lliev  have  heeii  alile  to  do  so.     'I  here 


■II  Mil"        ■■iiiiniiiiiiiiii  !■   iiiiiii  irii' Imw  iiipiniii '111' r    ii  <^iiiniii  iiiiiii^iiiiiii|iiwiiiMiiiiiwii 


rn,r..ji^^.m^'y 


I^Sf^ 


"TJ 


.Ki:Ar    r.kiiAi.v 


153 


aro  ovtT  I'l'iir  Inmdrcd  (.f  i1k>c  r.\cli;mi;(.-s  in  tlic  Uiiitud  Kiii.t;- 
(l"m.  l'[)  to  IXccihIkt  S,  IMU,.  then  liad  lurn  175.1'i3  iiu'ii 
np.'rtcd  t'.  the  lMiiiil..yiiii.nt  I'-xcliaiii^c  I  Vparmunt  "f  ilir  L.-iIkt 
.Ministry  as  iliM-|iar,L;c(l,  in  accordano.'  with  tiic  arrani^i'nivnt 
made'  hy  tlic  coiiniiittrt .  Of  tlu--i'  S5.1(il,  a.lx.iit  half,  had  calK-d 
at  thu  ixcliaii.i^cs,  and  .iS.77h.  a  httk-  K---  than  lialf.  had  horn 
jilaccd  I)y  the  txchaiii^t.'-.  On  tliat  <!att.'  thirc  wcrt.-  J."19  scldicrs 
still  (in  the  re,i,'i>ter^  <,i  tiie  exchantre-.  "and  it  \\a>  Inlieved  tliat 
the  rest  had  returned  t<i  llieir  did  emi-l.  .ynuiit  or  had  found 
filler  work  as  soon  as  thev  were  [.iiy-ieallv  lit." 

A  j,Teat  many  di-eharj,"  uen  have  iieeii  ah-orhed  into  nnini- 
tion-  Work-.  In  January.  '17,  training;  eenter^  were  e-tahli-lied 
hy  the  Ministry  of  .Muniti(in>,  for  ehnientarv  cour-es  ,,f  four 
to  ?ix  Week;-,  and  also  for  advanced  cour>e-  in  tod  niakinj,'.  toi.I 
settinf^,  skilled  oivratin,;,',  j,'au.t,'e  m.ikin.c,  ;in,i  other  >killed  proc- 
e--.~e<,  in  the  ca-e  of  men  wlio  li.ad  in  tlie  ]ia>t  heen  "-kdled 
artisms  in  the  enj,'ineerin.i;  tnules."  X.uurally.  only  men  who 
were  physically  capahle  of  W(irkin,i,'  under  <.rdinarv  f.actorv  con- 
ditions were  elii:ihle.  and  i!io.-e  with  some  previous  knowleds,'e 
of  mechanics  wire  preferred. 

.■Mthou.^di,  "wiiile  tlie  war  continues  there  will  proh.ihly  he 
little  dilliculty  in  findin.i,'  emiiloynient  for  iiK.-t  disahled  men  who 
are  rea-oii.il  Iv  efticient,"  the  committee  realized  that  after  the 
war,  "whatever  tlie  j^eneral  c<.ndition  of  trade  and  industry, 
employer-  will  prohahly  he  inclined  to  prefer  ahle-ho.hed  men 
for  all  processes  which  are  u-aally  carried  out  I,v  ni.de  l.ihor." 
Lookinj,'  forw.ird  to  this  situation,  tlie  I'.mployinent  ne])art- 
nient  of  the  Mini-try  of  Lahor.  in  cooperation  with  tlie  St.itutorv 
Committee.  miiKrto,,k  to  collect  information  with  re,i;ard  to  the 
proce^es  and  employment-  in  which  men  with  differ.Mit  forin.s 
of  di-;ihlement  "c</uld  render  services  as  v.aluahle  as  tho-e  of 
ahle-hodied  men."  Trade  Advi-orv  Committees,  coinpo-ed  of 
employers  and  employe-,  ;in-  i  -'.alili-hed  hv  the  L.ilior  .Mini-trv 
in  the  industrie-  selected,  and  a  separate  report  for  eacli  indu-trv 
is  i--ued,  descrihint,^  the  openint^s  in  it  for  men  of  different 
degrees  and  kinds  of  disahility,  the  positive  qualities   required 


'I 


1:1 


154 


I)l>\l'.M.Ii    ^ol.liU K- 


ANIi    -- AM  lilwS 


M 


i-^ 


i„  „,  ,iu'  natuu-  :nul  .  ^pj.  Ttunitu  ~  f.  t  tniini..^  f.  t  it.  w.-i-.-  an.l 
,„-,,-iHCt~.  :uul  ..tlR-r  ini..rman-n  uliuh  a  i"an  w-.uM  like  i- 
l,.uc  it  lu'  w.r.'  cn-Hl.Tin..'  a  new  ncaiial..  .n.  n.  .1  onmin.i;  to 
,iK„ti..n  tlK-  imancal  iiuluo.MiK'nt^  oti\r.,l  i.y  the  -..veriiiiK-nl  lo 
-n,v  .lisiMol  >..l.li.T  ..r  -ail.r  wh-  \vin  take  a  ctir^e  .•!  tram.n.i;. 
TIk.  UvA  -I  tl.e^e  Rei...n^  ui.-ii  Opei.m.L;-  in  liidu>try  builabk 
I,,,-  Di.alile.l  Sail-r-aii>l  S-ldier^  were;' 

1,      Aiien.liiit-.  at  i:ieetrieitv  SiihMati. 'ii-. 
II.      l-.iiiiilcvineiU  in   I'ietnre  Theatres. 

111.      Taik'rin.u. 

1\'       .\i,'rieultural  M-t-r  Traetor  \\..rk. 

T,  .Iral'wiih  tlie  .lithcult  (|ne^ti..M  -I  rate-  nf  ,,av  U>r  .h~al.le.l 
men,  tlie  rarlianientarv  Cunmiittee  ol"  the  Tni.le>  I  ni-n  C-n- 
^rrc^,  -atter  a  o.nfcrence  with  the  vice  cha.rnian  ol  the  Statii- 
,.,rv  Cnnnnittee,"  pa-ed  a  re^..hiti..n  that  .\.lvi-.rv  W  a,i,'es 
i;,,anU.  o-n-i^tin-  ..f  repre-entative- .f  wnrknien'- .r,u'aiu/.at.nn> 
and  cniplnver>'  :i>M,eiati..n>  in  e(|nal  prnp-ni' "-■  ^l"'"'^!  ''^'  ^■^'•'''- 
h^he.l  thn.ui,'h..ut  the  I'nited  KinKdmn.  The  o.nnimtee  >ent 
H  depntati-n  U,  the  I'.-ard  nf  Trade  tn  ur.-e  the  mrniatmn  m 
Muh  hoards,  and  earlv  in  1"17  panel-  were  prepared  a-  an  experi- 
UH-nt  in  the  twentv  lar-e-t  eitie-.  The  preei-e  fnneli..n  nt  the-e 
A.lviM.ry  \\a.ue>  r.nanl>  i>  I.,  decide  di-piite>  between  d.-char-ed 
M.ldier-  and  >ailnr>  and  tlicir  enlp^.yer^  in  individual  ca-e-.  and 
it  i-  ,.pvn  n.  any  wnrkiuan  -r  any  enipLyer  in  the  di^triet  t-  ^eek 

their  ad\  ice. 

The  principle  in  re.uard  I-  the  p.av  ..f  disd.led  men  winch  was 
e.Ni.re-.ed  hy  the  Slatnt-rv  C.ninnttee  in  it.-  re-.-hiti..n  t. .  the 
I'.dard  lit"  Traile  \v;i>  a>  f. 'll 'W.-: 

11,,,  ,„  ,,„.  „,,i„„,„  ,,,•  tl.e  o.Mi.n.tteo,  the  rate,  of  ,,av  t-  _.li~al,1e.l 
,,,1...  an.l  ^.-l.licr.  ^  nM  hear  tla-  -a.iu'  ,ir.TTli.a.  m  ,hc  rate-  ..1  |.ay  nt 
o,„„,...a,t.  aMr  In.i.ol  nur,  a-  iW  -utiu.t  .-1  th.   I.TttuT  Lear-  t.  ■  t!,at  nt  the 

■  Tn  t!u-r  Iia.l  iKan  a.i.l.- 1  l,v  -\pril,  l')18;  fnri,miro;  WmWv  i:.»^<U: 
l-,p,l  .«  I.^n,  an.l  ~!-o  ."iiku.u  -a!  rvpairm^i ;  K-l'l,  MKcr.  jeuchs.  aiM 
;         ,  1      Ink    ,.,l.l.,i«;    .U-ntal    ,ma-hanu->;    aircrau    ,„anuta.tnre.    artam 

;::;u;n:'*:;:;,n.,::^!":'::\,::l'';:,-i:;.;-    M,r,.,ure;   l.u,..Hn,  ,ra,l.;   c,.,n..r,n.; 
,,riiitniu  an.l  kiii.'u  1  iraK-;  .aiui"..!  tra.lc. 


(,i;i;ai    hiutain" 


155 


lattiT.  Where  nutpiit  can  tut  In'  the  (lociilins  fai'tor,  the  wacO'i  ^-h'HiM  hf 
(Icciilc'l  iipi.ii  I'.iimliiliiy,  l.iit  ciu  tlie  )ia'ii>  that  (h^charwi''!  ^c■llhl•r^  ami  ^ail^rs 
capaljle  "t  pi-rlornniiL;  the  \Mirk  as  etVicicntlv  as  alile-lioihcl  nun  ^h.ill  he 
panl  the  lull  rate>  ■■i  p.iy.  ...  It  is  rei'iKnizel  that  >.iine  pr-i.hali.iiiary 
luriod  may  be  iiei.i~-,ir>    I'l.r  men  entcrinK  new  trailer. 

The  |ir('iM'M(l  lizard-  ":irc  n"t  tn  iiave  ro.i^aril  Im  any  poii-ii'ii 
to  which  iIk-  man  may  al  the  time  be  c-iititlcd." 


Siil'l'U'iiu'uliiry   I',-iisii'us  an,!  Sprcuil  . ///(imDh.'.f 

Applicalii '11'^  fi'T  Mi|i])liiiii.iitary  inii-imw  am!  >|iecial  all"\v- 
aiici-.--  t"  (h>al)k'(l  men  were  handled  liy  tlie  C'a>e  Seetimi  <'t  tlie 
l)i--al)lemem>  Subcommittee,  cxcejit  iiiat  l'>eal  C'>mmiltei>  were 
autlinri/.ed  In  make  teni|)<irary  !,'rant>  diiriiii,'  a  i>iri"d  <>t  ill- 
health,  "a  pdwer  which  lia>  been  very  >ym|)atlielical!y  exerciMcl, 
and  which  has  led  to  ;i  number  "i  men  receivini,'  temin.rary 
allowances  before  they  were  able  to  return  to  Udrk  iliirinu  a 
period  of  rest  while  iiniler  siiiier\i>ion  of  their  panel  doctor, 
thoti.uh  not  iiiuIerj:;oinf;  active  treatment." 

The  api)lications  ciiii>idered  by  the  central  committee  ihroiigh 

Jiilv  4,  I'.'l",  were  as  fulluvvs: 

|-,.r  I'or 

Supplementary  Spei  i.il 

l'en»i'in  .\II'n\.ince 

Application-;  received    .'..'.>'>  .'.48') 

.\wanls  made  -I"-^  -^l- 

.\wariU   refused    -''  'i 

Not   recommenileil   hv   or   suljsequentlv    withdrawn    li\ 

local  committees   .' -■'^*>  l.'MI> 

Under  con^ideratiuii  July  4 /HI  'XjI 

In  the  majority  of  the  cases  withdrawn  by  the  local  commit- 
tees it  was  because  the  man's  ixiisioii  had  been  rea>>essi-d  atid 
was  con^itlered  sufficient,  or  becaii>e  he  had  recei\ed  treatment 
or  tr.aininj;  and  was  able  to  earn  the  additional  inconn'  needed. 
Mo^l  of  the  cases  under  consideration  on  jtily  4.  1''17.  were 
eitlier  referred  back  t<  the  local  committees  for  "ameiidmetil," 
or  were  sent  to  the  Ministry  of  lVn>ion>  foi  reconsideration, 
and  the  rot  were  assisted  temporarily  pendint:  reassessment  of 
pension  or  awartl  of  ;i  trrattiity. 


\-rf> 


|i|-Alll.i:li    ^nl.lili  !■>     \Mi    >  \ll.(Jl; 


I'lilh  iw.-lliinU  'i  till'  l^i-al  C'.ininiiUv.-  apiM  ■iiilid  a  '\kc\.A 
-ulii'  iiinnttrr  t>.  .li-i  liari^i-  tluir  (lmi>  -  wiili  r> -[R-a  I"  di-alilid 
i!i.ii.  a>  tlK\  wra-  aiuli..rizi(l  t^  <]••  \<y  iIk'  -lalutc.  WIkiIki- 
t'lK-v  I -lalili-lail  -iR-li  MilnciutiiitUi  -  '  r  ii'^l, 

1  V  t.,r  tin   i;r<-;it.T  i^ri  -I  llu   «..rk  •  1  tlu-  trc.amint  aiul  traminir  oi  .l;^al.U-<1 
in.  II  ha-   Im-n  .!-iK-     .     .     .     l.\   t:;e  1..>m1  .-miMitlo--  .     .     iiii.Ur  llir  rculi- 

',,,,,,„.  ..|  tlu-  Si,it»!..rx  C.nimntvr.  1  luv  yvM  llui-  lu-l;.  nun  wluKt  tlK\ 
u,r.'  r.n.l.r  tli.  miik  rx  U;.  .ii  -1  i.,iiu-l  .!..,t.ir-  -r  uluii  tbcy  rnimroa  .ictnr 
,r.,itTH,it  at  iii-tmiti-n-  a-  iii-iMlunl,  ..r  ,  .m-lMtif.H>.  l.n>al  .  M„„niU<'.-> 
ha.r  l.'iii  al.U-  t-  anaiiv;r  l"..r  tlu  a.lnii-i.Mi  -I  nicMi  t..  aii>  ..I  tin  ii'.il  li— 
laial-  uli.ia-  Miilal.U-  triatimnt  ooiili!  l-c  cl\tn.  aii'l  thi-r  fanlitif-.  liavv  lucn 
irc.V.  i:-i-'l.  X.u.itiali..iis  lia^c  al—  I  I'ln  in  !.r-t:rr--.  with  thv  niihtarv 
antliMitiv-  IT  tlu-  a.lmi-i.'ii  "I  the  "hmi  as  ,.u' -ii:nii'"t*  at  tin-  military 
l\..l.ital-.  TluM-  lUuntiatiMM.  ha-.i-  ho-ii  l.r.iUL;ht  t..  a  -ati-laolnr>  o^iu  lu-i.  .ii 
hii  !')!7I.  WlATf  irtatineiit  .>lher  than  thai  uhi>h  o  iiM  he  .i;i\fii  at  tlic 
|,,-.|.nal-  lia-  I'ln  n-iiinriMl.  the  Staiiit-r>  (  ..miinttn-  l'a\c  a-ked  that  iiartuii- 
lars  .1  till'  -imi^iMr.l  iiistitiiti-n-  a:  .1  a  «ilu-Mio  cl  treatmcm  -h.itil.l  hf  Mih- 
niiit.'!.  When-  iMiiiiiiittiTs  have  Mihinitt.-.l  -ilumi'-  -.h.iuini:  Miitahlf  h— i'":''- 
,T  o.iuali-ci-iit  h-itu's  wliich  they  lU'-iuM  t..  n~c.  t'.u^v  -dicim-  ha.<-  hcf" 
ai.in- -wl.  an.l  the  .  ■  inmitti  l-,  Iiim-  then  hriii  ahlf  t..  -fiul  any  (lisililcl  nun 
■I  t!u:r  anas  f..r  r  •  atiiicnt  to  tlii-s.-  institnti..ns  without  furtluT  rtttr.iMi- 
•,.  till-  Slati;nM->  (  .  HHiiittci-,  wli..  iliil  n"t  ilcMrc  t-  liaxe  tn  appr-M'  .1  tlu- 
;.rr.:n-;inii-iit-    I'^r   iii.li\  i<liial  la-cs. 

Ill  tlu-  -ainr  \\  IV  lin-al  c< 'iilillilti'o  wiTc  iiiviti-il  t"  -illmiit 
sihiim's  -l"  iraiiiiiii,'.  "a'l'l  tlicii^'li  llu-y  have-  fmiiK'  ■lifiiculty  m 
ir.'iniii':  sticli  siin-'iiii-~.  a  iiiiiiil)(.'r  liavr  Iki-ii  ajipn  ivol. 

Ri'lMTts  tri'in  alM'til  tWM-tliinU  nf  the  l^cal  ci  mitiiittif--  sh..\v 
that  u\)  U>  ]uw  30.  1"17,  they  had  ,L;raiitv(l  alMHit  7.240  apiilica- 
tl,  II-  tor  tri-attmnt.  and  1  .NOO  t.T  traiiim.c.  Fi<:iirc>  U<r  llie 
year  I'Mii  iiiihcali-  that  inn-t  cf  the  appHcatinii-^  nf  butli  M.n^ 
■Acre  •■- ranted, ■'  iiuhuliiig  the  >iii.t;le  -ne  hT  iraininj;  tliat  liad 
lieiii  made  in  Ireland. 

liiif^frtoiiCi-  cf   the   Load  Coiujiiilli-i-s 

It  inttst  already  he  clear,  fn  .ni  the  descrii.li.ni  nf  the  ]>rocee(U 

in'4s  "i  the  Siattii"rv  ( 'i  .nitnittee  ,•(<  well  a-  irfiii  the  fnnctimis 

asM-iied  t.'  the  I'Cal  c  iiniiiittees  hv  the  -tatiite.  iliat  "the  hulk 

,,!  tile  \\.  rk  itnder  the  aet  <'t   1"1.^"  nni-i  he  perl-nned  hy  them. 


(.id,  \l     l;i;liMN-  \r, 

They  are  tlie  part  nf  tlir  in.icliiiuTy  witli  wliicli  tlu-  itvlix  iihi.il  >'l- 
diiT  III"  sailer  cimiu'»  m  luiuait.  Tlu'  Statulnry  ( 'uniiniltii',  in  tlirir 
ri|Mi|-t.  "laii  imt  b"'  uartnly  (.■xprc^^  tliiir  a|ii)reciati"ii  "i  tin 
\va\  ill  wliicli  till'  iiRiiilur^  of  tlK-i.'  ci iniiiiittci'>  and  llicir  -uli 
I'Minniiltii'^  \vA\<.-  workid  in  tlic  intcre-t>  of  the  >ailor  and  -ol,Uer 
and  thi'ir  (Ki)rnilint>." 

The  local  coniniiltees  are  very  much  like  the  district  coniniit- 
tee>  of  a  charity  or,!,'anization  >ociity  in  luij^laiid  or  tiie  I'niui! 
Slates,  both  in  the  re])re>entati\  e  cliaracter  of  their  nKiiil>er-h:ii 
.and  ill  their  metln'ids  of  work.  Tlie  committee--  .and  llieir  paid 
st.alf  prolirdily  include  a  l.irt^e  proportiiin  of  ihe  ''volunteer"  and 
the  ■■profe>>ioiial"  'Soci.d  worker^"  of  the  couiiti\-.  It  i-  >aid 
th.it  the  re|)reseiUatives  of  lalior  ori^'.iniz.itioiw  and  of  l,.cal  offi- 
ciaN  h;i\e  not.  ;i>  ;i  matter  of  fact,  taken  .in  acti\e  p.irt  in  tlie 
Work  of  the  local  conimitteo.  hut  liiat  in  most  ci^cs  the  ^.inie 
people  who  were  doinj,'  the  work  iiefore  the  creation  ni  tiu' 
Statutory  ("ommittee  continued,  to  do  it  under  the  new  name,  a^. 
for  that  matter,  they  h.ave  continued  to  do  it  under  the  .lu^pice^ 
of  the  Ministry  of  l'en--ion>  >iiice  the  Statutorv  (  ouuuittee  wriit 
out  of  e.\i>lence.  \'o  d.juhl  tlii-  continuity  of  ])er>onnel  in  the 
local  machinery  h.as  |ire\eiited  liie  cli.ini;e>  in  policv  :i~  to  over- 
head admiiiistr.ition  from  c.iu>in,i;  ;i>  much  inconvenience  .and 
irrigation  as  mijjht  have  heeti  expected. 

As  to  the  way  in  which  the  local  committees  have  di>cli.iri,'ed 
their  duties,  the  Statutory  Committee  s.ays: 

There  i.s  rtn  tloulit  th,it  tliey  li.ive  licen  s>in[).ithctic  .liid  (^cm.■ro^|^^  i|i-- 
poscd.  and  po.ssihly  in  S'ltiu'  iiistaiui-*  Mate  fiiiuls  have  boon  ti>.i  frool>  ox- 
ponded;  Init  tlie  Statutory  Cimmittoo  hehcvc  that  Kcnerally^  monil)or^  ..f 
the  local  committees  li.ne  ondeav.ired  to  adliere  to  the  regulation^,  to 
pay  what  is  fair,  and  not  tn  let  their  kindly  instincts  lead  them  into  o.\tr,u,i- 
eant  payrrjcnts  at  the  nation's  expense 

The  money  payments  made  hy  l.nal  committees  do  not  by  any  in(:i!i, 
represent  the  whole  of  their  w.irk.  They  act  as  the  advisers  of  claim.iiits  f  .r 
pensions,  etc,  write  on  their  behalf  to  pavmasters  and  pension  authorities, 
nnd  help  them  when  there  are  delays  or  dilTKulties  \vhi>  Ii  require  adr.i-tinen!. 


It  is  easy  to  underst.and  th.it  tlie  pojtu  of  view  of  the  central 
committee  as  to  what  constitute-  e\ira\a.t,Mtit  expenditure  miolu 


158 


M^  \l;l  I  ||    >i  il  Mil  i:~     \Mi    ^  \ll.lil;S 


III  >t  III'  tlio  '^aiiu  :i-  tbat  <■{  llu  ("inuiitUi-  wliull  w  Ci'ilHiKrin;; 
till'  tutil-  "1  iiuln  ulu.il  iM-i-  I'li'li.iliK  iluTi-  w.t-  a  \,irn.i\  '■[ 
rxulKiua'  ,iiii"iii;  the  .^HJ  l.ii.il  ci 'iiiiiiiltci-.  in  "-pili-  "I  llic  -laiitl- 
ardi/.iii;;  ilitliii  iKi' I'l  llii  nuiilali'  ii- ami  iii-iKi.ti"ll- i  I  llic  Statii- 
tiifv  (  i.niniiuii-.  Si'iiu-  ii'>  il"iilil  ailnl  witli  ninrc  wi-ddii  and 
nii'Tc  tiHia;\'  and  iifi'i'  rc-i'iircciiiliu-^  tliaii  '■rlui-.  I'ri'lialiK . 
toil,  tlkic  was  iiU'rc  dilVRuliy  till  lucally  al  the  tiiiii'  "t  tran-i- 
lii'ii  than  was  (.'vidtut  t>>  the  niiU'ti-  ciiilral  nliici'  in  Loiidi'ii. 

Aiii'.ni;  tlu'  ai>iniidu'i'^  t"  the  ri|M.t-t  "i'  Uk*  Stalnl'Tx  (■oiiiniit- 
tci-  I-  a  -ili-it  11.11  ■if  (.xtract.^  Irciii  fc|"al>  <>{  tin-  "in-initi  t-  it 
aiaipiuii-."  (  )iilv  two  of  tho-.i'  (iiioied  n.t\r  ^]ii(.ili<.alls  to  the 
part  of  the  work  which  Ciiicini^  lis  Cm.'  of  thciii  >a\>  in  rcjjard 
to  ih>al)kcl  iiKii: 

I  .liar. illy  I  cm  rt|inrt  itint  those  ra-c;  nc{  every  attemi"n.  Sninc  coni- 
miltee^  have  a<i  >ct  waited  until  an  apiilkation  !•;  made  hefnre  iM\estl^;atin^r, 
I'Ut  I  Inid  that  a  imuh  larger  |iri.|Mirtiiin  ..f  (hs^har^;ed  men  are  now  re^:l«- 
terinK'  Ihere  i>  a  ijillKidty  in  per'-uaduii;  men  In  o.n~id(r  training,  mi'-t 
partunlarly  s<i  in  the  cidhery  districts,  hut  tlie  das'-  of  nun  ^ellniK  di-- 
chari;cd  now  i>  often  superior  and  more  willint;  to  eon>ider  traaiin^;  ..nd 
treatment.  .\nil  the  v^ife  will  have  something  to  say  now,  as  the  new  aIlo« 
ames  jnit  her  in  clover  whilst  her  man  is  away  undergoing  training'  .  r 
treatment. 

The  last  sentence  refers  to  the  financial  inducements  provided 
in  the  new  warrant  of  March.  1*'17,  wiiich  will  he  de^crihed 
below  in  connection  with  the  work  of  the  Ministry  of  Pensions. 

The  other  inspector  says: 

On  the  disaMemeiit  question,  there  is  nnirh  spa<Ic  work  li  Ic  n  .'ic 
Many  committees  do  ri'  t  reali/e  the  necessity  for  taking  this  aspect  of  tlic 
work  seriously.  The  ^I'neral  idea,  which  seems  to  he  far  too  prevalent,  is 
that  when  a  man  has  hecn  ^iven  monetary  assistance,  or  if  immediate 
einploymiiU  has  been,  found  foi'  him,  his  position  has  been  satislactonly 
dealt  with. 

Work  of  the  Statutory  Committee  in  IQX'J 

Most  of  the  constructive  work  which  should  stand  under  tlic 
name  of  the  Statutory  (."ommiltee  was  accom])lislu(l  in  the  >in;,de 
ye.ir  hefore  the  Mini>try  of  Pensions  entered  upon  Iin  duties. 
The  l.ist  niontlis  of  ihe  committee's  life  were  occupied  mainly 


I'  ,f 


m^B^s^^m^^s^^a^^ae: 


'ir-SSJ^^li'-i.. 


v>?L --IflErl? -.5  .Jfeii-v-^    ■'•  ; 


r.KI.A  1      I'.I.I  I   \IN' 


\:  > 


Willi  .■uliii^titijj  it>('Il'  tA  iIk-  1  \v  ^iciiiticii,  I'liiipi !  itint:  li.\i  'v 
Willi  till'  Miiu^tir  I't  i'lii^ii'ii^  ii-  wi'iki!'.;^  cut  -I'liK-  "i  lli  iniin.r- 
i.iiil  k'atiins  I'l  ilk-  luw  ;irr;in),'<iiu!ii  ■  aiiil  tiu-  -rlii'iiii-  hi  \k-u- 
^\<u-  wliiili  w.i>  |iri'iiuil),'at(tl  in  iIk  ~|>riiij,'  nt  1''17.  i  arrx  iiiu  ii 
it-  (liiiiiiii-lnd  ii-^iH.n--il)ilili(.s,  ami  n  hutaiitlv  ci'iiiiiij,'  tii  the 
iiiiirlu-nii  that  it  i.  .ul<l  In-t  ^i  r\  c  the  c.m-c-  ii>v  wliiili  it  was 
iiaatfil  hy  withdraw  iiij,'  tri'iii  tiii'  <C(.in.-.  Il(iw  this  (.aiiii.'  ali'Ut 
will  ln'  (If-iril)i-(l  in  the  lu-xt  sittii'ii. 

(  >iK-  luw  uiKlirtakiiij,'  in  I'M"  iK-erxes  td  Uc  iiiaicid.  In 
Ma\  the  i--iie  "t  a  monthly  ■■"r;,'an"  wa-  t)ei,'r.ii.  eliiell\  a-  a 
iiuaiis  (if  iiiliiniiatiiiii  {or  the  lineal  e^ 'ir'niitees.  'ilii-  i  dUd 
the  War  J'riisiiiit.\'  (,'a~i-lt,\  and  it-  iiulilieatii 'ii  ha>  heii  i"ti- 
timied  since  the  ci>n)tnittee  went  "iit  it  e\i>tiiKe.  It  i>  a  .alu- 
aliie  little  ])ai)er,  ci'iitaiiiin},'  each  nicnth  an  article  hv  sonic  wtll- 
kiinwn  man  as  a  leatler,  news  item-  aiul  review  i  ci  inlereiices 
and  piihlicatinns,  the  laie>t  dr\  eli '|>tiuiit-  in  j  ir'iimentarv  di-- 
cii— ii'ii  nf  (|nesti(ins  reiatinj;  to  ]Knsion-.  the  ex|>eriences  of  some 
(Pile  local  coniinittcc,  a  department  it  (|nestioiis  and  an-wer-. 
and  one  for  corresixindence.  it  i-  ]iiinte(!  on  cliea]'  paper,  hut 
in  i^'ood  type,  so  that  it  has  a  di;;nitied  and  authoritative  look; 
it  Contains  sixteen  pafjes  or  so;  and  tlu  prii  •  is  one  peiinv.  The 
motto  it  hears  is  a  sentence  from  Linci  ln'>  inan>,'ural  address  of 
1)^65:  "Let  US  finis'h  the  work  we  are  in.  to  liiiul  up  tl.e  nation'-, 
wounds,  to  care  for  him  who  -hall  have  borne  lue  battle,  and 
for  his  widow  and  his  orphans." 

Accomf'Ushitinits  of  the  Statutory  Commi'tcc 

The  stronfjcst  impression  after  revicwinjj  the  work  c\  the 
Statutory  Committee  is  one  of  admiration  for  what  it  wa-  able 
to  accomplish  in  the  f.ice  of  the  difficulties  under  which  it  oper- 
;ited.  When  these  difficulties  arc  appreciated — the  financi.al  jirob- 
leins.  the  anomalous  status  of  the  committee,  the  lack  of  suit.ihle 
offices,  the  difficulty  in  .t^ettin),'  toj^vther  a  -taff.  the  varietv  of 
new  (jiiestions  demandinj;  decision  at  once — the  short  year's 
work  looks  exceedini,dy  credit.ahle.  The  committiv  ni.iv  have 
appeared  "timid"  or   unnecessarily   "cautious"   to  an   impatient 


T^FME^m^^M 


~^3^Z£^3r^ 


-im^s.  ^£?Mi-x^^»rj?=«-  V3:^s 


\w 


hi- \'il.l,li    >iil.l)ll.l<^     VM'   >\II,M|'S 


(..mitrs.  Imt  u  iii.,\  !»■  tliat  tlii-  .li-.iii-rnU' 'ii  -li-iil.!  lia\r  Ii'-'ii 
,l,r,.ic.l  i..«,,nl  ih.  iniMlaiiuiital  irr-i-..!  jii'l-iiu-m  in  I'ailu- 
imiil  i.illu  1-  than  I-wanl  i!k'  wav  in  wlmli  lln'  MaHit..r\  (  ■■ni- 
inilU'f  itMlt  tiillill.Ml  tlu'  (lutii-  inii".-nl  npnii  it  witli  llic 
n-Miiiaa-  at  ii-  r..iimiaii.l  and  niul.r  tlir  c  .lulitiuii-  in  \\h\d\  it 
W.I-   I'lai"  >l. 

■|Ik-  fniDiittic  i-.'.-lU  'li'l  -■  nnuh  t-uar.l  w.-rkm-  "nt  ;i 
nati-iial  ->-tnn  <<i  iarr  t-r  tlu-  <li-aMr,l.  in  -i.it.-  ..i  •  ■l.-la.l.-. 
tliat  lluv  ,ilin--t  -run  f.  lia\r  i.iil  in  ilic  wroiiL;  th.-  i.r'.i.K'  wli" 
l"Mr>-aw  ih.'-^  i.K-ia.Ir-  and  waild  iia\i'  ta.Mii..\>d  tlit-ni.  In  la.i. 
It  ajiiK-arrd  that  "th.-.-  thr.  r  \,r\  [.r^'unant  Inir-"  >>i  the  act  ..| 
I'll?  uhiil)  Mr.  Ilavt-  1  i-hcr  dct.iidid  t..  the  irritation  <■( 
nialiv  \\\\"  \\<ia-  an\i"ii-  ihal  ni-rc  -h.  aild  he  d.  HU'  l-r  thr  .h- 
.,t,|rd.  dal  alt.r  all  pr.  .vide  ia  iTythiiii:  ihal  c  .uld  Ik-  dt-iied. 
I.ikr  iiianv  -Ih.  1-  laiilty  plan-,  it  work.-.l  h.-tliT  th.m  it  -h-nld 
haM-  u.ak.d.  'rh.-.-  wh"  w.r.'  rc-i"  ■n-il.k-  l.  t  ni;ikin-  thr  hc-t 
1. 1'  it  inav  1m-  .  \i-ii-L-d  I'.r  ih.-ir  natural  .k-in-  t..  ho  alb'We-.l  t.p 
.arrv  .'ii  ih.ir  plan-  .-ilLr  th.-v  lia.l  -m-in.  .uiit.il  tin-  wT-t  -t 
til.-  dilVKiilti.--.  and  ih.-v  nm-t  h.-  a.hnir.-d  I'-r  th.-  -pint  m  uhuli 
tlu-\   i-onlrihnt.-.l  I"  tlk-  la-k  ..t"  tli.-ir  succi'-'-r-. 

\\  h.it  thi-  ...innmi.-c  ;ui"ini)li-lK-il  was  V>  .-lahli-h  ihc  prin.-:- 
pK-  i.f  i--npi-rati"ii  unions  :ill  oxistinu  aui-nci.--.  piililic  ami  iiriv.-it.-. 
I'.T  the  pn.\i.iMii;  .-I  ta.ilui.--  l-r  truatnioiU.  i'<r  traiiiins,'.  an.l 
t.r  placins,'  in  .-nipli  ■>  ini-nt ;  t-  inl1n.-iicc  dcfid.-dly  tlu-  kiiul  ..f 
l;nilitii-s  which  -liuiil.l  Ik-  .illcr.-.l  hy  the  variwu-  pnhlic  an.l 
priv.-itc  aKcnci.-:  t"  -ketch  the  ..utliue  ..f  a  nati.'iial  -y-t.-m;  to 
(r..it.-  a  network  ..f  l-cal  cinniittees  acting'  in  a  ^'ener.il  wav. 
,it  lea-t,  ..M  c 'innion  principle-,  hut  with  rei,'ard  t'-  L 'Cal  con.h- 
ti-n-  an.l  in.livi.lual  tue.l-:  in  >li'irt,  t-  lay  a  t.  .uiidali.  .n.  h-th 
in  the. -rv  an.l  in  ei|uipineiit.  w-hich  ha-  ii"t  yet  heeti  di-carde.l. 

■rilll;|,  l'i:i<lu|i:     MlM-ruVnl-   rK\SInNS— SlMi:  J  VMAkV.   I'U" 

The   ].re-ent   pha-e   may   Ik-   rei,':irde.l   a-   hei,'innin,u  with   the 

i--t.-ii>li-liineiil    .'I    the    new    Mini-try    ..1     IVn-ion-    in  January. 

I'M/",  althouudi  tlu-  Statutory  C.-niniittee  continued  in  existence 

through   the    loll  .win^  .\u,<,'u-t. 


(.KlAI     111(1  IAIN 


161 


\\  lu-n.  in  (Vt'>lnT,  I'M'i.  tlu'  >;nviTuinfnt  aiiii"iiiictil  tli;il  .i 
lull  wi'iilil  hi-  l)ri'ii^,'lit  ill  t"  c-talili«li  a  IVii-icti-  l'."ar(l  uinlcr 
I'lK'  (it  till-  ixi^titi'.;  Mmi^tru'^.  the  Siatiiti'ry  (  ■  iiniiiitti'i.'  t'^'k  a 
lf;.'itimati-  iiitiri'-i  .iiiil  a>kt(l  inr  an  ii|i|i. ,rMiiiity  (!•  i\|iri's>  tlu'ir 
\n.us  ell  tile  pri'iM  ^ali  alU-itiii);  tlii-ir  j)<  ■>ilii  ni.  'llii'-  rei|iu«t 
was  j,'raiite(l.  i\i|)ri'»tiitati\i>  (■{'  tiie  I'c 'tuiiiitlec  liad  tw"  iiii>  r- 
views  witli  Mr.  Artluir  liiiuliT^i'n.  \\1im  jiad  ciiarm-  nt  tin-  lull, 
ami  till.-   toiliAviii),'  letter  \va^  addressed  tn  tiie   I'riine   Minister: 

SiR  The  Statutory  frimmittcc  I>ri,'  t.i  tliank  yu  It  accnliHK  to  tin-  r  ri'- 
(|iu»t  that  tlK'>  *liiiiilil  111-  ttiailc  aii|iiaiiitci|  «illi  the  iiriip^sals  ..t  the  kiuitm- 
nuMit  vi.ith  rfwaril  tn  |l(■n^ilr^s.  Mr.  .\rtluir  llindcrs'.ii  has  itiM-t  cimrtei>ii-l> 
e\|ilainiMl  !■■  some  "I  "iir  mtnil'iT^  that  the  n'HiTmneiit  ilc-irc  to  f-irm  ,i 
JViiv|..iis  Hoard  and  tli.it  the  Statutory  C'oumiilti'i  >hoiild  liatid  over  to  th,,i 
iKiard  the  adniiiii>tration  <if  tlie  lailk  r.|  ihnr  -.iiiipletneiitary  pcn«ioin  f  r 
the  army.  The  lommittee  ha\c  lueu  at  work  a  httle  oM-r  trt\e  months,  and 
tliey  have  earried  out  the  duties  imposed  upon  thini  hy  r.irlianictit.  Loi-.d 
committee'i  are  now  formed  throii«liout  the  Kin«dom  with  the  exreption  .,i 
a  few  plaees  in  Ireland;  (jreat  pains  and  eare  ha\e  heen  e.xpcnded  on  the 
drafting  I'f  recnlations.  whuh  liave  licin  suhmitted  to  I'arliamsiit  ami  kiii- 
erally  approved;  the  tran»feren<  e  I'f  tlie  work  previously  done  hy  \.iUinlar> 
Societies  to  the  new  lomtniltecs  has  heen  etTectecI  without  frietion  and  «:tli 
mutual  Koo<I  will,  and  there  has  liecn  no  liitih  in  the  arrannenirnts ;  at  a  titiic 
when  ordinary  stat?  is  unprocuraMc  the  eoininittec  have  (gradually,  with  the 
help  of  voluetecrs.  huilt  up  an  orKaiiization.  and  many  of  their  own  inemher-, 
have  devoted  their  time  to  ailmini-trative  wurk. 

The  committie  would  wish  that  the  Kovernnuiit  would  allow  them  to 
carry  out  the  work  for  which  they  hr.ve  so  carefully  prepared,  and  they 
believe  there  w  niM  he  Rreat  advantage  in  tlie  supplementary  pensions  based 
on  individual  needs  heiiig  admini»tcri-d  liy  an  independent  committee  repre- 
sentative of  all  sections  of  the  CiJitimunity.  and  that  these  pen-ions  should 
be  kept  separate  from  the  flat  rate  pensions  claimeil  by  all  alike.  They 
realize  that  the  War  Office  had  many  difficulties  in  administeriiii;  the  flat 
rate  pension,  and  that  there  was  need  of  a  thoroujjh  reortani/ation  and 
they  recognize  that  of  late  a  marked  improvement  has  been  effecteil. 

They  feel  that  their  object  and  that  of  the  Kovernment  is  tlio  same.  ti'r.. 
to  insure  that  the  best  possible  measures  shall  be  taken  for  the  benel'it  of  the 
men  who  have  fought  for  their  country.  Consequently,  if  the  Cabinet  <lecide 
that  they  desire  the  committee  to  hand  over  the  portion  of  their  work  sug- 
gested above,  they  are  willing  to  cooperate  loyally  with  the  Pensions  Hoard 
in  such  a  way  as  the  government  may  direct  The  corrmittee  understand 
from  Mr.  Henderson,  and  attach  to  the  assurance  the  greatest  impiirtance. 
that  adequate  funds  will  be  placed  at  their  disposal  by  the  Treasure  for  the 
discharge  of  the  various  duties  which  will  be  left  to  them,  but  they  venture 
to  express  the  hope  that  at  least  as  liberal  pensions  will  be  awarded  by  the 


•:m£/'^m^^mr.'^&-^'^i€,g'^asa^vm 


16  J 


!'l^  MM. Ml    Slil.lill-kS    AMI    S  MI.OKS 


I.  ..rd    ,-1-    ll.c    i..ininli!ir    li.nl    |ir.  ip. -i 'I    m    llic    rtxul.iti"ii.-    ullich   tlicy    lia\  l- 
i--i;i '!  .illir   \cv.    vjii.ii   lliiri-'lil   .nnl  (.urc. 

I  .,111.  -  r,  }■  iir  .  I.i.luir,  ■-iT\aiil,  A.  Wuiiv.  I.iciil.-C'h'ii,!. 

.Ijllhl    ,S,  ,  li/i/rv. 

TiiK  Kt.  1I..N,   !i.  II,  .\-.j' nil,  M.P. 

I'n'in  till-  il  ;iii|n;ir-  tliat  tin.'  cniiiniitti'i',  wIkUimt  it-  nriyinal 
ami  ]n.r-i'iKil  view-  a-  \'>  tin-  wi-dmn  of  tlie  iiriiiciplc-  iukKtIn  iii.i,- 
tlu-  f-t.ilili-liiiUTl  "f  thrir  lii'tly  aiiii  ■•i'  -nim-  <>(  it-  Icaiurr-.  li.id 
at  K;i-l  liffoiiU'  ri-fiiKikMl  t^^  the  -elinm- — a-  will  tliev  nii^ht— 
I)V  (lint  >'i  the  l"\al  efl'i'fl  tlu'\'  liail  i  \]kiuK'(1  ill  1 1\  eri-dHiiti.i,'  llic 
(ili-taele-  ami  iiiakiii.i;  it   wurk. 

The  liiU  w;i-  aiiieiuKd  -c  a-  V<  e-talili-li  an  iiule|ien(lem  Min- 
i-tcr  el  i'e:i-i'  i.~.  m-te;al  "I  a  lizard  in  •  ^ne  "l  the  exi.-lill.ii 
<leiiart!iiei)t-.  and  reeei\(.(l  the  lv'\al  A— eni  "ii  1  kcciilljer  22, 
1916. 

Miiiislry  of  I'riisii'ii.s-  .Ul.    loin 

The  iinii|M.>e  of  the  statute  (  Mini-try  i.f  reii-ii.ti-  .\cl.  l'^16: 
ti  and  7  liei..  .^.  (  h.  I'r  )  i-  -taird  in  the  n|iinin'^  parauraiih  t"  he 
":■'  r,n:f\  ihr  .■.dinini-trati' 'n  "\  -luh  iKii-i-n-.  ^'ra!it>,  and  allow- 
anvi  -  .1-  an    iui-cinaller  nieiiiii  •ned." 

'1  he  Iiiiu'lM'U--  '  I  thr  new  Mini-te,-  are  defimd  a-  lullnws: 

J.  il  Tliin  •-liiiU  If  iran-firrnl  t"  tlio  Miiii-lcr  nf  I\-ii-i"ii.  - 
I.I'  Till'  i...\\vr.-.  aii'l  .Iiilir,  ..f  till-  .\.lmir,illy  uitli  ri-inil  t.  iicii-inm 
am!  ;.!.iiil-  !'■  1"  r-"U-  uli"  Ikim-  ^irx.'.l  a^  i>rti.  <t-  ■'!■  im-n,  .in>!  '■'  tlu'ir  umIow*, 
cliililrcn.  .unl  ..tlui"  .Ii']K-ii'li-m-.  aii'l  t-i  )»^■..lll^  \\h.<:  !i.m-  I  .  ni  tni)ilnMMl  in 
tlu-  iiur^im;  ~i-ivhl-  !■!  .ni)  ■I  lii^  M.ih-i>'-  ii.ix.il  l.rii-~.  i'.Iut  iliaii  -ervicc 
]„.  -.-I.,!!-.  ..,  I'.ir  .1-  -U'li  |"n-ii'n>  .ui'l  L;raii!~  .ire  |i.i>.iMi'  "lU  la  in"iH\-  \iTn- 
\i.!i-il  1  :•  I'.irli.iMHiil.  ami  ii-e  lU'iviilcl  iMlii-i\cI>  f'.r  llic  imr|i'.-<-  i.l  (.rccii- 
u  u  !i   1 1.  -I'ilal  : 

(!.|  '  IR-  jiiuMr-  aii'l  'lulKS  "f  tlu-  ('  'iiiiiii^^i"iHTs  .  t  llii'  K^val  Ilns- 
l>ital  !■  :■  -ntili- 1  .11  (.  luKtM  v.iili  ro-i'iit  t..  llu  i;r.iiil  aihl  ailiiiini>lr.ili..n  .if 
cl:-.ilii".i;y  inT,si.-ii-  and  ti  .uil>;  .iilur  lluir.  in  ]i<iim,  ,n- ; 

(c»  TIk'  |i'.\viT*  ail''  'hitics  .it  tlu  \riii'.  1  iiiiiK-il  and  llii-  .'^forotary  of 
State  fnr  till-  War  I'lj  liiu-m  willi  ns'f't  I"  I'rn-i.m-  and  i;ranl-  I"  iior- 
sc'U-  nlfii  liaM  -trvi-il  .,.  ..Itici-r-  r  v,.Ic1ut^.  and  !■'  tluir  uid.'V.-,  cliildrtii, 
and  I'tlier  dqiciidcnt-.  and  tn  pcr^.ins  wlin  li.nr  liciii  vnii>l..,\fd  in  tlv  nnr-in>; 
MTV  ice  I'f  anv  nl  liis  .M.vji-^ty'-  military  f"rci'<.  lilhcr  tli.iii  -itmoc  )icii-i"n-; 
\iid  Id-  Mait'-ty  iii,i>  l>  .'rdir  in  o  iiiiril  ni.iki'  -luli  .idaiil.itinn  -  in  tlio 
iii.n  inurt-  iilalini;  !■■  siudi  imui  rv  and  diilii'-  a-  alnrt'-aid  a-  may  lie  ncccs- 
^.lrv   to   niakc-    i-.sci  ri-alile    l'>    tin.    Minister   and    his   oKker-   the    powr?    ar.d 


(;i;i:\i    r.KiiAiN 


l(o 


ihitics  of  tlic  several  aiil!u>ritiis  alii.\c  nu-iiti.  iicd  ami  tlu-ir  ■.tVi     '<.  ami  may 
ti\   ihf  time  nr  tiuus  a-    t'rum   uluch   the   -ner.il   i..iv\er>   ;■  ':,ii'i   arc  to 

lie  iraii'ferreil  tn  llie  Mim^ler. 


Relations  -.^'itli   tlir  Statiitory  Coiiiinitt, 

It  was  I'litcinplatid  tliat  tho  SialuliTv  Cumiiiitfi.-  would  con- 
limic  ti'  ixiTcL^c  its  urij^'iiial  luiRtinii-,  hut  iiiukr  ilu-  new  Miii- 
i-tcr: 

,\  Tile  )H.«er^  am!  duties  of  (he  Stalutory  Cimimtteo  iimler  tlic  Xaval 
.iiiil  Military  War  Peii^iMUs,  ,.)(■.,  Ait.  !''15.  shall  lie  exereived  ami  perfcirmeil 
li>  that  enmmittee  under  the  rotund  nf,  atui  in  aieordame  with,  the  itistriK- 
ti'iiv  c>f  the  Minister  of  I'eiisioii~.  and  tlic  .'■  itiilory  C'i>niimttie  -hall  render 
tn  the  Minister  (if  I'eiisinns  advice  and  a-sislaiue  in  re-jiect  "1  any  matter 
on  uhich  -lull  advice  and  a-si-tance  i-  rerjiie-led  hy  the   Minister. 

4,  The  local  cominitties  con-titntid  under  the  N'aval  and  Military  War 
I'en-ioiis.  etc.  .\ct.  1915.  shall,  at  the  iii-laiice  of  (he  .\liiii-ter  of  I'eii-loii-, 
e\erci-e.  «ith  respect  to  pen-ions  and  i.;rants  admini-tered  Iv  that  .\Iini-ler. 
,i11  -nch  ftinctioiis  a-  to  iiii|niriii>;,  reportini;.  colKctinu:.  and  Inrni-him;  infor- 
mation, inakinj;  recommendations  and  di-trihiitini;  i^iants.  a-  hy  the  -aid 
act  are  exerci-ahlc  hy  those  committees  at  the  in-taiice  of  the  Statutory 
t  omniiltee. 

Mr.  (i.  X.  Rami's,  a  member  i<\  tlie  enmmittee,  was  a])pointc(l 
ti'  the  new  pert  Inlii  I.  'j'lie  enmmittee  ,i--iireil  .Mr.  ilariies  nl 
their  desire  to  eonper.ite  in  every  [lo^-ihle  w;iv,  and  in  coiiler- 
eiiee  a  iiicdiis  I'l^criiuili  wa-  .•i;;reed  iiiH.n. 

It  was  hoped  that  the  .'statntory  Oiminiltec  conld  still  render  useful 
service,  and  the  arranjjemeiits  ahovc  referred  to  stemeil  to  at'ord  ;i  hasis  on 
which  they  could  work  in  loyal  cooper. ition  with  the  Mini-ter.  As  time  went 
on.  however,  it  was  found  hy  the  Minister  that  he  desired  more  direct  contrid 
over  the  treatment  and  training  of  disahird  men.  and  that  commiinicatioM- 
from  local  comiuittees  were  freipiently  luade  to  him  direct,  and  tlioii;^li  the 
cordial  relations  hetwceii  the  Minister  and  the  committee  had  never  Keen 
impaired  the  administrative  (lifTiculties  proved  so  >;reat  that  on  llie  l''tli  of 
April  the  committee  wrote  the  following  letter  to  the  Prime  Mini-ter: 

Sir:  I  am  directed  hy  the  War  Pensions,  etc.  Statutory  Coiumittee  to  state 
that  they  have  carefully  considered  their  present  position  and  the  way  in 
which  the  functions  intrusted  to  them  hy  the  Naval  and  Military  War  Pen- 
sions, etc.  Act.  1913.  can  hest  he  performed,  regard  hein^r  had  to  the  estah- 
lishiTient  of  the  Ministry  of  Pensjr.ns.  They  have  cotue  to  the  conclusion  that 
in  the  puMic  interest,  and  also  in  tli.it  of  tho-<-  for  vvho^e  heiielit  the  Statu- 
tory Committee  were  constituted,   it  is  desirahle  tliat  their   functions  should, 


I 


U)4 


i)is\i'.i.i;ii  SDi.niKUs  and  saii.dh.s 


iM.lifii-ati"ii*.    l.( 


truiHterrt'il   to   the   Mill  ner   o( 


suliject    to    the   ni.cts'-ary 

Pension'.  . 

\ccor.hnt;lv.  at  thfir  mrctiiii?  toMay.  Uu-v  passcl  a  re-ohition  to  thi-  (.-tte.t, 
and  .limte.l  tliat  copK^s  of  it  slioiiUl  be  =ent  to  y,u  aii.l  to  tlic  Tensions 
Ministir. 

Tht  ri-olmion  is  as  follows: 

That  111  the  opinion  of  the  Statutory  Committee  the  time  has  arrive,! 
uli.n  their  fun.t.on-  ini.ler  the  Nawil  an.l  M.hiary  War  '  «-•";';;"-;•;;: : 
Act.  1''15,  -IwuU:  Mi'je.t  to  ihc  iRCc.^ary  mo.hhcat.oiis.  he  Iraii-lirri.l 
to  the  Miiii'tvr  oi    r<.nM..n> 

.\,  v,.ii  ai  ■  aivare.  th,  a.t  of  1'J15  ua^  pa^-ed  -to  make  hotter  provision 
as  to  the  pens,,, '.v.  ^;rant-,  and  all^uaiuc^  .,  de  ,n  reMK-t  ,„  the  present 
„ar  to  .,tli..r>  md  mtn  in  the  naval  and  military  servue  -I  his  .\Iaje>t:.  and 
their  dependvnts,  and  th.-  ear,-  .f  ^^iVurr.  and  men  di.ahled  m  c..iim.|iuiuc 
,,f  the  pre-eiit  war.  and  for  the  |ii.rp,....  omiiecteil  therewith,  and  it  i-r.- 
M,k-d  for  the  constitutwii  of  tlic  Statntory  Committee  with  a  view  to  yniim 
itTcct  t-  the  otijcet^  of  the  art. 

The  niemhers  of  the  committee  willingly  accepted  appointment,  ar-'  tliey 
have  done  their  he-t  I  i  carrv  ont  their  functions  and  to  fnnlier  the  interc-t. 
of  tho-e  for  who.c  henelit  the  act  was  passed.  Under  schemes  sanctioned 
l,y  them  more  than  3IHI  local  committees  have  heen  estahlished  for  the  piir- 
piwc  ,.f  the  act;  tliev  have,  with  the  approval  of  the  Treasury,  framed  rei;u- 
btions  under  which  supplementary  separation  aUowances  are  paid  hy  the 
l,„d  coniniittee-;  further  regulations  have  heen  made  hy  them  which  lun  c 
formed  llic  ha-:s  c^f  the  new  royal  warrant  and  order  in  council  relating 
to  pciiMons  and  grantN  and  llicy  have  done  much  work  with  regard  to 
arr  iimcments  f.,r  the  treatment,  training,  and  employment  of  disahkd  men. 
llic  passiii«  ..f  the  Ministry  of  Pensions  .\ct.  VAt).  which  provides  that 
the  powers  and  duties  ..f  the  committee  shall  be  exercised  under  the  cou- 
,r.,l  and  m  accordance  with  the  instructions  ,,f  the  Minister  of  Pensions, 
and  suh-e.|uent  developm-Mits  have  entirely  altered  their  po^itlon. 

There  is  a  verv  cordial  feeling  between  the  committee  and  the  Minister. 
and  thev  have  d..ne  ev.-ryi'iini,'  in  their  power  to  assist  him  at  the  out.et  of 
iii^  work  Thev  feel,  ho-.vtver.  that  tlie  pre-ent  position  is  anomalous,  and 
tiiat  the  functions  now  shared  between  tlie  Minister  and  themselves  would 
in  the  future  be  be-t  carried  out  by  him  a!,  ne  They  think  that  it  is  imprac- 
ticable without  wravc  incnvenience,  that  they  and  also  the  Minister  should 
deal  with  the  same  maiterM  they  consider  that  there  should  be  undivided 
re^'onsibihty,  and  that  there  should  be  only  '-'He  central  authority,  to  wli.,m 
the  local  committees  sbould  look   for  puulance  and  control, 

l.eeiMation  will,  oi  course,  be  iie-essary  to  give  efifect  to  the  proposal, 
and  the  Statutorv  Committee  woi.'d  urL-e  that  such  legislaticni  should  be 
i.btame.l  a^  so,,n  as  p.^'SiMe.  as  so.me  time  must  be  taken  up  on  the  requisite 
tr.iiiMiional  arrangements. 

The  committee  u'"'erstaiiil  that  the  reassessments  of  the  pensions  of 
saiL.r-  and  soMiers  and  tlieir  deiiendents  under  the  order  in  council  and 
the  ro>,iI   warrant   will  have  heen   fiiii-he.l  h>    the  end  of  June,  and  that  the 


(,i<i;.\r   lUMTAiN 


165 


riirrespf'tidiiiK  duciimcnts  rclatint;  to  oUu-cr^  arc  nearly  ready.  TI.ey  d'^  imt 
(li-.ire  tn  rtlim|iii-li  tliiir  liiiu-ti"Ms  until  tlic  arraiiv;emiiits  of  the  IVnsiiins 
.\Iini>t'.'r  arc  completed  and  tliey  lan  feel  a-.siired  that  no  hardship  conhl 
re'iilt  from  llicir  retirement  t-  an>  of  those  who  receive  t;rants  under  their 
reKillation>. 

It  would  he  es'ential  to  secure  that  the  persons  who  have  ow.  nr  may 
hereafter  have,  iiitere-t*  under  the  reiiulations  of  the  Statutory  Committee, 
should  he  safeguarded  >o  that  such  persons  may  he  in  no  way  prejudiced 
hy  the  alteration  in  tlie  arrani.'ement-.  This  spec'ally  apphe^  with  respect 
to  grants  made  where  no  allowance  or  pen-ions  are  pavalile  ■■ut  oi  puhlic 
funds,  and  al-o  to  those  for  the  education  of  tlie  children  of  decea-ed  or 
di>ahled  otTicers  and  men. 

Tlie-e  trrant-  dit'fiT  in  cliaracter  from  thov,-  ,,riliiiaiil>  admini-lend  hy 
a  department  of  tl.c  i.;o\er;  iiieiit.  and  are  in  no  way  cacred  I'v  the  ro\,d 
warrant  or  the  orde.-  in  .  .  r.ncil.  'Ihi)  are  made  under  rei;iil.ition;  ,ip- 
proved  \<\  he  rr<,i'-ury.  .uid  tiie  f.ici  th.it  they  may  ho  K'^eii  li.i-  heen  -ome- 
wliat  widely  made  known. 

't  may  he  found  rjesir.il.le  that  tlie  admini-tration  of  tlie-e  ^irants  should 
be  iiitriiste<l  to  the  Ro\mI  Patriotic  I'lind  CoriioratiiMi.  wli.,  .ilre.nly  carry 
kindreil  work,  if  tliey  are  wilhtii;  to  undertake  it.  and  that  a  capital  sum  of 
siiitalile  amount  should  t'e  transferred  to  them  from  the  sum  of  £  1 .1 K K I.I K)() 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  .Statutory  Committee  under  Section  1  of  the 
Naval  and  Military  War   I'ensions.  etc.   (Expenses),  .Act.  l''U>. 

The  Statutory  Committee  are  in  possession  of  some  funds  \.>Uintarily 
suhscrihed  for  specific  purposes,  and  they  sm;i;est  that  these,  too.  miyht  he 
transferred  to  the  Royal  I'atrioiic  I'lind  Corporation,  ami  I'e  administered  hy 
th.it  hodv,  particularly  as  in  s,,me  instances  tlie  funds  were  derived  from 
them. 

The  committee  presume  th.it  pro\i-i..n  would  he  made  for  the  traii-fer 
to  the  IViisions  Ministry  of  their  staff,  whose  niterests  they  would  wish  to 
have  safe^iuarded.  In  particular,  they  w  .uld  lUsire  tliat  their  Sicretary 
should  he  placed  in  a  position  of  not  less  value  tliau  that  which  he  now 
occupies. 

I  am  directed  to  aild  that  if  the  Minister  of  Pensions  at  any  time  feels 
that  the  experience  );-iiner|  h>  memher-  of  the  Statutory  Committee  or  of 
their  suhcommittees  would  he  of  servi.e  to  him,  it  wi^uld  he  freely  placed 
at  his  disposal. 

The  Statutory  Committee  liave  sent  a  copy  of  this  letter  tn  the  Minister 
of  reiisions,  and  they  hope  it  may  lie  found  praeticahle  to  give  etTect  to 
their  w  ishe-. 

I  am.  sir.  your  ohedieiit  servant. 

E.  .\.  St.\nton,  Liriil.-C'  , 


.S. 


lie  . 
i-r,  /(irv. 


Tiir.  Kt.  Hon.  tiif.  Pkimf.  Mimstfr,  MP. 

1(1,  Downini;  Street.  S,  W.  1. 


Ui() 


iii> Ar.i.i.ii  Sill. nil, KS   .\M>  s.Mi.iii;s 


II 


■1" 


I'iii^  ncti'iii  "li.ul  iIk-  C'iiuiinriico  I'f  tliL-  l'in-i"n~  Mini-Icr, 
wliii^c  li.\;iliv  Id  lii~  "111  ri'lK;imu~  li:iil  iiriM-ntiil  lii--  rai-mt,'  ilu- 
i|in--lii'ii  liiiii-ilf.  !u;i  v.li"  wa.^  ai^rci'il  llial  il  was  ik-iraMe  th.at 
a  iMiniilitc  aiHal.uaiiiati"ii  ^li'iuKl  take  i)lacc." 

I'is.si'lution  I'f  t'lh-  Statiitury  Coiiniiitlcc 

'rile  :ut  cllViim^^  till-  cli'^iixil  "ainalKamalii-ir''  n-ccival  llio 
ri.\al  ;i~-im  mi  .\ni;u>l  -'!,  I'M".  It  in-dsidu-  I'lT  llio  (ii«-"- 
liiiii'U  >■!'  the  Staiuti'TV  ( '• 'iiiiiiitlcc  aiul  tlie  tran>l\-r  to  tlio  Min- 
i-iiT  "i  I'rii-ioii^.  cr  I'l  a  "Sincial  (iraiit>  Cnmiiiittci'"  t'>  \>c 
i-lalili^ln(I  liy  till-  .\lini--ti.T  III'  I'l'U-ii'ii-,  "I  all  the  [hiwit-,  dr.tio 
and  fmuliiiii-  ii  ilu  Statntiir\-  C'l  itiiiiiittei.-  (.-xcefji  biieh  a>  were 
rijK-alfd  to  iiai-ini.ni/A'  with  tin-  ikw  inachiiu'ry. 

'Ill  ci.ii-tinuii'ii  and  iiiiwcr  uf  the  Special  ( iraiit-  (  i  •inniiit^i 
are  tletiiied  as  fi  ijii  i\\  ~: 

_'  —  (1      lilt    Mill!  ■•.  r  IVnsi'ins   !-IkiI1.   a-   si".ii   .i--   iiiuy   lie   aiti'r   ;!io 

Iias.-iii),'  iif  lliis  ail.  ci.n>liuit<-  fur  the  |iui|.  ^e-;  nf  iliiv  act  a  CMniniiHi.c. 
wliicli  >liall  lie  kiinwii  a-^  tlif  Siwci.il  ('iraiil-.  I  ..mmittee  am!  shall  C'liM-t  "i 
such  miml.iT  if  ]ier  i:-.  ii  ■  lieini,'  nuTe  than  trtf!\e.  as  the  Minister  shall 
tlcterniine. 

(2)  In  appi'iiilinK  llie  meniher^  nl  the  cunimitlee  the  Minister  of  Ten- 
sloiis  hhall  have  renaril  tn  the  desirahility  of  imhu'inn  amnni;  their  luinilier 
jiersnns  who  have  acquired  .special  kimwUiliie  .i^  meMilar-  nf  the  .statiit iry 
C'limniittee.  or  of  ativ  snheoiiimittee  thereof,  or  of  a  heal  coinnutie'j. 

(3)  .Vs  from  the  aiipoiiited  date  there  shall  he  transferred  to  the  Special 
'iraiits  C.  niMiittce  those  fnnctions  nf  the  .Statutory  C.-nunittee  which  .ire 
siKMtici!  in  p.irai;rapli-  (ai.  ilu.  (!i.  (^;l.  and  (h)-  of  Sul)Seclion  lli  of 
Section  .^  of  the  principal  act.  and  all  ijUe^lions  which  inay  .nrise  with  respect 
t  I  the  .itniiUiil  of  .my  i;raiit  or  all. u. nice  to  he  made  iinler  p.irai;raphs  (ci. 
idl.  Ill,  (if  (k>-  of  t!ie  s.iid  sulisectioii  shall  ^t.ind  referred  to  and  he 
determined  1>    the   Speci.d   I'lr.int^  Cotninittee. 

(■ti  The  Special  (.r.mt-.  t'oinniittee  in.iy.  suliject  to  the  approval  of  the 
Minister  of  I'en^i^ii-.  m.ike  regulations  with  respect  to  their  procei-diims  and 
the  exercise  of  the  fniiciions  tr.ui^ferred  to  ilu-m  nndir  thi>  act.  and  the 
power  of  the  ennnmttre  to  ni.ike  reuul.itioiis  under  p.irai;raph  (hi  of  Snio 
section  (li  of  SeciH.n  .i  of  tin-  principal  act  shall  he  exercised  suhiect  to 
the  aii|ir'\.il  of  the  Minister. 

1.^1    The  Speci.il   iirant>  ('..mniiilie   sli.ill   render  to  the  Miiii-ter  ,.i   Pcn- 

'  N'.ival  .ind  Milit.irv  W.ir  lVnvi..n~.  etc.  (Tran-fer  of  I'..wcrsi  Act, 
l'»17.     7  and  S  (ieo    .s.  Cli    .^7 

-The  p.iraei.cph..  which  apply  !■  the  di-aiiled  arc  ipiotcd  al'o\e.  pa^e  l.'V. 


"",Ki: A  I    ni:i  r  \i  v 


\i'7 


sii'iis   Miili   ini'i  rinati'ii.  aclwic,  ami  a--i-laiui'   .1-  In-   111.1}    ti'iiii'i'    ir.   i'  'ntu'C- 
th'ii   with   aii>    matli-t>   anting   iiiickr  tlii^  ait. 

li  i>  [iriiviilrd  llril  tin.-  >i;iri'  "i  tiu'  Siatiit"r\-  ( '•  iiiiiiiiti,\' 
.'.liiiiiKl  he  tr;iii:~UTivil  to  rlu'  Mini-try  '>\  lV-n~i'ii-.  TIk'  ''iiiil' 
aiul  iiiliiT  jiri'pcriv  arc  di-pn-rd  i.f  a--  Ii'Umw--: 

i-'i  I  lul  iii  the  I'u'.'ls  liclniii;i''A,'  tip  tlu'  .'-talu.i.r\  (.'.  ■miniltco  lUrm-l  ir  itii 
(ir  ri'iiri^cnliiiH  nviu'y  j.roviiKil  In-  Parlianifiil.  tluro  yliall  '«■  tr.ni-UTri-il  \" 
a  ^.lii'ci.il  a;-iniint  ti>  lie  i.|ifiUMl  for  tin-  i'nr|)'>--c.  in  aiconl.nw  !■  with  dircctMii- 
t'l  he  i;ivfn  liy  tlu'  Trfa^iirN.  to  !■<■  i  illcil  "tlir  Miiii-tr\  >  f  IVii^ions  (  SihtmI 
(iraiit-i  AiHouiil"  ( iHTiMiiailiT  rflcrml  to  a"!  "tlie  -|i<.  !  yr.im-  aci-oiim" ) 
tlie  -.11111  of  .t .^'1  t.t >t 'i I.  .mil  tlie  li.il.iiue  of  Midi  fuinK  sh.o!  lie  p.iiil  in!  .  tin; 
1'..\cIh'i|irt. 

I .' I  .Ml  oiIht  |iroiHTl>  licloTimiii,'  to  tlio  Statutory  (' iiiiiiiittoi.'  sli.ill  I'C 
trails l"i-ru'il  to  tin-  Ko).,]  I'.iiriotii-  I  iiml  (  •  rporation.  ami  vliall  !■>■  lii'M  aiiil 
apiilitil  liy  tluTii  upon  tlu-  tru-i--  ainI  f-T  tin-  purposes  iip-iii  ami  for  wliicli 
it  wa-  licM  ami  appIicaMc  !•>   ilic  Si.ctiiton   t  oimiuitcf. 

l\i':isii'lt    of    Pi'lisiiills- 

Tlk-  l"ir-i  tiiKKrt.akiiii,' <it  tlic  .Minister  <  '  l''i-ii~j  .ti-.  ^I^.  IliriK--^, 
was  til  rvci 'ii-iiK-r  tlk-  term.-;  nf  ilic  i-M^tiiii;  arratiyi'turiiis  as 
111  pi-iisiiitis.  A  new  myal  warrant  and  ;i  new  urder  in  eniincil 
were  i>>ueil  mi  March  _"'  and  March  ,^0,  re-]iecli\  c!y,  t.i 
have  efTect  fnmi  April  1.  I'MT.  It  wa^  jin'xided  that  elai!n> 
which  had  heeil  dealt  with  tinder  |>r^\  inti>  ]iri  a  i^i.  in^,  and 
which  wmild  receive  ninrc  favurahle  ireatnient  under  the  new 
terms,  might  he  reassessed  at  llie  coinenienci-  of  the  Mini>ter  nf 
Pen-iiiiis,  "with  retriis]Hcti\  e  effect"  fnmi  .\pril  1,  I'M".  (  )n 
the  ntlur  hand,  the  grant  tn  an\'  man  wIp'  had  heen  in  the  -crvice 
hefure  the  date  nf  tlie  new  warrant  might  he  a--e-~ed  under  the 
terms  of  the  prexion-  \\.irrant>  in  ca>e  they  were  more  fa\  orahle 
to  him. 

Two  import.'mt  change-  in  principle  weri-  introduced  the 
new  warrant  and  the  new  order,  which  made  jTraciically  idemic.il 
provisions  fur  soldiers  and   >ailor>. 

The  attempt  to  tix  iK-n-ions  \,,r  pai'ial  di>a'iilitv  on  (he  hasis 
of  tile  degree  of  impairment  of  earning  capacity  iiad  h<.'en  found 
"ahsoliitely  tmworkahle,"  as  wa-  predicted   in   the  earlie-t   dis- 


li 


!f)8 


I)lSAi;i.i;ii    snl.DII-.KS    AMI    SAII.OUS 


iu»i"ii5.  It  \<\n  "11  tin-  military  iiudical  hoards  wliich  made 
the  (licisi<in>  tile  mcosity  >if  fcrcMvin},'  m.t  i-iily  tlic  prnlKible 
rate  of  i)r(i;,'r(.-s  in  the  man'.-  I'liy-ical  cndili^n,  Init  aKn  what 
the  demand  wciild  he  in  the  lah^r  market  I'T  jn-t  tl)e  decree 
and  kind  of  wdrk  he  ould  i!".  T' ■  a\"id  ern.r-  in  jud;,'nKnt 
a-  tar  as  ih^-mIiIc,  awards  were  ^jenerally  made  fir-t  fur  six 
miiiilli-.  and  reci  .n-idend  at  t!  r  tnd  d  that  time  en  the  hasis 
ci  a  reexaminaii"ii  hi'tli  a-  t"  |.hy>ieal  cndili^n  and  as  tn  earn- 
ing iM'wer.  hear  >'i  lc>in,i,'  part  "f  hi>  jien-i^'n  (h-ecura.Ljed  a 
man  ivm  making,'  the  nm^t  of  his  ahihtie-,  and  emiil'^wr-  >aw 
nn  rea-i'ii  f"r  increa-in^  a  man's  wa,L,'e>  when  the  effect  wnld 
1  e  auti''matieall\-  to  rechice  iii-  iien-i"n.  At  tiie  -ame  time,  in- 
(hi-trial  cndilinns  were  sncli  that  ahnii>t  :my  man.  nnle-s  very 
hadly  cripi'led.  culd  earn  at  lea-t  _'5  -liilhnLr-  a  week,  which 
\\a-  the  m.ixinium  (f^r  a  .~in,i;le  man)  tc  whicli  the  pen-icn, 
addt('  {•'  liis  earning"-,  mi.uht  hrin^  u\>  h\-  incnme. 

'jlii-  principle,  in  "ther  WTd-,  impo^td  an  imp(--ihle  ta-k 
I  in  the  medical  h",ird>;  it  enc"nr;i.!,a'd  idleius- ;  it  "-npiilemetned 
w;iL;es"  in  the  -en-e  ahli^rrent  tn  ecnnrimi-t-.  It  was  ali.andnned 
in  the  new  warr.int.  with  ^reat  relief  tn  all  ccncerned.  and  in 
it>  place  the  nature  (if  the  di-ahility  wa-  made  the  determininj,' 
lact'T.  A  -ciiednle  w;is  prep.ared  and  apiiended  i<>  the  warr.ant, 
in  which  the  ninrc  chvicns  injurie-  .are  divided  into  ei^'ht  classes, 
with  a  specified  pn 'imrtii 'ii  "f  the  full  pen-icn,  ran^Hn,!,'  fn'ni 
twentv  tn  <'ne  lumdred  [mt  cent,  a>si.L;iK'd  to  each  c',i-s;  and  it 
wa^  pn.\ided  th.u  in  the  c.i>e  ft  (h-aliility  f  n  iiii  disease  and  in- 
jiirie-  nut  included  in  the  schedule  "the  pen-ion  may  he  .is- 
se»ed  at  the  decree  in  tlie  scjudule  wiiich  is  held  nmst  closely 
to  re]iresent  the  di-.ahlement  corre-poiidinj,'  to  tlie  injury  or  dis- 
ease." There  i>  -till,  of  course,  necessity  for  di-crimination  and 
jiulijment  (.ill  tile  p;u"  of  the  awardin.i;  ofllcers, -Init  the  basis  has 
been  ni.ade  as  nearly  objective  as  is  possible. 

The  100  ]ier  cent  pen-ion  ran,i:ed  from  27  shilhni^s  6  iicncc 
for  a  private  to  4 J  -hillintcs  6  pence  for  a  warrant  officer.  Class 
I  In  addition.  ;inv  cH-ahled  man  "iii.ay  he  ,!;ranted  ...  a  fur- 
ther allow.ance   f '  t  each  child  under  tlie  ;i,u'e  of  -ixteeii  at  -uch 


(iUKAT    ItKITAlN 


169 


prcifMirtinn  of  tlu-  ffiUowiiif,'  wtikly  ratts.  a-  c<'rrt.s])(iiuU  ti^  tlie 

digrce  (if  cli>ablcment  at  which  tlic  man  is  a»<.'>Md  fur  pin^ii'ii: 

S.  (1. 

For  a   tirst  cliild    5  t) 

I'nr  a'  hC'itkI  child 4  Z 

l-V.r  a  third  chdd    i  4 

I'or  eiKli  child  al'tt-r  the  third 2  6 


(')  The  alliiwaiice  ma.\  i -iihjcct  to  the  coritiiuiaiice  lit  the  pcn«inn>  he 
Rfanted  it  continued  lnyoiid  Ilic  a^;c  of  lO  in  the  ca>e  of  a|llp^ell!lce^  rtceu- 
ing  not  more  than  nonniial  uak;e~.  or  of  diildren  heiny  tchualed  at  s'-iondary 
schooU,  technical  iii»titMte~  or  iini\crsitie5.  and  ma>  he  (^-ranted  r.r  continued 
between  the  auc^  (d  Id  and  Jl  in  the  ca<e  of  a  child  inca|iahle  thr.iitli  mental 
or  phji-ical  infirmity  of  earninj;  a  living,  provided  the  intirmity  existed  helore 
the  child  attained  tlie  age  of  10. 

A  >ia.ci.il  ]'ri'\  i~ii  ■!!  aiitli"riz<.'il  an  additional  allow  aiK'i'  l<> 
meet  cost  of  attendance  in  the  case  of  a  man  in  llie  tir>t  cla>s  ipf 
disaijility: 

6A— In  addition  to  any  pension  awarded  under  the  foret'oint;  articles 
there  may  he  Kranted,  under  «uch  conditii^iis  as  the  Minister  of  Pension-  may 
determini.  to  or  on  liehali  of  a  man  disabled  in  the  hiKhe-t  decree,  an  a]I"rt- 
ance  not  exceedint;  Jll  shil|int:s  a  week  in  any  ca-e  where  the  C'lii-tant  aitenil- 
ance  of  a  second  person'is  necessary. 

The  cla--irication  of  injuries  in  the  ajj^ended  schedule  was 
as  follnws: 


1 


.■    of 
itifnt 


AlMOMIlt 
'1 

Nature  r,r  Inji-ry  IVr-..n.il 
^  i*cn.«iun 
lOO  Loss  of  two  or  more  liinhs;  ot  an  arm  and  an  eye; 
of  a  leg  and  an  eye;  ipf  hoth  hands  c.r  of  all  lingers 
and  tluimli-;  of  a  hand  and  a  forit:  total  loss  i,f 
siglit;  total  paralysis;  lunacy;  wi'Unds,  injuries,  or 
disease  resulting  in  disabled  man  being  permanently 
bedridden  ;  wounds  of  or  injuries  to  internal,  thoracic 
or  alidominal  organ.s.  involving  total  permanent  dis- 
abling ttTects;  wounds  of  or  injuries  to  head  or  brain 
invol.ing  total  permanent  disabling  effects,  or  .lack- 
sonian  eiiilepsy  ;  very  severe  facial  ili  tigurement ;  ad- 
vanced cases  of  incurable  disease 27s.    6d. 

80  Loss  of  both  feet;  amputation  I'f  right  am.  at 
sh'Jiilder    joint;    severe    facial    distigurement :    total 

loss  of  speech 22s.    Od. 

70  Sliort  thigh  amputali'n  of  leg  with  pelvic  band,  pir  of 
left  arm  at  shiuldtr  joint,  or  of  right  arm  above  or 
through  elbow;  total  deafness   19s.    3d. 


170 


l>l>  \l;l.i;i)    .-cil.mi.KS    AMI    sAll.UKS 


f)(t<''f    I'f  Afntji:l;t 

Il|..,LlriMi;l  lit 

N  ^:  I  HK    ■t     Inh  KV  IVr-.itl.ll 

CI  iSS  'X  i'lIlMOU 

4  CO     \nipiil;itioi)  iif  li  i:  .lIj.im'  kiue   (otlior  timi  .?  I   ;iiiil 

llir>iUi;li  kiirc.  .1  If  Ifit  iirin  alu'vc  mt  thrnii^;li  illmw, 

or  111   ri>;lil   .iiTii  l.clmv  rllmw .    Id-;      6d. 

5  50     Aiiipnt.tli' III  "I  1*'l;  hrl'iw  kiirr  I  iiti  lu'iiiiv:  >\tTUs'  .tii'l 

(lii'li.in'-  ani|iiilaliiiM  I.  nr  nl   lilt  .iriii  liclnu    illfiu  ; 

lii^s  111    WMiitl   nl   iillf  fU' l.U,      Oil, 

6  -)0     l..i->  cif  tluitiili  nr  III   I'liiir  riiii;ir-  III   rii:lil  li.iinl lis.     Ud. 

7  .^0     l.ci«s  ni   timiiii.  i.r  of   tiitir   iiiit;iTs  i.f   lilt   li.iinl.   nr 

III'  tiiin'  linijrr-  lit  ritllit   liaii'l )^~.     ^|\. 

8  JO     l.ii>s  111  tw.i  liiiKcrM  oi  titlicr  liaiiil  5=.    Oil. 

A  ii'iU'  inwviiK-  tliat  "ill  tin.'  c;i>r  nf  lit'l-haiuKil  iiicn.  curli- 
fiiil  til  lie  Muh.  till-  ii.ni|Kn^atiiiti  in  ri->|iict  '>{  thv  lift  arm, 
Iiaiul.  (tc,  will  lu'  the  -ame  a-  I'l 'P  a  rii,'lit  arm,  liaml,  etc."  It 
ilm-  nut  ?-]Kcitv  that  in  >mii  i'a~e~  tiie  ammint  fur  the  riL;lit 
arm.  li.nid.  etc..  will  he  the  amniiiit  iianud  fur  the  left  in  urili- 
nary  ea-e-.  thiiui,'h  that  wniild  ^eem  tn  he  a  iiatnral  ci  iri 'llar\-. 

I'ni\i-iiiii  wa'-  made  in  the  warrant  fur  i^ratnitie--  in  the  ca>e 
of  di^ahilities  a^-^e-^ed  at  le-~  than  JO  ]ier  cent,  ;md  in  the  c.a-e 
<if  di~;ihilit\'  of  an\  dei^ree  which  i-  nut  ihie  tn  >ervice,  ti  ■  cii\er, 
fur  examiile,  case^  of  hreakdnwn  .after  a  few  week>  nf  trainin,!,', 
due  til  irrurs  nf  jndi^'inent  nii  the  |)art  nf  recruitini;  iiiricer>: 

7 — (1)  In  any  ta'-o  ulicrc  tlie  ili'uriT  uf  ili--aIili'iTH-iit  I-.  a>>i--fil  .it  Ic^s 
tlian  Jll  |HT  iin!,  or  wlicre  it  is  consiiliTi'il  niori-  in  tin.'  intiTist-  of  tlic  sol- 
ilur.  a  Kr-iliiity  or  ti-tnporary  allnuance  may  In-  «rantiil  in  plaie  of  .iin  pen- 
sion :inil  iliililrcn's  allouaiKos.  Tl.i  i;raiit  will  lie  -nlijiit  in  .-tuh  conilitiniis 
a-  ll;i'  Minister  of  IV-ii-inns  may  ileterniine.  ami  it<  amnnnt  will  not  cxeeeil 
ijjim  and  will  dipeiiil  on  the  cMent  of  tlie  ili-alilemrnt  ami  on  the  other 
eireinnst.mees  of  the  e.ise 

I .' I  A  sohlier  ilisiharued  as  meilically  nnht  fm  fiif.l.cr  !i!\!-.e.  «A'-]\ 
linrilness  Iieim,'  neither  altrilnualile  to  nor  a,i;v;r,i\aleil  hy  niihtar\  -ei-\  iee. 
.•uiil  not  liemi;  due  to  the  serions  niKlii;eiHe  nr  nnseondnet  of  the  di-fh.irued 
ni.m.  ni,i\  he  i;ranteil  a  K'r^tnit)  or  temporary  allowaiue.  The  L;rant  will  he 
sniijirt  111  siuh  eonditiniis  as  the  Minister  of  I'lnsions  nia;.  .leitiniine.  in 
e\ii  ptional  eireiimstaiu-es  it  tnay  anmnnt  to  a  sum  not  exeeedinu  1 100,  and 
einerally  it  will  depend  mi  the  extent  to  which  the  man  is  iiu'.ipaeilatid.  mi 
ilie  length  and  character  of  his  scr\icc,  and  on  the  other  circnm-tances  of 
the  c,i-e. 

The  scentid  ch,im,'e  in  ])rinciiile  wa«  to  intrndnce  wli.it  is 
i.illed  the  ".dternative  [lensimi."  which  t.ake<  iiitn  acci  itmt  llie 
lin.-iliii.il    status   nf    the    f.amiK    lufnre   the    war       The    [>rinci[ile 


i^sm 


f.UI    \1     IIKIIMN 


171 


tlial  ciily  a  "Hat  rate"  >liMtiM  In-  |)riiviilr(!  fmni  ])itl)lic  t'untl-, 
aiiil  tiiat  ca>c>  ol  ixcc|itiiiiial  iiaid^lii]!  -Iin'.ilil  \k-  cared  fur  in 
^■iiiii'  iiilii-r  way.  hai!  luxii  (ktiiiiti  1\  aliaiiil^  .iKil  a-  a  tlKi.r\-  Iiv 
tlu-  traii?-fi.r  nf  tin-  r<.>i)(insil)ility  fur  >u|>iiK-iiuntar>"  al!ii\\aiici'> 
ami  >i>ccial  ),'raiit^  t'n>tii  ilk-  StaliiiiTy  I  "iimuiirc  tn  tlu'  Special 
(iraiit-  t  ■.iiimmri-  <>i  tlic  Miiii-ir\  "I  l\ii-ii.iw  l-ic  alM.\c.  pai^e 
l()()l.  a>  it  lia<i  iirt\iini--ly.  ot  imi-sjty,  Ikih  ii,Minri-il  in  i)raciici' 
iKcatiM-  <'t  the  iiiiiH  .--.ihijity  df  (iKiaiiiiiii,'  fiiii<l>  t'l^r  llu'  i>iir|Mi<(.' 
tri'iu  |iri\ati'  mmitco;  liiit  tin-  ailiTualix  c  pcil-ii  •ii  j^'m.-^  tartluT 
tiiaii  tin-  Mi])i)Ktiuiil,iry  aiji ■waiuo  and  >|K-cial  >,'rant».  in  tiiat 
it  i^  lint  limited  tu  i.aM'>  nt  ixceptiiMial  liard-'lii]),  hut  a|)pik-^  ti> 
any  man  \\iin-.c  miniimnn  |nn^i"n  and  |)ri-.iiit  iarnin>,'>  are  less 
tiian  lii-  earnin;.;^  hefi^re  the  war.  It  ua~  expeeted  t"  heiiefit 
e>|)e'.ial!y  i>riiie>>i(  .nal  men  and  >ki!led  meclianic>.  The  pro- 
visinn  is  ;is  I'nllows: 

.V  Any  ili^;ilili(|  iii.iii  pi-ii^iniiciL  tiinlcr  Artklc  1  of  tlii<  our  warrant  who 
^l.^l^^'^  apiiliialinii  ami  sliows  lliat  tin-  miiiiimirn  peiivmn  with  cliililrcn'>  allcnv- 
aiui-  (It  aii>  t  wliiili  111'  lias  l)een  Kraiitfil.  to^ftlicr  with  tin-  aierani-  eani- 
ini;s  lit'  aii>  i  of  whicli  he  rctiiaiiis  capaMc,  arc  li'ss  than  his  prewar  oani- 
inL;>.  may  ho  yranticl.  temporarily  or  pfrnianciitly,  in  lieu  of  tlie  minimum 
pension  and  children's  allowaiues,  a  pension  whiili.  together  with  the  aver- 
age earnings  (if  any  1  of  wliicli  he  is  judged  capahle.  shall  not  exceed  his 
prewar  earniin;s  up  to  a  nwiximum  of  50  shillings  a  week,  plus  half  of  any 
jinuar  earnings   hetween   50  shilhnus   and    li>il  sliillin^:s   a  week. 

Tile  tlienry  iieiiind  tiiis  ])nivisii'ii — tiiat  as  far  as  ixissihlo 
the  [irewar  standard  of  liviiij;  sliall  iie  maintained — i>  hutii 
Ci'iiipreiieiisiiile  and  scducti\e.  init  tlie  meeiianism  seems  exceed- 
iiii;ly  delicate.  It  invnlves  file  same  ditVicnlties  of  ileterminin,!,' 
inciMiie  a-  the  sup[)lementary  ^'rants.  and  it  reipiires  an  estimate 
of  tile  a\era},'e  earniiii^s  of  wiiich  tiie  man  is  cajiaiile.  as  did  tile 
pensions  fi.r  jiartial  disaliility  Infcre  tlie  principle  was  ahandnned 
in  tiiat  ciiiinecticn.  I'.y  Septeiiilier.  1''17.  fcur  i.r  live  iiimdred 
aiteriiati\e  pitisi.,iis  had  lieen  f,'ranted.  A  circular  letter  U<  tiie 
secretaries  nf  tiie  Lncal  War  iViisiniis  Ounniittees  in  .Kjiril. 
I'MS,  suLjK'-'s''-  tl'i't  the  ]in. vision  lie  liniUK'ht  U<  the.special  ip.ticc 
i>f  widows  ;iiui  totally  di-aliled  men  "in  all  cases  wiiere  tliere 
is  reasoiialiie  proiiaiiility  tliat  jirewar  earnin^'s  exceeded  27  shill- 


17  J 


IPISAIUIH    Mil. nil. US    AND    SAlUlKS 


i,ms  r,  iK-ncc  a  witk."  Mtue  it  n^i-ni*  that  it  i^  "iv.t  wi.Uly  kncun 
,,r  MUruiiiulv  un.lirM.....!  ■•  I'arlially  .li^ahKa  nicii  arc  i.-t  in- 
Jn.lid  111  till-  ric-tniiun.iati..!i.  allliMiiKli  tlk  jiP  .\  i-i.  ii  api-lks 
1..  iluiii  a^  will.  hiiaiiM'  "till'  iiartially  <li>-aliK-.l  mail,  uluTc  lie 
1-  ahk-  tM  \v,,rk  at  lii>  t..riiHr  ..cciii.alion.  will  in  maiiv  ran'-. 
lavinKt"  the  iii;;luT  wai;.-  ii-w  l.iin«  i.ai.l.  have  eariiiiii;  ..iiiautv 
„.,l  airnriaMy  k—  tliau  hel-rt-  the  war,  aiul  -■  ^Mll  ii"l  he 
ihu'ihie  l"r  ail  alterii.itive  peii-i' -ii." 

l'r..xiM..n  i>  iiia.le  (or  tlu-  reN  iew  nf  urani-  ma.l  hel'.re  the 
final  e^'iulili"!!  nf  .h-aliKnuiU  i-  r.aclu-cl.  and  it  i-  eviire^-lv 
Mii.ulated  th.it  .after  a  perniaiunt  i-eii-i-n  ha-  hieii  ^;raiite.l  it 
vhall  ii-t  he  re.hued  l.ecaii>e  nf  an  inerea-e  in  earniii;:  caiMCity. 

;  .  ,  1  .  Ill  llu'  cM-c  ^  t  u  m.iii  «li'-P  4i-,il.l.mcnt  li.i*  iv  t  rc.ulu-.l  it^  fii.,.l 
,,„„l,n..i.  .1  l..n-."n  "m^  l'^'  ifmiHT.irilv  ^;r.,mol  at  tlu-  r.Ur  .i|.|.Min,itr  I" 
1„  „,n,...r.,r^  .!,-,,M.-iiirm.  an.l  tlu-  ^:ram  sl.all  U  r-'-u-unl  imm  time  to 
l:iiu   niitil  .1  iHrmaiifiit  a-i-«Min-m   >.iti  I'l-  made 

(  ',  Ulien  .1  larmaiHMit  iHii-i-n  lia<  '>ni  Kraiilcl  it  -liall  ii-t  Ic  alt.r,-.l 
,,„  „-.,.iiiil  -t  all^  .ll,lll^;.■  HI  tlu-  man'v  r,.niiiiw  cai.ant>.  uluilu-r  r,-iihini{ 
ir.m  ira.imiL,'  -r  ntlirr  .aii-e  ;  ...-tlur  -lull  it  Lv  Mil    .>t  t..  r.Mcw  eNc.|H   - 

I  ,,  WluM  a  m.ui  wli>^-v  li.-n-i..,,  ^-  a--.-e.l  luM.T  Artuk-  1  .a  thi-  ..ur 
v.atr.itit  >laim-  lliat  tlu-re  lia-  l«-i.  a  Mlb-IaiitMl  imr.a~e  in  the  extent  M 
tlir  ,li-al.tiiiient   due  t-  llie  ..ni;nial  cau-e  ,    ,      , 

ll,,  \\l„n  a  man  ulM-e  |Hii-i..ii  i-  .-e-e.l  iin.Ur  \rtKle-  1  ami  -  ■•! 
,1„,  ,,ur  warrant  -li-u-  that  it  .^-iiUl  le  m.re  a.hant.-ge.m-  t..  him  t..  Le 
a--i--eil  nii'lir    \rtivU   ^■ 

In  aililition  l<<  tli.  t\v..  ch.an;4e<  In  princii.Ie.  'several  imi".r- 
tant  inn-vatinii-  were  intrn.hiod  inf.  the  new  warrant  with  -'u- 
,,l,jfci  ..I  "hrins^int:  f.r.--iire  t-  hear  >  .n  the  tmn  i-  make  hmi 
iinikr-..  treatment"  an.,  "i  '-in-lncinK  him  to  iin.ler^,'-  trainini,'" 
wluti  Ihe-e  "are  cn-iilericl  t-  iie  fnr  his  ^(-..,1."  \  de-ire  !'> 
rea--iire  -u-picinn.  and  l-  encniirai,'e  men.  almo-t  tn  the  point  of 
l.leadiiii,'.  to  take  d\ama.i:r  (if  a\ailaUle  fipixirtiiiiities.  i-  plainlv 
vi-ihle  hetween  the  lines  of  thi^  otTicial  document. 

The  -peeial  jirovi-ions  de<i.uned  to  ind  ;ce  men  to  undergo 
treatment  <'r  ir.iiiiini;  are  tl      followin};: 

4  Half  the  i.en-i..n  and  .allow.ancc-  (it  any"*  awarded  under  the  preoolinR 
ar:ule-  ina\  he  -nl-iect  to  the  eondition  that  the  di<ahled  man  -hall  underun 
me.lK..l    ireainuiit    m    .r    at    a    -aiiat-rinm.    h.  -l.ital,    c invale-cent    h..me    .T 


EE2^3??^HE- 


l.KI.Al      lllillAIN 


\7i 


otlicrwi<(r.  for  any  prrnul  ilunitk!   wlikli  it  may  lie  ifrtifie'l  flat  siuli  ircat- 
nient  is  iifco-ary  iii  In*  intiTtst*. 

(J  —  ill  In  any  c.i-r  wltrrr  it  is  n-rtirii:'!  tliat  a  illsaliici'i  man  sliouM.  in 
C'lnsiNiuciKc  iif  lu»  ili-aKliineiit,  iini|«.T«ii  any  spnial  ■  urir  nf  niclua!  tnat- 
ment  or  Ic  trealnl  in  ■•r  at  a  sanat'irium.  liu^pital.  *  nualesicnl  Innnc,  a>>- 
Uim.  T  I'tlicr  nistitntr'n,  nr  where  it  is  decnliil  tliat  lie  sli-'uM  rneue  traiii- 
ing  in  a  leilinual  msl.tnli.n  if  otherwise,  ami  he  is  <lieme<l  unalile  in  .i.ii.e- 
Unenci-  to  pnaiile  for  his  own  su|)pi>rt.  ami  that  of  Ins  family,  llirre  in.i^  !■(• 
Kraiiteil  to  or  in  respect  of  him.  in  lieu  of  any  pension  awanliil  to  Inni, 
iimler  the  preiedinK  articles  of  this  ,,iir  warrant  for  the  period  diirinu  whiili 
lie  i«  iimlerj;oinK  stuh  trc.itment  or  traininK'.  ami  sniiject  to  >uk\\  comhii  .ns 
as  the  Minister  of  reiisuns  may  determine,  either — 

(a)  An  allowanie  of  an  amoin^t  ii.it  less  than  tli.it  correspon.hnK'  to  the 
hinliest  dexree  of  rlis.ililement  a«  shown  in  the  t'lrsl  schedule  to  tins  .ur 
warrant,  and  in  the  case  of  a  man  wlio^e  treatment  or  trainint,'  ihcc-»iI;iIi  > 
the  man  living  away  fr^tn  home,  .1  further  allow.iiue  which  will  ■-ecurc  to 
Ins  wife  and  children  or  to  a  ■!i-peiii!eiit  supported  hy  him  up  to  the  lime 
when  his  treatment  or  tranmiK  commences.  ,111  amount  n..l  li--^  than  tin-  i"ii- 
.sions  and  allowances  to  which,  if  eligihle.  they  wouM  lia^e  l.cen  entitled 
under  Part  11  of  this  our  warrant:  or. 

(hi  .\n  allowance  eipial  to  the  m.iximum  pen^i.^n  which  wnuhl  he  pas- 
ahle  'o  him  under  .\rticle  .!  of  tin-  our  warrant  if  he  were  without  earmni; 
capacity,   whichever  is  the  urcater 

(J)  A  deduction  of  such  an  amount  an.l  under  such  conditions  as  t'  ■• 
Minister  of  Pensions  may  determine  ina\  he  made  from  any  allowanw 
granted  under  subsection  1  of  tin-  article,  on  account  of  the  cost  of  the 
disahled  man's  maintenance  in  an  institution. 

(.?!  Any  cli.irges,  fees,  or  expenses  in  respect  of  the  treatment  or  train- 
ill).;  of  a  disahled  man  that  are  not  otherwise  provided  for  may  he  paid 
under  such  conditions  as  the  Minister  of   Pensions  may  determine. 

(4l  .\t  the  termination  of  any  period  of  trail  ing  as  is  proviiled  for  in 
this  article,  there  may  he  granted  to  the  ihsahled  man  an  amount  eipial  to  the 
sum  of  5  shillings  for  each  week  of  the  period  iluring  wnich  he  ha-  heen 
undergoing  training. 

( .s )  In  any  case  where  it  is  certified  tliat  a  <lisahlcd  man  shoulil.  in  con- 
seiiuence  of  his  disahlement.  underg,.  medical  treatment  in  circumstanci- 
which  do  not  render  him  unahle  to  provide  for  his  own  support  and  that  of 
his  family,  hut  re(|uire  him  to  ahsent  himself  from  his  work  on  one  ut  more 
(iccasions  in  a  week,  there  may  he  granted  to  him  in  addition  to  an.,  pension 
awarded  to  him  under  the  preceding  articles  of  this  our  warrant  an  allow- 
ance not  exceeding  10  shillings  a  week  for  the  tiine  he  is  required  so  to 
ahsent  himself,  the  allowance  to  be  jbject  to  such  conditions  as  the  Minister 
(if  Pensions  may  determine. 

Tlic  warrant  and  ..nlor  in  omncil  <if  1")1S  (CM.  'K340)  in- 
trndiiccil  no  new  principles,  but  several  pn (visions  were  revised 


^»^  -c  5fe  jjjjfciA  -  tsf^^j^- 


LbM 


B- 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

iNS       -d  ISO  TEST  CHART  Nc    2 


1.0 


I.I 


28 

3; 


I  2.5 

1111= 
1 2.0 

II  1-8 


11.25    il.4     il.6 


j=     APPLIED  IN/MGE     inc 


174  1>|nAI;i,i:Ii    SnlJUl  kS    AM)    sAll.UKS 

in   till-  (lirrctii'ii  nf  u'riatrr  lilnTiiliiy.      .MIi 'waiicc^   U>r  cliililnn 
wtrc  r.UMcl,  i'<  ^laiiil  a-  l'"lln\\>; 

|..r    ;i    iir^t    rl)iM    <<-■     M 

1  .  .r   ;i    ~ci  '  ■]](]   rliilfl    *^. 

I  i.r  I'in  h  chilli  aftLT  ilu    -n^  ml   A-.     2A. 

I'l.r  llic  ili^ahli'cl  man  tnuKr  trcainunt  i 'r  training,  fnl!  allfw- 
a!ua->  fcr  cliililrcn  arc  pri'vidi'd,  and  in  I'a^i-  tlu'  irratnu'iil  cr 
training,'  nci'i-Niiatr-  lii-  livin;;-  away  tmni  Imnu'.  allii\vanci>  al>o 
I'liT  iii-  \\it\-  and  I'llirr  iK|icn(icnt-.  iii>tcad  nf  tlu'  Mmu'wliat 
di-cTi'tic  nar\-  annamt^  prnxidi-d  in  I'M"  ( -cc  aluAc.  pai^'i.'  17.\ 
ti. —  (  1  I    la)    1.     TIk-  pr'Ai-ion  nnw  --land>  a>  fnllnw^: 

An  alli'U.nuc  nf  an  amount  ninnalcnt  in  that  corrcspomliiu  t-i  the  hitih- 
1-1  iliLTii'  i.i'  'li~a1ilfnu'i'.t  .  .  •.■'i;cllur  uitli  an  all'iwain-'c  in  ri-]H\t  if 
<a.  h  iliiM  al  the  lull  ralo.  as  in  \rtuk-  J  (  1  ).  ami  in  the  ea>e  mi  a  man 
uh"-e  trcatnuiit  c>r  trainitv^  neie--itates  the  man  livinij;  aua>  Irian  hi-me, 
a  liirllur  allnuaiue  whuh  will  -reure  to  his  wile  an  aminint  ei|ni\alent  Ii 
the  iieii-iiin  anlhnri/i'il  I'nr  a  unlnw.  .  ,  .  nr  to  a  ilepemlent  Mi|i|iiirteil  hy 
hill  lip  til  the  lime  ulien  hi-  treatment  nr  trainim;  e' imniei:ee<,  iiuh  aiiMinit 
111  I  I  Si  ri  ilni:;  tl;e  .im'iml  nf  a>ecrtaine(l  <leptii(leiicc  up  to  10  sliiHinys  a  week, 
and  iliililren'-  allnwanee-.     .     ,     . 

Addfd  t'l  iIk-  111  inn ^  at  tlu  end  nf  a  d  iiirsc  nf  trainin.i,''  (  ~i-f  ii — 
(4)   i>a,i;i'  ir.\  aliiAi')   i-  ilic  [inAi^iin: 

Ami  ilure  may  he  a  further  L;rant  ii'  t  exeeeilinu  £111  fur  the  punlui'ie 
if  ti'.'l-  if  reipnriil  In  he  pnauleil  li>  ll'.e  man  in  the  traile  in  whieh  he  lias 
lecn  traineil. 

I'll  tlio  ]iara,L;raiili  atimit  altrniative'  ih'IisIhiis  ('>e'e'  aluAi-  \<Ai:v 
irn    i-  added  the  clan-e: 

Prnviiieil  th.al  in  th.e  ea-e  nf  ,i  man  wlin  lia^;  In^t  hiuh  arms  nr  Imth  lei;s 
nr  tlie  siuht  nf  h-iili  e>e-,  the  a\erat;e  earniuK'S  (if  ally  I  nf  which  he  may 
he  eapalile  -hall  nut  he  taken  iiiln  accnunt, 

I'm-  ^nldirr~  wlio-e  di-alilcnu'iit  is  not  attriliiitalilo  tn  n"r 
aL:L;ravaled  bv  niiliiarv  mtv  iec.  il  is  |ir<>\"i(k-(l  tliat  the  sum  v.liieli 
iiia\-  he  i^raiiletl  may  he  a>  hii,di  a<  £150.  iii.-tead  nf  £100,  ;is  in 
the  warrant  nf  1<M7  (  .ce'  7 — !_').  pa^'e  170.  ahnvel  :  ;il^c>.  that 
it  -iieh  a  man  i^  in  need  nf  iiivtittitinnal  treatment,  it  sliall  he 
jiinxided  fnr  the  [lerind  nf  the  war  and  fur  twelve  niniith.s  after 


\  ■.■■u,jk.^~j:^^-^-:.^-:_''{iJ^s 


i,kl\v    1;|<1IAI\ 


i;.^ 


il>  dn^c.  ami  iliat  full  allcwaiu-r-  ~liall  \k-  paid  l"  lii-  uii\  aii<l 
childrcii  wink'  he  is  uikKt  tnatuKiit. 

Ill  till-  ~i.'li(.(liik'  "t  iiiiurif^  ^cxiral  i  liaii;,''.--  are  iiiailc,  al!  in 
the  (lireetinii  (.('  liii^lkT  ratiiii,'.  Lii~-  i.f  linth  iwi  \-  traii-ferrrd 
fmni  ria--  _'  111  ('la~-  1.  Ainimtali'Mi  ni'  the  n,i,'lit  arm  at  the 
>hiiii!(kT  i'lim  i-  taken  nut  i>t  the  .i,""''"]!  whieh  \\a-  "rii,'inalK- 
I'la--  _'  and  i-  made  a  ela-^  h\  it-ill.  ra;ed  at  ''0  ptr  eeiit,  wiili 
a  niinimnm  pin-i'ii  i.f  J  I  -.liilliii'.^'-  '•  pmee.  Aminiiali' 'ii  <.|  the 
lett  arm  al  ihe  -h' iiiider  inim  i,  nuAed  up  lr..ni  70  per  eent  V> 
SO  per  eeiii.  The  "ther  ratiii,t;-  remain  the  -ame,  liiit  the  ela-s 
nuniher-  are  ehan-vd.  mh  aeci.unt  "i  tiie  interpdiatii 'ii  ^i  a  ,i;rade 
at  *'0  per  eenl,  and  -i  •  there  are  nine  ela— e-  in-tead  "f  eii,dil. 

I'oide-  the-e  \ariMU-.  inerea-e-  in  rate-  and  additional  t'maii- 
cial  prnvi-icn-.  the  ciily  ehaii'^'e  in  the  warrant  a  It  ee  tin,:;  di  — 
allied  men  i>  mie  niakiii};-  nii>re  definite  the  prnvisiim  for  a  teiii- 
pnrary  pen-inn  in  the  case  cf  men  wln'-e  di-ahilitv  ha-  m.t 
reached  its  tinal  fcinii: 

!.-(_' I  I-'.xccpt  in  th'H-  ia~f-  win  re  tlic  cli^iiMttnt-nt  lias  reaclk-'l  it-  final 
cnnditiiin  a  (lisalilcnu-iu  iiciiMnn  sliall  lit  tciii|"'rar> ,  at  iho  rair  apiirMjiriate 
!'■  l!ie  teniiiMfary  ili^ahli-mcnt.  and  tlio  uraiit  -liall  I'c  rixifWfd  ir.'ni  time  to 
tiinc  inuil  a  pcriiiaiR'nt  a-M-ssirn-iU  can  In-  made  nr  the  irrant  eea>es. 

Annther  \varr;uit  under  the  same  dale  (April  17,  I'MX)  pro- 
vides that  the  pensinns  (if  nun  totally  di-ahled  in  con-ei|iience 
of  -er\  ice  in  former  war-  "may  he  iiicrea-ed  hy  the  difference 
iietween  his  pre-enl  rate  of  pen-ion  and  the  minimum  i)en-ion 
which  he  nii.i:;ht  have  received  accordint;  to  hi-  rank  at  the  lime 
of  dischar.i^e  for  the  hi^du^l  de,L,'ree  of  di-ahlenieiit  under  our 
royal  warrant  "i  the  _"'ili  March,  l'n7,  or  ;inv  w.arr.itit  amcnd- 
iiii,'  the  same  if  he  had  been  suhject  to  the  pro\i-ii>n-  of  our 
-.ii<l  roy.al  warr.ant  (.f  the  J'>tli  March,  I'M",  or  anv  -uch 
amendini;  w.arrant  as  aforesaid." 

The  Speci.al  ( iraiits  Committee  of  the  Mini-try  of  Pen-ions, 
to  which  w;is  transferred  the  functi(iiis  of  the  St;Uiitorv  ("oni- 
mittee  relaliii.t;  to  supplemetit.iry  and  -peci.il  .allowances,  did  not 
chanj,'e  the  j^eiura!  principle-  which  had  heai  adopited  hv  its 
predecessor.     The  retrul.ition-  it  i--ued  in  1''1N  dilfer  from  tho-c 


176 


i>isAiiLi:i)  siii,iiii;ks  ami  s  ui.dks 


(if  the  St.itutnrv  Cnmniitti'i-  (see  nIxAe,  passes  140-143)  chiefly  in 
heiii.i;  mere  precise  and  deiinite.  The  interiiretatii  m  <'i  "excep- 
tional circuni-lance-"  i-  n"t  materially  ni'xlitied.  A  fixed  niaxi- 
nnnn  i-  >et  f'.r  the  all<'\vance>  which  may  he  made  supplementary 
of  the  state  pen-iiiii  in  "exceiiti'iiial  circumstances"  in  place  of 
the  \ariahle  depending;  en  jirewar  incnie  whicli  was  (.ri'^'inally 
e-tahli-lied:  10  shiUin.i^s  a  week,  tM<;eiher  with  an  al'^wance  ^f 
2  shilhiii^s  C,  pence  a  week  fnr  each  child.  F^r  the  >\Kx'ui\  allow- 
ances tc.  disahled  men  wli.  •,  thou.irh  their  disal)lement  is  due  to 
service,  are  for  M'lne  reas 'ii  not  elii^ihle  to  state  pensions,  and 
are  in  circumstances  (.f  "exceptional  hardship."  file  maximum 
is  raisol  from  JO  shillin,i,'s  a  week  to  27  shilling;.,  f,  pence,  with 
children's  allowance-  in  each  case,  llotli  supplementary  allow- 
ances and  special  allowances  are  to  he  made  for  only  six  months 
at  a  time.  Supplementary  .(..'raiUs  in  cases  "where  the  jjeiieral  and 
financial  circumstances  of  sailor-  t,r  soldiers  were  similar  to 
those  of  officers,"  to  hriiij.''  up  the  i)ayments  from  the  state  to 
"the  scale  applicalile  to  officers,"  are  retained,  drants  for  the 
education  of  children  of  ileceased  or  disahled  men  are  al-o  re- 
tained.    The  scale  is  as  fipllows: 

1.1 1  III  the  case  nf  a  cliild  over  .s  and  under  l.S  years  of  age,  atteiidins 
day  -c1m,.1.  tlic  scliixd  fees  to  all  amount  not  exceeding  £3)  a  year  and  a 
^ulIl  not  exceedin.i,'   £5  a  year  lor  travelini:  and  nece-sary  expenses; 

(b>  In  tlie  case  of  a  child  over  13  and  under  Jl  years  of  aiie.  atiendnii;  a 
day  s^bo,.l.  the  scIm,.!  fees  to  an  amount  not  exceedini;  £2?  a  year  and  a 
sum  not  exieedini:   -tl"  a  year  for  travehnu  and  necessary  expenses; 

(0  1  In  the  case  of  a  child  under  .'1  ye;irs  ..t  a«e.  attending  a  hoarding 
scho, .1  ,.r  colUv;e.  necessitating  residence  away  frcjin  home,  a  sum  not  ex- 
cvohni:;    £.-0  a  >ear. 

Scholarships  held  hy  the  child  are  "taken  into  consideration"; 
attendance  is  sanctioned  only  at  schools  approved  liy  the  local 
idiic;ition  authoritv  or  hy  the  committee;  and  the  p.iytner.t  of 
or:ints  is  ni;ide  conditional  upon  satisfactciry  reports  of  "''le 
industrv  and  conduct  of  tlie  child." 

Supplementarv  circulars  issued  in  I'M.S  si^cify  th;it  s|,eei:d 
grants  up  to  10  shiUin.^s  a  week  may  lie  m;ule  to  dis.diled  men 
for  special  diet,  on  the  certificate  of  the  Medic:il   Referee;  and 


GREAT    inUTAlX 


i; 


that  grants  up  to  £25  may  lie  made  "to  start  skilled  or  com- 
petent disabled  men  in  trade  or  business." 

A  Pensions  Appeals  Tribunal  lia>  been  instituted  by  tlic 
Ministry  of  Pensimis  to  decide  the  >inule  issue  as  to  whether 
or  not  the  disablement  should  be  accepted  as  "attributable"  or 
"aggravated." 

Treatment  and  Training 

.Vlthough  a  large  part  of  the  brief  period  of  service  of  tlie 
first  Minister  of  IVnsions  was  necessarily  occupied  with  the 
[ireliminary  work  of  revising  the  terms  of  pensions  and  allow- 
ances, it  seem.>  to  have  been  his  conception  that  the  duties  of 
the  Ministry  with  resjRCt  to  treatment  and  training  were  its 
mf)St  important  res[)onsibiIities.  Mr.  John  Hodge,  who  suc- 
ceeded Mr.  P>arnes,  expressed  this  idea  by  referring  to  his  office 
as  the  "Ministry  of  Restoration."  Colonel  Sir  Arthur  Griffllh- 
Boscawen,  Parliamentary  Secretary  to  the  Ministry  of  Pensi(jns, 
commenting  on  this  felicitous  mot  of  the  Minister's,  writes  in 
the  War  Pensions  (jacette  for  Octol)er,  1917,  th"t  no  doubt 
"Ministry  of  Pensions"  very  inade(|uately  expresses  the  duties 
and  functions  of  the  office,  for  we  owe  a  much  heavier  debt  to 
the  disabled  man  than  a  mere  money  compensation.  "It  is  our 
duty  to  put  him  back,  to  restore  him,  in  fact,  to  society  healed 
and  mended  in  Ix'dy  and  mind  S(i  far  as  is  ])ossible."  There  can 
be  no  doubt  that  this  idea,  this  theory  of  respfinsibility,  has  been 
accepted  by  the  En^-ish  jteoiile,  and  that  much  effort  has  been 
and  is  being  expended  to  realize  it.  That  it  is  adequately  realized 
probably  no  one  would  venture  to  maintain. 

To  hasten  the  provision  of  a<lditional  facilities  for  treatment 
of  those  who  need  care  after  discharge  from  the  army  or  navy, 
Mr.  Barnes  arranged  joint  institutional  committees  of  the 
Ministry  of  Pensions,  the  War  Office,  and  the  Red  Cross,  one 
for  England  and  one  for  Scotland.  These  committees  have 
taken  measures  to  increase  the  accommodations  for  neuras- 
thenics and  epileptics  in  both  countries,  for  paraplegics  and 
advanced  cases  of  tulierculosis  jn  F.ngland.  and   for  orthopedic 


if 


■  r-^i  ' 


178 


i.i>.\i'.i.i.ii  .siii.Pii.KS  AM)  s\ii.(ii;s 


trcatnui.t  in  Scotland.  Ilarly  in  1"»1X  a  i)ii\ctnr  •■{  NFtdical 
Srrvicc.~  ua-  a]!]" 'inti'il.  ci"  ■rdiiiatin.u'  the  work  "t  llii-^i-  cdii- 
iiiitlii-.  wliu'li  cta-t.-  li>  i-.\i>l.  and  "I  tin.'  riHl>ia  I'xiard  and  the 
|',,.ard-  ii'  Xinra-tlKinc-,  m  a  m'i,i;Ic  dr;iariuK'nl.'  Sir  Jolm 
ri'liii',  M.n..  (".M.*'..  i-  till'  tii-t  incnnilKiu  <<i  tliis  drt'ict?,  tho 
t'-talili-linKin  "i"  wliuli  i-  rc.uardrd  a-  a  "liiant,'.'  ct  Miiinini- 
iiiil..  .rtanir"  in  thr  adniini>irati\  i-  i  ir-ani/atii  n  <if  the  Mini-try 
(  t  l\n~i<in~.  A  SiKcial  Anral  Heard  wa-  -ct  tip  liy  the  Mini-try 
in  Mariii,  I'MS,  tip  a-'-i.'>>  t"r  |irn-iMn  ]inr]M.-t'-  ihr  di.',t;n'i'  "t 
(h-ahKnuiil  in  an\  ca-i'  ri.'l\rri-<i  to  it  hy  the  Mini-try,  and  i" 
advi-i-  a-  to  trvatini-nt  and  a-  tc  training;  in  lip-ri-adinu;.  A  new 
clenifnl  which  ha-  iiaii  added  t"  tlic  facilities  tnr  tnatnicnt 
alter  di-ehar.ue  i>  tlie  (  Irthiipeche  Annex,  attached  tn  ci\  n  li(i-[ii- 
tal-.  t"  prnvide  tcr  dul-lialient  treatment  "f  (h-ch.ir,i,'ed  men  and 
al-i'  t'.r  the  c 'ntinnatii  .n  of  ilieir  training'  in  technical  \vi  .rk-hops. 

Reeducation  and  rce-tahli-hnient  in  cud  life  are  under  the 
Director  of  Traininjr  <if  the  Ministry  of  IVn-ions,  who  is  Major 
Kohert  Mitchell,  formerly  director  of  the  Re>,'cnt  Street  Poly- 
tec-hnic  in  London.  Aj^encies  have  sprung'  tip  all  over  the 
conntrv  a-  the  re-nlt  of  the  pnhlic  desire  to  supply  facilities  for 
reeducation.  Some  are  off-shoots  of  existing  educational  insti- 
tutions, some  of  private  charities;  some  are  new  orj^anizations 
formed  for  the  purpose;  some  represent  the  interest  of  private 
manufacturer.-  and  of  the  city  livery  com()anies.  The  part  played 
In-  the  technical  school-  has  been  especially  cons[)ic.ious.- 

l.ocal  cointnittees  and  joint  committees  are  constantly  devis- 
injj  new  "schemes"  for  trainin;,'  and  presentins;  them  to  the  Pen- 
sions Ministry  for  approval.  Sanction  was  s'ven,  for  cxamjile, 
to  a  i)lan  of  the  joint  committee  of  O'nnauKht  and  Leinster 
for  trainin.;,'  [jantrymen,  waiters,  and  carvers  in  Dublin,  with 
the  cooperation  of  the  leading;  hotels.  Later  the  same  resource- 
ful  ■■oiiiniittee   proposed   a    plan    for   trainin;,^   in    the  care   and 


1  I'.ilitorinl   ill   F\\;-ail,-<l  to  Life.  .Xpril.   I'^IS. 

-  li.hn  C'lilbcrt  l-arie-;  'Vraimna  in  l-.iMilish  Tcchmcal  Si-Iior>!s  for  Pis- 
nbli-ii  S.'Idu-rs.  Piililic.iti.m-  ,,f  the  Kcd  Cr<p-s  Instittite  Inr  Crippled  ,ipd 
Ili-a1>Io!  Men:  Scries  I.  \o.  8.  Tliis  nimiocraph  :il^i>  contains  acccuiits 
ct  the  I.aiua-liirc  and  tlic  Vnrksliirc  •'fclicme-"   tor  training. 


i^'J"^'^ 


'W^ 


K'-' 


;i;i;.\i    i;kii.\in 


179 


iiianagcir.ctU  oi  lior^t^.  'I'lio  I^imI  C'lmiiiitri.'  oi  Xiiriliain[iti'ii 
sii))niitticl  a  -fhi-iiK'  l'"r  a  ci'iir-c  in  hair  dro^int;.  \\-,l;i 'iialii 'Ti> 
were  in  iirii),'rc->  ah^iit  tin-  sanu-  tiiiir  witli  tlu'  Mini-lry  "t  Mniii- 
ticn>  in  rc,i,Mi(l  i'>  trainint;  a  liniiti-d  nninlur  "t  nuii  in  the  mak- 
ing; cf  cptical  in^trniiKiit^,  the  (kniaml  t'^r  wliitli  lias  iKiti 
cnnrinen-K'  inircaMil  t)\'  tlic  war,  wink-  liic  I'lircii^n  Mil'pl)  — 
ilnrtlv  fi'nni  ( iiTinan\-.  An^lria  aiui  America — lia^  luin  cut  I'lt.' 

I\clativi!v  little  lia-^  liciu  ihmv  lor  the  man  of  hcttiT  fchica- 
tion.  Till-  i)ro[)(Kal  for  traiiiiti.;,'  in  niakini,''  optical  in^tniiinnts 
iii,i\  1h-  a  >tc|)  in  that  ilircction.  Plans  are  -aid  to  he  under  way 
tor  ]ire]iarin<,f  stiita!)le  candidates  as  teaclier>  in  elementary 
>cli(ioN;  and  the  Committee  of  the  Lord  Kitchener  Memorial 
limd  lia^  decided  to  offer  scholarshi]is  to  ex->oldii.Ts — from 
wiiich  iirt-nmahly  disahled  men  wonld  not  he  ilel)arred  if  other- 
wi>e  (jiialitied — for  studyinfj  commercial  methods  ahroad.  espe- 
cially in  tile  countries  of  the  Allien. - 

The  total  numher  of  men  under  training:  in  Marcli,  1'>1S.  not 
including,'  those  under  the  Ministry  of  Munition>  (,>ee  iia},'e  15.^), 
was  27^7.^ 

A  circular  of  the  Ministry  of  Pensions  (  \o.  73,  April,  P'lH) 
defines  what  constitutes  "eli^jihility  for  trainin,!,'."  Trainin),^  is 
jirovided  at  public  expense  only  in  cases  in  which  the  dir^ablemcnt 
is  line  to  or  aj^^'ravated  hy  service  in  the  ]>resent  w,ir,  and  in 
such  cases  not  for  a  man  "who  merely  wishes  to  chanj^e  his 
fiiploymeiit  if  his  disahlemeiu  doo  not  necessitate  a  change," 
l)Ui  only  on  one  of  the  followin.ij  iL,'rounds: 

(1  I   Tliat  lie  i^  pliy^icallv  quite  iiii.ilile  tn  resume  liis  nld  occupation; 

(2)  That  he  is  unable  to  resume  his  prewar  occupation  without  risk  of 
injury  to  his  liealth  ; 

(3)  That  he  has  been  a  skillcil  \v(.rktnan  prior  to  enlistment  and  in  con- 
sequence of  his  disablement  can  not  be  expected  to  obtain  the  wages  he 
would  otherwise  have  earned  in  his  previous  (■ccupation; 

(4)  That  he  has  been  an  unskilled  workman  prior  to  enlistment  and  his 
disablement  makes  it  probable  that  his  continued  employment  in  his  previous 
occupation  would  be  precarious. 

1  liar  I'ciisiints  (iacctle,  October  and   N'ovember.   1917. 

-C.  W.  Hutt:   Thr  luliirc  of  tlu-  IHsablcd  SolScr.  Chapter  III. 

^War  I'cnsivns  Ciizcltc.  .April,    1918. 


4^>7^1^ 


;i,..,it.>* 


MM 


.^m 


■'^-^ 


•v;; 


180 


Ul^AULl-"    SlJl.lJll.HS    ANU    SAILUUS 


CoN-fMsuiN-:  PiMNTiri.KS  TiiiKUUKs  AM.  Kr.sri.TS  IN-  Kn-c.lanu 
i,„:crnnu-nt  I'cnsions  I..  Mrrt  .11!  lissrnti.il  Xcols 
r.atlRTiiK'  u;,  in.ni  ihi^  Im-thy  n-cilal  <-i  lui-lnmrs  tlmnulu 
■ui.l  .•u-t,..n   wnh  n-.cniHc  L.  .Usil.lc.l  snMicr>.  iIk-  cnncluM..,^ 
I.„.lan,l  iKi^  r.achol  "u  <li~imtc.l  iH,i,u>,  the  first  thinj,'  wc  n-tRc 
i.  that  tlu-  l-.n^'li-h  -vM.-ni  i^  l.a-o.l  ..ii  tlie  tlu-ry  ..f  liberal  inn- 
M..n^   aii.l    s„,,,,lcnKiUarv   .urant^    fmni    puhlic    tun.l^.    suttuMrnt 
I,,  iuMin-  ti-i  -nlv  a  rea^Mnal.lc  stan.lanl  nt  living.  Init  a  >lan.l- 
ar,l   ai.i.na.l.in-'that    which   the   individual    family  niaima.iK-.l 
JKt-ri-  the  war.     The  ..ri^inal  theory  that  nee.N  ariMnjr  tmin 
variati..ii>  in  -tan.lar.l  nt  living  .'in.l  family  circumstances,  over 
a„,l  alH.ve  those  provi.le.l  for  hy  a  "Hat  rate"  i,ension.  sh..uKl  he 
met  hv  private  charity,  h.is  heen  ahandoneil. 

This  is  not  to  say  that  a  unanim<.us  ..pinion  has  heen  reached 
(m  this  <iuestion.     On  tlie  contrary,  every  shade  of  theory  may 
still  he  found  amons:  tliose  whose  opinions  are  I>est  entitled  to 
respect.     Diiferences  on  this  iK>int  seem  to  depend  less  on  experi- 
ence than  on  individual  prc.lispositiAn  as  to  the  function  ot  the 
state   and    the   "proper"    relation    between    public    and    private 
cl'iarity.      Many   still    iK-lieve,    and   amon>(   thein   not   only    the 
fo'rme'r  vice  chairman  <.f  the  Statutory  Committee  init  aKo  some 
of  the  staff  of  the  present  Pensions  Ministry,  that  a  system  <.t 
voluntarv  committees,  ilisbursin^'  only  funds  raised  from  private 
subscription,  to  supplement— or.  as  they  like  to  say,  "on  top  ot" 
—a  flat  rate  of  ^'overnment  pension,  is  the  ideal  arran.u'ement. 
Others,  again,  think  that  the  local  committees  should  he  merely 
advisory,  with  no  fmancial  powers  or  responsibility  whatever: 
still  others,   that   it   would  be  better  that   the  ofticial   pensions 
should   he   Riven   in   an   imiH^rsonal,   objective   way,   leavin;;  to 
voluntary  agencies  the  liberty  of  doing  whatever  they^see  tit. 
but  without  oftici;d  connection  with  them— without,  as  It  were, 
recognizing  theni  as  a  part  of  the  scheme.     Notwithstanding  all 
these  variants  in  private  views,  the  position  which  has  been  em- 
bodied in  lei;i-lation  as  the  decision  <.f  the  nation  is  that,  while 


GKKAT    UKIIAIN 


181 


there  will  always  Ik-  a  place  for  charily  t"  perii.rtn  wrk^  "t 
Mi[)erer()Kati(in,  so  to  sjKak.  everything  that  i^  e>:'eiitial  >li'iukl 
be  dniic  by  the  f,'(ivertiiiient. 

Pcnsiciis  Xot  Pcpciuli'itt  an  Earnings 

Tile  second  principle  which  ha>  been  settled  is  that  the  amnnnt 
of  the  pension  should  not  depend  "H  the  piissi!)le  or  actual  earn- 
ings of  the  man.  AlthniiKli  there  is  -till,  in  the  provisions  for 
alternative  pensions  and  supplementary  allowances,  a  lingerin;.; 
survival  of  the  discarded  theory,  and  although  there  may  be 
some  who  woukl  still  cling  to  it  as  an  ideal  if  it  did  not  have 
such  untoward  practical  roulf;,  the  demon.-tration  wliich  the 
country  has  had  that  it  is  not  "workable,"  just  as  it  was  not 
workable  long  ago  when  ai)plied  to  the  relief  of  agricultural 
laborers,  has  ap[)arently  been  conclusive. 

Oppurtnnitics  and  hiduccmcuts.  Xot  Compulsion 

In  the  third  place,  I'ngland  has  made  up  lier  mind  as  to  the 
limits  of  military  authority  over  the  di>abled  man,  antl  the 
degree  of  compul>ion  which  the  state  should  exercise  as  to  his 
future  life.  Men  are  kept  under  military  authority  as  long  as 
thev  need  active  hospital  treatment  for  some  condition  which 
does  not  require  too  long  a  period  ni  institutional  care:  that  is, 
for  men  who  lose  a  limb,  until  the  stump  is  healed  and  the  arti- 
ficial limb  is  fitted  and  adju>ted ;  while  neurasthenics  and  para- 
plegics and  tuberculous  are  di'-charged  as  soon  as  that  can  be 
d<ine  decently,  without  d.inger  to  the  patient.  This  represents 
a  com[)romise  between  the  army  i)ractice  at  the  outbreak  of  the 
war,  when  men  were  discharged  as  soon  as  it  was  clear  that 
they  would  n(jt  be  able  to  go  back  into  service,  and  the  i)osition 
taken  by  S(jme  that  they  should  be  kept  under  the  jurisdiction 
of  the  War  Office  until  they  were  cured  or  pronounceil  incur- 
able. Tile  latter  course  was  out  of  the  question,  because  of  tiie 
practical  necessity  of  using  the  utinost  facilities  at  the  command 
of  tile  military  authorities  for  keeping  up  the  forces  in  the  field, 
and  furthermore,  its  earlier  theoretical  proponents  have  receded 


;K:;:?yv^,')^^ii4:.:-l, 


IN. 


|i|^  MM  ill    Snl  hll  l.'>     AMI    s  \ll  liUS 


M.nicw  li.it  fr"tn  lli.ir  jH.-iti'  n.  Iicc-uim'  it  li.i-^  ai)inar><l  that  .i 
ci'iiluniaiuc  nl'  miliiaiv  ili~iipliiU'  uluii  ilu'  man  limi-rlt  can  no 
li.n^^ir  ~iL'  tin-  ntiv"ii\  I'-r  i!  lia-.  an  nnl'.u "lalilc  tll>i.t  "ii  \\)> 
jiri'^Ti^-  t'lward  lualtli. 

A-  1"  till'  rMiai-i-  i.f  eMniiiiil-inti  after  di-cliarm.'  lr"ni  the 
arinv  it  navv.  tlic  llicTy  i^  -lightly  (litlVniit  with  rct'cn-nco  Vi 
trtaiincnt  and  fi  trainin;,'.  'I'hn  ■ntiially.  a  man  i-  c.Mi;;<,il  Im 
"iiiuli  r;ii>"  the  trcainunt  iirr-irihcd  l"r  liim  c 'ii  ih-char,i,'i'.  i.n 
()rnahv  el"  lia\ini,'  hall'  hi>  [nii^icii  uithhi-Ul.  In  practice,  li.  .w- 
I'MT.  treatment  i^  n"t  etit'Tced.  exceiit  in  ca-e  ut  intecti-n-. 
<li>ea~c>,  anvil),'  whicli  Hihercnli.>i>  is  n^t  ordinarily  included. 
l)nilialilv  l)ccaii-e  <■(  lack  nf  .accdinini  .datiun^  in  llll^llilaK  atid 
;-anat>iria. 

Trainint,'  i^  not  coiiiiml-i  iry  at  any  st.ii^e — nnt  even  in  the  inili- 
t.iry  (.rth"]ieilic  !ii-|)ital>  and  at  the  limli-tittin,!,'  iti-titnti<  ^ns  he- 
fnre  the  nun  arc  di-charj,'eil.  The  theory  >eeni>  t<>  he  that  the 
-tate  hlKHiId  i>ni\ide  c 'ii]" 'rtnnitie-.  lint  tliat  tl:e  men  >hi  nild  he 
free  tn  take  theiii  or  leave  thein.  Heavy  tinanci.al  inducements 
are  dt'ered  and  vari'Hi^  fdrnis  of  persuasion  are  n>ed,  i)iit  there 
i>  U'l  interference  witli  the  individual^  iiherty  U<  exerci>e  pixir 
jii<li,'ment  if  lie  so  elects.  Kveryhody  knows  that  most  of  the 
men  are  usinfj  poor  jud,i,mient,  j,'oinj,'  to  work  at  anything,'  they 
can  L;et  at  the  hij,di  \va;,'es  which  are  current.  iii>tead  of  takiiii;  ad- 
v.int.-iK'e  of  a  chance  to  learn  a  trade  which  will  always  command 
j,rood  Wildes,  hilt  even  the  theori>t>  hardly  .t,'o  further  than  to 
wish  it  were  fe.isihle  (recoj,'nizinf,'  that  it  i>  not)  to  force  tlicin 
to  do  what  they  >hnuld  do.  The  extreme  position  for  the  use 
of  authority  is  taken  hy  Mr.  L.  \'.  Shairp,  writinj,'  in  the  Ediii- 
I'linih  A'cT'/i'a'  in  I'M".  While  he  recos^'nize-  tli.it  "you  can  not 
help  a  man  unless  he  is  willing  to  learn,"  still  he  thinks  it  would 
he  po>.-il>le  to  create  a  willinpiess  if  "you  first  secure  his  trust 
and  confidence,  :nd  make  it  perfectly  clear  that  a  definite  re- 
spon>ii)ilitv  is  recot^nized  for  his  rein^tatemetit  in  civil  life  and 
for  the  ade<|uate  maintenance  of  hinir-elf  anil  his  family  until 
he  is  .ahle  to  e.arn  enou,i;h  for  the  puri)ose  himself.  .  .  .  We 
sliould  lia\e  acconipli>hed  much  indeed  if  we  could  hut  say  here- 


;^^t^<Mst^iyMiiSms;mMmmii^r^ 


c.Ki:  \  I    iiiJi  1  \IN 


IS.? 


ril'iiT  that  \vi-  liail  iii"liili/fi!  l.ili'.r  in  tin-  (k't'i'i-o  of  tlu-  ]Miiui- 
jilo  (it  lihiTtv,  and  liail  tliiiii>liili/.i'(l  an  army  ■■I  ^killed  ui'iknuii 
that  liliiTtv  niij^'ht  Iw  fiijnyi-d  in  tlu-  fnll  rxiTii^c  ni  liii;,'lilriud 
capacity. "  'liiat  VM'uId,  nf  ci'iir-u.  he  \it\  tiiic.  hut  it  d"i-  nut 
|>rcNcni  ii^ill  a>  a  tca-iliK-  ideal.  I  he  ]iractical  nun  \\\\'>  are 
liandliti}(  di>cliar).;cd  Mildicrs  all  a^ric  tiiat  if  traiiiinj;  were  c^'in- 
pnl-orx-  tlu-  tuiti  ui^nld  li"  tlic  U'lk  in  ■^mli  ;i  way  and  with  .-iich 
a  spirit  that  lluy  wnuld  uet  lU'liiin.!.,'  "nt  id'  it. 

Use  of  I'ririiU-  linlirf^risc  and  of  l-.xlst'nui  .L/i'iuics 

The  fntulainciil.d  i)riiui]ilc  that  it  i--  tlu-  dnty  mI  tin.-  -tatt-  ti> 
supjily  all  c>>ciitial  nccd>  dm-s  imt  mean  in  ( ireat  l'.rit;iin  eitlu-r 
ri  new  serie>  of  ill^tltnti(>n^  created  hy  the  j,'i ivcniment  or  the 
"takin.i;  i>\er"  wholesale  hv  tlu-  ^''^crnmelit  of  exi-tiii!,'  a,!,'eiu  ie>. 
It  means  that  a  ilepartnu-nl  of  j,'o\cniinent,  with  a  C'ahiia-t  Mm- 
i-ler.  is  char^'ed  with  >eein.!,'  that  the  .st;ite's  re-jxin-ihility  i-; 
carried  out,  hut  that  this  (k']iartnK-nt  is  esiiected  to  fullil  its 
function  iarjjely  hy  stimnlatinj,'  local  aiul  pri\atc  etfort.  All  the 
elenunts  of  a  coinprehen>i\e  system  which  alreaily  exi^t  in 
departments  of  jjovernnieut  <'r  in  jirivate  charitahle  enterpri>es 
are  utilized;  niis-inj;  features  are  sup])lied  in  whatever  w:iy 
seems  nuist  expedient,  hut  ordinarily  hy  a  comhination  of  pri- 
v;ite  aiul  ])ul)lic  effort,  pl;int  and  e(|uipnient  fre(iueiuly  heinj^j 
supi)lied  hv  the  fornur,  running,'  expenses  hy  the  latter. 

While  the  <levelopment  of  this  "theory"  has  prohahly  heen 
due  larj,'elv  to  the  exijjencies  of  the  situation — the  necessity  of 
usint,'  what  is  at  hand  or  K"'"k'  without — still  it  is  a  theory  which 
Wdultl  naturally  he  conj^'enial  to  the  l!n,t,dish  mind  and  temper. 

Manv  exatnples  (if  this  coordination  of  existinjj  facilities  1  ave 
heen  ijivcn  in  the  precedinjj  pa^es:  the  use  of  the  National 
Health  Insurance  niachitury,  the  lahor  exchantjes,  and  the 
institutions  of  the  Local  (iovernment  I'oard;  the  cooperation  of 
the  Red  Cross  in  supi)lyin),'  funds  for  extensions  of  charitahle 
institutions;  the  activity  of  the  ])olytechnics  in  offerint,'  cl.'i-ses; 
the  resjionsihilitv  juit  on  local  committees  for  initiatin.ij  schemes 
of  trainintj,  and  so  on.     The  maximum  number  of   elements, 


•S 


IS* 


lM>Alll.r.l'    Sul.Dll.iO    AM'    >\lln|;S 


% 


iiuIimIidl;  ilu  military  aiitli' .nli. -.  o .•  T.lmat^ ,1  int..  ulut  i-  -.n 
tlu-  \\li..|.-  an  i\(.ii»ti..|iallv  -ati-lact.  .rv  w.^rkin^  rr-nlt.  i-  I..1111.I 
11,  the  liiiil.-littinL;  !i..~l.ital~  at    l'.rii;lit.  n  aii.l   1\.  .cllaiiipt.  .11, 

J'r,'l'li-iii.s  .'/   iidiuiiui 
Tlu-  rclati.  n  iHtwtiii  "iiiratixr"  and  "x .  .cati.  .nal"  work,  whidi 
lia-  lucii  till'  -nlijtct  ..I   luali.l  (li<ii"i..n^  in  1  raiur.  (l..c~  ivt 
.irin  t..  li(.tli-r  ttu'  iMiylish  inncli.      IIk-  tlR'..ry  ..n  wliicli  inannal 
u,,rk    1-    intr.iductil    iiU<.    tliL'    nrtli.  .pi  dii'    military    li..-iiital-    i-> 
tliat  it  is  an  imp..rtant  adjunct  tn  tnatinciU.  m..re  ctfcitivi-  than 
Kymn:i>tics,  and  that  thcrr  i>  n.)  nas..ii  why  the  \v'»\\Aii  v. .ca- 
ll', .nal.   (.r   prc'vocatinnal.   valnc   -h.  .uld   ivt   W   no .«!"/.' d   and 
lUih/.ol  if  it  is  iv.l  alL.wod  \><  intirtVrc  with  thiraprntic  cm- 
sidcratinns.     A  third  (.l.jcct— tlic  fc..n..mic  value  <.f  the  wnrk— 
miuht  lacnu-  a  c..nii.etit..r  ..I  h..th  tlu-  ..liier-,  th..n,i;h  it  i>  n..t 
incvitahly  in  coiillict  with  citlur.     \\"<  "i  the  disimtes  (.1;  the 
-uiijeel  ('.t  cnrativi  rvr.vu.f  v(  icatwiiai  u..rk  111  tlu-  ii..-pitals  -eeiii 
t(.  he  rather  academic  than  j-ractical.      It   it  hard  t..  see  what 
harm  "curative  w.  .rk-h..!.-"  can  d-.  t..  future  ecnnmic  life,  if 
liny  are  an  aid  t..  funeti..n;d  recovery,  ruid  if  they  d"  n..w  and 
tlien  Mart  a  man  in  llie  directi..n  "f  training;,  a^  it   w..nld  seeni 
l)r..hahle  that  thry  mi.^ht.  or  teacli  him  en<iUKh  ahout  some  <.ccu- 
pati-.n  M.  that  he  can  utilize  the  kn..wledi,'e  later   in  earmni;  a 
livini,',  s.  1  much  the  hetter. 

The  I'.n.^li^h  tlie-rv  in  re;,'ard  t..  "orientation"  is  f..rmulated 
in  the  Insirncti..n-  and  N..tes  furni>hed  hy  the  Ministry  of  I'en- 
si,,ns  to  the  l..cal  committees.  It  is  a>Mnned  tliat  a  man  who 
can  K"  I'ack  t..  hi>  former  ix.Mtion  or  t. .  his  f..rmer  employer 
i>  not  in  need  of  irainin-,  unless  hi-  di^ahility  i-  of  a  S(.rt  t.. 
make  his  former  occup.itioii  precarious.  It  is  considered  impor- 
tant that  men  >h..uld  n.  .t  he  >ent  away  fn.ni  ii..nie  for  trainim; 
uiile>s  there  are  p.  .-itive  reas.  .ns  in  f.avor  of  ni  d-.ini:;,  and  a 
m.irried  man  may  n.  .t  he  -ent  away  without  the  sanction  of  the 
Mim-ter  ..I  i\n~i..u-,  .i;iven  only  when  it  c;in  he  ~h.  .wn  that  the 
man  will  he  ahle  t..  i;el  w.  .rk  in  hi-  h.'nie  di-lrict  at  the  end  <.f 
his  pr.ip..-ed  cur.e  of  tramiiii,'  or  that  lie  is  prepaml  to  move 


I;l    \  I     lllil  I  AIN 


185 


away.  In  (lr(i<lim,'  u]«n  ili''  tr.iiiiitii,'  1"  In-  pn'vi.li.l  i.if  a  <h^- 
alilnl  man.  llu'  hnal  cinniitUi-  ar.-  in'triutnl  t"  lake  int..  c  n- 
sulerat  11.11  tlic  niaii'^  i.wn  c1i'.k\-  •<{  i.ccuiiatn.n.  lii-  iircM..iw  .nu- 
liatii.n,  tlic  Miitaliility  <.t  hi-  ili-icc  t'>  lii>  .ii;!-.  tli-aliilitv,  ami 
physical  conihtii.n,  the  ric.'iiininulatii.ii,  it  any  ha>  hmi  inatk'. 
hy  the  niiihcal  li'.anl  at  liic  tun.'  ..t  ln>  di-iharuc  i.r  liy  any 
li(.sl)ital  vi>iliir.  aii'l  ah'.vr  all  "iIk'  i.ii|M.rtuiiilii.s  fnr  earning  a 
jK.Tiiuiicnt  livchli'..  .tl  in  ilic  "cciiii.itinii." 

Extent  ../  l'\-lui!n!itali('ii  .V.'i  i/r.'</ 
In  KCiiT'i'.  it  \v..ul.i  -rtin  that  aniiintati«.ii>  and  !">.;  of  si.clit, 
;ill  >nri,'ical  ca-i~,  ami  aiuti-  nudical  la-i-.  rctcui-  trtatnunt 
which  i>  a>  nearly  aik'(|iiate  a^  it  i-  pi.-Mhlc  tn  iirovidc.  ihkKt 
the  pro-iirc  ami  dit'ticiiltii-i  <.f  the  jiroent  -itnation;  Imt  that, 
fi.r  <.l)\i(.us  rea^i.iis,  c.mlitii.n-  are  imuh  le-s  vati>iact.'ry  with 
re-pect  ti>  the  care  of  the  IuIk  icul.  .u-,  the  neurasthenic;,  and 
others  disihled  hy  ili>ea>es  which  rec|uire  a  loiij,'  and  c-.stly 
Course  i>f  treattiieiu,  and  that,  ti><.,  in  mjiiic  case-,  still  a  niatttr 
of  e.\i)eriinent. 

Artificial  linihs  are  prohahly  suppjifd  tn  all  who  need  thetn, 
and  the  ai)pliances  are  prohahly  as  satisfactory  as  tlie  present 
state  of  the  trade — or  tlie  art — permits.  .\Itlion,!.;h  it  is  found 
that  men  do  not  alw.iys  make  use  of  their  .irtiticial  arms,  never- 
theless thev  are  always  supplied.  When  a  man  li.is  lost  hi.tli 
arms,  a  Carnes  arm  is  j,'iven  for  (.ne.  hut  as  this  is  hoth  com- 
plicated and  exiiensive,  a  simpler  make  is  supi)lied  for  llie  other. 
As  to  trainiui;,  it  would  seem  that  nearly  all  the  men  wli.> 
care  to  have  it  can  secure  it,  hut  that  the  proportion  who  are 
willini,'  t  >  take  any  kind  of  a  curse  is  sm.dl.  The  ntimher  of 
deaf  who  can  he  imhiced  to  attend  the  classes  in  lip-reading 
after  discharge  is  al-o  di-appointin^.  "Kven  a  very  deaf  man" 
can  tjet  work  uni-^r  present  conditions,  and  a  man  who  works 
durin,;;  the  day  is  too  tired  to  study  lip-re.idini;  ;it  nijjht. 

It  was  the  opinion  of  Sir  M.itthe.v  Xathan.  Secretary  to  tlie 
Ministry  of  rensi..ns.  in  the  fall  of  1017.  tliat  n -t  more  than  15 
per  cent  of  all  take  any  training.     How  many  of  these  15  per 


1S6 


iii>  \i;i,i:ii  ^^lll.llli•.l■;.^   ami  >a:iiii;.-. 


cnit  t;rl  a  tIiMr..u,uli  cnur-r  which  n-allv  ,yi\.-  them  a  trade 
iiiT  lifr  i<  a  i|uc^tii.n  \i>  whiih  \vc  have  im  aii'-wer.  Of  the  pre- 
siim]itive  S3  IKT  ixiil  wli"  .!,<^'l  ""  in-lructii'ii  whateviT.  we 
havi'  iin  iiuaii>  I'l'  kiU'wini:  li'iw  many  already  have  trainin.i,'  <>r 
ca]>acitv  wliicli  injures  them  >ucces-  in  sjiite  nf  tliei'-  (lisal)ility. 
h  i>  hard  tn  eKajie  the  conchi-inn,  however,  that,  in  spite  i«f  the 
he-t  imenti"n--  and  iir<>nii-inur  plans  and  earne>t  etfirts,  tlie  net 
amount  i>i  "reeducatii'ii"  and  "re-t.iratinn  to  ecunnmic  iisetiil- 
ne-^"  is  not  vet  verv  ccrn>iderahle  in  proportion  to  the  wreckaj^e 
created  hy  the  war— and  al-',  it  mi,L,du  he  said,  in  proportion  to 
the  elal)orate  machinery  which  lias  heen  created  in  the  liojic  of 
accomplishing;  what  the  nation  wonld  like  to  do  for  the  men 
di-ahled  in  the  war. 

A  co-t]>etenl  ohserver  out-ide  the  Ministry  snmmed  tip  the 
situation  alx'tit  tiie  same  lime  hy  sayin,t;  that  reeducation  had 
"liardly  yet  heen  dealt  with  except  in  a  partial  and  experimental 
manner."  hevond  the  work  done  for  the  blind  at  St.  Dunstan's. 
The  manv  voluntary  a.i;encies  .vhich  have  heen  started  all  over 
the  O'untrv  are  "svinptomatic  of  jnihlic  sentiment  but  not  an 
aile(|tiate  expression  of  its  force."  A  variety  of  experience  has 
been  .trainee',  "which  has  doubtless  l)een  of  j,'reat  value  and  may 
be  the  jn>tirication  for  what  has  seemed  to  some  a  perilous  delay 
in  K^ttin.U  -'^  .i^'rip  on  the  (|ue-tion,"  but  no  really  comprehensive 
scheme  for  the  whole  country  is  yet  in  operation. 

Sir  .\rthur  (irifhth-l'o-cawen.  Parliamentary  Secretary  of  the 
Miiii>try  of  Pension>.  ami  Major  Mitchell,  Director  of  Train- 
in^:,  .ire  not  more  conijilacent  than  the  outside  observer  just 
<|Uoted.  "I'"xcellent  work"  has  been  done,  says  Sir  .\rlhnr,' 
"in  most  ])laces."  but  some  of  the  local  committees,  npon  which 
so  much  depends.  "  ilo  not  seem  to  realize  their  duties  sutTiciently. 
.  Thev  lose  touch,  or  sometimes  never  fjet  into  touch,  with 
(li-abli(l  men.  or  content  themselves  with  ascertainin.i,'  that  they 
have  .t,"'ne  back  ti'  work  without  inquirin.i,'  what  sort  of  work 
it  i<.  Thi^  will  not  do.  We  ilo  n^t  want  any  kind  of  blind-alley 
occupation  for  the  men.  but  >  imething  which  will  enable  them 


GRKAT    liKllAlN 


isr 


to  live  in  self-re?pcct  and  to  earn  ,t,'i>(icl  mcmey  in  adiliuDn  to 
their  pensions  for  the  re>t  of  their  Uvts.  There  i^  im  reason  wliy 
our  disabled  hen-es  >hould  not  he  better  ott  alter  tiie  war,  n^it- 
withstandinj,'  the  loss  of  a  limb  or  some  other  serious  disability, 
than  tiiey  were  before." 

IMore  recently  Major  Mitchell  sums  up  the  "Present  Position 
of  the  (juestion"  as  follows:'  '"The  number  of  wciunded  it 
invalided  soldiers  who  have  received  any  traininir  >ince  their 
dischar,t,'e  is  small.  ...  It  coidd  nut  fairly  be  expected  to  be 
verv  lari,^',  but  it  is  very  small.  ...  If  you  visit  certain  ^reat 
institutions  of  training'  you  will  see  a  wonderful  work  ^oins,'  on; 
l)ut  if  yipu  call  on  the  i)ensions  committees  of  twcj  or  three  Kf"-''' 
industrial  counties  and  impure  as  to  the  projjress  of  training', 
they  are  pretty  certain  to  say  that  they  have  come  across  very 
few  i!ien  who  want  training;  or  will  even  accept  it  when  the 
ad\anta,i,a'  in  their  particular  case  is  jiressed  upon  them."  The 
chief  dilTiculty  is  that  the  \ast  majority  are  not  under  any  over- 
whelmint:  disabilitv. 


They  w.iiit  to  lie  liaik  at  their  oM  li.'mc?.  near  tlieir  rclati'iii';  and  tlieir 
\vi\is'  relations,  to  sing  in  the  choir  of  the  oUl  church  or  chapel,  to  drink  in 
the  sniiK  corner  of  the  old  public  house,  to  he  employed  ahout  the  old  work*. 
or  to  take  such  advantage  as  they  still  can  of  the  higli  wages  nnw  going  in 
the  old  town.  .\nd  this  they  can  do.  .  .  .  What  is  therefore  happening 
is  natural,  it  is  even  healthy.  Hut  the  enil  will  come.  To  a  great  e.xteiit 
our  disabled  men,  induced  by  money  wages  which  four  years  ago  would  have 
seemed  very  high,  are  remaining  unskilled  if  they  were  unskilled  before,  or 
are  even  educati.'g  themselves  down  fr.m  the  skilled  to  the  unskdled  ranks. 

In  some  districts  discharged  soldiers  are  employed  in  large 
fjroups  on  contracts,  and  when  the  work  is  done  they  f,'o  olf 
tof^ether  to  tramp  over  the  country  and  beo  in  bands,  so  that  onee 
more  the  mutilated  veteran  is  encountered  by  the  rorulside  hi 'Id- 
ins  oi't  li'"'  'i^t  to  the  passers-by. 

The  actual  situation  at  present  "clearly  .  .  .  puts  a  limit 
to  our  e.\]x-ctation?,  even  though  we  assume,  as  here  we  do,  that 
cvcrv  authoritv  concerned,  whether  central  or  local,  is  alive  to 

'  In  KccJihJ  lo  Life,  .\pril.  1''18. 


■I 


188 


DISABLMU    SULUIEUS    AND    SAILORS 


feiS^ 


ii>  t.i>k,  atrl  is  doiiii,'  its  best."     Dividinj;  tlie  disabled  into  three 
cla»es,  Major  Mitchell  thinks  that 

(1)  In  ronar.l  to  tli..vo  "wlin.e  (H.-aMcmeiit  lor  their  former  trade  is  evi- 
dent, while  their  caiiacity  for  other  employment  may  still  be  assureil."  i. .-., 
noarlv  all  tlie  MiiM  ami  a  lart;o  [.rMportim,  ,,f  those  who  have  lo.st  hmbs,  "we 
mav  claim,  aiul  iiidccl  hope,  that  a  gu..d  opportunity  for  adcjuatc  trammg 
ill  a  pn  ini.sinK'  occupation  .shall  have  been  presented  to  and  fairly  pressed 
upon  evcrv  one  of  them.' 

(_')  Tlie  exceptional  men,  who  are  awakened  by  their  experiences  to  new 
possiliihtics.  mav  be  truMcd  to  lo.,k  <.ut  for  themselves  if  opportunities  are 
available,  and  there  is  reason  to  believe  that  their  ourage  and  initiative  will 
be  met  at  least  half  way  by  the  resources  of  the  technical  schools  and  the 
advertisini;  ..f  prospects  of  employment. 

(ji  I'.T  the  "lark'e,  indefinite  number  of  the  more  or  less  disabled  and 
more  or  less  capable"  we  can  only  demand  that  the  energy.  intellii,'ence.  and 
pulibc  -pirit  already  shown  in  "some  few  parts  of  the  country"  shall  spread 
over  tlie  whole  of  the  United  Kingdom  and  Ireland. 


'*5iR«c«sv^: 


CHAPTER    V 

Canada 

In  planning  for  disabled  soldiers  Canada  had  even  less  to 
build  upon  than  the  mother  country,  but  she  attacked  the  prob- 
lem with  youthful  western  vigor,  and  has  worked  ou.  a  system 
which  seems  to  be  adapted  to  her  needs.  Although  the  Canadian 
Mxpeditionary  Force  was  not  in  the  field  as  early  as  the  English 
armv,  and  although  the  early  stages  of  treatment  of  Canadian 
wounded  must  of  necessity  take  place  across  the  ocean,  so  that 
their  presence  was  not  felt  at  home  as  an  inspiration  and  goad 
to  action,  Canada  anticipated  England  in  several  steps  of  prog- 
less,  and  has  the  distinction  of  being  the  first  country  (except 
r.elgium)  to  organize  the  vocational  training  of  disabled  soldiers 
on  a  national  basis,  under  a  central  authority. 

By  correspondence  and  visits  information  was  scrupulously 
gathered  about  what  had  been  done  in  England  and  IVance,  in 
the  hope  of  being  able  to  profit  by  their  experience.  But  there 
seems  to  have  been  a  feeling  that  conditions  were  so  ditferent 
in  the  new  world  that  measures  adopted  by  European  countries 
could  not  safely  be  taken  as  a  guide,  though  they  might  indeed 
serve  occasionally  as  a  warning.  This  feeling  may  have  been 
strengthened  by  a  series  of  miscalculations  at  the  outset,  which 
were  based  partly  on  English  experience.    It  would  be  amusing, 

if  it  were  not  for  the  serif)us  consefiuences  involved the  extent 

to  which  expectations  were  contr.ulicted  by  events.  The  amount 
of  tuberculosis  was  greatly  underestimated;  the  number  who 
would  be  blinded  was  as  much  exaggerated ;  the  idea  of  the  kind 
of  care  needed  In-  tlie  wounded  had  to  be  completely  revised; 
even  the  total  number  of  men  who  might  be  expected  back  from 
month  to  month  could  not  at  first  be  foreseen  with  any  degree 
of  accuracv.  With  the  best  intentions  to  provide  in  advance  of 
the  need,  Canada  was  nevertheless  practically  meeting  an  emer- 

189 


190 


Ills  \i;i.i:ii   Sdl.nill; 


AMI    SAILiiUS 


.i;iiu\  ~iin;tii<n  t'<T  llu-  tir-1  \tar  >  r  tW"  ;it  Ifa-I,  and  it  \mi-  •  nlv 
in  lli^  -piin;;  "i  1"1S  ihai  ulial  |jn>ini-i>  In  lir  llu-  (Klinitnr 
ti,rni  ..|  ailnimi-irali'  11  taialK  aiiin-'ari-d.  'I'lir  Canadian  -\-H'iii 
lia-  llurcliirr  i^icuii  i  iiii  I'l  l.■N|lt■I•i^IU■^■.  and  i>  a  .s^'iiiUMic  Iumiu- 
iJi-c'duit.  r\  111  ihi'n.i;h  in  -i.iik-  ii-aturts  ii  i>  >iinilar  t"  iliai  "f 
J-'.nL;!aiid  and  dlur  n  'iinii  ii  -, 

I'.v  \\.i\  "f  dvtiiiiliiin  lit  term-,  and  a-  a  hacks^rcnnd  fir  tla' 
ci'iUTi.li  dr-criiitiiin  nf  what  lia-  'u'ln  dniu'  lur  di-alikd  -i,l,Iu.r-. 
tlir  lii-ti.rKal  drvcli'pnunt  ct'  tin-  dittVrLiU  adniiiii-trativi'  l;nli'r< 
in  tiir  -v-U'iii  will  tir^i  he  mitliiud.  Alli-r  that  ihc  fvulntiiMi  in 
tlu'  rate.'-  I 'I  in!i~iiin-  and  alli  i\\ani-f~  will  \w  traci-d.  and  thru 
tlu'  wurk  f'T  tiir  carr  "l"  di-ahKd  suldicrs  m  lU'cd  ot  trt-atnu'iit, 
thiir  rccihu'alinn  ami  ri-i.ni|ili  ynu  in.  a-  luiilt  up  liy  the  Militarv 
Ilc'spital-  runiniissimi  and  carriid  on  now  hy  that  I)"(ly  under 
it-  luw  nanu-  it  Invalided  SnldiiT-"  fdinmissinn,  in  the  Depart- 
nuiii  I  if  Snidiir-'  Civd  Rel;^tabli^hnlcIU,  and  by  the  Canadian 
Army  Military  Corps. 

()ril.l\!:    (U-    Dl-.VF.I-OrMKNT 

In  addition  to  the  (K]iarttncnt-  of  ^overnnn'nt  whidi  arc  ci  ii- 
ccrncd  with  this  wurk.  and  their  affiliated  vohmtary  orj^am/.a- 
lii  I1-.  there  i>  one  private  agency  of  national  >cope  which  -h.  .ild 
he  noticed,  the  Canadian  Patriotic  Inind.  Its  function  with  re- 
spect to  disabled  men  is  now  relatively  subordinate,  both  in 
relation  to  the  rest  <>{  its  own  work  :.nd  as  an  element  in  the 
provision  for  the  disabled,  but  at  tir-l.  when  the  wounded  were 
l.i.^'innin;;  to  come  home,  and  there  wa-  no  branch  of  the  .l;i\  em- 
inent re.idv  to  provide  for  their  reception  and  care,  the  Patriotic 
blind  "bridued  the  k^U'"  ""^'1  '''^-'  Military  Hospital-  Commis- 
sion w;i-  created. 

The  Canadian  Patriotic  Pniid  },'rew  out  of  the  need  wliich 
was  apparent  a>  soon  a-  the  ilritish  reservists  bej;an  to  join  the 
c,,j, ,,-, — t^veti  before  recntitin.i;  for  the  Canadian  forces  ha<l  be- 
p,n_H,f  providing'  financial  assistance  for  the  dependent-  left 
at  home.  On  the  initiative  of  Sir  Herbert  Aines,  member  of 
Parliament   from   Montreal,   the   Patriotic   Fund   was  prumpily 


I'd 


f'rs,'ani/.i(l 1>  ]tri'Tiiptl\-  tliai  il  w.i^  uu-i 'ri"  Tatid  >  iii  Auuii^t  22. 

1''14.  li-~  I'liji'Ct  i-  tn  "ciilKcl.  adiiiini^tiT,  and  (li-trilnili"  .'i 
I'tind  "ti.r  ilk'  a^^i^lancc  in  la^i'  I'l  luid  I'l  the  \vi\c^.  cliildrrti, 
and  di-'pcndiiu  n.-lati\i.>  (if  ol'tkir-  and  nun.  if-id(jnt>  in  Canada, 
wli",  dnrinj,'  tin.-  present  war,  nia\  liu  ■ 'ii  .u'liw  M.r\icc  willi 
till-  n;ival  ;inil  niilit.iry  fdrco  d  tlu-  I'lriti^h  I'.niijiif  ;uid  firr.it 
I'nt.iin's  allir-."  'I'lir  Mind  -upplinkiit'^  tlu-  a-^ij,MU'd  pa)'  .and 
■-rparalioii  allowance,  wliicli  arc  tixi'd  ;ini( units,  not  varying'  witli 
till  ^]/x  lit  tiio  t.miily.  Tlir  Ljr.inl^  f  the  tnnd  t.iki'  int>i  .Ki'nunt 
the  size  (if  tlic  f.mnly  and  llic  incnnu-  lufurc  tlio  man  jniiu-d  the 
f'lrct's,  and  aim  at  liriiii^'ini,'  uj)  the  tutal  iiu  inu-  l>>  :i  tii,'uie  wliicli 
ni.ikcs  p(i>sihlc  the  in.iinti'n.aiux-  nf  tlu-  n^ual  standard  (if  hvinj;, 
within  tlu'  limits  of  a  C(.rtain  m.ixiniuni. 

An  aimndnicnt  of  I-'hrnary  _'4,  1'*!.^,  exti'iidcd  the  ohjcct  of 
the  cor[)oratioii  hy  providiii}.;  that  it  may  alxi,  dnriii};  the  war 
and  for  six  months  after  its  close,  assist  in  c.ise  of  need  officers 
and  men  returniiifj  to  Canada  incapacit.ated  hy  wounds,  injuries, 
or  disease  contracted  while  on  active  service,  who  are  not  in 
receipt  of  any  j;ratiiity,  pension  or  allowance  from  his  .M.iiesty 
or  from  any  foreign  government  in  consetiuence  of  such  inca- 
pacity. 

Most  of  the  work  of  the  fund  is  for  tlie  families  of  nieti  in 
active  service,  but  when  a  man  is  disabled  the  gr.'iiits  from  the 
fund,  like  pav  and  sep.ir.ition  allowance,  continne  until  his 
medical  treatment  is  completed  and  he  is  discharged  from  tlie 
army.  The  part  of  the  Patriotic  l-">in(l  in  the  scheme  for  dis- 
abled soldiers  with  a  claim  on  the  Canadian  (iovernment  con- 
sists siinply  in  this  supplementary  contribution  to  the  f.imilv  in 
certain  cases  while  the  man  is  underg(.iing  treatment.  It  ceases 
on  iiis  di.scliarge.* 

Pensions,  until  June,  1916,  were  administered  under  the  mili- 
tary authorities,  by  tiie  Canadian  Pensi(^ins  and  Claims  I'.oard, 
sitting  in  England.  On  the  initiative  of  this  Board  a  Pension 
Commission  (legally  known  as  the  Board  of  Pension  Commis- 

'  Tlie  work  of  the  Canadian  Patriotic  FunH  is  dcicrilicd  by  Paul  V  Kel- 
loKK  in  The  .Vwrivv  for  March  17,  24,  and  31,  1*^17,  in  three  articles  entitled 
"A  Canadian  City  in  War  TinK." 


192 


DlSAISI.KIi    Sdl.HIKKS    AMI    SAILdUS 


sinners),  incKpcndent  of  the  military  aiitlv.ritics,  was  csial)lislKd 
in  June,  1916,  at  the  sank-  time  as  a  general  increase  in  the  pen- 
sion rales.  The  c.mimis>i..n  cnsists  of  three  men.  appointed 
by  the  Governor  in  Council,  for  a  term  of  ten  years.  Orifjinally 
it  was  placed  uinler  the  Minister  of  Finance,  but  on  the  creation 
of  the  Department  of  Soldiers"  Civil  Rcejtal)li>hment,  in  March, 
1'»1S,  it  w.is  transferred  to  that  liranch  '-f  the  s,^overnnient. 

By  far  the  most  important  factor  in  the  Canadian  system  of 
provision  for  disabled  men  has  been  the  Military  Hospitals  Com- 
nii^Mon,  now  known  as  the  Invalided  Soldiers'  Commission,  in 
the  Department  of  Soldiers'  Civil  Reestablishment.  Until 
March.  1''1S,  it  was  responsible  for  the  disabled  >oldiers  from 
the  time  of  their  arrival  in  Canada  until  they  were  discharged, 
with  or  without  a  i>i-nsion;  and  after  discharge  when  they  were 
adjudged  in  need  of  reeducation  for  a  new  (Kcupation.  Since 
the  recent  rcorg.anization,  it  retains  resininsibility  for  their  wel- 
fare after  ('-charge  from  the  military  fo-ce^,  including  medical 
care  of  those  who  neeil  long-continued  treatment,  as  well  as  for 
the  vocational  work  and  assistance  in  finding  employment,  and 
also  for  the  educational  features  of  the  treatment  in  hospitals 
before  discharge. 

In  the  spring  of  1915,  when  wounded  men  were  beginning  to 
come  back  from  "overseas."  the  1  )ep;irtment  of  Militia  and 
Defense  appointed  a  committee  of  three — the  he.ads  of  the  medi- 
cal corps  and  of  the  engineering  and  clothing  bureaus — to  pro- 
vide care  and  treatment  for  them.  It  was  anticipated  that  this 
task  would  not  be  onerous,  but  that  it  would  merely  consist  in 
making  arrangements  with  the  St.  John  Ambulance  Association 
and  the  Can;ulian  Reil  Cross.  The  military  men,  however,  were 
"fully  occupied"  with  their  primary  duty  of  mobilizing  forces, 
and  h.ad  little  time  to  sp-nd  in  considering  the  needs  of  returned 
convalescents,  as  oi.e  of  the  generals  in  charge  of  recrtriting 
bluntly  said  later  on  to  a  parliamentary  committee.  They  were 
engaged  in  producing  fighting  forces  for  the  front,  taking  able- 
bodied  men  from  their  homes  and  sending  them  .across  the 
.\llantic;  the  converse  of  this  process — bringing  di'iabled  men 


^^im^mi 


-^  *  ■  • 


CANADA 


193 


back  from  the  front  and  ri>t"rini,'  tlicin  tn  tluir  linnii"^  and 
places  in  civil  M>cicty — i>  an  cntiriiy  ditUrcnt  kind  n{  i;i>k,  and 
it  can  iH't  he  accc'nii>li>hcd  hy  simply  "rcver -Mt;  the  eii,t,'ini'." 

Fortunately  this  was  quicKiy  recoj,'nized.      A   proposal  was 
made  in   Mav,   1''15.  tiiai  ;    C'immi--ion  i.i   wvU  kiniwii   |>u1)1k- 
nii'n  he  formed  to  handle  the  returning  stnam.     Thi-  led  to  the 
establishment  of  the  civilian  ai^'ency  later  known  as  tlie  Military 
Ilo'iiitaK  l'"nimi>-i"n.     'i'lu-  body  was  crealid  iiy  an  ordrr   in 
council  dated  June  30,  l'»15  (,!'•  ^'-  ^'"-  '-^^Oi.  wliicli  provided 
■"that  a  conuiii>sion,  herealtt-r  ti'  be  tcrined  tin-  'lb'>pital  T.  .ni- 
nii<sion,'   be  ap]iointed   to  <lral   with   the   pn^vi^i^n   of   lio-pital 
accoiiunodation>  and  c^nvale-ceni  iiiMUe>  in  t'anada,  lor  ollicers 
and  men  of  the  Canadian  llxpeditionary  Force  who  return  in- 
valided from  the  front."     Members  oi  the  commission  were  to 
serve  without  compensation,  but  a  s;daried  secret;iry  and  oftice 
force  were  provided.     The  commi>Nion  w;is  empowered  "to  call 
in  the  aid  of  anv  departiuent  of  the   feder.il  admini-tr.ation ;  in 
particular  to  use  the  machinery  of  tlie   Militia   l^epartnuiu.  to 
draw    on  th.it  department   for  supjilie^,   >tore>,  and^  eiirnpment, 
and   to   utilize   the   services   of   divisional   and   district    ~tatf >" ; 
also   "to   incur,  control,   and   authorize   e:;penditures   connected 
with  the  treatment  and  care  of  the  -^ick  and  wounded,  as  well  as 
with    the    orj,'anization    and    administration    of    ho,^pit;ds    and 
homes";  such  expenditures  "to  he  made  a  chart;e  against  the 
war  .appropriation  vote,  or,  when  th.it  vote  ee;i>e>  v>  i)e  opi-ra- 
tivc,  a^ain;-t  si'me  other  -iwcial  fund  set  a-ide  by  P.irli.iment." 
It  was  further  provided  "that  the  Hospital  Commission,  throujjh 
its  Pre.-ident,  h.ave  direct  ;icce>s  to  the  C.overnor  in  Council." 
The  >;ime  order  .appointed  the  members  of  the  commission,  all 
of  whf>m  have  fjiven  continuous  service  since  that  time.     The 
])resident  of  tlie  conuiii~-ion.  .'^ir  James  A.  Lou.i,dieed.  ha-  now- 
become   the   new    Minister   of    Soldiers'   Civil    Kee-tablishment, 
and   the  Hon.   I'.    P>.    McCurdy,   MP.,   parliamentary   secretary 
of   the   new   dep.irtment.   has  been   appointed  chairirian   of   the 
Invalided  Soldiers'  Commis>ion  in  hi-  place. 

It  was  soon  found  that  the  scope  of  functions  as  outlined  hy 


I 


v'^y 


i£^^L(^^fi^:l^^Mr 


V>4 


|.|^  \lll-i:i>    Mil.lili;l<S    AM)    SAll.DKS 


II 


ilii-  ..nl.T  \v.i~  iV't  l>n.;i(l  cikhikIi.  mucc  tlic  CMiiiiiiis,i,.ti  wa-  ivH 
antli'Ti/.itl  t"  iirc'\i<lc  for  nicii  wli"  wcri'  (li>al)li(l  Ijcforo  (,'"'"(,' 
ahroail.  wr  I.,  d"  aii> tlnii.i,'  in  tlii^'  dirrftii'ii  ct"  MTuriii^  omploy- 
iiKiit  i.T  .li--cliar},nil  iiKMi.  T1k~c  (Utccts  were  c(.rrcctc(l  by  a 
u-M^..l  nr.Kr  in  n.umil  (1*.  C.  -'41_')  uliiili  al.-(.  diant;ol  the 
iianu'  I'i  lik-  l"'ily  to  "Mililary  Hi-pital-.  aiul  O 'luali-cciU 
i|,,im-^  I  i.iimii--inii.  .  .  .  iIk'  ^IwTl  liiK-  "i  wliidi  -hall  ha 
tlic  •Mililaiv  th.^iiiial-  ( '( .nmii-^iuii.' "  To  the  >tali'iiKiU  of 
|,iiriH-i->  wa-  addcil:  "aiul  for  nllk-i-r.-,  noii-coinmi-iMiu'd  olTiccrs 
ami  men  iiualidi'd  while  on  ai-li\e  -tr\  ice  in  Canada,  IVTmiida, 
or  d-cwlKrc."  In  acidition  to  the  autiioriiy  contcrnd  in  the 
,.rii,'inal  order,  the  connnis-ion  was  empowered  to  accept  ami 
admini-ter  fniids,  l)e(|nests,  and  legacies,  and  to  "deal  with  the 
(|ue>iion  of  emiiloynient  for  nieniliers  of  the  Canadian  I"-xpedi- 
tionary  I'orce  en  tlieir  return  to  Canada,  and  to  cooperate  with 
pro\incial  ,t,'..vernmert-  and  otlier-  for  the  purinise  of  pro\  idin.i; 
iinplovmeiit  as  may  he  deemed  nece->ary."  All  the  ori,i,Mnal 
memhers  were  reapp<iinted  .and  four  names  were  added. 

The  foll.iwin.L;  spring'  two  additional  meniher*  were  named, 
c  iiipKtiiiL:  the  con>tiiution  of  the  conniii-:-ion.  The  conuuis- 
-ion  w.is  representative  with  re-pect  to  ;,a-o},'raphy  and  profes- 
^i-n.  and  one  member,  at  least,  liad  had  personal  experience 
wiih  an  artiticial  arm.  Tlie  secrel.ary  of  the  commi-siciii  from 
iIk'  be-iniiin;^'  has  heen  K.  H.  Scammell,  I".s(|..  an  Knsh-bman 
wli..  h.id  lived  for  ten  years  in  C.an.ida  .and  had  had  exi)erience 
in  nnmm:.ind  indu-tri.d  .  ip^rations  there  and  in  .\ustr.dia.  Smce 
tlie  estabh-hment  of  provincial  committees  ( iii  employment  the 
cliairmeii  of  those  coinmitiees  have  Jjeeii  ex-oflicio  meir.bers  of 
the  commi--ion. 

Thr  w-rk  of  the  Commission  at  the  time  of  its  rrrr-..e-t  scope, 
ju^t  before  the  reori;,iniz;iti<'n  of  l<>l,s!,  included  (U  the  recep- 
ti'  n  ;in<l  cl.i--it"ic,ation  of  the  men  at  tlie  jM.rt  of  di-rmbarkatioii, 
totrether  with  iimvi-ion  of  clotliini;  and  iran-portation  tor  those 
who  were  immediat.-lv  di-cbari^ed ;  (  _' )  medical  care  and  treat- 
ment for  ,dl  wh..  ne.-ded  it.  which  wa-  the  u're.at  majority  of  all; 
(^3)  vocational  irainim;  and  .general  ill^tructiotl.  both  in  the  Coii- 


m'^Mm^mt.^f. 


!M^ir^^^m^^:^M^^^^^t^im 


C.\N.M>  V 


195 


valo«ccm  hospitals,  for  its  tluTaiHUtic  ami  ccnnnniio  and  lultiiral 
valiu-.  ami  al-n  alirr  ili^iliarKV.  in  -dntid  ca-i-.  tn  imiian-  iiicii 
t..r  mw  (iii-iiiiati(.ii>:  (4i  a>~i-.tamc  in  timlint,'  wnrk  upcii  <li>- 
tliarj^f.  tiin.u^'h  the  pniviiicial  CdiiiniittL-i.-  lornu-d  fnr  tlv  jjiir- 
|M-e  ami  tl\i'  l"ial  Milici'inmitti.-LS  or^'aiii/nl  iimlcr  tluin  in 
iiianv  ]i!aci.s.  Tlu'  wnrk  that  wa^  di.m-  nmli-r  thc-c  four  heads 
\\ill   Ik-   <KHTilit'd   latiT   on. 

In  l\lirnarv.  I'M",  a  special  ci'nimittee  of  the  lhin>e  nf 
Ci.niim.n>  ua-  a] i] minted,  nndcr  the  ehairniaii-lii])  nt  Sir  Herhert 
.\nK>,  ti'  im|uire  intM  aiul  reiHiri  uimn  the  wlmle  matter  ol  the 
j)r(>vi>i(in   lor  retiirnint,'  ^"ldiir>; 

(a»  Tlu'  rt-icptiiiii.  Ireatment.  raro.  Irainint:.  ntnl  ri'ciluoati.'n  of  tlic 
wniimlfd.  ilisalili'l,  aii'l  comalc-ifiit  uh..  Iia\e  ~<.tm-.1  hi  lla-  Caiiailiaii  \:\\iv- 
(litiiiiiar>    lorct'-. 

(I'i  I'lie  prc.\iM..ii  cif  cmiil'iymem  f.T  lli..~f  wlio  liavc  l>cen  liniioralilv 
(li-iliarKcil  fr.iin  llu>  ("aiia<lian  l-:xi>iMliti,.iiary  I  .'HO,  ami  tlic  traiiiiiin  ainl 
ri->-iliK-al:"n  c.f  tlu'-c  ~. .  clivcharm.d  wlm  arc  iiiialile  t"  cni,'aj;e  in  their  fnrtiu-r 
(coiipatii'ii. 

The  Senate  at  the  same  time  ajipointed  a  committee  for  the 
same  puriio-e.  and  the  two  c>'mmittee>  >at  t  iKether  for  the  hear- 
ini:  of  le^timotiv.  Ninety-six  witius-es  were  examined,  reprc- 
>entin,L;  "every  imjiortanl  (■ri,'ani/.ation  throii'^'liout  the  DMininioii 
workiiii,'  for  the  care  of  the  retnrned  >oldier,"  and  inchidinK 
thirtv-two  rei>re^entati\e>  of  the  siildier>'  orj;ani/,ations  which 
have  already  been  formed  in  every  province.  At  an  early  sta^e 
in  tile  ~ittin<;s  s, ,],licr>  were  ii  ited  to  -nhmit  their  j^rievance-.  to 
the  committee  and  eitjhty  ca?es  of  alle^'ed  hard-hip  were  con- 
se(|uemly  in\e>tiL;ated.' 

r.v  tlii-  parlia.iiKntarv  inqnirv  Canada  has  luen  the  fir-l  coun- 
trv  to  sniiject  her  newly  devised  <;y~tem  to  official  scrutiny.  The 
pulilic  critici-m  and  di--ali-faclion  founded  on  individual  stories 
of  ne,<,dect  or  unf.iirne--,  which  was  perhaps  the  principal  occa- 
sion (if  the  imiuiry,  have  not  lieeii  ju-titied  '.v  die  inve.-ti.s^atiotis 
if   llie   committee,   hut    the   vexed   (jue-tioii   of   the    relation-   he- 

'  Prrliwiiuuy  iv.d  S,\-o,u!  R,'ti'<l  ■'/  '/'.■  St,\ial  Cninnin..-  .'/  Ill,-  U.us.- 
rl  Ci<miih->i.<  .<)'  I  nuiilii  I'll  tlir  (u'r  ii"i/  irriilmcnl  .'j  h\-tnrn,d  S'<l(licrs, 
I'll/.     Tht  -if.iiul   rciiiirt   is  datcil  .lul\    17.   1''I7. 


I 


tm^^s;^mm3!i^^k^m^)^m^Q3t3^, 


196 


l)l>.\lU.i:i)    SOLIilKUS    AM)    SAll.OWS 


'M 


twiiii  iIk-  military  autli<.ritits  and  tlic  civilian  l)..(lv  cliar^cd  witli 
the  welfare  nf  (ii>at)U'a  ^-nldicrs  rm'ivid  th-n.„uli  (li-nivsi..n. 
and  tlii>  was  fnli,,\vi-d.  ailh-ai-h  tlu-  cniniittir  made  nn  no .111- 
nkiidaticpii.  l)v  a  nnrKanizaticn  early  in  I'MS 

()i  tlie  iiuiividual  -rievancfs  I.n.u-hl  iKt.Te  the  cniniiltee— 
cliieHy  relating  to  delayed  ..r  inadequate  paviiieiils  ..f  pen-i-n^ 
,,r  aliMwance— nianv  were  fnuiid  l-  liave  been  due  V>  tlu-  l:ut 
lliat  thev  iiad  never  been  pre^'Ute.!  f  the  pmper  aulli-ritie^ : 
„,anv  ..thers  were  k'rvatly  exa-.-LJerated  Nuuhtmu-  caM>  nt 
hardship  due  t^  mistakes  and  unneces-ary  delays  were  f'.und. 
but  mu>t  of  them  had  occurred  earlv  in  the  war,  ami  there  was 
evidence   that    the   machinery   was   running'   more    Miinothly   by 

this  time. 

The  fundamental  problem  f.f  the  relation  between  the  military 
authorities  and  the  Military  Hospitals  Commission,  which  was 
a  civilian  department  of  j,rovcrnment.  was  very  complicated,  and 
much  less  easy  to  dispose  of  than  the  allej,'ations  of  individual 
sulferiiif:.  While  the  commi-ion  was  resi.iiisible  f-.r  providin;,' 
hospital  accommodations  and  convalescent  homes,  transporta- 
tion and  clothinK  and  other  things,  for  disabled  men  from  the 
time  of  their  arrival  in  Cana.la.  the  men  were  still  on  the  rolls 
of  the  armv.  receivin.i,'  pay  from  and  responsible  to  the  Depart- 
ment of  Militia  and  Defense;  and  while  the  institutions  in  which 
the  soldiers  received  treatment  were  provided  and  maintained  by 
the  commissi.^n.  the  medical  treatment  which  they  received  in 
these  institutions  was  due  from  the  Army  Medical  Corps.  This 
dual  ■. -tem  of  control  and  responsibility  inevitably  broujjht 
aiiout   dilTiculties  and  confusion. 

An  attempt  had  been  made  to  solve  this  difficulty  by  creating 
the  Militarv  Hosi)itals  GMumission  O.mmand,  in  June.  1916. 
(P.  C.  864^  June  24.  l'M6. )  This  was  a  unit  of  the  Canadian 
l-:xpeditionarv  I'orce.  ■•staffed"  by  officers  and  men  of  the  force 
who  were  api)ointed  and  promoted  throu,s,di  the  Department  of 
Militia  and  Defense,  to  which  were  transferred,  immediately 
upon  arriv.al  in  Canada,  all  ofticers  and  men  in  need  of  the  com- 
mission's services,  /.  .-..  all  returned  for  discharge  as  permanently 


mid^ 


A^J^^ 


( ANAHA 


r»7 


unt'it  "r  tnr  lurtlur  imilic.il  tri.itiiUTit.  Tlif  coniin.iml  thus 
iHcanie  rc^iK'H-ilili-  f^r  tin-  nun  in  tlicir  niilit.iry  cliar;ictir.  fnr 
tlkir  di^ciiiliiK'.  [lay,  etc.,  wluK'  a-  i)atunt>  and  >tiuliiUs  tliiy 
wen-  in  diar^c  nf  tlic  cnniini^-ii  ii.  Ilic  niiiliial  wnrk  in  tlii.- 
ccninii>-si(pn's  in»ti[iiti<>ns  \va-  il'iu'  rliiifly  liy  pliv^ician-  i>i  tlie 
Arinv  Medical  OTp'^.  under  a  iiK(lii;d  Miixrintrndcnt  rc'.]W'n<i- 
Mc  tn  the  C'.niMii--iiin,  and  the  Army  Medical  ("nrps  aK"  l>ri'- 
vided  the  pcrsnnnel  <'f  the  military  medical  boards  f,,r  the 
examination  of  each  ^i.ldier  prior  to  di>cliar),'e.  It  is  not  snrpri- 
inj,'  that  there  wa^  di.-sati-taciion  with  the  situation  on  hoth 
sides. 

While  the  investifjatinj,'  committee  of  the  House  of  Cf>mmons 
was  "aKreed  that  this  dual  control  is  oi)jectionalile,"  it  "frankly 
admitted"  that  it  was  nnahle  to  reach  a  unanimous  c.nclusion 
;is  to  where  the  unified  control  should  rest,  and  could  <inly  i)re- 
sent  the  contending  views  and  plans  of  orj,'anij;atioii  for  the 
consideration  of   I'arlianient. 

r.ricflv  stated,  the  c<intention  of  the  military  authorities  was 
that  the  medical  care  of  tlie  s, .Idiir  slioidd  he  in  the  hands  of 
the  Armv  Medical  torps  from  the  time  of  his  entrance  into  the 
forces  until  his  discharj,'e.  Two  parallel  medical  servi'--  — one 
for  invalided  soldiers  in  Canada  before  ^oin;,'  abn^ac  tlier 

for  invalided  si.ldiers  after  their  return  to  Canada — c(  .1  not 
but  mean  inefficiency  and  confusion  and  extravagance.  A  con- 
siderable proixirtion  of  the  men  sent  back  home  for  convales- 
cence or  further  treatment  will  eventually  be  restored  to  fitness 
for  some  sort  of  military  service,  and  should  be  retained  in  the 
army.  The  recent  creation  in  the  Dei)artnient  of  Militia  and 
Defense  of  a  "Directorate  of  Medical  Services — Invalids"  and 
the  appointment  to  it  of  an  officer  of  hif,di  standing  in  tlie  niedic.il 
profession  would  insure  sympathetic  care  and  adequate  treat- 
ment if  the  responsibility  were  i)laeed  une(iuivocallv  with  the 
military  authorities,  as  well  as  that  continuity  of  treatment  and 
unbroken  chain  of  responsibility  which  were  regarded  as 
imperative. 

The  alternative  or  civilian  proposition  was  that  every  detail 


» . 


Srct^?:-  ^r!''M^K:is'  '^v^-m^dC 


1<>8 


Ii|s\|l|lli    SMi.lill  l(S    AM)    >.\ll.(iltS 


I 


W^ 


of  till'  iirciiaratii.ii  "i  ncrtiit-  t'T  acli\<-  '•itn  ico  ^lumlil  tio  in  iIk- 
liaiids  ft  iiiiliiai)   imii.  Iml  tliai  uluii 

the  (ili/^■ll■^nl.ln•r  has  l.c'ittic  iiiililtcil  f'  r  further  military  ^crvi.  f,  ..r  «h.'ii 
Ihi'  uvvi'.  no  iMiiiiiT  cM^l-.  It  Is  .hsir.i.le  that  lu-  he  ri-tiinif.l  ti.  ciul  hi'c 
«ith  the  If.'st  |».s,ihlf  Irutfii  ..r  lUlay  III-  K".il  ii"rt  is  a  iiMrmal  mil 
III,.  It    I-    ihiTcl.riv   riMsoiiahlc  to  assume  that   his   rist.irali'iii   to 

.uili.iii  status  I-  an  iiiMlirt.ikiiit;  lik.K  I,  he  l.e,t  a.r..m;.lishei!  iiiwU-r  ciMlian 
^,iii|,,n,,  I  hat  1-  'i  s.n,  as  men  i.f  iniiilary  r\inTieiiie  are  jinlkie'l  m"-t 
,a|Mhle  .■!  makniL;  s,,liher.  ..iit  -I  .imImii-.  s..  men  ..f  enil  exiieneinc  may 
riulitU  he  rmar.le.l  as  hest  aJaiitt'l  tor  remakiiiK  cnilians  out  ..f  rituriie.J 
s.ililiers. 

'I'lii-  atlvm-ati'^  "f  tl)i>  jiusiticn  pniixisid  tlic  criatinn  <il  a  ikw 
(l(|iartim'iit  "i  j;.  .vt  rniintit.  uikKt  a  niiiiistiT  nf  llic  (."n'Wii.  di- 
nitly  cliar),'c'(l  with  lln'  n\iT-iKlit  ■■t  all  iiwaMircs  idr  tin.-  ntiinnd 
snldiiT  I'ti  and  alter  his  arrival  in  Canada. 

ll  was  till'  iipini'iii  "t  thi-  cimmiittw  that,  even  if  m-iihi-r  '<( 
thiM-  vii'ws  shi.iild  hi-  aiicptcd.  at  anv  rate  it  wa>  iindi.i  iitedly 
in  the  interest  nf  the  men  tli.it  "full,  complete  and  undivided 
cniitrul  nver  the  administration  of  the  iiosiiitals  .iiul  liomes  where 
snili  soldiers  are  iilaeed  aiiJ  the  em|iloynient  of  tlie  medical  and 
nursing  staff  of  ihe-e  institutions"  should  he  conferred  "iipoii 
one  and  the  same  authority." 

Tlie  outcome  of  tlie  controversy  was  lIic  rcor{,';inization  of 
duties  and  functions  in  lehruary.  I'MS  (P.  C.  43_'  and  43.5), 
to  which  reference  lias  already  heen  ni.ide.  The  civilian  view 
was  recoj,'iii/.e«l  to  the  extent  of  creating  a  I)e|)artment  of  Sol- 
diiTs"  (."ivil  Keestal)li>liiiient  in  tlie  Dominion  (iovernnient. 
witli  a  .Minister  i:i  the  t"ahinet,  to  which  is  intrusted  the  welfare 
of  all  relurnini;  soldiers  from  the  day  of  their  discharge  from 
tlie  annv.  Tlie  Lanadian  .\rmy  Medical  Corps,  on  the  other 
hand,  i-  charged  with  the  treatment  of  wounded  or  invalided 
men  up  to  the  time  of  disdiarge.  The  old  Military  Hospitals 
Commission  Iiecoiius  the  Invalided  Soldiers'  Commission,  under 
the  new  department.  It  is  relieved  of  responsihiiity  for  tlie 
physical  care  of  the  men  hefore  discharge,  hut  still  has  the  duty 
of  providing  I'T  tiiose  who  are  s, ,  hadlv  disahled  that  tliey  need 
prolonged  or  permanent   institutional  care,  and   for  those  who 


'^/rj^'*^ 


CAN  \|i\ 


I'Kl 


niav  liavf  a  ncitrrcnci-  of  llu'ir  ilisilnlitv  allir  (li>tliar.i,'c  It 
retain-  al-"  iMiii|ilito  r. -iM.ii-iliilit\  t-.r  all  \Mi;iii..ii;il  ami  f.liua- 
tinnal  Wi.rk.  iiuIikIiuu  \\lial  '"  larrud  <>n  m  llic  militarv  liM-piial- 
am.iiiK'  nun  nd  \tt  .li-iliar),'nl.  'I'lu'  Militarv  llM-pital-  l'>iii- 
nu->inn  (■..iiiiiianil  ctaM^  \>>  c\i  t.     'I'lir  fornifr  diairiiian  n|  the 

Militarv  UnspitaN  C'<>innii"iMn  lia-  Imii  api itid  .Mmi>tiT  of 

Sol.lur-'  ("ivil  Kii>talili-liiiuiit,  and  tJR'  pai  li.muntary  M-cre- 
tarv  of  till'  iii'w  <K|iartnu'nt  liccoino  cliairnian  ot  tin-  IiualuK.l 
SoIiIkt-'  (oinnii-'-ion. 

The  thitii-.  aiul  power-  of  the  Mini-ler  of  Soldier-'  ('i\il  Ke- 
e-tahli-hnient.  as  defined  !>>  'he  order  in  coiiiuil  iTiatiiii,'  the 
new  department  (P.  C.  432.  I'ehriiary  Jl.  I'M.S).  "extend  to  and 
include  the  following": 

(a)  The  prnviihiiK  nf  ImspituK.  minalf^i-cnt  homes  aii^l  sannloria.  whether 
perinaiuiit  or  temporary,  fur  the  care  nr  treatment  nt  imalnl  ..fficer^,  imii- 
i-nmmi*siotu-il  ..tVuers,  men  or  other  memhers  of  the  (.anailian  lixpe.lili.mary 
I'orce  who  have  l.cin  li.morahly  (h^char^-ed  therelr,,m.  an. I  the  a.lmuiHtra- 
lion,  control,  and  direition  of  all  -luh  hospitah,  i(>nvale>ient  homes,  and 
sanatoria,  whether  heretofore  estahli>hed  or  to  he  estahhshed; 

(h)  The  vocational,  educational  and  <.tlier  requisite  training  for  civd  occu- 
pations of  all  persons  who  have  been  honorably  dischargeil  from  the  Cana- 
dian I'.xpeditionary  I'orce ; 

(ci  The  provision  of  employment,  and  all  such  assistance  tlierein  as  may 
be  r-.ini^ile  or  advisable  for  the  persons  aforesaid,  and  generally  for  their 
rehaliditation  in  civil  life  and  activities; 

(d)  AH  mailers  relating  to  pensions  for  the  persons  aforesaid;  I'r.'ridcd. 
that  nothing  herein  shall  interfe'e  with  or  aflect  the  powers  or  authority  of 
the  Hoard  of  Pension  Commissioners.' 

Another  order  of  the  same  date  (P.  C.  4331.  defining  the  new 
relations  hetween  the  Department  of  Militia  and  Defen-e  and 
the  Military  Hospitals  Commission,  wlio-e  name  had  not  yet 
been  elian!j;ed,  contains  the  firllowini^  provisions: 

13  Provisii.n  shall  he  made  so  that  the  Military  Hospitals  Commission 
may  continue  to  carry  on  educational  and  vocational  trainiiii;  in  tlie  military 
institutions  for  the  care  ami  treatment  of  olVicers  and  soldier',  .if  the  Canadian 
Expedition.Try  Force  hef.ire  they  are  struck  off  the  streiimh  or  .li~chari,'ed. 
and  facilities  shall  lie  furnished  by  the  officers  in  charge  ..f  such  institutions 

1  The  Hoard  of  Pension  Commis«ir>ncrs  has  been  incorporated  in  the  De- 
partment  of   Sobliers'   Civil    Keestablishmcnt,  coordinate    with   the    Invalided 

SoMiers'  Commissi. m. 


200 


niSAIlI.FI)    SOI.IilI-.RS    AND    SAII.DKS 


f(.r  tlie  cffcrtive  atvl  fontimimi=  carr\inj,'  on  of  mic1i  irainini;  hy  instructors 
aMHiinted  l.y  the  Military  Hospitals  Commission  and  under  its  control  (siuli 
trainnm  lo  l>e  siiljcct  to  tlit;  diriclion  of  the  medical  ot^icer  in  charge  of  the 
in'tiiiition)  and  for  the  installation  and  maintenance  in  iuch  institutions 
ol  s,k1i  apparatus  as  may  lie  necessary  tlicrefor. 

14.  I  he  Military  Hospitals  Commission  shall  continue  to  provide  surli 
ariificial  hmbs,  (.rthopedic  hoots  and  appliances  as  may  he  required  and.  iii'on 
reqnisilion  hy  the  medical  officer  charged  -vilh  the  treatment  of  ary  officer 
or  soldier,  shall  furnish  such  artificial  l;mh=.  orthopedic  hoots,  and  appli- 
ances as  ma^   he  necessnry. 

l.i.  The  Military  Hospitals  Commissinit  shall  provide  such  premises  and 
accommodation  as  arc  necessary  from  time  to  time  adequately  to  care  for 
officers  and  soldiers  struck  otT  the  strength  or  discharged  for  whom  treat- 
ment is  desirahle  or  necessary  hy  reas.m  of  their  sulTering  from  tuhcrculosis. 
eiiilepsy,  paralysis,  or  other  diseases  likely  to  he  of  \"U\i  duration  or  incur- 
ahle,  or  hy  reason  of  their  heiiiK  mentally  deficient  or  insane. 

16.  The  Military  Hospitals  Commission  shall  also  provide  to  the  cxtenl 
and  in  the  manner  from  time  to  time  determined  hy  the  (iovernor  in  Council 
fi.r  the  medical  cure  and  treatment  of  men  formerly  otTicers  and  soldiers 
who,  lia\in.4  heeii  sinick  otY  the  strenulli  or  (Iisc!iari;ed,  as  not  rc(|niring 
fnrtlnr  tnatment,  nevertheless  snlicequently  require  such  treatment  hy  reason 
i,f  disal  i!i'.;es  due  to  <t  aecravated  hy  service. 

By  tliis  reorganization  die  line  of  demarcation  between  the 
civilian  aiul  the  military  branches  of  fjovernment  is  drawn 
clearly,  leaving,'  w  chance  fiT  ambiguity — thnu,t,'h  it  is  possible 
that  there  mav  -till  he  snme  snurce  of  friction  in  the  association 
of  the  two  authorities  in  the  hospitals  before  di>char.i,'c,  as  con- 
templated in  para,i,'rapli  Li  (|noted  alxne.  The  new  department 
is  a  civilian  deiiartment;  its  officers  thn>u,t,diont  are  civili.ms;  the 
men  under  its  care  have  resumed  their  civilian  status.  Its  ta>k 
is  to  plan  for  the  reestahlishinenl  in  civil  life  of  every  memlier 
of  the  Canadian  K.xpeditionary  Force.  For  the  jiresent.  how- 
ever, it  is  concerned  mainly  with  the  disabled,  and  is  operatini: 
tiiroU},d)  tile  two  commi--ions  which  were  already  in  existence 
and  which  have  been  assigned  to  it — the  P>oard  of  Pension  Com- 

mi>>ioner>  and  the  Invalided  Soldiers'  Commi»i '     The  latter, 

it  is  of  interest  to  notice,  has  lost  the  very  function  for  which 
it  was  originallv  created — the  provision  of  hospitals  and  con- 

1  The  Soldier  Settlement  Board  (see  IhIow,  payc  2^2),  altlioUKh  it  seems 
logically  to  leloiig  in  tins  department,  has  not  thus  far  been  incorporated 
in  it 


.>»;nr-».jtigafe-',i 


c  ANAIiA 


.'01 


valesccnt  luincs  fnr  rctuniinK  sdiliirs — tli^uuh  iint  until  it  li;ni 
practically  made  the  ijnivi-icn;  while  it  keeii>  all  tlie  (iiuic-  which 
were  a>sij,'ned  to  it  or  which  it  a>-iiiiKd  troin  time  to  time  a- 
the  result  of  recoijniticn  of  other  needs  on  the  part  of  the  sol- 
diers. The  military  authorities,  on  tlie  culler  hand,  rcMinie 
duties,  hy  their  own  de-ire,  which  in  1915  tliey  found  inc-.m- 
liatil)le  with  their  primary  ta>l<  of  rai-in.i,'  .■iiid  trainin.t;  an  arniv.'- 
With  tiii.-  outline  of  the  evolution  of  ;idmini>trative  macliin- 
ery  as  a  hackj^^round,  we  will  now  turn  to  a  review  of  the  variou- 
elements  in  the  provi^on  for  tlie  disabled  soldiers,  heginnui- 
with  the  fundamental  one  of  financial  indemnity. 

PkNSIoNS    AM)    Al.I.OW  ANH  KS - 

In  comparison  with  luirope.an  countries  the  rates  of  pen-ion 
Wire  !,'enerous  even  at  the  l)e,i,'inninK  "f  the  war.  For  total  disa- 
bility thev  rani^'ed  from  S2M  for  a  private  to  $1,200  for  a  lieu- 
tenant colonel,  if  unmarried,  with  an  aildition  if  married  of 
fr.mi  Sl.^J  to  $M>0  for  tl.c  wife,  and  Sf>0  to  $120  for  each  child, 
up  to  a  cerl.iin  maximum  f(  .r  any  one  family.  The  Pensions  and 
Claim-  I'.oard  (see  pa,!,'e  191)  considered  this  scale  inadeijuate. 
and  in  Fehruary,  1916,  urj,'ed  increases  and  a  ref>r,c;anization  of 
the  administration.  In  this  the'  Military  Hospitals  Commission 
concurred,  and  a  special  committee  of  the  House  of  Commons 
was  appointed  to  coii-ider  rates  of  pensions  and  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Pension  P.oard  indejiendent  of  the  military  authorities. 
(  )n  the  recommendation  of  this  committee,  a  tjeneral  increa-e 
in  rates  was  adopted  and  a  civilian  Hoard  of  Pension  Commis- 

-ioners  established,   by   an   order   in  council   of  June   3,    1916. 

(P.  C.  1334). 

With  a  view  to  eliminatinK  politics,  it  was  provided  that  there 

-hould  be  no  ap()eal  from  the  decision  of  the  commission,  l:ut 

'  ■\n  .ircnunt  ni  the  oh.inses  l)rouRht  alinut  by  the  creation  nf  the  Ocuart- 
muit  ■■!   <n1ilicrs'  Civil  Recstabli'hmciit  is  contained  in  Ri-cii>istructv>n   Iit 

April  uii.l  Mav.  1418.  .  ,    ,    „  r,        ,  ,■         t 

-  r.a^cd  chictiv  on  an  official  pamphlet  entitled  Pension  h,' qui  alio  in;  frr 
ThoSi-  Vcrjitiu  ill  tin-  Xa-.vl  l-'orccs  ->/  Canuda  and  the  Cniuiduiii  !  rf.'dt- 
tioiiary  I- .re,-'  Puriiui  the  Ircxeiit  Har.  V  C,  1.534,  June  .1.  1916.  as  amended 
(,,  Oit'cilitr  11.  l''l",  and  ctlier  orders  in  ci  nncil. 


20J 


i)is.\i;i.i;ii  soi.mi.iis  and  saii.uks 


tliat  '.a  llu'  i.iIkt  haml  any  claimant  j-lmuKl  have  a  cIkiiicc  t" 
pn-^fiit' liis  ca~i.-  pi-r^i'nally  or  l)y  cnunM.-!  hifurc  the  full  cmn- 
iiii--ii'n  if  JK'  ^(1  (K--irc~.  I'lic  oiikr  al- >  I'xiilicitly  ili:  1-,  in 
tliL'  iiitrri'-t  nf  clainianl-,  that  ".threat  care  >hall  lii-  taki-ii  i'<  ii'.-'.'.re 
all  aiii)licatiiin<  hcin.i;  con-idcrcil  and  dttcrniiiifd  with  the  utmu>t 
dopalch." 

'IIk'   i)cii>inn    Kluinc   i-   hasfd   <.n   the   theory   that    the   state 
has  a  ri,i,'lit  to  the  ciii/.eiiV  services  and   that  he  hrini^s  to  the 
stale  a  ^ound  mind  and  a  luailhy  Imdy:  if  he  i-  di-ahled  in  the 
service   of   the    -tale   he   ha>   a   ri.t;ht    to   compensilion    for   the 
de.i^ree  of  di>al>iliiy  sulfered.  lint  not  for  the  difference  which  it 
may  make  to  his  individual  income  hecause  of  tlie  etiecl  i 'U  his 
ahilitv  to   follow  l'.i>   f.'rmer  occujiation.      In  ihe  words  of  the 
r<-,L;ulalions:       'All  |ien-i"n>     .    .    .     shall  he  determined  hy  the 
di-ahilitv         the  apiilicant  witliout   -eference  to  his  occupation 
prior   lo  enh-tmenl."     All  cases  arc  suhjcct  to  revi-ii'it  at   the 
cnil  of  a  year,  except  tho-e  in  \\hich  the  di>al)ility  is  "ohvioii-ly 
permanent."     Pensions  and  allowances  on  account  of  dischar,i,a' 
are  to  take  cffecl.  in  every  case,  on  the  day  after  di>char,s,'e.     The 
usual  stipulalion.-  are  made  that  no  allowance-  are  to  he  paid  if 
the  di>ahiliiv  is  due  to  inlemiierancc  or  improixT  conduct;  that 
claims  must  he  pre-ented  witliin  a  .i^ivea  period — two  years;  and 
that  the  conuiii.->ion   may  intrust  the  i)en>ion   to   "a   reputal)le 
person"  for  administralion  if  the  pensioner  is  not  meetin.s;  his 
<il)li,Ualions  to   hi.-   family  or   is   spenilin,;,'  his  money   "imjirovi- 
denlly."      In   the  c;i<e  of   in-ane  jjen-ioners  in   institutions,   the 
co-i  of  their  maintenance  i-  ])aid  to  the  in-titution  and  the  rest 
of  the  ]ien.-ion  to  their  dependent  relatives;  if  there  .are  no  rela- 
tives within  the  specified  de,i;ree>.  the  h.alance  i>  kej)!  until  the 
man's  death  or  recovery.      If  the  in-ane  man  is  in  the  care  of 
his    familv,   the   whole   pen-i^in   may  he   paid   to   the    family,   or 
jiart  of  it  mav  he  withheld  and  credited  to  hi>  account,  as  if  he 
were  in  an  in-tituti-n.     All  the-e  regulations  ".-IkiU  he  deemed 
to  have  come  into  I    rce  on  the  fourth  day  of  .\u,<,ntst,  l'>14,  and 
sh.ill  a]i])lv  to  or  in  re-pect  of  all  ca-uallies  occurrin.i;  in  the  said 
forces  since  the  said  fourth  da\-  of  Au.i^ust." 


CANADA 


203 


IVti>inncrs  were  divided  into  ;-ix  cla;~seN  liy  llic  sclicnie  <if 
Juiu-.  l''l().  acc'irdin-:  In  thu  dc!,'rce  of  di>al>ilily.  L'la>s  I,  100 
IRT  CLiU.  cnnipriMi!  Midi  scriou>  iiijurio  as  mit,dit  lie  cciisidcral 
bv  the  nu-diial  examiners  to  he  eiiuivaleiit  to  "total"  di>al)dity, 
which  in  practice  included  l.ss  of  sif,'ht  or  of  any  two  limbs,  total 
in>anitv,  incurable  tuberculosis,  and  severe  eiiilei)-y.  Kates  tor 
100  i)er  cent  ran<;ed  from  $4X0  for  the  rank  and  file  to  >-,700 
for  n  brii,'adier  j^'eneral,  with  additional  allowances  for  children 
(but  not  for  wife),  and  a  further  annual  .allowance  of  not  more 
than  $-'?0  fur  all  l>elow  the  rank  of  captain  in  case  an  attend.int 
was  re(|uired  to  look  after  the  man's  i>hysical  wants.  Partial 
disability  received  pensions  in  proportion  to  the  decree,  liut  no 
allowances  for  children  were  granted  in  c;i-e  of  k>.-  than  60  i)er 
cent  disability. 

Tiiere  was  dissatisfacl'ion  with  these  rates  from  the  beKinninsj, 
and  witli  the  restriction  of  the  allowance  for  children  to  C'la>se,s 
1,  II,  and  III  (60  to  100  per  cent).  It  was  al>o  found  very  soon 
that  the  six  classes  did  not  offer  a  sufficient  number  of  <,T;ida- 
tions.  By  an  order  of  October  22,  l'»17,  therefore  (P.  C. 
2999),  a  more  generous  scale  was  annomiced,  which  took  effect 
as  of  April  1,  P'l".  Twenty  classes  were  sub-tituted  for  the 
original  six.  nmning  down  from  100  per  cent  to  5-9  per  cent, 
permanent  disaliility  of  less  than  5  per  cent  being  coiupensated 
by  a  gratuity  up  to  $100,  not  by  a  pension.  The  rates  according 
to  the  present  scale  are  exceedingly  generous,  as  may  be  seen 
from  the  following  figures  for  a  few  selected  classes  of  the  rank 
and  file: 


Cla-.  1 

lO'l^o 


CU-if. 

7y-75'c 


Cl:i<s  11 


Class  I'O 
9-5% 


\ll,mam-rf"  reach  clM         %.<"!        «1'«'        ""«'  ^'■'»» 

The  allowance  for  attendance  was  increased  to  $30v^.  Xo 
maximum  is  indicated  for  a  single  family,  $96  is  added  for  each 
child,  no  matter  how  many  there  may  be.  Allowances  for  chil- 
dren stop  at  the  age  of  sixteen  fur  b<jys,   seventeen  for  girls, 


204 


iii>.\i;i.i;ii  sdi.i'ii  i.'.s   AMI  sAii.dHS 


un'k--  tlu'V  rirt'  incaiialilc  I'f  c;irniii,t,'  .'l  liviiiu  hcraii-o  <>i  iiinital 
(1-  plivMcal  intirmity.  in  wliicli  ca-c  ih-.'  alli.wance  may  ho  I'-n- 
tiiUKil  t"  iIk-  a,i,'e  "i  nvriily-iiu':  n- ■  allnwaiKc-  arc  paiil  <  .ii 
accunt  "I"  a  child  aftiT  it>  niarriaL;<.-.  I'^r  ..rrict.T>  ahevc  the 
rank  ■>f  hiutrnant  w>  alh 'wanci.-  i^  niailc  en  account  ni  a  \vil\', 
hr.l  alli'Wanci'--  I'.r  (■'■.ildrcn  arc  added  tn  Uic  piTMinal  pcn-ii'ii, 
a-  in  the  ca-c  "i  cnli-lcil  nun.  A  cajitain  rcciivv  ;i  p<rMinal 
|,inM-n  nt  $1,000  and  an  allowance  <■!'  ?''A  for  each  chdd,  in 
ihc  ca-c  I'i  total  di>ahility;  a  hri^adicr  ^'cncral  $2,700,  with  $120 
I^r  cadi  child. 

I'n.liiinj;  hv  the  experience  "f  I'.iiri  pcan  Cdimtrics  with  "pcn- 
yiiin-ii-ych(i>is,"  which  had  hcc-i  cne  "i  the  ^eridu-;  c.h^taclc•^  in 
the  w.-iv  "i  intcrc-tin.i,'  nun  in  ree<hicati>  in,  tiie  ori.i^'in.il  re,i,'nla- 
tidis  nt  Inne  .^,  rMh,  nnciitiivi 'Cally  -tated  that  "Nn  <leditctinn 
vjiall  he  made  fmni  the  an;(.ntit  .awanled  tn  any  pen-inner  nwinj; 
tn  hi>  havin.i;  nndertaken  wnrk  nr  perfected  himself  in  >nnie 
fnrni  nf  indn-lry." 

I"inanci.il  indncenient-  tn  t.ake  irainins;  fnr  a  new  ncciipatinn 
.after  di>char<;e  fmm  the  fnrc--.  when  tliat  i>  recnmniended  hy 
the  Military  llnspitrds  Cnmmi->inn  (  >ec  helnw,  pa,i;e  224),  were 
prnvided  l>y  an  order  in  cnuncil  nf  Jnne  2'',  l'»l()  (  !'.  C.  1472), 
-nnn  after  the  ;;eneral  re.i;ulatinn-  in  re:;ard  tn  pcnsi(^n=.  Up  to 
the  lime  of  di'-char.<,'c  such  men  have  nrdinarily  heen  nnder.^ning 
treatment  and  have  hecn  in  rcceijit  nf  their  jiay  and  allnwanccs 
at  the  re,i,'ular  rate  fi^r  active  -ervice,  in  additinn  tn  niedica! 
and  cducatiniial  care.  It  \va>  felt  that  tn  cnntinue  financial  assist- 
ance nn  the  same  scale  tn  dischar},ad  nicn  who  were  leceiving 
special  training'  fnr  .a  new  nccupalinn,  and  in  >nme  cases  main- 
ten.ance  in  a  sclmnl  while  takin;,'  the  cntir>e.  wnuld  he  tnn  lavish 
in  the  case  nf  sin.ule  men;  luii  th.at  it  would  he  inn  arhitr.iry  in 
the  case  of  m.arried  men.  -ince  it  would  not  take  into  cnn-ider.i- 
tinn  the  nutnlier  of  dependents  in  the  f.amily.  A  scale  was 
adnpted.  llierefnre,  which  .irive-  the  men  themselves  a  small  sum 
fnr  iH-rsonal  expenses,  makes  provi-ion  on  a  slidinj;  scale  for 
dependents,  and  allnws  a  ]ht  diem  anminn  for  the  man's  livinj,' 
cxpen-e>  when  he  i-  nnt   inaintaine<l  in  the  educ.atinn.d   institu- 


C  ANAliA 


_'0? 


tion.     All  these  men  are  in  receipl  "l"  iKii-ions   -iiicc  they  are 
all  .li>al)k(l. 

l',y  the  term-  dl  the  ori.yiiial  nr.ler  a  -in^le  man  with-ut  <!<■- 
l)fii(leiits  was  t(i  receive  >i\ly  ceiU-  a  day  fnr  liviii-  expeii-e-  it 
■•living'  (lUt,"  ami  free  iiiaiiitenaiice  if  •'liviiii,'  in  "  A  marrud 
iiKiii  \v:u<  to  receive  in  aihlili-n  eis;ht  d.^llar-  a  month  it  inci- 
dental expen>e-  and  such  -uni  a~.  tc.t;ether  with  liis  pen-ion  and 
allowances,  would  make  up  the  amount  indicated  in  the  lollowin.!,' 
table,  accordiiiR  t"  the  ci'ni[io?ilion  of  hi-  family: 

Wife  onlv  :  ?.i5.(«l  I'cr  m.iin!i 

Wife  aiu!  one  child  :  ?.W.(NI  t..  ?4J  ?0  aco.r.W"-  t..  the  a«c  ..f  the  Hnhl 

■,s-ife   aid   two   children;   $41.iK)   to   $4;.l»it.    accordnii;    to   tlie    a.;e    oi    the 

childreii^  ---m 

And  so  on  up  to  a  maximun  f-r  wife  and  M-vin  cliudren  or  m-re     -.-.vii'i. 

Allowances  are  also  made  for  widowed  mothers,  and  f.T  chil- 
dren alone  when  the  wife  i-  not  livin:;.  I'or  children  the  .iniMunt 
ranges  fmiii  three  dollars  for  tho-e  under  five  years  of  at;e  to 
S7.?0  for  the  "tirst"  one  ten  years  of  ai,'e  or  over. 

These  allowances  are  paid  by  the  Military  Hospitals  Commi-- 
sion,  under  whose  supervi-ion  the  men  receive  their  trainint,'. 
In  every  can-  the  amount  of  the  pension  is  deducted  f  r.  .m  the 
sums  indicated  above. 

The  folloviin.n  sprins;  these  arrangements  were  rt-vised  in  the 
direction  of  greater  liberality,  by  an  order  of  April  1.'.  l'»17 
(P.  C.  976).  The  sixty  cents  per  diem  allow.ance  for  living 
expenses  was  raised  to  a  dolkir,  to  meet  the  increased  cost  of 
living;  the  eight  d.41ars  per  month  f'.r  per-onal  expen-es  w.i- 
granted  to  single  men  as  well  as  to  married  tnen,  to  rectify  "an 
..mission  .  .  .  in  the  la>t  order  ::  counc  il" :  a  minimum  wa- 
establi-hed  f^r  -ingle  men— SK)  per  month  if  living  in.  S46 
if  living  out,  including  pension;  and  more  liberal  arrangmunt- 
were   made    for   dependent-,   retaining,   however,   the   maximum 

of  S.s5. 

.\  m;ui  with  a  wife  and  -ix  chil.lren  might,  th.eref-re,  receive 
the   f(.ll-wing  income   fr-m   the   g.  \ernmeni   during  the   peri.'d 


III 


^m. 


TTt'^. 


206  iiisAiii.i;ii  ^(ii,hu  i;~  and  .saii.oks 

(it  lii>  trainiii!,'  I"r  a  lu  u   <  .tcniiaiii  ill,  iIk-  iii^trnctii 'ii  al-"  in  iiij; 
pri-viilol  Icr  liiiii  ux\-  "l'  all  liiari^v  I'T  tuili"ii  <ir  ciiuiimu  iii : 

All.u.ni.H-  f,.r  uifr  .umI  .Inl.lrrii 55=5  i«i 

M.iinlin.diif  all.'UiiTiic  i'-r  iii.in ''I'"' 

Si^inilinH    iiiniify    '^ "" 

Tnt,>I    J"''l=l 

It  \vi^  f(  4111(1  that  111  it  iiit'n.(nu'ntly  nion  whn  had  hin-n  di- 
thari,'t'il  i-iirrd  lif  inii^ii 'lU'd  hn  iko  dnwii  afjaiii  undiT  the  -iiain 
(it'  civil  (.■luiiliiViiuiit,  a^  a  n-tilt  dl  tlu'  injiirii-s  th(.v  had  -ultci^'d 
in  MTNiif.  1  iirnvuk-  fcr  >ik1i  (.'a.~r^  an  d^k't  "i  hihruary  J4. 
I'M  7,  inTniitti  d  their  reiiili-tnu  nt — "reattotatii  iii,"  it  i~  (.'ailed: 
"When  a  -"Idler  w  h"  ha-  >erved  a-;  a  nieiiiher  of  the  Canadian 
I''.\(iediti"iiarv  I'lirce  and  ha-  heeii  di-eh.ir,L;ed  r-nli-eiiiiently  re- 
f|nire-  treatment  i^r  a  di-ahility  which  i-  certilied  liy  a  Heard  cf 
Medical  (  M'licer-  in  ha\e  heeii  can-ed  cr  a,u',s;ravated  hy  -ervice, 
the  lliianl  of  Medical  (  )nicer-  liia\-  receive  hi-  reatte-tatii  ill  a-i 
a  nieiiiher  of  the  Canadian  l''.x])editi< 'iKiry  I'orce."  Hi-  jieil-iiiii 
\va>  t<i  he  canceled  friiiii  the  day  (it  reatte-tatimi.  hi-  pay  and 
all(i\vance<  re-tinied.  and  he  hecanie  in  every  re-|iect  practically 
.■L  new  ca-e,  .i^cin.;;  thrcii.^jh  the  ii-nal  pmcednre  nntil  ''e  \\a> 
a,i,'ain  readv  t'cr  di-cliarj,'e.  The  (irder  Cintained  incidentally 
:i  stateineiil  of  the-e  lia-ic  principle-:  "All  invalaled  -oldier-  -hall 
receive  pav  and  allowance-  until  di-cli;ir.i:ed  from  the  Canadian 
rixpedilioiiarv  I'orce";  and  "Xo  iinalided  soldier  -hall  he  di<- 
cliar,i,'ed  iroiii  the  Caiuidian  Mxpeditionary  l-"orce  nntil  a  Pioard 
o{  Medical  Officers  ii;i-  certified  that  further  trealnieiit  or  hospi- 
tal care  will  not  improve  his  condition,  or  that  it  is  ad\  isahle 
that  he  -h(inl(l  pass  nn  !er  his  own  contriil." 

I'l.ikr  the  llewlv  estahli-hed  -y<Ieni  this  provi-iiiii  for  ro- 
atlestati(  ill  ha-  heeii  dr(ipi)e(l,  since  di-cliar,i,'ed  soldier-  who  -niter 
a  recurrence  of  di-al)ihlv  coiiic  under  the  care  of  the  Invalided 
S(iliHer>'  C  oinnii>>ion. 

l\r.(  I'.rriox   ami  ('i.as.sii-icaikin   of   Ki;irKNiN(.   Soi.iiii:ks 

From  thi-  point  on.  the  account  of  the  provisions  for  di-ahled 
soldier-   in   t'aii:id;i   i-   practic;dly  ;i   re[iorl   (if   the   vvirk   (il    the 


«?-?^^aar 


WMiMsm^smm^^sM 


Military  [Li^iiital-  ( ""mtui-Hcii.  -iiui-  all  t'talun-  ('l'  tlk-  -\-Uin 
wiTc  .k\rl'iin'(l  aiul  I'-talili-liol  \h\<'W  tin-  r^x^.■\\l  adininiMraln  c 
r(.'>'r,L;aiii/aU"n  wliuli  lia^  Ikhi  (K-ciiin.(l  aii"\t'.  1  lu'  cliaiim-^ 
inircilucfd  hv  tlii-  r(.Mr,i,'ani/.atii 'U  will  In.-  iiulicaUil.  Niil  it  will 
ln'  Mill  thai  a-  tar  a-  tlu'  iii<li\  idiial  -.  .lilicr  i-  ci 'mxriiid.  tiny 
arc  chaii.m.--  in  naim-,  \'T  tin-  im.-l  i^art.  rallKT  than  in  the  >n!)- 
>taiH-i.'  <it  what  i-  (N'lu   l"i  .r  liini.' 

.\l>"m  41.000  nun  had  liinn  returned  {<>  Canada  t"  the  end 
(if  April,  I'MX.  .\(.t  all  "i  ine~e.  hy  any  mean-,  iiad  hem  di-- 
ahled  in  ^ervice.  Al.i.nl  _'N.000  <■{  tlieni  h.id  C'one  niuler  the 
eare  >■{  the  Military  il-^iiital-  (  .  ■ni'ni-P  .n.  the  li-nre-  hy  _\ear^ 
heiiiu;  a-  f'.ll"W-: 

IW^  -•'■''''' 

1-1,.   : /'''f' 

l.,i;   1''.''-" 

To  tii.l  .  f  1''17     -''■'■'« 

On  Tanuarv  1.  I'MS.  lu.irlv  h.ali  "1  all  wlic  h.ad  e..ine  under 
the  juri-dietii'U  "f  the  eMnii;ii~-ii  .n  I  !l..^S4i  were  Mill  "'iii  the 
-treni^'th"    d'    the     Military     ll'.^pitaK    (, '. 'niini-~i< 'ii    Couini.iiid. 

which   indicates  what  a  .-1"W    hu-iiU"  it   i thi-   ~.  Tt   ot    "c. 'ii- 

\  ale-cent  care" — thnu.L;h  it  i-  .iKn  due  in  part  t"  the  incre.i-ini,' 
nuinher  "I  wninded  a>  the  i'liice-  in  the  tield  h,i\e  inere,i-ed. 
Nearlv  twice  a>  many  were  under  care  in  the  -prini;  "t  I'MS  a-  ;i 
war   hell  ire. 

It  \va>  the  pnlicy  at  fir>t  ti>  treat  all  active  ca-e-  in  l-".n,L;land. 
-endin;;  hack  U<  (.an.id.a  culy  tli'-e  wlm  were  true  ccnva- 
le-cent-.  r>v  Xi'vcmher.  I'M'.,  however.  c-iiL'i-ti.in  in  the  ..\er- 
-eas  hii-pital-  hecaine  <n  •,'re,it  th.it  it  wa-  nece--ary  t>.  niodily 

'The  iirim-ipal  sources  nf  information  f.  r  ilio  f,,iti  in  t!ic  r<-t  of  tlii- 
rli.il'ter  are  the  -niule  report  tliiis  far  in-ueil  hy  the  Mililarv  Ho, pit. lis  Cmi- 
mis>ion.  (l.ited  Mav  JO.  Vn7 :  the  hiilletiii>  of  the  e-iiiniis~ion  snue  Marih, 
I'lKi  wliii-li  h.ive  developed  into  the  inontlilv  ni.i-:uine  l\,-,  .'nslrti,  li^'U ;  an 
article  h\  I'aul  f.  Kelloi;i;  in  Th.-  Siinry  f-r  April  7.  \')\7.  '■The  l'..uth; 
dri'und  for  \\..un.led  Men";  t\v.>  ini^iRHed  .irtiile-  in  the  ImilMi-Ii  journai, 
/■V,-.!//cJ  to  l.if,-.  for  Septemher,  1'117;  the  te-linionv  of  Mr  T.  !'.._  Kidner. 
\.,caiioiial  Secretarv  of  the  Iiivalide,!  .^..Idiers'  (."..tiimission,  l.ef.ire  the 
h.int  C'lmmittee  on '  iMltication  and  l.ahor  of  the  I'nited  States  Senate  and 
lliiiise  of  I\epreseiilati\es  in  heann'js  held  -n  April  .io,  .\l.iy  1,  and  Ma>  _'. 
l'»18;  and  eorre>poiideiKe  with  uliicials  I'f  the  C  i.nniiis-i.u. 


:,.P7^ 


dim 


20S 


|)|N  \l:l.i:ii    S((1.|)II:HS    AMI    .s\n.ni;.s 


llii^  pi.lirv  Im  a  ciTtaiii  (K-^tci',  ami  ~incf  ilun  many  aiiiliiilat'iry 
ca-i>  \\A\x  liieii  rt'turiicd  in  CMini)K-ic  tlicir  irtatiiK-iit  at  li'>ini\ 
CN  I'll  win. II  it  ua>  ixpccttd  that  lluy  wnuM  iiltiniatt.l\  be-  able 
tn  ri'Miiiif  active  sitn  icu. 

Tlic  iiR'ii  arri\c  at  (jiuboc  or  St.  J^liii  or  Halifax,  and  at 
facli  111  tJR-c  iMjrt>  iIk'  Military  Hn-pilals  (■niiinii>^i<in  <.>tab- 
b-ikd  a  cKarini;  depMi.  Sick  and  wipimdcd  arc  \v<w  {generally 
liri)uj,'ht  home  on  I".iii;li>li  hospital  >iiips.  or  "ambulance  tran-- 
|)ort>,"  comiortably  (.•(|iiippcd,  and  with  no  other  j)a>^en!,'er-- 
tlian  the  >oldicrs,  doctor^,  iitir-e--,  aii(l  orderlies.  Ilarlier  in  the 
war  ordiiiarv  tran>port.--  and  pa^.^eiii^'er  --teamers  liad  to  be  n^ed, 
and  tile  acconimodatiun>  were  iiut  ■■indittereiu."  a~  the  parlia- 
mentary comn.ittee  cx[)re>?eil  it,  but  a  ^'reat  advance  lia>  been 
made  in  thi>,  a>  in  other  staj^cs  of  care. 

l)ociiment<  accompany  tin'  men.  "-howini;  their  physical  con- 
dition at  the  lime  of  leaving;  the  English  hospital,  the  state  <>f 
their  ()ay  account,  and  other  data  .Vt  the  clearing  depot  their 
inmiediale  needs  are  pro\  ided  for,  and  they  are  reexamined, 
by  a  Milit.ary  Medical  Board,  for  revision  of  the  classification 
maile  in  Iui.;;land.     Thi^    la»>ilication  i>  threefold: 

C'av';  I:  Men  wlni,  tli'iii-ih  iitiru  for  overseas  mts  in-,  ,ire  alilc  t  •  ri~i;!iie 
tlieir  previous  uccupatioii  in  civilian  life,  or  who  arc  sutitcrim;  from  .i  .!:>- 
ability  not  due  to  nor  aggravated  \>\  their  service;  candidates  lor  immediate 
discharge  williont  pension. 

Class  II:  Men  whose  condition  nia\  he  lieiierucd  liV  fnrtlier  medical 
treatment  or  saiiatorinin  care. 

Class  III:  Men  who  are  ^utTerint;  front  a  permanent  disahilit>  uliich 
u.'iild  not  lie  lienetited  li>  fnniier  treatment:  candidates  fur  immediate  di^- 
cli;irt;e  with  |;'jn-ion. 

F.;ich  man  i-  "paraded  sin,i;ly"  Infore  a  Meilical  Roard  of 
tliree  idlicer-.  which  examines  him  carefully  in  the  li,t,dit  of  his 
Iui}jlish  records,  and  redassifio  him  if  necessary.  Freqtiently 
tliis  is  necessary,  for  the  effect  of  tlie  voyage  or  the  time  tii.at 
li;is  elapsed  since  hi>  previous  examination  may  have  chan^'ed 
his  condition,  or  there  may  be  a  ditference  in  jtKli,mient  by  the 
C'an.adian  tloctors.  Out  of  a  hundretl  cases  taken  at  random 
from  the  records  of  the  (  )uebec  iioard,  it  was  found  that  in  34 


CANADA 


2(V  • 


c-iM-  tlK'  Canadian  cxaminati-.n  aK'rccl  uitli  tlu'  F.nRli^h  r.p.rt : 
„,  V.  ca^.^  tlic  .U^.ahilitv  wa-  rated  liiulur  than  it  ha-l  Inai  ^^\wn 
,lu   ,nan  left  I-.i^lan,!.  and  in  27  ca-e^  it  wa>  rated  h.wer 

TlK  tirM  l.lSJo  nun  l-r  uh-ni  rec-rd^  were  kept  were  cla.-M- 
tiL-d  a-   I'.lliws: 

I    

II   

III   • 

•■>,'(  it  iiiv;ili<N  '   

■X.i  rcc(irii"  


Numlier 

r 

LT  Cflll 

JXi»l 

JO'I 

'MJ4 

(Ull) 

>t:H 

(>l) 

•it  A 

(l,i 

IV) 

H 

Total 


l.'v8Jo 


llHI.O 


\ecnrding  to  tl.e  decree  of  .li.al.il.tv  awarded  l.y  the  Medical 

l'„.;.rd  at  the  iv.rt  of  deharkati.  .n.  the~e  ^anie  men  were  ela^Mtied 
a-  fi.l'ow?: 


Per  Cent  Disability 

0-    25 

2i>  —    511 

51  —    75 

7',  —  li»> 

N,,  rvcnl  .... 


N;:n- 


.  r.f  Mi-n 

I'lT  (i-iit 

;  41X 
"'J.i 

'-^7 
Jl  1 

•127 
1  ''75 

(i7 
14.! 

58.1 

4J 

T..tal 


13.8J') 


litOD 


In  ..iher  w..rd-.  if  these  pmpnr.inn.  huM.  over  two-thinU  of 
the  men  wl,o  cnnte  hack  are  in  need  ..f  s..nie  form  ..t  medical 
„r  .ur.'ical  featment.  even  tliuugh  there  may  he  no  pm-pect  ot 
.cducim.'  their  di^ahilitv  therehy.  The  majority  of  all.  however, 
•ir.  not'  -erioudv  injured;  only  one-^fth  are  in  a  cond.ti.n  on 
arrival  which  indicate*  a  prohahle  disability  <'f  over  >0  per  cent. 

M.n  of  Lla^>.  I  are  di>cliar.-ed  at  the  clearin-  depot.  Civilian 
clothing  i^  provided  f<.r  them  by  the  Invalided  Soldiers'  G.m- 
nii^^ion  and  their  transportation  is  arranged.  They  are  not  re- 
cpiired  to  return  to  the  place  from  which  they  enlisted,  but  having 
once  indicated  where  they  wi>h  to  go.  "no  alteration  is  per- 
,nitted."  Before  leaving  the  dep<.t  a  form  is  hlle.l  ont  by  an 
interviewer  of  the  comnii^Mon  for  each  man  ,-irriving  on  ati 
ordinarv  ship,  which  is  read  over  to  him  for  verification  and 
then  signed  hv  h.in.     Copies  of  this  are  sent  t..  the  head  olf.ce 


/i'J»i 


!f5:i^  .  -\ 


JIU 


M>.\l!I.i:ii    SOI.Iill.KS    AMI    .SAII.OUS 


1. 1  llio  f(.niTni*>iiii.  tn  tlu-  ciniil"\imiit  ct'inniittto  in  lii-;  own 
|in.\inrf.  atul  t"  tlif  l<'c;il  -ari'tary  i>f  tlic  Canadian  Patriotic 
I  iiiul.  liKjirani^  ar>.'  m  nt  t«i  Iii-<  town,  to  injure  a  wilcini'.  an 
anni'inuinKiit  in  tlu'  iiapcr-,  and  i.tliir  ]iliasint  attfntion-.  \\\\- 
cnim  cuniiuitucs  liavc  Ikiii  fiTnud  all  hmt  tlii.'  Di'niininn.  and 
practically  ivcry  riturninj;  v>Idicr  i^  imt  liy  an  autnninbili'.  it 
riMt  Kv  a  nidi.-  |)ri-liniinus  dcni(in>tratii'n.  It  1k'  lia>  a  l^nj,' 
jonnifv  to  the  we^t,  the  welcome  coniinittie^  en  route  are 
notitud,  and  arrangements  are  made  for  his  comfort  where  he 
lia-  I"  wail  o\ir  or  change  cars. 

Men  oi  Cla^-  II  and  Class  III  are  sent  as  jjromjitly  a*-  possj- 
l)k'  to  the  miht.iry  depot  nearest  the  place  wiiich  they  de>if,'natc 
as  tile  one  to  which  they  wisli  to  u.''-  l'ni<\  the  reor^janization 
tluv  were  drafted  into  the  Military  Ho'-pitals  Commission  Coni- 
iiian<l  (  si't.'  above.  paj;e  1*'C>)  and  remained  under  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  the  Military  Ib'spjtals  Comniissicin — pendinj;  the  award 
of  their  pension,  in  the  case  of  Class  III ;  and  in  tlie  case  of  Class 
11.  until  their  disability  reached  its  definitive  sta^e  and  they  were 
readv  for  discharfje  for  pensinn.  or.  more  rarely,  until  they 
were  cured  and  returned  to  active  service.  .\t  jircsent  there  is 
n(i  Military  Hospitals  Commission  Command;  the  men  remain 
entirely  in  charge  of  the  Department  of  Militia  and  Defense 
until  the  end  of  their  medical  treatment  is  reached  (  except  for  the 
insane  and  tuberculous  and  others  who  need  lon^-continued  in- 
stitutional care),  and  do  not  come  under  the  Inyalided  Soldiers' 
Commission  until  they  are  discharj,'ed. 

MinniAi.  Tkicatmknt  ami  Cow  \i.i:si  i:nt  Cark 

The  original  object  for  which  the  Military  Hospitals  Coni- 
niission  was  istalilislied  was  to  provide  convalescent  homes  and 
h.'spitals  and  medical  treatment.  At  that  time,  in  the  spring 
(.f  l<n.s,  invalids  were  returning;  onlv  in  small  numbers,  and  it 
was  anticipated  that  small  scattered  liotnes  for  rest  and  recrea- 
tion Would  be  the  tyjie  of  institution  needed.  Many  private 
houses  were  offered  for  the  purpose  and  some  of  these  have 
been    utilized       It    was   .«»on    found,    however,    that    instead    of 


''11 

rilaxaiir.n  nnd  cnnrtai.,imiu.   ni..^t   <■(   i\w  iiuti   tunlnl  .-utixc 
lIurapculK-    .-md   nrlli..lK.iic    trciUnKtU.      1  -r   tin-    Miull    itl^itll- 
,,...1-   WiT.'  luitiKT  i0.ii..inK:il   ii-r  .ItHunt.  an. I    yrn^W   li-nus 
u^ri-  n..l   will  adapted   l..r  tin-  iim-atv  oimimunt.     'Iln-   idea 
.t   di>iril)UtinK  acioiniiintlation-  llir..Hi;ii  tlu    imintrv.  li.  .wiver, 
...  Ih.it  the  nun  could  l.c  mar  Iimiik-  ai'd  iii  laniiliai   mut.  .iiiidmuN 
!,.,-.  Iktu  carrie.l  M„t  a-  tar  as  iM„-ihlf.  and  a  cham  -I   nisim,- 
li,.n-  has  iKrii  created  reachi.iu  Ir-ni  tlie  Atlantic  U<  tlu-  I'ac.l.c. 
Inr  traiisiH.rtalic.n   <<i   the   invalid^.   h-s,„tal   car>  have   heeii 
provided,  which  are  as  nuich  Mipennr  to  ..r.hnary  radway  accni- 
„„„l;,tinn>  as  the  liosi.ilal  ships  arc  to  the  <.ld   transports  atid 
passenger    steamers.      The   traveling   hospitals   are   ni.idc    vip   in 
units  ..t   two  cars,  one  a  wanl.  the  other  coniainiiiK  coinpart- 
uuiits    for   the   doctors  and   nurses  an.l   a   section    with    six   or 
eit^ht  cots.     Whenever  it  is  conipatihlc  with  their  physical  coiidi- 
ti<.n.  men  are  allowed  a  week  or  ten  day^  for  a  visit  home  helore 
j;oinj,'  into  the  hospital  or  sanatoriinn. 

To  provide  accoinmodalic  ^ns  t-r  treatment  s,,nu'  new  institu- 
tions liave  heen  erected  "tn.m  tiie  ground  uj)"' ;  many  existinj: 
institutions  have  Inen  utilized;  and  Imildin^'s  desit;ned  for  ..ther 
purposes  have  heen  t.iken  <.ver  an.l  adapted.  By  cooperation 
with  the  provincial  K"vernments.  with  health  associations,  chari- 
tahle  organizations,  existing'  institutons,  and  private  imlividu.als 
tile  commission  had  succeeded,  hy  tiie  time  it  was  relieved  of 
resiionsihilitv  for  this  werk,  in  arranuin^  accommodations  for 
fifteen  th.aismd  men,  with  t'lve  thous.-ind  more  beds  under  con- 
struction or  ready  to  be  added  on  short  notice.  They  were 
distributed  as  follows: 
In  l.iiiianiK.  taken  over  and  rcmndele.l  hy  the  Military  Hn.pltals  Com-^^^^, 

^'li-^ion    • ■ ■■•■.•, ,•;()■; 

l!i  Imililiniis  erected  "from  the  Rrnund  up   -•'    ." 

At   tlie   diM'i'sal  of  the  commissi,  n,   in  existins   institutions l^.j^M 

i'lidrr  Construction    ',  ^\,. 

Pc.-.-ilile  t<.  add  on  short  notice __^ 

Tot  al  

Two-tliirds   of   the    fifteen   thousand    then   .-tctuaHy   available 
were    for  convalescent  care,    1,600   in   discharge   depots,   about 


•iJ^'l^r.-JM; 


Jl. 


I'l- 


■  I   nil   !■--      \MJ    -.All.lPH 


l.JiHi  1-r  iiili.rtiil..ti>  jiainniv  ;,ii.!  171  f -r  m  aiic-.  Ii  wa-  I'clt 
tlial  "a^■^•.Imll■'clall"ll  1-  aKr.a-l  1. 1  ta'.|Miri  i:iviil-  aihl  ill.  . aimii- 
^i,,ii  1-  [.laiiiiil  MiliHiriiilx  lar  aluad  t"  k>«[i  [.an:  \silli  any 
[.. ■—iMi'  inlliix  I'l'  in  \\  ia-r~." 

i  lu-r  taii!ltii>  lia\r  ii-u  l-r  tiu-  iii'-t  pall  pa-M.l  uii'lir 
ill,  i..nir-l  I'i  iIk'  Mililia  IViiarimnu.  -iiici'  llu'  i> -i.-ii-ilnluy 
I'.r  I'lK-  lari'  >if  <li-alilnl  llall  lll'.lil  di-ilian^r  lia-  Im-ll  plaii-il 
Willi  llir  Army  Mnlual  ('■■ri.-.  ^aii.,i-ria,  Ii^wimt.  and  li"-- 
|,il.,!-  i't  ihr  nun  —  l'a,il_\  injmM!  iliai  llu'V  n.|n:r(  pr-l,  ■iiticd 
.■r  i>,  rniaiuni  in^liinti' 'iial  can-,  ar.d  fia-  ili'-i.'  wli"  nia\  lia\i-  a 
r.  inircim'  i.l'  di-a!iilil\  atur  diM-lurm'.  will  I'^nliniR'  ti.  Ik-  I'^n- 
diulid  Iiv  tlu'  Imalidcd  S'.ldur>'  C '•  •niini~-i,  .|l  d'  Uk  I  )ciiarl- 
nuni  ■■!  S"ldKi>'  (ixil  Urc-iaMi-Imirnt.  Tin-  iu'ia--ary  iran-liT 
.1  la-iMiUMliility,  and  llit-  luci  ",ir>  traii-i-rniati' mi  d'  adnnni- 
ti-aii..n  in  llic  in-liliili"n-  tliat  arr  n  ■!  uaii-irrrrd.  aia-  ln-mu' 
niaiK'  wilh  ilu-  l(.a~t  ]M'-Mlilr  di-iuriiaiR-c  d"  the  U;n  lli^usmd 
er  111.  pre  di-alili'd  M-Miii-  C'luariud. 

Till-  indniihial  -•Idur.  Ii\  tlic  prr-mt  -v-uni.  remain^  in  a 
niililary  lic^iiilal  until  "a  tinalily  in  inatnuMit"  i-  naclR'd.  'I'lu' 
inililarv  antlii>riiir>  dfliriiiiiu-  ulan  that  ■■tinalily"  ha>  In-i-n 
nailud.  It  niav  rt-priMiit  cilhrr  lairc,  a-  O'liijilctf  a-  the  pn.— 
cut  >latn^  (if  niidical  M'ii-iua'  alli>\\-.  "r  a  di-ci^U'ii  that  ilk'  ca~o 
i-  iiaairahlf,  i.r  that  it  will  ri'iuirc  a  "[ir' i 'iii^od"  ciair-o  of 
trcalnk'Ht.  WhaU-vcr  ih.,-  natiirf  <■!  thr  '■|inaliiy."  the  -mMut 
innikdiately  ni"'ii  (li-iliar,i;i.'  lK'C"mi.>  an  (.hjirt  i>r  r.  i  •■■;■  {■  r 
the  new  deiiartmeiit  "t'  i;' 'X  crnineni.  and  it"  he  lue.l-  hp.-i)ilal  it 
small  iriuni  care  he  reieixe-  it  in  a  civilian  iti-litutip  pii.  umler 
civilian  irft'icer-.  The  Mipplyini;  "i"  artificial  linil)>  and  .irthn- 
jK-dic  apjiliance  i>  left  l"  the  ci\iliaii  autln-ritie^,  but  it  lake- 
place  hefon-  di>cliari,'e. 

Ma--a,i,'e  wa~  practicrdlv  unkn"\vn  a^  a  profe—ii'n  in  Canada 
hefnre  the  war.  To  "Uplil.v  tlii-  lack  a  trainin.i;  i^ch'M.l  ua- 
>iarted  hv  the  Army  ( iynina-tic  C"i>rp,-.  The  tiri.^inal  idea  wa- 
t<.  tind  candidate-  ain.>n,i;  the  returned  >■  ■Idlers,  hnl  -i  few  were 
a^ailalile  fr-m  thi-  -nirce  that  the  c 'Ur^e  was  npened  t' ■  WMineii. 
;?i.\  nil '1111!-'  iraininu  i-  '^iveii,  and  then  the  pu[)il>  are  attached 


-hlA 


\\  \I>\ 


213 


,,,  ,!,.■  \ri  :\  NK.lic.il  C.ri-.  PTnurlv  f.  tlu-  Mililarv  I1m-,„i.,K 
(,„„„„,.„....  I.^r  -.nuv  nlunv.r  iIk'v  ni.iv  1,.  -..I.  .m.l  .I'^nyt 
r,n,^,  t'.i.n-  .liplnu^  until  tli.v  l.ac  li.ul  -nc  >c,>r  .■!  -al.  ■- 
l.ut'  rv  i-xi'^riiiui--  in  tin-  uay. 

k.rV.ulv   a   .-M>-r  ,,i     M-.nuli.n    .-..r   hoM.K-   v-cali-.iul    in- 
MriK-i.T^   !u~  l.MU   .^lal.li^lu.l  l.y   tlu-    Vw^vr^av   m     l.a->,i-. 
u„h  llu-  o..,.ral,..n  .^1    tlu-  I),,artnKa.   ..I    S^.M.-t-    (ml   K> - 
i-,.,Wl.-lmirnl.  an.l  .1  i>  I'lannol  f.  .■mi-l-)   tlu    ,:;ra.hiaU-^  n.  the 
,,„l„„,v  li..-|.ital-.     A  uainiu'  c.uur  l..r   luiun..l.al  m  ,l-uati.  i. 
..,,,1   ,■,,,-  ,1k-  ~o..u;iW  ^tu.lv  ,.|   nkth.MK  has     .rn  c-tahh-h..l  at 
',],,  r,„v>r-uv  ...•  •r.-P.nf.  MU.Kr  th.,hr.rti..n  n|   Dr.   i-..hvar.l 
I      i;,,,!,  i„  Hut  Ihn-i.  a  iKautitul  htiil.liiiK  icciMitly  a.l.icl  to 
ll';,.  r.nu\.-,u.      Hit.  i.-t  ..iil;.   i-  ir.atiuml  -ivui,  hut  -y-fuialic 
u-tari-h  i-  .-arriol  nn,  in  r.r.l.r  f .  .K-v.  i  .p  and  Man.lar,liA-  m.th- 
,,,1-  .ni.l   apioratus.  and   trannui;   i-   •^i\<'ii   tn  "..iHia;  'i'-."   '"'ill 
-iT^i-aut-   ai'i.l   cuiliau-.  au.l  h-th   turn   aiM   vvnim   auiMU-   the 
civilian-,  uh-  will  he  di-lrihutul  ain-n;;  tlu-  h--i.itaL>. 

Si-i;<i.\i.  ri.\»i  >  <'i    till    '  'i>\iii.i:ii 
(Vrtain  cla->c.  ..f  tla-  .li-ahh-.l   \v.^c.    f.T  .  ttc   n-a^..u   .t  an- 
other,  ^'ivcn    -i.vial   o.nc.rn.      Tla->.   arr    iIk-  hlin.l.   th.   tu  »r- 
,„I,,„,.   ilK-  auii.utal.a.   a..l   th..-,   nv!,..    -utiVr   tP-n.   tu.uial   m- 

uir\.iti-  alU-i-lii'n>. 

I,  was  anticii-atcl  in  a.lvau.v  that  tlu-  hhu,l  wm,M  Ik  a 
.,.ri.-us  i-P.hli-ni,  hut  fnrtunatclv  ih.-  nnniher  -.  th->r  who  an- 
,,,,,!lv  hlin,h-.l  is  vvrv  -n.all.  Tlu  ro  have  h.-.n  K-s.  than  hitv 
rq,..rt.-.l  U,  Apri;.   VMS.  „..  'u-.,rU  uatiy  a-  r-.-n-_  pp  .hua-.l 

i„  a  tVw  n.  .incuts  hv  th.  vNii-i..n  in  tlu-  barh.T  ot  Ha  .tax. 
M.„t  ..f  the  hlitul  have  tu.t  ■ -ulv  heen  tnale.l  u.  I-.nJatul.  hut 
Inve  a!s..  hern  tr;iiue,l  there  f-r  a  u-etul  ..ceunat...n  at  -t^ 
1  )„uM,-n.'s.  in  I.-ti.l..n.  The  relatively  s,uall  nu.nher  ..t  e.-^scs  aiul 
,lu-  rxeelhnt  re-n'ts  s.cure,!  at  St.  Dunstan's  o.nihuK-.l  t..  tu:ik-j 
U  -..u.  u.-e  U.  take  aavauta.^e  ,.f  tlu-  lu  .spiulitv  ..tiere.l  hv  S.r 
\rthur  IVar-u  rather  'hau  t.  ■  e-tahli-h  an  iustittUu-u  f.r  this 
,,nr,,.^se  in  (aua.la.  There  vva-  -.-.ue  pre-sure  fP-.u  'Ih'  P'' ' '^ 
I,,  ,1..   tlu-   latter,   hut    the    Parliamentary   Commissi. -u   -i    \JU 


I! 


214 


DisAin.r.ii  SDi.iJii.k 


AM)    SAII.OKS 


siiiiportud  tlu-  ]i(.-iiii.ii  taknn  hy  tlu-  Military  Hnspitals  (^iiiiiiii-- 
siiiti,  rucuniiikiiiliiiL,'  tliai  aii\-  l)Iin(K(l  men  wlii*  rclurn!.-il  to  ('an- 
;c(la  lii-|i.ri-  riTiix  iiii^  n.i.ilucati"ii  ^ln'iihl  ])v  traitifd  in  fxi-lin^; 
(  aiiad);!!!  iii^tillitii 'ii>  fur  tlir  civilian  hlind.  at  tin.-  (.xiifii^e  "1  l'.,,- 
fi-iKral  .t;i'V  iriiiuiiit.  In  urdvr  tn  >aU-iv  the  iuiIjIk'  as  to  the 
(|nalit\'  111'  till'  cari.'  L,Mvcn  at  St.  1  )tni~tan".-,  ihv  c  ininii->ii  >n  ap- 
plied Vi  tlu'  nirec'tnr  ( lenc-ral  of  Medical  Scr\icc>  fur  a  report 
en  it'-  wiirk.  A  nirdical  iMl'iccr  \va~  a>-n,'nc'd  tn  make  an  in\c~- 
ti,L;ati' 11.  and  lii^  rcpi  rt.  which  i>  entirely  faxi^rahle,  lia>  heen 
made  ])!il)lic. 

Expectations  in  rcLjard  t<i  tiiherciiiosis  had  in  he  revi>ed  in 
the  ('iipi'^ite  direction.  It  \va-  nut  ;inticipaleil  that  there  wonkl 
be  a  lari^'e  ntuiiher.  and  it  wa--  thnns^ht  that  tlie\-  cuiild  he  taken 
care  <'!'  in  e.xi^tinu  -anatnria.  A  very  niuderate  aniciiuU  nf 
in\'e>ti,!;atiiin.  hn\w\er,  ^".in  revealed  that  the  exi>tin.L;  in^titn- 
tii>n>  were  nm  e\en  ahle  to  ](r"\ide  t'>r  the  iir<linarv  need-  "t 
the  civilian  ]ji 'pulati"n.  while  nn  the  otlur  hand  the  ad\ance 
estimates  nt  the  niimher  d  ca-e-  which  mi,i;ht  he  expected  aninnL,' 
the  triiiip>  were  -> "  .n  iCiind  tn  he  far  helow  the  realit}'.  N" 
allowance  had  been  made  f  i  ■  the  rapid  de\  i.l<i|inieiit  of  tnher- 
cnlosis  which  took  place  amoiiL;  the  recrnit--  in  the  tr.aininic  camps 
in  C'anada.  and  the  men  returned  on  account  of  tnhercnlo-.i>  fri.in 
the  training;  camps  in  l''.n;,dand.  before  seein.i;  a  dav  of  li;;litiiiL,'. 
were  twice  as  many  a>  had  been  e.xpecteil  on  the  ba>i'>  of  I'.n;,'- 
li>h  experience.  The  rea>on  for  both  miscalcnlation.^  was  prob- 
abK  the  >anie — ha'-t\'  or  inefficL'iit  medical  examination,,  nr  an 
undtilv  liberal  ^tanilard  for  acceptance  on  the  part  of  the  exam- 
iner>  of  recniit>.  The  problem,  therefore,  has  been  in  a  sen  o 
"lar,i;elv  a  civilian  i^ne":  tlial  is.  the  c.a>e<  ha\e  been  for  the 
niovi  p;irt  due  to  infection  c<intracted  in  ci\  il  hfe  or  to  weakness 
of  phvsii(iic  which  favored  infection  and  r.apid  development  of 
the  di>-e;i-e.     \"erv  few  of  them  h.ive  developed  in  the  trenches. 

.\  liberal  position  h.i-  been  taken  with  resjiect  to  ^e^po  i>ibil- 
itv  for  thc'-e  men  who  li.ave  broken  down  tinder  training,'.  It  lia'^ 
bi'cn  decideil  tb:it  "if  :\  man  -ut'fi'ritiL;  from,  i^r  with  a  tendencv 
toward,  tuberculosis  ha-  been  pa->ed  b\'  a  medical  otl'icer  as  fit 


r,\N.\i'.\ 


2\S 


and  ha^  not  bim^df  conc.alcl  tlu-  fact  that  lie  i^  sufTcr.ns  fr-n. 
tl,i,  .l,~ea<e,  he  is  .ntitk-d  to  ;rcatnunt  until  h.s  ca-c  ha-  r.ac  Kd 
f.nahiv  "     What  i.ropcrlion  already  had  the  d.>ea-e  when  they 
,nli-te.l  can  not  even  be  fjuessed  at,  but  it  is  certan,  that  ,uany 
recognizable   caM>   must   have   been   passed    m   the   ear.y   ru-li. 
,ithcr  because  of  lack  of  -kdl  on  the  part  of  l„cal  exanun,n^ 
phvsicians  or  bvcau-e  of  pr.-ure   fn.n  r.cruU.nt^  othcer.      At 
;,ne   tune   60   per   cent    of   all    the   ca-es   under   care   ha,^  never 
left  the  countrv.      Later  thi.   percentage  l,ad    lallen   t..   rO.  but 
„„t  more  than' 15  per  cent  had  been  as   far  a>  b  ranee,      Fhat 
the  wor.t  of  the  result-  ..f  carele»  adnn->ion-.  i>  pa-t.  and  ih.u 
n„,re  normal  condition,  may  be  expected  in  the  future    .-  -ee,| 
from  the  latest  statistics  available,   which   show  that   the   total 
nun,ber  of  c,a-e>  rece.ved  fron,  the  beginning  of  the  war  up  to 
tl,,  ,„a  „f  the  year   1-)17  wa-  -',S71.  of  which  88,S-k-  than 
one-third— came  from  the  training  camps. 

To  meet  the  eniergencv  situation  in  wh.ch  U  found  it-eli. 
the  commi>>ion  built  additions  tu  a  mmiber  of  exi-tmg  .sana- 
toria Half  the  co>t  of  building  has  been  borne  by  the  govern- 
n,en"t.  half  bv  the  in>titution.  The  additions  are  to  be  at  the 
diM>o>al  of  the  government  a-  long  a-  they  are  needed  tor  sol- 
diers and  are  then  to  become  the  property  of  the  ...vners  ot 
the  m>titntion.  The  co,nm.->ion  has  son.etunes  gnen  a-M~t- 
ance  in  providing  the  additional  member^  re.imred  on  the  ^tatt. 
This  p,,licv  of  increasing  accommodations  in  existmg  mstuut.ons 
i.  cheape;  than  it  would  have  been  to  establish  entire  y  new 
.anat^.ria  in  different  parts  of  the  Dominion.     It  is  probably  a 


little  111' 


're  expensive  than  it  would  have  been  to  biuld 


<  iiie 


two  large  central  institutions,  but  that  wa.ld  have  had  d.-ad- 
vanta-e.  It  would  have  taken  longer  U>  get  under  wav :  an 
entireU-  new  staff  would  have  had  to  be  organized,  which  won  d 
have  involved  crippling  existing  institution-^,  no  doubt.  by  the 
withdrawal  of  experienced  phv-icians  from  them,  and  on.v  cm- 
,,.„.,„velv  few  of  the  men  could  have  been  near  home. 

The  pohcv  which  has  been  adopted  seems  the  wi-e>t  al-o  .n-in 
the  point  of' view  <.f  the  public  intereM  after  the  war.  for  ,.  w.U 


l.|>\l;I.KI)    >iil.|in.l;S    ANii    ^\I1.0KS 


inciti  a  iirrniaiicin  iiuTia-r  in  tlie  I'acilitii--  f^r  the  trrati;unt 
ct  tuli>rcul->i.--  aiiK.n.LT  tlic  -uiaral  jH.inilalinn,  diMrihutcd  cmt 
thf  c'.umrs-  in-ttad  nf  i-ciKant rated  in  a  >in,<,'lc  Ideality,  and  i>r.  h- 
lilv,  ninrcdver,  added  le  tlir  in-tilntii  .n-  which  were  alread\ 
the  he>t  wcrk.  'Idle  experienee  "f  the  damtry  with  tuhir- 
>ol(her-.  mnlierni'Te.  may  he  exjiecled  In  advance  the 
>taie  ct  pulihc  edncali'-n  in  reu'afd  to  thi>  ch-ea-e.  and  t"  de- 
xlIi.])  a  -trin,;:er  jinhhc  -eiitinient  in  tavr  d'  aileijnate  pri'vi.-ii'ii 
I'dr  it-  o.ntr'l  An  iiuhcatidn  th;a  thi-  i-  aha-ady  takin'^'  place 
i>  I'dund  in  die  \\]<fVl  "i  the  ]iarlianuntary  CdnmiUtee  d  1'*!/ 
(in  the  e,Me  and  treatment  cf  returned  -dldier-. 
itien-  wa-  that  "in  \iew  <<\  the  alarmin 


a 

di  'ini; 

cull  'n 


recdmnuiulat 


One  cl  us 
evidence  as 
1(1  the  prevalence  >  i  tnliercujn-i-  anidiiL:  iiili-ted  men,  .and  the 
natural  uifereiice  that  sinular.  if  nd  wnr-e.  cnditidn-  dhtain 
.•midiiL:  the  civilian  pdpniatidn.  .  .  .  tlie  feder.al  ,L,'dvernment,  .and 
the  sever.al  provincial  l;.  ivernment-,  lie  urued  U>  t.ake  uji  with"nt 
delay  more  eit'ective  niea-ure-  to  check  the  Sjiread  of  thi-  dw- 
v,i-e."  In  thi-  connection  it  may  he  noticed  th.at  the  couuuittee 
called  the  attention  of  Parliament  al-o  to  the  serious  danger  from 
venereal  disease  which  threatened  tlv  civilian  population,  and 
recommended  that  ".any  returnini;  -oldier  likely  to  tr.an-mU  dis- 
ea>e  of  thi-  character  he  ([uarantined  and  contineil  at  the  port  of 
arrival  "u  C.'.inada  until  cured." 

Six  month-  i>  con-idered  the  ni'  num  period  of  treatment 
likely  to  he  needed  for  a  case  of  tuherculosis.  The  men  receive 
full  pa\-  and  allowance-  until  thev  are  cured  ot  di-char.t,'ed  for 
pen-ion.  I'.v  the  term>  of  the  recent  division  of  rc-pon-ihduy 
hetweeii  the  nepartnunt  of  Militia  and  die  I  )ep;irtment  of  Sol- 
dier-' eivil  Ueeslahlidinient,  the  sanatoria  for  con--uni])tive-  re- 
m.iin  with  the  latter,  and  it  is  understood  that  tuherculou.-  -<'I- 
ihers  evidently  in  need  of  jiroliinijcd  care,  vvhalecer  the  pro,i,'- 
no>i>,  will  he  di-char^ed  from  the  a'-niv  r.s  -oon  a-  that  fact  is 
e<tahli-hed,  and  will  come  under  the  care  of  the  Invalided  Sol- 
diers' ("onimi-siou. 

Menial  ca-e-  were  verv   few    in  numher  in  the   tir-t  month- 
(■1  the  w.ar.     Tliev  were  -eiu    lirectly  from  the  di-char,ire  depot 


I   A  N  A  1 1  \ 


217 


,„  ih,  l,..-l.ital  t.,r  in-anc  in  ih,  ,r  h.  n,c  prnvuKr.  I/Ucr  the 
„„„„„-M.u  t,..k  nv.r  an  HMUuU..n„.  *  ■■I -^-  ;'";-- \  '^ 
it  .va^  .  Mna  nv.ro  -ali>factory  t,.  tr.a,  tlu-  .holWlw  .k  ca.. 
i„  a  ^n  rau-  in>liimion  ln.,n  the  in<n,.,  n  wa^  .Urulol  t.. 
rc^crvc  th.  C..hur,  in^tuminn  f,.r  ~h.n  ^hnck  an,!  .,u.n  a  new 

.,ne  for  nuntal  ca...  at  Nc.vn,ark.t.  n,uan„.  I'--;^;/- 
fovirtcen  thnusmd  rctnrnol  men  th.r.  were  ..nlv  M)  ca-.  ^  i 
inlitv.  The  (^n,ar,„  M.htarv  Ih.^.ual  ha,l  U,0  ,.a^nts  .n 
the  nr^t  six  nv„ul,.  of  its  existence,  and  th.re  were  .0  n.  he 
h.,.,.iial  on  l--ehrnarv  1.  1"17,  inehuhn,^  oulv  -:x  ea^e.  o,  -hell 
.h,,ek  .\mnn^  the-e  50  there  were  r,  who  were  ela-^e.l  a> 
nv.rons  or  other  hiL^h-^rade  defective^,  winch  a^ani  su^ire-t. 
inade(|uate  examination  of  recrnits. 

-n,:  in.uu.  are  ke,,t  under  „l.ervat,on  wr  a  wlnle.  and  , In 
if  it  appears  tliat  prolonged  treatment  wdl  he  neo  .ary  -r  U^a 
L-  are  prohahlv  incurahle.  they  are  ^ent  to  hosp.tal<  u.  the.r 
;!;:„   province.      At  one  time  it   wa,  thought   that   ,t  nn.ul,e 
^ulvi<ahle   to   e-tahh^h   special   l>omes   for   the   retn>ned    sold.-r, 
;vho.e  tninds  had  heen  affected  in  service,  hut  the  opnnon  pre- 
vailed tltat.  while  separate  institution^  are  neede.l   lor  ca-e.  ■ 
.lu'll  ^hock.  the  lK<t  interest  of  the  msme  can  he  served  In   w 
re^ardins  then,  "as  a  cla>s  apart,"  hut  by  earn,,  .or  the,n  at 
tl'  .xpen<e  of  the  fe.leral  Kovernment  in  provmaannsuna,.  j. 
"under  the  sante  conditions  as  fellow  cit.zens  >.nnlarly  altheted 

I>,v  re^ulat.ons  winch  were  made  in  an  order  m  councd  o, 
March  31.  Vn7  (P.  C.  XM).  no  in-ane  soldier  was  to  he  .h<- 
^har^ed  muil  pronounced  -pernuntentlv  and  mcnrah  v  m.uje 
,,  -recovered"  hv  a  Competem  medical  atuhor.tv  Lhar,es  .or 
ho.pital  care  hefore  discharge  werv  paid  hy  the  Mduarv  TIos- 
,,itals  Commi^Mon;  after"  di-charKe,  for  th,.<e  i.ermanently  ,n- 
iane.  hv  the  l^oard  of  IVn^on  eommis.ioners  I  he  mans  p:,> 
,,a  allowances,  while  he  i^  in  the  hospital  he.ore  d-char,. 
re  credited  to  hi<  account,  if  he  has  no  dependents    and  ,.ud 

,,,  ,,i,,  ,,,  aisehar^e  if  lu-  recovers:  if  he  proves  tj,  he  mcund^^^ 
hi.  estate  is  disposed  of.  ,  .n  his  dischari^e.  hy  the  Kstates  .ranch 
of  d.e  Departtient  of  M.litia  and  Defen-e.     If  he  has  depend- 


|]|s  \i;i  lii    >iil.IiIi:i;S    AMI    >  \ILii!:S 


I'll! -.  tlirv  C'liitiinir  1"  rrCfivc  ri--i,u''n'I  p.'^y  '"I'l  ^cparatinn  al- 
ii .\\;iiiii-  uiiiil  lir  i-  (li-il!.ir'^'i-il.  wliilr  iliu  rc~t  "f  lii~  ]iay  and 
aIl<'\\.:-KH--  arr  iidlilrd  I.I  111-  acfMiiit.  a-  in  tin'  I'a-r  "\  ilk- 
man  wiili  nn  .Kix  n.K  lit- ;  "ii  (liMliarLrr,  ilio  acciiiiiiilati'd  anMuiit 
j,  jaiil  t"  liini  it'  \\v  i-  la-i. 'S  ni'd.  ( .r  t"  hi,  Ikii,  il  lie  i~  [im- 
n'.niKTil  ]n  rniaiunlly  and  iiuiiraM\'  in-ani'. 

Thr  iii-a.iir  and  the  i'a~t-  -l'  dull  diMck.  lihr  ill'.'  InluTOiil 'U-^ 
i-a-r-,  arr  di-thar-rd  t'p.ni  the  army  wlnii  it  herdiius  aiiparetit 
tli.  ■  llu'v  uill  lued  a  pr.  il  .nunl  treatment,  and  then  C'tnc  under 
the   jmiMlieti'.n  "l'  the  Invalided  Si.ldier>'  (  -mmi--i.  ill. 

.\in]iiitalii  11-  lia\e  lieeii  le--  mime|-.  m-  tliii-  i.,r  than  ca-e- 
(.(■  tiiher.nl. -i-.  The  t..tal  nniiiher  V>  March  1.  I'MS.  w.i-  l.J.^0, 
cf  uIliii  Si.)\  were  ^till  ■aii.I.r  eare.  M.ire  than  twiee  a>  many 
K'.:,'-  are  1.  -t  a-  arm-  (arm-.  .^74;  lei;.-,  S?()).  ;i-  i-  al- 1  the 
eNjuririiee  cf  .  ilier  e'.nntrie-. 

d'he  iir-t  -i,'l;<-  .'I  the  ti-eatnuiii  nl'  ani;.iilati"n-,  "t"  c.  mr-e. 
lake  place  in  I' ranee  and  I'.n-land.  hllt  the  ,i:reater  part,  if  n.  .t 
■all,  ..|'  the  I'nncti.'iial  reedncati. 'il  mn-t  lie  i:iven  in  the  c 'ii\;i- 
le-ceiit  h.-pital-  in  I'anaila.  .and  artificial  limh-  are  -npiilied  or- 
dinarily in  Canada.  Tlii-  ]).>licy  in  re.i^ard  t"  artilici.al  limhs 
\\a-  .adiipti-d  in  ,acc.  .rdance  with  the  recommendati.  m  "t  cr.e  "i 
the  nuniher-  .f  the  Military  ll.opital'^  (".  mimis^icn.  Mr.  W.  M. 
]).  .hell,  aftrr  vi-itiiiL;  Prance  .and  l-'.ii.uland  in  the  winter  d 
I'M.^-ld.  I\e-p"n-ihilit\-  l'.  .r  jir.  .\  idiii'^'  artitiei.al  .appliances  \v.i> 
ca'K  iran-t'erred  I'r.  .m  the  I  )eii.irim..-nt  i.f  Militi.a  and  Pefen^e 
t..  the  .Militar\-  Ih.-piial-  ( '.  .iiimi,->ii  .n,  and  in  jnly.  !''16.  the 
c.immi--i.'n  (.peiud  it-  .'Wn  I'.ici.  .ry  in  d'..ri.iHi..  The  recent 
ri.  T^ani/.ati.  .n  leave-  with  the  Inv.alided  S"ldiiT-'  C  .min!--i.  ni 
tile  re-p.  .n-iliilil\-  f. 'r  <',ipiilyin,Lr  artilici.al  limhs  and  ..ther  .ajipli- 
ance-,  wliili.'  the  militarv  anth.  .rilies  take  nver  the  c. 'in  ale^cent 
h..-pilai-  and  the  w.'i'k  ..f  tuncti.'iial  reednc.atinn. 

Ill  ihe  matter  .■!  artiticial  limh-.  (.'aiiad.i-  \va-  even  !e--  p.-e- 
j.ared  ih.iii  the  "ther  liellii^ei  eiu  ci.nntries.  There  were  sever.al 
sm.all  l";ict<«rie-  in  ditfereiil  ]ian-  ni  the  1  )i  .minii'i).  Imt  ifiie  that 
wa-  ei|uipped  I'.'i'  ,1-  l,iia.;e  .i  hii-iik--  .a-  vva-  fi.re-eeii.  and  j.jr 
other  rea-.'ii-  ;il-.>  the  Military    li"-pital-  C'.  .mmi--i. 'ii  thui^ht 


ANAl'A 


Jl'' 


It  tn:u 


Ivisahk'  t"  try  "'  '•i^'^' 


t  iIk 


h  .1 


(.■ci'k'i 


1.  ihiTctLri.-.  I" 


.■IlKlIll 

II  inti 


1)V  contracts  wil 


h  llic- 


(  i[n.'IKi 

cxiUcr. 


1  a    lacl'.ry  at  Tnn.nto  ni 


cciiiK'Cti'.ii   \vitli  an 


rtl 


rthi  'iK'ilii" 


'11 


w  a( 


\aiitai,'c> 


,1  i\u-  arrauiii-nu'iil  arc 


.niiiii>~ii'n,  h' 


iin 


r  an  i.llicial 


!)...1\ 


il.l  n> 


tlK 


,l)\i.  .U-.      1  111' 


all  tho  iuviiilinii- 
riu'ht-.  it  iKCi.»ary. 


II  till'  inarKi 


t.  t^rciii'- 


ili'iilix'-  t'>  Ica-i-' 


It  war-  I 


IK  >re  fcniinniK'al 


ci  'nimcri'ia 


I  makers,  miicc  cnihu-c^ 


lit  ai 


Ivcrti-iiiL 


than  hiiyiii;,'  I  ruin 
anil  >aK'  woro 


Nvdl  a^  pn it'll-.      I'urtl 


KTinnro 


liv  traiuiui;  a  n^'w 


tluiunalril,  a-  »^"  .'!■■•  ii   i  .  ,1,1,1, ■    t,ir   t  R' 

•      ,1,..  i,-,,l,'    i,nivi-i"ii   wi'UUl   III'  iiiaiH    I'T   nn 
;;  J,  If  th.  future.  f..r,lK.-  aruU-ialU-.-an,larn.  will,... 

",  ^.  kept  u..,r.l.r  and  r.i,la.a.a-..r  the  next  >,,r,y  year. 

There   have  been   .litW.ie-    ui   the   H,uati..n.   a-   ^^ell   a-        - 
Jt    v^       Theclnef   nneha-heenMi.n,l,uenvvh..k.u-    tlu 
;     rThel-u.teaS,aU-.a-'V.iU,hed-W,irthen,     u,.l-.^^^^^ 
;:^f,iUuaanauu,,,ruM::n.titu:.a.c..vereatat,.M 
the  expert,  except  th,.-e..enen,vnat,,,nalnvhaU,aua 
,„    l.-nUuul   and    IVanee.      It   wa-   there.,ire  ne.e--ar      tn   .am 
„„     ,f,hew„rkuK-n.     A-t^.raM''-l'l-"--^-''7~f^^ 
i:art,..,a.  appliance- have  heenu..,,.     l-P--!  ;;;;;;^  •  '- 
,,.„.,ev,-e.l.utni.in,thel.e-t,ea,ure-,..      ren^h    iu,h,..a 


r.cli;ian    war   (loi.un- 


1 

Ml    that,    a-    It    ha-    heeii    expre-e.l.     'thi 

C-.naihan  MiMier  n,arche-  .H  1  m  an  Kntente  le,."     Special  -uc- 
:       ha-   been    attained    in    devi-in,   a    cheap    le,    which    c;.n 

Uted  at  a   verv  earlv  -ta.e.  and   i-   -  ■   inexpen-ive  that    ,t  uu, 
!;r;l;;Ul   a;  ..ften   a.  the   chan.in.   oindu.in   .,.    the   .ttunp 

in;d<es  thi-  de-irahle. 

In    ^pite    "i    it>    >ucce>-e- 

f.iund  it  necessary  t(.  say  in         . 

,,ake  sui-.actiiry  artUical  lunh-.  e-pecKtUv  arm-.     M.n     r. 

dined  t<.  .'xpect  ton  much  fn-m  ihe-e  appliance- \t    ,c  t, 

t;i.nc^,f  tin.  nature  1-  onlv  a  -uh-ti.me.  inn  .^^^^^^^^^^^ 
X,I  ,..  diine  t.>  render  that  -tih-tinue  a-  ehiciem  a-  P..--1I1K 
T..  Tor, >nt.  factory  wa-  n, It  vet  nuetin,  the  demand       >.ar 

,     ,,  i,  .a-  opened,  and  ,t  wa-  the  intention  ot  the  conun,--    m 
;;n  other    m  other  localuie-.     The  parl.anientary  con.nmte. 


in    thi-   direction,    the    commi: -ion 
Mav,  l'M7:  "It  is  vew  dilticult  to 


_'.*() 


il.hllKs    AMI    >.\l!.ir|;s 


I  f  I'M"  r(  |i' ■it(  (1  lli.il  till'  i'.iii!i:ir-  {nr  -tipplv  in^,'  nriifn-ial  lii)i]i- 
wii-r  "n.'iilriniatr."  ami  ur,L;iil  ilial  iii~iiir,!ii  iii-  -iimlai-  !■■  tlir 
"iir  in  r"ri>nli.  In'  f-Ialili-lui!  in  'illur  I'ciih  r-,  aiiil  ihal  "a  -iil'l'i- 
ruiit  minilur  I't  di-alili  .1  rctnriuil  -'liliiT^  ln'  iiiiliiriil  l''  Kam 
aii'l  I'lliiw  ihr  1 'CCiip.ili' ill  i-i  iiiaiiiifai  luriii.L;'  arlilicial  liiiiL-," 

\'iM    \  I  mXAi,    Ti;  \IM  \,; 

hiniitiL,''  ir'in  ilir  ]ir' i\  i-i,  .n  {•.]■  \]\v  |ili\-ic'a!  wilfaro  "f  di^- 
.liiltil  iiini  I'i  tiu'  (■(hu'aii'iiial  wi'i'k  tiiat  i~  dniu-  |m  lit  ilum  t'^r 
;i  li!\-  '•!  iii<lu~iry  and  -tli'--iiii[" 'I't.  wi-  ii'iiir  tn  a  dvpa't'iu  nt 
ivliicli  lia-  ii"t  Iki-u  di^Uirini!  li\-  the  niaiU  rri  T.uaiiizati' •:;.  \i-- 
caii'  nal  iraiiiiiiL,' and  a~-i~laiK\-  in  tindinL;  iin]ili  ivnuni  liavc  Kri  n 
fv'  III  llu-  1ifL;inninL;  liiiu-'.ii 'ii-  i.f  tin-  i'i\ilian  Ii'mU.  and  ihc 
niili;ar\  anlli"riiic>  liavr  liad  n^  ri~|ii 'n^iliilitv  fur  ilu-iii,  11..1 
i\i.'  I'lr  tin  (.(iucalii 'nal  \\"rk  which  i-  carried  1 .11  in  tlii-  niii,iar\- 
ill '-['ilal-.  'i'lu'  ■-y^tini  ha~  iiriii  dcvcl"|n(l  h\  tile  .\iilitar\  1  h  >-- 
)iiiaN  (  '  iiiiiiii--i'  n.  an(l  remains  in  tlie  hanil>  i^t'  the  huahded 
Si'ldier-"  ( '■ 'iiiiiii--ii  ill  wliic'h  lias  -njier^ided   it. 

<  aiiada.  a^  ha^  lieeii  nuntii'iied  alniXe,  ha-  iml  the  \  ■ 'Cali' iiial 
'.lainiiiL;"  "i"  di-ahled  >"ldier>  under  a  central  anthiirit\-.  i-ii  a 
naii"nal  iia~i~:  ainl  ~he  lia>  lieeii  lurtiinaie  in  secnriiiL;  l"r  thi> 
W'lrk  the  ^er\  ua"-  i.i'  -..me  ut"  the  men  wlin  are  mi'>l  experienced 
in  technical  (.ihicatii  'ii. 

The  -nhjeci  \\a-  taken  nji  \  ery  earl\-  li\-  the  .Militarx  'l..-- 
]iit;d-  ( '"ninii--ii  ill.  hri'tii^ht  \i<  their  iii>ticc  h\-  the  e\ident  iiei  d 
lit"  till-  men  in  the  C'lnale-cent  lin-pitaK  fnr  1  iccnpati. 'ii.  "X" 
lirecedelll-  v\ere  availalile."  t'lT  the  iel'  it-  which  had  lieell  di- 
tained  aluait  the  wrk  ,-tartiv!  in  Iraiice  "did  iii.t  appear  tn  Ii' 
liie  -ittiali'Mi  in  (  "aiiada."  .\  report  wa-  prepared  1)\  l"re(iei-ic 
11.  Sextan,  then  hireci'ir  cf  Technical  ]-alncatii>n  of  .\(.\a  Sc"- 
Ii.i.  in  uiiicli  Ik'  re\iewed  the  pi  i--i!iilitie-;  and  the  lued  nf  train- 
in-  di>ahled  ^"Idicrs  fur  i  iccupatii  >n-  "hy  tin  wellknuwn  .and 
tried  meihi  d-  nf  \  1  icati' nal  guidance  and  the  trainim,'-  of  ad"- 
Ii-cent-."  and  -iit;ue-ted  a  -y.-tein  1  iri^ani/.ed  hv  prnxincc-.  The 
iherapuitic  and  the  eCi'iiniiiic  argnmetit>  walked  :^idc  bv  tide  Iri'iii 
the  lieLdlinin''. 


:2\ 


In  rVl'.lHT. 


I'll?,  jii-t  rifUT  ill--  ri  \\'\'-n 


if  ilif  C'  .miiii--i'  '11  ~ 


iiiu'ti'  n-  t'"i 


ifi-rrini:  <  'ii   it   ilK-  ii"\mt 


1.1    1.-I111 


,1,  .viihiil   "t    relurih 


luKl  "11  till-  in\ilali"ii 


I,,  (Ir.ii  wiih  tlio  inu'-lfn 

,1   ~.  >1.1kt~.  .-m   inhrpr"\im-i.il   c-ni>r- 

,1   iIk'   I'riiiK-  Mmi-UT.  t-  i^n- 


(■IH,-i-    Wa-    lUlU    i>n     UIC    ln^  luiiri.        

M,kT  Ih.  tu..t..M  i.o.l.Kni  ni  ,vr,hu-;.U..n  an>l  .u.i.l.  vnu'iU.  A 
,-,,„„■(  ua-  M.l.nmio!  hv  Mr.  Sr.m.uuU.  -fcrrlary  ,.i  the  o.n- 
,„;-M..,i.  e.nl..,lvint;  ^cv.ral  M  l"n...-~..r  S.xf.n'^  -n^^.^u.  n~. 
.,,,1  ivcinnuiuiin:,'  ll.al  Uk-  nv  .,k  ..1  tramin-  r.lunu.l  ~.ilui- 
',„,,    tn.lin^-   .n,i.l"vnKnt    .'..r   tlu-,n    ^l...uM   W   c~tal,l,-lu-.l   •  .>   a 


.ni]irt.-lnii-.M.'    lia~i-. 


'I'Ik-   i"iimii-M 


,11'-    \  I  'I'ati'  'iial    -riTi  l.ir\  . 


I-,.,,, •,...,,,-  T  v..  Ki.huT.  at  ihai  linio  Dirrrt-r  <.l  1  .•clmu-al 
i;.l,H-ati"..  in  (;alL;arv.  atl.-r  an  >  xiK-ri.ncc  ..f  Uiwvn  v.ar-  u, 
.„-.,nn/inL;  ami  ,lir.ciin-  urhnual  ohKan..n  n,  var>..n~  parl^  ot 
( -mada.  wa^  ai-l.^ntcl  in  Jannarv.  I'Mo.  au.l  fn.n,  that  tun. 
on  Un^  branch  ..1   iho  o.mn,--).  .n'^  u-rk  ha-  In-.n  uP.un,^  ni 

hnn'rtancc.  .      . 

l..Uuan..n  in  Cana.la  .-  in  ih.  han.K..t  ihc  i,r..vnK,al  v;v- 
crnnK-nt~.  an.l  there  xva-  >..nK-  ■  ipp.  ,-it,.  m  V>  placn.^  th.~  -[--■'■^l 
.,hKat,..nal.>mUTt.^kn,^,.nanat..nalhaM..  The  d,llKa,h>  ua^ 
..v.renn.e  hv  ain-int.n^  in  eaeh  ,,p  .vince  an  a.h  ,-■  .ry  Iv  .ar,l  ■  .1 
l,,cal  repre-enlative-.  ehar^e.l  vvilh  the  p-ej-aratH  .n  an.l  carrying; 
,„u  of  -clu.ne.  «i  in-truai..n.  an.l  linked  U,  the  M.luary  Ih.-- 
pitaK  C-onmn-Mi.n  l,v  the  ei.nnn-M..nV  i,r..v,nnal  v,.ean..nal 
,iircctwr    uhn  i-  ex  nffiei..  nieniher  cl  the  a.lvi.M.ry  cinnnltee. 

\l  fu-l  the  w..rk  ua.  lar.uelv  rxi.enrunl.al.  "We  -at  .L.Nvn 
lh,,n_,,r  ^..t  up,"  >ai.l  Mr.  Kidner  at  the  heariii-  ui  W  a-hm- 
,,,n  la-l  Mav.  "and  tackled  the  pr..hleni  hy  intervieuuiu'  every 
„nn  xvhi.  cauK-  back  t,.  C  anada  an.l  tindin-  <.ut  vsha.  In-  need, 
u.re  ai>.l  it  ^[k-.M^  developed  that  il  wa-  an  mdiv  ulu.a!  pn  .b- 
1,„,  i„  everv  c.a-e  and  th.at  ^^.•  c  .nld  n..t  e-t.abb-h  anv  >et  .■■ 
ret;nlati,.n.'t..r  instance.  a>  .<•  the  ',.nd..f  trade  ..."  u  uch  a 
HKU.  Mdterui-  in.n,  a  certain  disability  wa.  f.  be  trauied  .  that 
^vc  -hnuld  have  tn  take  everv  individual  ca~e  and  -tudv  it  ni 
the  h^'lu  M-  the  ntanV  xvh.de  nature  and  ..I  the  .  .pp.  .rtuuu.e- 
lu-  had  bad  and  -f  the  ren.ainiu.:;  i„.~Mb,litu-  .n  bnn.  .\nd  that 
i>  the  be,i;inninL;  and  end   <.t"   our   thoric^  .. 


n   tne    w 


■  rk.      'liie 


■:# 


hl-Ai;i.l!i    >nl.|i|l.i:s    .\Mi    >AII.(il;j 


r( -t  111"  il.  llif  iliMiL,'-  I  ;mi  Ii'IIiiil;  \"n,  li.ixr  Keen  o\i 'Ivcd  ti^nally 
li\'  ;i  |ri'i"i--  I- what  a  wi'rkiiiaii  \\<mi1i1  call  'ciiIImil;  ami  tr\- 
in^;.' "  Atiiitlur  n -nil  <■{  tiii~  iniliiiiinary  "-urxry"  ■if  nun  in 
llic  liii-|'ilal-  \\a-  iIk-  iluirinL,'  fail  lliat  the  nnniluT  nf  nail  \\]ii' 
wcnM  n"l  In-  alilf  ii'  rcimn  \i>  ilair  [jri\i'i\i>  i 'Ci'u|ialii  ai  \\a> 
"iiMniiaraiiM.'lv  .-mall"— ri  ini,'lily.  liii  ]nr  cant  "f  ail  wli"  (.a  inu- 
liail^    di-alilnl.'    -nli-ri|iuiil   i\|«ririuf    lia-    -liiiwn. 

'I'Ir'  I'lr-t  (■la~-(-  i-talili-lu'ij  in  tlic  lii'-pital-  ware  in  -n'.jii't- 
I't'  ;;iiural  interr-t,  in 't  -triclK'  \  >  ■cati'iiial.  lint  -ncli  a-  VM'itlil 
,L;i\f  till-  nun  an  i '|ijm  .rtnnil\-  {"  lirn-h  up  tluir  i,'iiural  tihuatu 'n 
nr  Icarii  m  ■nu-tliiii>,'  ni'w  and  kfi'i)  tiuin  iiK-a-antly  ii(iii]a(i — 
l-'.n;,'li>li  I'cr  the  t'l  .riii;n-li' .rn,  I'l  if  cxamplf,  and  art-  and  trait-. 
Tlir-i'  ila--i.-  in  ,L;i.ntTal  -niiji-cl-  lia\i'  lU'arly  t-vrryw  lii-ri'  dr\i'l- 
i'|n.-d  into  ciiur-f-  ni  vi  ■calinnal  ^radc.  In  lU'arly  all  tlic  lu'— 
]iital-.  iii'W.  ilurc  arc  al-i'  rla--i-  ci'iidnctod  in  c  >i  i|Kratii 'ii  with 
till'  ('i\il  Srr\  icu  (  nninn--ii  iiicr-.  In  pri'parc  i^r  ci\  il  -iT\  ita- 
I  \aniinatii '11-  Iit  "Inwcr  ;;radr  in-idi-  -i-r\  ic'i',"  and  al-c  I^r  -cr- 
I  nd  Ljiadc.  A  ^'rial  many  nun  lia\c  alroady  pa--i.'d  tin-  li'wcr 
.t;radr  ixamin.ilii  in-,  and  a  iminlur  nt  iIicm'  ari'  ,i.;i>in;;  en.  ]irf- 
]iarini,'  fur  i  c  next  -tip  in  adxaiua-.  Carpi-ntry.  nu'cliaiiical 
draw  int,',  ant' 'nu  ■liiK-  rt-pairinj,'.  poultry  kt.'t.'|iinj,'  and  j,'ard(.-ninj,', 
an-  al-ii  (.--talili-luil  in  nearly  all  the  h(i-])ital>. 

W  iiili-  tlu'  cdiuali'inal  Wnrk  in  tlii-  lin-pital-  i-  ]ir('\idi--d  hy 
till'  Imalidid  Si'ldirr-'  Ci imnii--i(in.  iu'\ crthelc-s  its  primary 
ohjc'cl  i-  tlurapiutic  ;  and  whik-  ilu'  \i'catinnal  ntTicor  is  in  charj,'c 
111  llu'  man  I'^r  his  \('Cati"nal  trainin.L,'  Irnin  tlu-  mnnu-iit  lu'  ar- 
rives at  the  lui-i)ita!  in  L'anada.  it  is  the  hn-jtital  dcciMr-  wlm 
are  re-pi'ii-iiile  I'nr  indicatinj;  the  kind  dt  work  which  will  lie 
lii-t  liT  hi-  ph\-ical  eondilinn.  The  relation  lietween  tlu-  two 
authorities  was  explained  tiy  Mr.  Kidiier  hy  likenini,^  it  to  that 
which  exi-ts  lietweeii  piiy>ician  and  druj^'^'ist;  the  medical  officer 
of  the  military  ho-pital  pre-crilies  the  kind  of  work  the  man 
should  ha\e.  and  the  conimis>ioii  provides  the  per-onnel  and 
ei|iiipment   for  carryinj,'  out  liie  prescription.     The  oftice  of  the 

r.ui  iiiit  \'\.  .my  me. in-  tin  per  ci-nt  of  all  \vh'>  are  wouniled,  fur  nii'-t  ui 
tl'.em  ,ire  tre.itol  eiilir(l\   m  |-.ni;l.iiiil  .mil  return  tn  the  fruut. 


I  AN  \|iA 


2Zi 


,,„„„„^M..n.  ana  having  '"  -"'">1  ^''^^  ^•■'^'"•■' ;>    """         ' 
r.„a  .f-a.  nn  a,.ul„   .rn|,u-.nlv  lup,.— Hun-  i^  a  .Luc 

.: ;;: ,....  ..u,, .., ,..  .h.ch .  i.k.K  ^.  !.;■  ■..  --  - 

„,„,„,,„„.„.„..  hack  t....v-ii....  1— v-^^^v;,' 

rf^ubr  tra.lc,  nr  u    wKrui.c  k  -  .atcr.KiUve 

l,i,„  H  i.rnadcr  iM.int   ..t    vkw   nv  kn..NvKU„c 

""SiuKl^    th.    wnrk    ,n    th.    l..,.haK    .    part    .,f    the    -lailv 
■)  f    h-  vaticnts  i.r.scrilK.l  a^  an  c-knu.U   ,n  t,aa„>unt 

roiuinc  o     tlR   pat.  m      i  ^^^^^^^^         ,„t,.,u.l 

l.v  the  111  htarv  medical  (iltiur>  in  iiiaiK^-  , 

■      T  inim.   iiul  tn  .t.nnilatc  cniulcKc  and  initiative  m 

,mi>cles  and  jnii  t>  ami  I  ,i,,v,rtlRk>^  n^t  antli-rity 

1  .1  -mil  shifLM^^h  minus,  it  i>  ntMruRn. 

,r-      oUlier.  nn.lcr  military  discipline   hut   m   the  c  a..  ■„  n 
i-"t  u-  ..  dinarv  relation  of  Icaclur  and  pnpil.  witl.ont  an> 

,1  .i,,t   iiwv  c-m  nvcrcoiin-  tncir  (us- 

,!..v,.l(,iis  in  them  contulence  that  tlK>   can 

(le%cl<>p>   in  ,       ,1,  .  ,„.,o   of   everv  (.iiik  Tllinitv, 

-.bUities  and  anihitmn  to  make  the  .no>t  ot   evcr>      n 
nLt   the  teachers,   when   they  RCl  H'cm  in  class.  Imnc   1  ttle 
:;;fiS;i;m  :      lin,  their  interest  If  they  tl.m..lves  kno.  t^^^^ 

"";r  Anril  30,  1018.  there  were  1.668  tindischar.ed  men  :it- 
tcnding  "occnpational  therapy  classes  in  the  hos,  tals  (n  a 
J"al  of  about  10,000  nn.K-r  treatment,  this  would  represent  a 
nercentaee  of  about  16-:i.  ,, 

'^;;;.'tically.    occupational    therapy    and    '  reeducation      arc 


iii-~\r.i,i.i)  .sol. I'll. i;>   .\Ni>  sMi.'iKS 


1 


IV.-   (li-liiir!    |.,irl~   ■■!    ill'-   (■.•iinMi--i"ir-   \ '  .^mH' ■ii:il    w-rk.      TIk' 
I.Tiiur  i~  "IHM  t-  all  wli"  :i''-  tx'a'Mtii,'  uu'diral  iivaiiurin  ;  llir 
I,,,,,.,.  ,,nlv   p.   111..-,    uii-  an-   -■  ■  l..allv  ,lis,Mr,i   a-   l-  1-   uuMr 
,,,  ,,--Mnu    Ih   ir   t.  inirr  -taiiMli-ii.  ami  t-  llinii  ..lilv  ilj.  n  .h- 
ili.uu<-   11-111  111.    ainiv.      "A  nun  i>  n-l   taii-lit  a  luu    ira.l.'  -r 
-i\>n    iraiiiiii'-;   Ka.liiiL;   t. .   -.ni.-   n.'w   ,  .aupali.  .ii   nur.l.'.    a~   tlu- 
r.uar.l  .■!   \al-r,  iH.an-i'  Ii.-  lia-  l.cni  .  .\ .  r-.a~."  i\iilaiiK-.l   Mr. 
Ki.lp.r    t-   ■•111-    c-nur.— i..iial    o  innnU.. -.      "ll    -••    u  .■    -li-'il'l 
\u^r  an  .  .m  rwlu'lniin-ly  lar.i,'.-  i,r-l.l.iii.   l-r  -nr  fana.liaii  1m. \. 
luM.  tlu-  ~,inir  t.n.I.'u-y  that  y-ur  l.-s-  ha^'.  -ir,  f.  :-liilt  tlu'ir 
j,,l,.  ,|uii..  t"r..K   aii.l  tr..|ii.ntlv.      Hiit  v-ratinii.Ll  rccliuati.  .n  at 
,,„l,lu-  ,N|Kn-/i^  ..nlv  i.P.M.K.l    f.-r  tli-^i'   1.  .r  \vh..n,   it  can  Ik- 
sh-wii  tliat  tlu-v  .-an  n-t  n-tiirii  f  lla-ir  l-riiur  ,  .aiiiati.  .n-  with 
dlinau-v."      in   i.ia.-lu.-.  li-wevi-r.  many  ca-c^  aiv   t-niul   wIim. 
\\liilr  11.. t  al.-.liit.ly   .Ktiairol    lr..in  r.-Mimiii-  ilu-ir   |..riiK-r  ><- 
ciii>ali..ii.  \v..iil.l  ur.atlv  i.r..lit  l.v  iraiiiini;  cntiinu-.I  1k-v..ii.1  the 
lime  wlit-ii  tluir  i.hvM.al  o  .ii.liti.  .n  alL.w^  (ti-.liar-.-.     'riu-y  may 
ha\.-  h.-.u'im  a  curM-  at  the  li..-pital  f.-r  which  they  liave  sh..\vii 
special  ai.titiid.-.     They  ar.-  at  lilartv.  it   i-  true,  tn  c..nlinue  1.- 
lat.n.l   the  ela-e-  .it    the   !i..>pital  alter   (li-ch.ir-e,   Imt    lew   can 
he  expected  t..  .L .  -. .  nnle.--  s..ine  tin.mci.il  iiuhiceinenl  i-  ullereil 
similar  t. .  that  i.r..\i.le.l   in  the  ca^e  >>i   men  reccmmen.led   L.r 
ree.luc.-iti.n.      'i'he   M-crelarv   ..1    the   c.  .niini-i.  .n,   the   v.  .•■ali..nal 
Mcr.-tarv,   aii.l    maiiv   ..ther   nfticiaK   c.nnecte.l    with    it.    are    m 
t;iv..r  .if  exten.lin-  the  privileges  of  ree.lucatinn  at  the  e.\pen-e 
,,1    the  u'.  .\eriiment   t..  -ncli  "hnr.ler-lin.-"   case-. 

I'laiw  l..r  the  ■■reohicati.  .n"  "I  <li-cliar-e.l  men  unahie  to 
1-11.  .w  their  f-rmer  ..ccupati..n  were  lie,i,'iin  :il).)nt  six  m.aiths 
;,tier  the  iniiiati..!!  .-t  .  .ccupati..nal  therapy.  Tn  f..restall  the 
.hlficultv  which  had  lieeii  met  in  i-'.n.ylan.l  and  IVance,  where  the 
helief  that  penM..ii-  w..uld  iie  reduced  if  earnin.i:  power  increased 
u.i-  aliii..-t  iiu-ra.hcahle,  it  was  .letiniiely  siate.l  in  an  ..rder  in 
i-uncil  ..f  luiie  .\  l"!".  that  "N"  deducti.>n  sli.ill  he  ma.le  fr..m 
the  ;im..unt  aw;irded  t..  any  pensi..iK-r  ..wini;  t..  his  ha\  in-^  per- 
fecte.l  him-elf  in  s.>me  f..rm  of  industry."  The  lilieral  hnaiiciat 
arrani^emeiits  which  were  ad.>pled  ah. 'Ut  the  same  time  f.r  the 


(    \  \  M  I  \ 


tin 


n  n-C' ■iniiu  II 


1,<1  fi.r  ri'.diK-.ai'ii 


111  ..r.Kr  t"  iii:i 


ki-  tlu'  tr:uiiin. 


that  111'  \\"ii 
.•u4--'0  = 


Ul  Ik-  i;l.ia  \<-  lalM 


It.  1 


lavc  lii'v-'ii 


tc,r  rci-ahicatinn.     t 't  tli^-i.-^"  "•'"  ^  ,,    i         ,•      i,, 

;";„::;:::a  :.:.';!- .''"'."- >.-^''..->;7"'"; 

11    1  ;„  ,hfcla-i'>  t'T  ..ccui.ati-iial  tlurai.\ 

.,11  thai  I  ati' \\ari' (.•nr"lK'l  ">  l'>'  '^'•^  ^  '  i       ,.     , 

:  h,,M'naK-ha..a,..alM.V.7?^U.K-.n.,M,hc.nat 

.n..nal-ch,.„r...    th.   hnah.K..lS..iau.r.    (  „nu„..,   .. 
,     th.   tramm.   .   .n.n.   1..^    .1--.    ,..,„..,,..»>>.- 
,.     ,!    su.nanu,.ca,,..^.-unK.h.^.^u.^,,..Mhc:.m^^^^^^^ 
U^n.n  .h..  arc  aavi^ea  ..  take-  a  o.,r>c  ..    W^^^^^^ 

'w  ,nc  o,.,,,,letmuth.>.utht,...f.lK-w,.rkMth.l,nal  W 
S,:,.;;:;.-  0.n,tt.Ui,.,t  hv  a  paragraph  n,  regard  l-  what  .>  ch  ..k 
t.)  help  the  men  fiiul  etnplnynieiit. 

I'.MIM.OVMI.NT 

Re-,x.n.ihiHtv  f..r  emplnvnunt,  a>   f..r  e.h.catioti    ha.  ahvap 
Ki.pfin    i'..u>  1  ,,r,,v„Ke-.,  rather  than  l<>r  the 

been  conscered  a  matter  tnr  tlK  pp. Muee, 

.        ,■  ,  ...        \t  the  internmviiuial  eMiitereiue  hLkl 

!:'z:;;;.^'i'>™  "...^  .'■'■--■™  '■■ "-  '■ ^-  ^ -"•  "■ 

1  .,  t;t,it..,)  -i-    I  suhc'immttee  "i   tiie   .\uiu.u  \  i 

;':l:r^li;>i:.uMheci.ar.ed.ui,h.,.,in..npl,.^^^^ 

,        e  urned  soldiers  .h„  are   it.  c  ndition  t,.  w^rk ;  that  tlw 
-n'       ,t   the^e  com.mttees  >hntdd  be  .net  by  tlte  pP.vme  al 
::';::,  a;:;h:!nt.e.  .,r  bv  vohnuary  c..ttr.bt^ 
e  „nn,is.i,.n  ^hnuld  a.>.^t  thetn  itt  anv  wav  .n  n.  p.^ver.     Aid 
Llw  (May.  1918)  before  the  Parliantent  pr.,pos,n,  hnane.al 


;.'> 


iii>  \i;i.i.ii  >ui.iin  I-    \^■l•  ^  \ii  >'>'^ 


;,..;.)   11,      1p\    till     I'nl' r.u    ,:■'^  I  niii'v  111    1:1    !!h-   I'-i.ilih -ii'iii  in    -i 
iiDiil'  \tiunt  ;ii;iiuit>  in  tlu-  v:iric.ti~  prcsim-i-. 

IK,  ]ir.  A  iiiti.it  .  .niiniitti't-,  ;i|'i'"ni;,  ,1  \\\:<kr  a  viirulv  <•!  :iii- 
|i,ll.ili"n-.  .-ir,  II'  'A  uinh  riiilv  kii"Uii  .1-  iIh'  "Kctiltli,  il  S'iliir 
(  ,  iiii!ii--i,  II,"  \M'li  ill,-  ii.i-.iir  1  l'  llii  [T.iMiu.  jir,  li\.-il.  I.i'f.-il 
f'lniiiiltiT-  !i:i\  >■  1m  III  t'-nn>  il  iuhIi-i  thfiii  in  in,,ii\  plac,  ~,  'I  luv 
;i-M-t  .iliK  li'  <!i.>l  riliniiiil  -■-Min-.  .1-  w  t-l!  a-  ,li-.iliKil.  and  tlin> 
lar  tin  If  ia~k  lia-  Ikui  IiuIh.  luraiii-  "f  tlir  ,u;i-i-at  ilcniaml  I'T 
l.,li,,i-  III,-  ].,iil',.,ii!.  nlarv  i'.  niinllUT  "I  I'MT  n-ji,  iitid  llial 
"ill'  \  lia\i-  t"r,n<l  niipl' -x  nii  iil  f'T  all  riiiiriml  -I'lur-  K--irin'4 
Muli,  aii'l  wiilim  a  na-"nal'K-  tiiiu-  ir'iii  llnir  a]'iiliiali'  ti 
llkii  l"r." 

Cl.n.niii'  "l"  111'-  nun  \vli"  ari'  f,  iliu'au-'l,  li-wiwr.  ;i>  it 
lia-  iialnrallv  Wifioil  "lit.  i-  arraimc!  in  irariicallv  i-viTv  cn-e 
I,\  til,  (iiMricI  \'.iati"iial  '.Hiiar.  Il  1-  In-  iliit\.  '  ili\  i- 'ii-lv,  t"  Ih' 
na-'iialiK  Miia  wlnii  lu  rff  iiinuinl-  a  v"iir-c  "I  ira.iiiiiiL,'  I'  r 
a  tiiaii  lliat  lliiTc  will  ln'  ciiiH'rlunitK  -  l"r  hi-  iiiiiil' '>  ill' iit  in 
llial  iianiiatii'H  wlu'ii  lie  ha-  i"ini'l>tv'l  hi-  training,',  ami  fn- 
iniriiiK  ill,  man  -la\-  a-  an  iiii|il'  \>  in  llu'  t-iaMi-liiiu-iit  wluri' 
lu-  lai'rivi-  hi-  Iraillin'^^  Tlu'  <iiii'I"\  nu-iU  C' ■niiiii--i' 'ii  <.I  \]w 
].r"\iiui'  ma\  In-  lallcl  "ii  t'T  In.-!])  wluii  that  i-  n,i\--arv,  Imi 
in  I'racticc  it  i-  hri"iiiini,'  a  niaitrr  'if  ciir-,'  i>  r  ilu-  \"iaii"nal 
I  niter  I'i  plaia.-  iIk'  ricdiuatnl  nun.  a-  -i'li""l-  ■■!  all  kiiul-  r\  t  r\ - 

wluiT  natural! V  |'lai\'  their  ,i,Taihiatc tlu'  hc-t  fl  iIkiii,  at  any 

ran — ahii'  '-t  ant'  •nntiial!)'. 

It  ha-  Ihtii  i\|iri--lv  ]ir"\iilr'l  li\  an  -fl,  r  in  C'niu'il  1  IV  (', 
27^S)  that  in  all  aiiiH.intnunt-  t"  the  rivil  -rrvicc,  |ir(t\Tini-c 
shall  lie  1,'ivi'n  t"  reliinuil  iinnilur-  "1  tlu-  (  anadian  h^xiiediti'  n- 
arv  I'nri'e,  i-pccially  t'l  tli"-c  wh"  are  iinahK-  t"  t"ll"\v  th,  ir 
iircxicn-  '  ■ccnjiatii'ii  "ii  accuniU  nf  di-ahility  incnrrcd  in  a?ti\e 
-crvii-e,  with  diu-  rf^ard.  licwcver,  to  the  provi-i'm-  el  the  Civil 
Service  Act  and  t"  the  (|naliticatii'ii-  cf  the  aii]ilicant. 


MKrHiii'S   AMI   Tkin"!  iri.i-s 

'rile    machinery    for    vcali^na!    training,'    and    I'laciiiunt    i- 
(.l".-elv   inter,  elatid.     At   the   head   iMTice   "I    the  c  .ninii--i"n    in 


I  AN  \liS 

f..r  c..„,.onm..n  .,.1,  tiu   rr.vuK,.,!  o.nmu,,...^  ...  cnM.l.vnum 
In  th.    j^r-Miio  -  111.-  iiiailiiiHTy  i-.ii-i«l>  <.l 

^      ,..,, .1  ..M.vr.  rvM-.-l-Ic  V  -In-  ^ ..ca.i..n;.l  ..crmry  of  the  cmmi,- 

a,i.,„  „f  c.lucati..n.l  in..i.u......«  a-t  c,..,r.l.nat.n«  local  cffnM,   f.-r 

TlKs..>an.nal..t.uvvi-tlK  //.n.v.n..MWi;>l  ll.  -U^  .-i  tho 
„Ui-.rv  ...nnnu.  an-l  • -n  U.  i  .i.>M-l  N  llu..  1  r:un,n. 
n..anl.uh.--..,un„n,l:ni..nOu.   .r.,n.n,,^..^.h.-     n.,      . 

;,nnn.M..,l:.no.nn.,n,lau..-M    >lu■o,un,n-....unhr.- 
.,,nl   t.,   tin-  11U.1    ub..   u:ui.   li.ll'   *'•    -■^■"•"'~   ^^■"'■'^'  ^'"   '""^'^ 

Vrliu-  tranuu...    im-n,--"'^    Uu    U  ,.n,n.  ).■  an!  a,.,l    P -r 
,„i,„„„i,„  -.  r.u..lar  i„-iu-cti..u-  -t  all  >uch  nun  wlul.  .lu> 

arc  iiiulcr  iiiMnu'U'ii.  .        , 

,,,^,    „K,.,.,v    o.nnui„.c    hu-lu,U-    ••-..,.    p-r^.n    ao,u:unU-a 

,,,„  the  proa-:-.-  .  f  v.lnca.i..,.  an  agricultural  -l-'-';-;:'';;  j 
,,  ,,,,l,,,.U  ana  a  lal,..r  r.r'--"tat,v.,'  l.c.M,k.>  tb.  ^..an..nal 

.,,-  i„,tructi,.a  i,t  .T  in  c .mccti. ,t.  with  the  h<^^^nv^^,  ..>r  the 
.,,„,,  ,,f  ,1,,  o.tunn-M...;  t..  ..r^anize  and  c^>rrv  ..U  Uu 
:  lltnes  uhich  are  appP.vd;  f,  ntaintain  a  r.,ular  msKrt.jr. 
.,,  ,11  ~uch  c...r~e~;  ..■  mak.  a  Mtrv.v  ...  the  tac.lmes  avadalne 

,-,,r  reeducation  in  L  ."al  vducatK.nal  in^tunti.^n^.  pr.vate  xvrk- 
,1,,,..  ■am-,  an.l  el-ewlK-re;  ...  a~M^t  the  cntpL .ytucnl  cnnn.. 
,,,  ,v  ^upplvin..'  definite  inf..rn,ati..n  a^  t..  the  trannnu'  a,.,;!- 
c.nt.lK  J  L-ivcd:  an.l -enerallv.  ,..  advise  and  asM^t  tn  tran- 

inu  returned  -.Idiu-  in  ev.ry  p.. ^Ml.le  way. 

llK-  Ihsdiled  S..ldier>  Trainin-   l-ard  cuM^t.  .a   the  v.,e.i- 
u,,nal  ..fheer.  a  medical  man.  and  a  meml.er  ..f  ll>e  pr..Mnc.al 


^ 


DlSAllM. 


SOl.DII.KS    AMI    ^Ml.lll'S 


iKii-liViiinii  c<.ninii;-'r.  'I'iu-  third  iiU'inii.r  i>  iv.l  ;ihv;iy-  tlu- 
vaiiK'  in.ui.  i^al  i-.cli.->,-n  wiili  ri'tVanrr  i-  tlu-  particular  ciraiiii- 
MaiR-i's  ,,f  t-ach  case.  Thi-  i-  tliu  h'.ar.l  uliich  cnn-i(KT>  all 
ca~i--  which  aiijicar  m  In-  -iiliicct-  i-'V  special  irainit';,'  i)ccau--c 
t!;rv  arc  luitittcd  hy  their  iiijiirv  !■■  rr:-uir.c  their  foriiier  ..ccv,- 
pati"!!.  It  i-  aU"  char,;,'eil  with  rec  iniiiinidiii.ic  what  occtipatr -ii 
tile  mail  -hall  lake  up.  and  with  f.  .11.  .w  iny  hi-  pr..t,'re--  while  he 
i-  ill  tr.iiiiiiiir.  ill  "rder  that  a  change  may  he  ina.K-  it  de-ir,alile. 
N(.  doiilil  it  i-  the  V(  .cati.  .lial  i.fl'icer  win.  hear-  tin-  hea\  ie-t  ri  • 
p.  .n-iliihlv  in  llii-  w..rk  "I  -electini:  men  fnr  reediicati.  >i'.  atvi 
(Kcidm.i,'  upiMi  the  traitiiiii:  t..  he  .t,dveii  then-,  th.  .n,L;h  hy  the 
t-.  !i!!...-iti..ii  "t  the  hnard  it  i-  reci..L,'ni7.e<l  that  medical  ainh'.rity 

and   kiin\vK-di:e  ..f  iildii-trial   .  .pp.  .rtuiiitie-   in   the  nei,t,'hh.  .rli 1 

arc-  ;d-.i  iiidi-peiisahle  eleiiieiit-.  "The  cuie-ti.  .ti  as  t..  what  new 
(.ccnpati'.n  n  di>ahled  man  mi-^ht  he  tniined  t-.r."  write-  the 
-vcretarv  <.f  the  c  .mmi>-i.  .11.  "i-  tir-t  ..I  all  a  medical  <<nv. 
th..n,uli  it  i-  lar.uely  i.ne  t"  -r  a  \  ■  .c.iii.  .nal  c<.nn-el.  r.  .  .  .  lUit 
further,  and  tlii-  i-  an  important  cn-ideratieii.  it  i-  an  ecnni.mic 
(|ue-tii.n,  tonchin.i;-  the  law  ..f  Mipplv  and  demand.  .  .  .  I,a-t. 
hut  hv  nn  mean-  lea-t,  the  man'-  nwn  wishe-  ami  desires  f.  .r 
the  fntttre  must  he  cn-ulted.  The  ([ue-li^.n.  theref.  .re,  1-  an 
individual  one,  and  every  c.i-e  i-  inve-li,i,'aled  -cparalely."  The 
ad\ice  (.f  the  medical  <.nicer  i-  esjiecially  relied  ti]!.  .11  t.  >  indicate 
what  kind  <.f  wi.rk  the  man  -h'.nld  m  .t  undertake,  owin.u;  t') 
pliy>ical  i.r  mental  limilati..n-;  in  "tlk-r  wi.rd-,  he  exercises  a 
vet"  piiwer  f'ver  any  pr'.p'.-al. 

rhi>  little  committee  h.  .Id-  in  it-  hand-  the  future  ..t  the  mm 
wh. -e  ca-e-  cme  hefore  it  t.  .r  c  .n-ider;itii.n.  Tw..  niemher-  nf 
it  u-iiallv  know  the  m.an  per-,  .nally ;  the  third  know>  l.'Cal  c  .11- 
dili..ii>  of  employment.  .\-  a  ha-i-  for  iheir  deliher.ali.  .n-  a  verv 
det.ailed  <|ue-ti.  .nn.aire,  ••l-..rm  106,"  ha-  heen  tilled  out  hy  tiie 
v..cati..nal  ot'l'icer.  Thi-  hl.mk  and  the  in>truction-  which  ;icc.  .m- 
.f  a  ill.  .ron,i,di  con-ideration  of  the  many 

di-;dileil    man 


paliy  It  Ki^"-'  eviileive 

ctor-   which   are   of    imiiortance    in   advi-in^ 


t.i 


,d..  .m  the  future.     In  addition  !■  ■  the  ..hvi..u-  matter-  ..f  jihy-ical 
c.  .nditi.  .11.  educati..n.  and  iu.lii-trial  experience,  pr..M-i..n  1-  made 


C.WAl'A 


229 


l,,r  rccur.linu  I-r-nal  characteristic^  which  u.  i.ld  haxT  a  luar- 
,„«  on  ftunrc  -uccc~~.      A.ljcCv.^  arc  -uj^.c^tcl   .<.r  .Ic.cr.b.n^ 
appearance,  manner,  and  a.l.lre-.     iuuht  ;;ra.lc>  „,  -nUelhKe.tce 
are  ..utline,!.     An  estimate  of  -.  .ccnpational  ^tah.htv     »  a^ked 
for.  an.l  not  onlv  the  de^rec-ran^in^  front  "very  chanK^ahl^ 
,o    "-edentarv.-'vvhich    i^   explained   a^    meaning'    iinwdhnu    l'- 
change   even'to  better   one'^   po-ition-hut   a!.,   the   "tyia-     ot 
change  to  uhich  the  apphcant  i-  add.Kted-vvhethcr  o,   occt.pa- 
,i„„  „r  of  entplover;  the  ••extenf-thal  .>.  the  area  cvered  >n 
„„,vin^'  ahoni:  and  llie  rea-n>  f-r  previous  chan^ev     Upi"-'- 
uon  au.l  emotional  characteristic-  are  analvm!  uuh  e.|t.al  c.>re. 
,)„  ,1,,  Kreat  -int-li-'n  toward  winch  ,dl  thi>  analyM>  .>  directed, 
the  in^trnctinn>  accon.panyinu'  the  blank  incKulc  many  w.sc  com- 
ments.    For  example; 

,n   a   small   ,.r.,„.,r„..n   nf  ..c   the   ,l,rco,i„n   .,,    a   '•-'';''-'.,-"' ,,;;;;;:::,;' 
,  new  ncoupan'n  is  „..  -hfficult.  as  his  ,rcvi,.us  tra.n.nK.  ,.h>.K.a  o.n  1  ,      . 
,      :,f.en  llearly  in.l.cate   .he  appropriate  choice.     KM-.e-KC   has   sh.. 
,„.vcvcr.  that  it  is  often  ..ost  .limcult  t.,  -elect  a  new   vnat.  m.  • 

,,.es   ..erv    possihle   particular   of   the    n,a-,  s    pa-t    expcru-n  es   an.l    ,  t 

;;-,,„„  ..^ee,le.l  .  a  pn.er  selection  ,s  ,^  .;o;ae  .;;r  the  .an  s  nn... 

„.;;;;;:r:::::ra:e;M::;  :^;:^h- ":^:he:  ^.eu..  „. ;, cat,ona,  0.,.^ 

;:;n!.;:,:i  ente^he  reason,  .ivenhy  the  can.h-la.e  ;;;^  ';;--,-, -;; 
1  ,,  enJe-.vor  to  ascertain  the  man's  real  reas,.n>..  Qnite  ottci  tier,  art 
£  i:  r^toice.  dnc  to  the  particular  den,an,l  or  "-p.eot.ieJi... 
\N„  it  will  he  fotin.l  that  a  man'-  ch^.ice  .s  ,.tten  cn.hnone.l  h>  tl.e  t ,M 
,;    his    inactivitv    an.1    hy    h;s    present    ph>.cal    con.htion.    which    may    mi- 

'"'T'    ■    ■.nin.r  1  iira.le  to  a  can.lidatc.  he   (the  v,.atu>nal   officerl    shonhl 


has  I 


ilone. 


lUimeiit  on  wnai  tne  oimui.i<..>.  ...  .■■/ • 

Tr  an  estim.ato  of  intelligence  mns,  m.licte  the  poss.hihtte,  o, 
J  ;  ^„o„f  The  safest  ha'^is  for  estimating'  potential  capacity  is  past  per- 
dc-;}.'fm,nt.      Ihe    au   t  \^-  accomMishment  <loes  not 

A\.\M  Ic  careful  ii'.t  t.-.  confu-e  the  tw.. 

The  e-ence  of  the  commi-ion's  thcnry  about  the  selection 
.,f  an  occupation  for  a  disabled  n.an  i-  that  it  is  in  every  case 
an  in.lividnal  problen,.  "Vou  have  to  -it  down  a.id  think  hard 
,nd  then   think  hard   ~o„k-   more."   -aui  one  of  the  vocational 


2,^0 


li|~  M'.l.iJ)    S'll.IUKKS    AND    S.MI.iiKS 


..fiitxT^.  "w  fv^mv  "Ul  \vli,,i  a  man  wh-  c^.tuc-  liark  hadly  crip- 
I,1lm1  phv-ii-ally  an.l  industrially  can  lie  tittid  1-r  in  X\k-  sdu-mc 
,.l  ilnn-s  which  will  he  Cana.la  aiirr  the  war.  On  what  you 
think  cut  may  hani,'  year-  of  that  manV  icrtune." 

( )n  the  ha^i^  of  their  perx^nal  knMwle.lf,'c  ..f  the  applicant  and 
the  ini..rmation  collected  on  "l-nrm  lOr."  the  ni>al)led.  Soldiers 
Training  T.oard  talk-  the  wliolc  situation  o\er  with  the  man 
hini-elt,  in  a  verv  informal  and  "luiman"  way.  and  endeavors 
to  >^^^.  at  a  deci-i-n  which  will  he  practicahle  and  a^reeahle  for 
the  present  an.!  prolitahle  f-r  the  future.  The  recommendation 
,,f  ihe  hoard  i>  tiien  f..rwarded  to  Ottawa,  to^'ether  with  the 
records  and  information  ui.on  which  it  is  hased,  for  final  action 
hy  the  vocational  >ecretary  and  the  medical  >uperintendent  of 
the  connni»ion. 

As  v,,<.n  a>  po^sihk-  after  the  confirmation  of  the  choice  of 
occupation  from  head(|uarters  the  VKrational  officer  arranges  for 
the  man  to  hejjin  his  cour.e  of  trainini;.  Weekly  reports  on  his 
proi^ress  are  made  to  the  vocational  officer  throusjhoiit  the  cour-e, 
an.l  his  pay  and  allowances  ( >ee  pas'e  -'04)  are  made  up  at  the 
end  of  the  month  fr.iin  the  record  of  his  attendance  and  punc- 
tuality, just  as  hi>  pay  \\"\M  he  made  up  from  the  f.jreman's 
time-sheet  if  he  were  workm;,'  for  waives. 

No  one  is  compelled  to  take  :i  cur-e  for  reeducation.  If  a 
man  thinks  he  can  j;et  alontr  without  it  and  prefers  to  rr,,  to  work 
immediately  at  anythin,!;  he  can  find  to  do.  he  is  free  to  do  so. 
In  that  case,  however,  he  i>  at  liheriy  to  come  h.ick  to  the  coni- 
misMon  whenever  he  chan.ijes  his  mind,  and  take  the  trainint,'  he 
at  first  refusetl.  .\-  a  matter  of  tact,  the  prepiratory  educa- 
tional work  with  the  m.an  ha,-  heen  so  well  d.'ue  hy  the  voca- 
tional advi-ers  in  the  ho-pit:d-  and  all  the  other  officials  with 
whom  he  comes  in  contact  that  he  is  .!>enerally  .dad  to  accept 
tlie  (.pportunitv.  Out  of  2.400  who  were  adjndi;ed  e-i.^ihle  for 
ree.hicalioii.  oidv  107  have  declined  to  take  the  cour-e  which 
wa-  otfvred.  and  -oine  of  the>e.  it  i-  .•Njiected.  will  coine  hack 
in  the  C"ur-e  of  time.  X.'r  i-  .iiiy  comi)ulsion  e.\erci-ed  to  keep 
a  man  in  attend. nice  after  -tanin,^'  on  a  cuur,-,e.     The  tmancial 


m-:^ 

i 

ygg^^ali^::^lv:S^ 


r\x.\n.\ 


231 


,„„„e..„™„  n,.l  1»  o„.„  inur.-  in  l,i,  pro.r«,  are  rcM  „p«. 
.,,,,1  tkrc  i,  t.«Mii"ny  tl,a.  Hkv  »'■-■  "'"'^"■"■-       ',"   ,      '   ,,l 

.,cl,  u,uf.,rn,ly  ,u,k1.  earnest  c.uluc  ^  ^-^^^  ^  „-\,, 
Canadian  C'>ninii>sinn." 

\.,u\  Mr.  Ki.h.erl.    T  1-c  men  are  caR.r  ':"t';^  \' f  .^  i,,le  mean,  the 

,„u  «e,  at  then,  ear,,  --.«>>-.•---  ^-^.J;,:;:;!;  .  .,isa,,,e,.  though 
desire  to  help  themselvc.  •'"^.  «'^ %''""'  ^  „„^i,,eence.  In  fact,  «e  have 
t,.,  are.  to  work  at  var-us  thu^s  .h,n,n.  u-a^esee.  ^_^^_^^    ^^_^  ^^_^^^  ^^^^^_^ 

tclay  men  coming  to  "^ j;"'  ^^';  ;;*>  ,;^,,  f,„„„,  „ot  to  he  ehg.hle  for  voca- 
after  a  man  is  d.schar«e.l  and  '^=^\^""  .  .    v..oeiation   will  hr.ng   up 

t.onal  training  at  puhhc  expense.   «he  N       r    .      .  ^^  ^^.^ 

,,i.  case  and  endeavor  to  ohtam  --;-^,.  ",*;,,„,  „,  Canada  as  we 
could  have  twice  as  --^"^  ^^^.''^X^':^  ^^^^  f.,,  it  necessary  to  st.ck 
have  at  present  ,f  -  ;:-'^^,«;,  ,^,Lrv,.ca.iona,  ree,.ucat,on  a.  publu- 
to  our  or.g.nal  regulation,  ^^^Kh  wa  ^^^^^^j^j  ^^^^  ,_^.  ^.„^,,,, 

expense  was  only  to  he  K.ven  to  a  man  ^^^>     ^  ^,.„„,j  iju- 

„.:  ,o  hack  t.  his  former  '-'=-^^^'^;^J^'^^;,  ,  ,,„,se.of  vocational 
,„  „ve  every  man  who  '- '7';,;;     ^     ,  ^^  :^\„e  country-that  Canad. 

'-'"'-'Zr  c  :'::";.  c^""^-  t^^at  on  the  scale  on  wh.ch  we  are  do,n« 
or  any  otner  tnunn. 
it  ioT  (HsaMt-d  men- 

T,  .  11  t  ..f  ..ccnpations  t..r  which  men  have  been  ree.h.cate.l 
1   '  \     a  re.ttU  of   dealintr  individuallv  ^v.th  the 

prnhltni.      I  ^  ,^  ^^  ^,  far  ,-s 

'--  been  *-""  '  ^  ,;,  ^^.j'""  .  ,,  ,  definite  h^t  of  occn- 
^-'  ''■■''-:  '"^"  yX  nu.n  ut^J^n:^  fn.m  a  certain  di^ahihty  can 
r"':;'t;t  let::;i%..ttthatt,,dav.     m  fact,  there 

a:,:';;:,t-H;e;::fn,n,..ranalv.isof.ntrcase.tohesttcha 

"■'Tt'^fir  t  thnu.du   U  t..  ,m,    the   man   hack   in   some   branch 

.-i...inn>    IS  far  a^  pn-ible.     It  noth.njx  .lutable  can  be 

r        .    ,  ,1,.  ,u.xt  re-url  i^  s-mie  alhed  trade,  f'-r  it  i-  not 

found  there,  tlie  iKxt  rt.>"ri 


2i2 


ii|>Ai;i.i  !>  >ni.iiii-i.'>   AMI   >\ii.<ii;s 


la-v  I'l.r  a  man.  i.-ihi'm1!\  il'  in-  i-  'wr  U.irty,  "nnlr--  lir  i-  'I 
e.xci-iilii'iial  caliinr,"  i^  Like  tip  >■  •nicihitiu;  al)-"liraly  luw  anil 
iiiakf  a  -lU'CL'--  "t  it.  'Ilii-  iiriiu'iiilr  i~  aiiplin!  t"  auirii'iiltnri-  a- 
will  a~  I"  iiianiilacturiii,;;  .and  nifihanical  pnr-nii>,  ami  \\iih 
:-pnial  t'liia-c  hrfauM,'  I'f  llu-  nn-d  which  lanail.i  ha-  t'<ir  culti- 
\,(t"r-  ct  it-  \:i-l  nn-itlli(l  tra'l-.  "'riii.Tc  i-  n"  wild  (K-in.-." 
lii'WiAir.  "11  tile  ]',irt  I'l  liu'  (anadian-  t"  !;fl  liai'k  l"  ihr  iaiicl. 
■■'lluA  li;;\r  n-ti:.llv  Ii.kI  c'liciii^h  "l'  tlu-  l.md,"  Mr.  Kidin  r  ox- 
plaiiud.  ".X-  "iir  man  put  it  ti>  inc.  'I  ha\a-  li\id  in  it;  il  li.i> 
lufii  in  in\  h.iir  aii^l  my  i''ih1  n  t  cit^htixn  nii'iilli-;  .and  1  d-n't 
w.int  an\  m^ru  l.iiul  a-  Iii.l;  a-  I  li\a-.'  'Ihr  theory  that  hfcai-e 
tlu-  nun  lia\c  liX'.d  ihc  I'rn  and  npiii  lifr  nf  thr  tri-mlu-  anil 
the  (.ain|i.  lluw  will  n"t  w.iiit  to  rclnrn  l^  ■  -iiU'iitary  i  ■e'CU[)ali"ii-; 
lia-  iii't  wiifkid  "111  ill  "iir  cxpiriftii'i-.  ...  1  !ia\c  ii"  dmilit 
thai  wlun  tlu-  lit  nu'ii  i'.  iiiu-  hack.  \vc  -li.iU  li,a\f  ...  a  I.'.rL,'!.' 
minihfr  "f  im-n  win  •  w  ill  (K-in-  ti  i  i.ikc  up  land  ;  hut  a-  t.ir  a-  the 
di-,ihk'd  iii:in  i-  I'l'iuaTiKil.  up  I' ■  the  prc-tiit  .  .  .  he  ralhiT 
want-  ,in  iiid'Hi'  j"li.  ii  ]i"--iliK  a  l;' a  iraiiR'nl  j"li,'"  t  niu  r.al 
t'aniiini:.  nn  'IT'  ■\\r.  a-  carrii'd  c  'ii  in  ( 'anada,  i-  i  'iir  ■  ■!"  thr  hardi-t 
lit  I'la'iiiiatii'ii-.  It  i-  a  very  ditt'erciit  atYair  fri'iii  a.uricuhuri-  in 
l-.timpcan  c  iiinirif-.  and  dms  iii>t  >-uj:t;t.-t  a  havin  nf  inacc  am! 
(.•'■mturi  In  the  tired,  ii(.T\e->liakeii  man  a>  dues  tile  little  garden- 
]i!i't  in  I'r.iiice. 

in  -pile  iif  thi-  reluctance  nn  tlu-  ]iart  of  the  men.  tlie  cmii- 
mi— inn  due-  it-  ninm-t  t"  return  thn-e-  win.  cmne  tmm  the 
cmintrv  in  M'nie  liranch  nt  agricultural  wnrk.  It  ha-  had  C"n- 
'-iderahle  -ncce--  in  traiiiiiii;  tluni  for  muu-  specialty  in  whidi 
tiieii  (li-,diiliiv  will  in 't  he  a  handicap,  -iich  as  truck  farmiuij, 
]ii.ultrv  rai-in,!4-,  and — what  is  perhap-  the  must  pmtitahle  and 
the  nii>--t  p"]iular — the  i  i]>er;itii  in  nf  farm  tractnrs.  Prii])erly 
(jiialitied  di-ahlid  -nldier-  share  with  ntlier  returned  snKlier-  in 
the  heiietits  nf  the  "Snldier  Settlement  Act"  whicli  w;is  jias-ed 
nn  .\us.;u>t  _"'.  1''17,  jirnviihn.t;  fnr  "free  entry"  in  Dnmininii 
land-  iiji  In  l<iO  acr  -  .ind  Inans  up  tn  $J..^(.X)  fnr  initi.al  ex- 
]nii-i-  uiiiar  nrlain  cnndilinli-.  The  Snldier  Settlement  T.narJ 
wliich   i-  c;,.iled  tn  carry  nut  the  ]irn\i-inn-  nf  thi-  act  is  cm- 


\\  \l)  \ 


233 


pcwcrid  I"  I'l: 


ri-iuriui 


1  .cl.li^r-  w^ili  l.-irnur- 


til  i>i;i 


hli^l 


1   ;i,i;rK-u 


lnir;il  traimtiL;   -l. 


-tnici-T-  mill  in-.iici-ti.r~ 


l~M~t 


fi  .r  iii~tnK"lii  ■:\, 
,l„,im  t'.irni  in- 
k 


~itlkT>,  anil  ex  I'll   t"   i'i-"Viili.' 


in-trucliiiii 
wivo  anil 
riciivt,-  a 


in  (I'.nu-tii-  -ii-ni'i.' 
■fcnial^'  lUiK-'ncKnl-  ' 


.UM'll' 


.Kl 


.niv   t.if  U 


luan  >in 


li— 


n-  tan  i-i.i 


.1  >rUkT>.     A^ncapiilH-ant  may 
,li-h  hi-  aliility  "l..  make  Ii''ni 


tliclaml  a  lair  livin,^'  f.,r  Inm-di  anc 


il  h\-  famil 


It     1-    I'XIH 


ctcil 


that  thi-  act  will  k'i^' 
'Vhv   S'.ldiir   ScttkiiK-nt 


rcat  -limiihi-  t 


aurictutm'a 


1  I 


rainini;. 


il    wi 


11 


cl">f   C""i».'ralii'n 


\\i 


th  the  1  V-iiartnKnt 


,t  Snl.licr-    (.  nil  Kii-i.i" 


H-hnKiil. 


(  )li\li'U 

ihich 


-Iv,  if  -'.400  iiK-n  arc  t. 


hKatci 


1   I'l.r  till'  \vi 


Tk 


ch  tine  1 
t...-  nni-t 


,  ln-t  fitted  to  iim 


k-rtaki 


a  vcr 


V  larf^e  mimlnT 


]ir"VK 


led. 


,1   the  inijenuity 


,{   th 


and  tlie  re-i'urce: 


tni^-K'ii  a 
utniii-l  tn  mei 
treatment. 

In   thr   lir-t   vlace. 
ihenqieiitic  imri)<'>e 


of  the  country  nni 


t  tlie  demand  ere 


ited  hv  lhi>  ii 


<t  he  ta.\ed  ti>  the 
kal  <'f  individual 


me   c 
have 


la~-e-   m-t.i 


Ikd   in   the   h.-pitals    I.t 


been 


utilized.      K(iuii>nicn 


t   ha>  been 


nicrea>ei 
are   reei 


char.u'e. 


ciiU''>e- 


stended,  and  a-^  :i  'n 


liter  nf  fact  many  men 


Kicated    fnr   a  new   .-ccuiiation   incu 


lentallv.  before   ( 


li~- 


iri'nnectn'U    wi 


til    their    h">l) 


tal    treatment,    without 


techmcally  l)ecomin.u'  :iv 


plicants   f^r  reeducalii>n. 


the 


h..M.ital  are  al«>  utilized  f-r  recdncatmn  in 


These  cla--c 


the  t 


eclimcai 


-•ense, 


,t  men  whi 


h. 


Ill  di-ch:ir,ue   trcin 


the  armv,  a 


re  adjudj;ed 


:d)le  to  resume 


their  former  nccupaiion. 


In    the   next    place,    exis 


tini 


technical   traimni,'   have 


heen   u 


iii>liintion 
-ed   in  various 


s    for    industrial    and 


^■avs.   and   new 


.-eho. .Is  have  keen 


.tal)li.-hed  hv  the  commission. 


Canai 


ki  h; 


comp; 


ativelv  few  institution 


)f  thl 


.rt  before  the  war.  but 


as  tar  a? 


thev  went  they 


have  been  found  very  helpful.     'I 


been  taken  over  en 


lirelv  bv  the  conimi-Moii ;  m 


lier-.  one 


,r  o 


t   certain 


I1( 


ci  nimi.---ioii 


-.Iv 


has  been   placed  at   the  di~P' 


d   of   th. 


m   oUur- 


,'roup' 


if    men    have    been    ] 


ilaced 


for  trainini;  under 
tver.  in  the  repi 
conducted    e-peci 


n — n 


the  re:^'ular  staff  of  the  m-titiUu 
kir  cla-se-  of  the  school,  hut  in  separ; 
lIIv    for   them:   in   a    few   private  bus 


— not.  how- 


ite  clii 


i 


-'34 


DISAIil.l-.l)    >ili.l)IF.l;S    AM)    SAII.Dl'lS 


t 


^.- 


]■  ;;is  and  autKiiii .Iiik'  -cIkm.I-  -oK-ctLtl  iiiilividuals  liavc  l)cen 
placid,  hut  it  wa-  ii'ii  cxpi-oU'il  tliat  t!ii>  uoulil  he  dniu'  Vi  any 
ijrrat  (.xtciU,  >iiK\-  thcM.'  subjects  arc  tau.t^lii  in  inn>t  of  the 
liM.i)ital>. 

Tin-  rca^i'ti  fur  (ir,i,'anizint;  the  >(il>Hers  in  seiiarate  clas--e.^  in 
tile  tiehtiical  scIukjIs  i>  that  it  was  found  that  the  ordinary  tyjie 
rjf  iiiNtruiiion  for  i)oys  and  youn^  men  \va>  not  well  united  to 
the  returned  soldier-.  Not  only  did  the  men  dislike  heinj;  placed 
in  clas-e-  with  the  ordinary  students,  hut  the  routine  and  liour.^ 
of  a  ">chola>tic"  >chedule  were  found  to  he  ill  adapted  to  the 
needs  of  a  man  whose  ambition  was  to  tit  himself  as  (|uickly 
as  possible  for  earnini,^  a  j,'ood  salary.  He  mi,t,dit.  as  was  found 
to  be  the  c.'ise  with  oiu-  man.  h.ive  twi»  hours  I'f  lectures  in  the 
inorninj,'  .and  ;i  lortv-miiuite  jjcrioil  of  lahi^ratory  ])r.ictice  in  the 
afternoon,  and  spend  the  rest  of  the  time  loafing'  around  and 
smokins,'  ci^jarcttes.  .\n  eij,du-hour  d.iy  for  all  who  are  strong 
enouj,di  for  it,  and  condition^  in  every  way  as  nearly  as  possible 
like  the  ordinary  industrial  conditions  for  which  the  ni.an  is 
preparinjj,  are  the  ideal  of  the  commission  a>  a  result  of  its 
experience.  This  is  ,i  verv  interestinj^  discovery,  and  it  may  he 
(■lie  of  the  ihinijs  Mr.  Kidner  had  in  mind  when  he  said  that 
when  he  ,i,'ets  back  to  ordin.iry  vocational  education  he  exjjccts 
to  make  a  ,i,'reat  m.inv  ciian,i,'es  in  his  methods  as  a  result  of  his 
experience  with  disabled  soldiers. 

There  i>  -till  another  wa\  in  which  instruction  has  been  ])ro- 
\ided.  and  it  i-  the  I'Ue  for  which  the  commission  appear-  to 
entertain  the  L,'reatest  enthusi.ism.  Many  offers  were  received 
at  tile  outset  of  the  work  front  m.anufacturers  who  were  willinif 
to  take  men  into  their  e-t;ibli>hments  on  an  api)rentice  basis, 
but  on  accoiml  of  w.irnin.i,'s  from  abroad  poiiuint;  out  the  dan.s^er 
of  e\i)loitation.  the  diflicultv  of  insurin.y;  that  valuable  instruction 
would  be  ,t;iven.  and  the  un-atisfactory  relations  of  the  scjUliers 
so  placed  with  the  regular  wirkmen.  the  commis.sion  was  for 
some  time  reluctant  to  .accept  these  opportunities.  When  the 
number  ol  men  under  Irannns,'  had  reached  five  hundred,  a  study 
of  them  w.is  made,  anil  it  was  foiuid  that  while  thirty-nine  occu- 


W  All  \ 


!.^? 


v^cnicl  i.i  llK-  c-urM-  that  lu.l  W.n  ,,r..v„kM. 


E: ;:      .        H.,:::  an  K..ra,,K.  .Ic.n.  „f   o..K..,.a.„n 

;i;v    .-.ur  Itumlrol  out   .,    tlu-   .,vc  lu.n.lrc.l   u.r.  Ik-.u, 

trained    fnr   unlv   Uvclv.   ..ca,,at..n.      S.xt.cn    p.r   cent    w.r. 

tin.  conimcrcial  cur^c.    Thi-  .a^  n..t  cn.-lcn-l  a  can.-  ... 

Ln.  hecau^c  there  ua.  a  ,reat  cletttatul   ..r  tnale  clerk,     t.l 

.okkeeper..     A  larue  nun,l.er  aU<.  were  taktn,'  nvtnr  tneclun- 

trtiv  because  that  ua-  a   fa.hi,.n   f.r  the  n,,.nent  an., n. 

the  ,t.e,'.  a,.a  it  wa.  th,.n,ht  that  there  ;va>  danger  .n     yverd,,- 
;„.■■    that    occttpatinn.      In    trvin.   t,.    fmd   the    rea^.^n    ...r   th. 
limited  nnt.her  .-f  nccupatinn.  it  ^cen.ed  that  the  ,rnK.pa    ex- 
planation lav  \n  the  li,-.mation>  -f  in>tn.ct,.,n  ,n  technaal  M^. 
the  iK-t  ,.f  which  can  hardly  train  t<ir  n,.,re  than  ten  nr  ti.te>n 
.litTerent  ,.ccnpati<.ns.    Accnrdin.lv.  the  >;'■"""•-"'"  .■^^"l;';';;^ 
for  a  mean,  of  broadeninR  the  ran.e  ot  „pportn.i.t.e-.  -n  ord.r 
that  the  disabled  nu-n  tiii.uht  nm  hn.l  ihent^elvo  in  the  excced- 
inelv  undesirable  p.ition  of  co.npctin,^  a,ain.t  one  another  .n 
r^lrrow  field,  and  the  result  wa^  the  dec.. .n  to  tra.n  a^  tnanv 
as  possible  in  establishnK-nts  where  they  ,n„ht  hope  snb~e.,.  enth 
to  be  employed.     Under  thi^  policy  opp<,rtun.t,e>  are  pract,call> 

unlimited.  ...  ,        ,..,;,, 

\  necessary  preliminarv  to  putting  th.^  pohcv  o,     -hop  tram 
ing-  into  operation  is  to'  know   just  where  to  fin.l  the  oppor- 
tti.ities.      For   this   pttrp.e   the   connni-Mon   ha-   nnd-rtak.n    a 
systematic  survey  of  industries  all  over  the  I^;-"!""'-'    ^      , 
kind  sUK'Ucsted  bv  n..vices  in  work    .or  the  handu-apped.   uh. 
Leralli'vant  to  be«in  by  viMtin,  factories  and  .ntd.n,  out  wha 
position;  mi.ht  be  i^lle.l  by  tnen  with  disabilit.e.  ot  a  -peched 
nature,  but  a  survev  from  the  p..int  of  view  o.  i-o-Mbdup  o 
t.ami..,.     In  each  indn^try  an  analysis  i.  made  ot  the  dderen 
occupations;  the  work  it.  each  one   .s  care.uUv  de-  r.be.l       u 
general  conditions,   the   positive   pbyxcal   re.pnretnent-    .or   tlu 
position,  tlte  rate  of  pav.  chance   for  advancetnent  and   -te.adv 
employment,  the  amount  a.id  nature  of  tram.nu  needed  to  ac - 
ciuire'skdl.  the  attitude  of  the  superintendent  or  .orem.m.  and 
other  details  which  put  the  vocational  otticer  in  poMt.on  to  know. 


:r-i.>  -  v-:^  v; 


'"^  "~y,''; 


■  .-■>* 


J.?6 


l.|>  MU.I.li    >ii|.l.ll   K>      \Mi 


Mil  iKS 


iiiJ 


V.  lini  lu-  i-  O'li-idiriiij:  a  |artii\ilar  man.  wlnllur  lie  ha^,  in  -I'lli- 
(i'  In-  ili-aliiliiv,  ilu'  (.--I'nli.il  i|iialiiicalii .n>  f(,r  Micci.c(lin'<  in 
tlii-  [larticniar  I'Ccniialii  'H. 

Willi  iliv  ci'i  iifrati''n  "l  inanniactunr-i  and  traiK'  nni"n~,  a 
j^raliivini,'  (K'l^rcc  nf  -uci\--  lia-  Imn  attained  in  the  iir-i  -ix 
(if  li-lit  nii'iitli-  <'i  tlii-  exiKTiiiunt.  In  May.  I'US.  tlie  nnnilHT 
(.f  i.ceii]ia!i'.n-  in  wiiieh  nun  were  liein;;  trainul  had  inerci-ed 
til  ninei\-e\in.  and  the  imrea-e  i-  cliietly  dne  to  this  pi'liey  I'l 
jilacinu-  men  direeily  in  tlie  indn-trie-  I'l'i"  trainini,'.  It  i>  reei.','- 
ni/.rd  that  carel'ii!  Mijierx  i-ii  n  i-  n((-e--arv,  ti.  jirevent  the  ahii>e:^ 
which  in;iv  e.i-ilv  ^ti'W  \\\>.  hut  the  .idv.anl.i^'e  "f  a  r.an.Lje  nf 
(ilipi.rtuiiities  wide  eniniuh  t..  meet  e\  ery  need  i>  '•n  ,i;reat  th.at 
it  i-  wi.nh  the  triiiil  \\  lien  a  man  i-  placed  in  an  indti-trial 

c>tahli-hnKnt  t'lT  tr.uiiini;  he  i-  in  .ill  re-pect-  jti-t  like  a  pninl 
in  one  i.f  tlie  -clv'i'l-.  IK-  i~  ' 'n  '."lational  p.ay,  tn.t  w.aKe-.  and 
lii-  pri'.ure"  i-  watched  week  liy  wick  hy  the  vocatinnal  othcer- 
if  t'.ir  ci'mmi>-ii'n.  1 1'  ci.iiditii'n-  heci 'ine  lln^ati^lactl  .ry,  he 
can  he  renii  'Ved. 

'i'lie  mimher  nl  liCCiip.atii  at-  I'l'f  which  men  ;ire  luin,:,'  tniined 
can  he  exiire--ed  in  nmch  larijer  fi^'ures  than  the  97  ciiinted 
ahi've  tri.ni  Mr.  KidnerV  ii-timi-ny  hcfcre  the  ci  mKres^ii  mal 
ci.miiiiliee-  in  \\'a-hin.!,non.  He  -aid  at  the  time  that  the>o  '>7 
mi!,'ht  he  called  2M'<.  it  all  >iihdivi<ions  were  taken  into  acciuint; 
and  in  l\\\  .'iistnu  lii'i:  i'-r  May  a  li-I  I't  179  is  j;iven.  he.uin- 
nini,'  with  armature  windin.i;  and  endin.i:  with  X-ray  fi])eratiii,L,'. 
with  the  comment  that  "there  are  ma  m.anv  avenues  cln.-ed  to 
criiipled  men."  A  re]>iirt  fniii  Mi'ntre;d  ;ihi 'Ut  the  same  tit'ie 
-hews  that  or"  the  I'lO  men  then  tnider  ir.aiiiin.i;.  40  were  receiv- 
im;  it  wlnllv  or  partly  in  private  e-i,ihli-hments,  and  that  the 
IdO  men  were  di>irihuted  .amon.t,'  .^(>  ditYerent  occupation-,  an 
aver;i,i;c  i  I  less  than  three  men  to  each.  This  develoinnent  i.-  one 
of  the  iiio-t  interotin.i;  features  in  the  Canadian  sy-tem. 

rile  liii^'th  of  time  required  for  reeducation  \arie-  coti-ide;-- 
ahlv.  The  averat,'e  work.-  out  at  ahout  six  months  and  a  half. 
hut  -ome  men  h.ave  had  two  yiars  of  trainin<,^  and  tlie  \ocational 
-ecretarv  -.iv-:   "If  vou  a-k  me  what  i>  the  lon,!,a•^l  cour.-e  we 


=3'^ 


1    \N  \ll\ 

.Mvc  I  AvnM  [.refer  ..a  t.  ■  an^uer  tlul  iKcau^e  I  .L  ■  i.-l  kn.'W 
v.l"  TlK-  tlu.Tv  ..n  ul.Kl,  llK-  c.nnioM,,,,  ^..c-  a>  l-  tl.e 
;,,.:,,,,n  .f  tnutm,,  t.  iK.  ,iven   i^  a  nuMiuM,  henvcen  the  Uv. 

c-xirenu-^  nf  ,h,.u;^l't  nn  th.^  p,  ,„u-l.eUvecn  tl.o^e  ul,..  h.W.  > 
;,K    ,,ne  lundMlKU  everv   reu.nu-d   -..Mar   4,.uM    K-  .level.  ..^^ 

tn  the  top  ..f  hi^  cai-acly.  ar.cl.  nn  the  ntl.er  ha.ul.  tlm^e  ulx- 
sav  that  all  that  i>  needed  i^  f  ■  train  lhenM..r  ..ne  1-'^--;  "; 
I,,-,  .,,„ne~l  ,..~Ml.le  mne.  T'ne  e.munw.nn  tlunk^  hal  .lu 
tnuh  lies  ...niewhere  l,etueen";  that  it  i^  nut  pracfcahle  f .  «.ve 
,verv  retnnu'd  man  a~  nuuh  additional  edncatw.n  a>  he  nn.h 
,,,  ,,,1,  „,  a.Mnnlaie.  Inu  iha.  u  ,^  nnj-nrtant  to  remember  tha 
tlH.  n,en  nn,-,  he  eMui,ped  f  nu-et  the  cnn.pet.tw.n  winch  wdl 
conK-  after  the  war  ,.  -.er  and  nn,.t  therefore  have  more  tram- 
in,  than  wot.ld  he  jn^t  enon.h  ,o  enahle  t^hem  to  ,et  work  nn.K. 

the  present  ahnortnal  condu.on^  of  the  labor  market    atid  tha 
„,,,.Lver  it  i>  im,><.rtam  to  he  lo,,Wm.  ahvavs  for  the  tttan  or 

,xceptional  talem  and  abdity  a.id  to  „ve  huu.  when  totmd.  th. 

lulle-t  no->ihle  opportnnitie-.  ,    •       ,      , 

.,^,  L  teacher,  n.  the  voeat.onal  work    both  m  the  hoM- 

fds  and  in  the  school,.  ha>  been  a  d.fhcult  problem.  I  here 
^ere  not  manv  in  Canada  when  the  war  broke  ont ;  even  lor 
peace  need>  thev  were  scarce,  and  had  been  nnported  lar^elv 
front  the  UnUed  S.ate>  and  Kn^land.  Many  o,  then,  enh.ted. 
and  ^o,ne  have  been  killed.  .\  few  were  recalled  trotn  the  e-.n- 
hatant  ra.tks  to  serve  in  the  capacity  of  in>tructor>  nt  '1-  -1;'^;- 
hoM.itals  at  honK..  hnt  they  cnld  not  ,.-  far  toward  tdhn.u  Hk 
demand.     -.Xnd  so  we  have  had  to  do  t_hi.-  .ud       r.   K.dner. 

-We  have  had  to  i,'et  the  be>t  teacher,  that  we  conld  and  pl.u. 
U,em  in  clK.,.e  of  a  h.,M>ital  school,  attd  tlK.  re,t  o,   .,t,r  men 

luve  ;.een  trained  on  the  job  nnder  actual  - -^^  ^'f  '"'"; 
We  have  had  no  tin,e  to  e^tabli^h  tra.mn,,'  schools  betore  that 
,,•  ,  training'  school,  for  in>trncior>].  l-r  new  teacher-  we 
select  a  n,an  preferably  fn>,n  an,ons  the  patient^  them^elve-  n, 
the  ho-pital.  In  cla»e>  in  the  hospital  >otne  .ncn  wdl  >tand  out 
from  the  ..ther-.  and  we  .levelnp  Mich  men  first  a>  a-MMatit^  nt 
their  own  cla»  and  then  a-  teacher>  in  charge  o,  snudler  cla--e> 


23H 


I  1~  \i;i  I  II   -(II  |i|m:~ 


■  \ll.iii> 


-c  liuw  111  ii  tl-i,  1  li'-  iii.iji'niy  lit  'iwr  uailur-  ti'ilay  ;iri'  n - 
tiiiiuil    111(11.  W  1    li.iw   ii'.i.iud    iii"-i   I'l    I 'Ur   li.uiur- 

1  iii'-il\  1  -," 

'I  111'  -i:|  i.Ti'i-  iiilliunci-  nl  i1k-  ni;iii  wlm  Iia-  liiin-clt  hicii  "(.\rr 
ll'i  i..|."  .;i;il  \M  4111111  ■!  I-  rvi'"Uiii''*.'l  all  ah 'lit;  tiu'  liiu'  tlircii.^li 
liir  \ 'catii'iial  \M.ik.  I 'raitHall\'  all  llu  "ri.rii-t-ii.r-"  \\li..  iiilfi - 
xliw  tin-  iiirii  in  till'  lii.-l)ital  a.T  riUirmd  xilditTs;  twaiitv -lUf 
i.iit  i.i"  llu  iliiru  (li-irict  vncatii  .iia!  ..Iluar-  ami  a--i-laiil-;  ami 
(.■iiii-iiKralih  i.\iT  liall'  <>i  tlii'  llirir  liiimlnd  U-aiiur-  in  tin- 
1II11.1..V  i.f  ilif  (■••iiiiiii--ii.ii.  "'riuy  can  .Uft  nt'ar  tin-  man  iiiiu- 
j-clt.  '!'lic\  lan  ,L;it — if  I  may  u-i.'  llie  t.xi)r(.>-inn — 'uiiiliT  lii- 
-kin'  aii'l  K'arn  (.f  .all  lii-  tri.iililc-.  all  hi-  liiniK-  iliiriculiii>  ami 
111-  ..\\ii  idea-  ami  a-piralii  n-.  am!  liny  mu-t  '^vl  very  near  in 
till.,  man  Int.  .rr  tlK\-  arr  ^i.iiii;  i  undcriaki'  the  very  -iTini- 
tliin.u'  i.l'  I'l'iin-vlini,'  him  ami  advi-iiij,'  him,  an(.l  actually  jinpar- 
ini;  him   I.  .r  a  m  w   tuiiiri.." 

Anollur  clriiuni  which  tin.-  Canadian  O  .mniissinn  vm]ilia-i/.c- 
i-  ihc  ik-iraliihi\-  nf  a  civilian  ainn .-|ih(.'rc  in  the  cla->-r(i(.m> 
and  at  all  -tam-  nf  the'  vncaiii.nal  wi.rk.  With  fmir  or  five 
fxce|>lii.ii-.  tlierefi.re,  the  thne  hundred  in-tructi.r<  are  in  civilian 
'.tatu-  ni.\v.  I  .r  at  Ka-t  are  all  .wed  tn  wear  civilian  clothe-  and 
ci.ndiK'i  ilieiii-elve-  a-  civilian-  in  the  da-— rdnin.  It  wa>  fnuml 
that  when  the  teacher  wa-  in  iniifnrm  there  was  inevitahly  a 
certain  am.  .init  ..f  re-er\e  .  .n  the  part  nf  the  -i'ldier<,  theiu-eKi - 
;il-i.  -till  in  uiiifi.rm.  and  a  iirr]ietuatii  .n  nf  tlie  military  relatidi- 
-liip.  and  tlii-  i-  (.ut  nf  harm,  .ny  witli  the  Canadian  thenry  that 
it  i-  I  letter  fi  .r  men  wlm  ;ire  tilmut  tn  return  tn  civil  life  tn  he 
^urmunded  a-  f.ir  a>  iin>-ihle  with  Ci.nditinn>  --uch  a'-  tliey  will 
t.ml   III   the  e\ery-day  wcrld. 

Wr  ihir.k  that  tile  cf-'iipr  \vc  can  ciirrniind  the  man  witli  civilian  intlu- 
ciui'"  the  111  tier.  He  ha-  t..  unlearn  all  th..se  very  nfce>sary  things  that  he 
has  Uarneil  in  hcint;  a  sohiier.  A  soldier  is  tuM  uhcn  to  get  up-  He  is 
t '111  ulien  tn  eat.  He  is  ti  ilil  when  t.i  lilay.  In  short,  he  has  to  sink  lii^ 
i.imti'.v  into  il'e  mas-  for  the  gi.oil  of  tlie  whole.  .\n(l  \vc  liave  found  tiut 
t"  -land  in  ...  ni.m'-  way  when  he  is  drniii"'!!  straii;ht  from  military  diseipline 
out  intn  ci\il  liie.  He  d.ie-n't  tit  in.  and  from  the  first  it  has  heen  a  ear.lin.il 
j.rnxiiile  with  u^  tliat  we  would  make  i.tir  cla^-e-.  e\en  in  tlie  h.jSpitaK.  wl'.eri 


■iS'i* 


IIWP" 


4-^     -Jit^i^^^  -  JiiS^- 


(    W  Ml  \ 


239 


the  im  n  .I'l'   ^  >  '  "'  '    ''    1  ' 
il.i'--  ;i-.  ii.i«-il'I'- 

I'l   IJl.K  1  IV 

No  pain- ;.r.  M'^>nM  t. .  M'r>aa  m  1.  ^rnun,  .n  an^  .nc  tlu.  w.  Mm.K-.l 
M.UlicA  ahnu.  the  ,.,,l-'-nnnti.^  .huh  ar.  ava.laM.  t-r  th.m. 
M,,vin.'  pictnr.^  has.  I....1  ma.k-  f.  ^.n.l  i-.  I'-.n.lan.l  u.  -.nUr 
„,  ,l„vv  til.  u,.,.i.l..l  Canadian  M.I.lur>  in  ih.  l,n.,.UaU  tlua- 
,i„^„HvhaN....l.'k  P.nvanll..alh..nK-.  Tw.Kc  ml-  ull 
•  ,t..rv  -t  .li-.iul.arkati<^n,  .'I  the  tuMtnunt  i.p.vulnl  m  ilu^ 
,1  the  wav  in  which  rcolnratii'ii  1-  larrnd 
.f  varicl  ..ccuiati-iiv  <  >!v  the  trau-p-rt-^  "htera- 
,„rc"  i>  .h-tr>hutc.l  ;a..l  p.-tcr.  are  dii-layed.  and  there  i>  l-lenty 
,  f  .videuee  that  all  th.-  i-  atlentivelv  .tudied  _hy  nuny  -d  the 
null.      In  the  eleariiii,'  dep-ii 


thi 

(hllerent  ]in.vince 

cii  in  a  nnnihiT 


iiul  the  hi.-l'itals  there  i'  m'.re 
liuratnre  and  nmre  iM>~ter-,  with  special  en.pha>i-.  pven  m  the 
pn.dan,ati..n  that  the  anmnnt  ,.1  a  man's  p.n>i..n  .>  detertn.ne- 
.,  'dv  l.v  the  dei,'ree  and  character  -1  hi^  phv-tcal  nijnry  and 
(hal'no'de.lucti.in  will  he  nuule  .■„  accunl  of  earning  ah.hty 
ac.mircd  or  dein.  .nitrated  later  on.  l-n.ally.  an-I  no  douht  n.o-t 
important,  there  i^  the  e.h,cati..nal  work  done  with  each  n.an 
nulividiiallv  hv  the  vocational  advi>er  who  niakc.  hi>  acquaint- 
:,iKc  as  soon  a>  po.>ihle  after  hi>  arrival  in  the  hospital. 

To  this  carefnllv  planned  ^vsteni  of  makint;  opportnnit.es 
kn(Avn  and  cnltivatinK  the  ri,i,'ht  afittule  of  mind  atnon-  the 
men  is  prohalilv  due  no  >niall  part  ..f  the  Mlcce^s  reported  hy 
the  ..ItkiaU  of  the  coninn>siun  and  tho^c  who  have  studied  their 
work. 


CHAPTER    VI 
France 


In  I'ranc-  tlu'  nvi^Mii  ..t  tlu-  i\i-tltii,'  pon-iMn  law-  wa-  liillv 
a-  n.f.'-arv  a-  iii  I'.iiulaii'l  '-r  .Nrwluif  lint  tlu  jir.  .hliiii  pr.'- 
siiiml  it-i'lt  in  a  -"nu'wlial  (lithrciii  wav.  'riu-n  \va-  n- ■  i|\ii-- 
li'ii  <■[  laiMiiu'  a  V'liiinti'iT  army  an'l  ii"  iii.liu.-viiu'iit-  !■■  iiili-t 
uiia  nici"arv.  '1  lu-  i-i.uniry  wa-  iiivailcd  and  the  iiali"ii  wa- 
laiiid  t"  arm-  iiikKt  a  -y-ttni  ..f  iiniMr-al  -crvifo  alnaily  m 
fiiric.  Till-  nri-il-  ..I  the  I'aimiir-  <>i  -  .Mut-  Kit  -ndtli'iily  witli- 
(.iit  tluir  n-na!  incnu-  wa>  tin-  m..rr  pri'-iiii;  iini'-ti"n  and  tlii- 
\va-  imt  !i\  all' 'W  ami-  {  aUnatt.T.  luilittiir,' t  and  a  n-nt  niMra- 
tnrinm.  What  -li.  aild  he  d^iic  for  di-ahlcd  -■  .Iditr-.  I'M-opt  as 
pi-..\ided  hv  the  law  i.f  lS.ll  ( -ee  pa-e  _'?i.  which  wa-  -till  in 
I'l.rce.  nui-t  In   Kit  tc  he  cii-idered  later. 

Tin-  pen-i"ii  rate-,  althi'iii^li  increa-eil  -everal  time-,  were 
aekn(.wled'..;eil  U>  he  inade^inate.  hnl  they  were  -\ippKinenled  hy 
varinn-  kind-  <<i  pnhlic  and  v.lnntarv  relief.  The  iiece— ity  fnr 
peii-i..n  le'.;:-lati"n  w.i-  declared  in  I'.irhanienl  ,ind  el-ewhere  t" 
he  "iirLJenl" ;  hnl  in  fact  I'reiuh  lei,'i-l.iti' 'll  ha-  lieeii  deliherale 
hev.  .nd  that  of  .any  other  ,1,'reat  helli,i,'ere!it. 

r.y  an  intere-tin^'  d  lineidence  the  t  h.imher  <.t  Oeputie-  was 
aelnallv  ei  .n-iderini;  when  the  war  he,t;an  a  ,L;eneral  niea-urc  <'i 
peii-icii  ,-e\i-i"n.  intP'dueed  in  Mareh.  l'»14,  hy  Va-  I  h.imher's 
{■<immittee  "ii  Social  In-nranee  I  (  ■  imnii--i. 'ii  ir.\--ur.ince  et 
de  IVcvnyance  Si'ciale).  rr.ihahly  it"  there  had  heen  if  ■  war. 
the  new  l;iw  w 'tild  have  heen  an  e.\ten-i''n  and  adaptatinii  of 
the  Workmen'-  Coinpeii-ati' m  Law  of  ISW.S  ;ind  ih.  ■  hmeticiaries 
ihiellv  in  tile  mind  ■  >\  the  k'i,'i-lattire  would  have  heen  tho-e  wli'i 
-tit'ter  from  aeeident-  in  the  eour-e  ct  military  -ecupation-  ni 
time  III   pe.ice. 

Thi^,  then,  wa-  the  hacki;rinind  for  the  new  le,t,'i-lation :  ;in 
(i|,l  law  whieh  had  heen  enacted  more  ih.tn  -evenly  y^.^r-  heforc 
and  intended  mainly  tor  a  protc--ional  army— in  ettect  a  retir- 

2-Kl 


yu  \N'  I" 


:n 


„,.  ,„,,,,.-..  1..U    uuh  unluMial-.l  M-rvi.v  rn-,..n^  t..  tl.-.-r  ul-. 

vsJ.njnn.!.  :>n.l: 1.  .u  •m.-m.  ...   uhul.  ..ml-   1-  n-.rv 

.,r  cxai,i...n,.l,  .K-ik-..,!..,,'  ....  tl..-  r.m..,.M.mM.,  ..t   tlu-  -'Mur^^ 

.leal.   .....1  ...iKl.l  I.C-  .•!>;a.i.ol  i..  l.>r  ,.Nsn  r.i;l.l  .t  I'V  "nA .  r-.. ... 

juo.nl.,.^;   a^   l..r    l,..-l.:m,l    u:.~   !..'..-.!.    i..   ;Kt.^.   -^r^  .a-   yr   a 
,,,„.„„ur;atl..  t...>.''M..^.k':.tl..     -ll..-  ..,(.....  l.a.laavp.oltl,. 

..nnnt.K-  iM  .1..-  c.^r  M  ,lr,„!.>  :...M  Injur..^  ...  ...M.narv  r..,,  ..>- 

;„^,„.   ,1,,,    „,,.■    -1...UM    Ik.    .....,,..,-.....„.    llu-   oM    ...    .1...1. 

.!„,„l.llKl....-...l.vll,.....h.Mry.     Tl..r.ua^r.a~.......tl....k.l.at 

Uh-  ,,r...o,.U-  ua-  al,....t  t„  Ik-  a,.,.liol  t..  -..l.li.r^  a...l   >a.l..r.  a. 

l,a,l  alr.a.lv  iKrn  .L'm-  i.i  Su  ../nla...!.  1-.  m>w  ..t  ilu  '^nat 
.„„l,„r~t  ...•■i,atr...l.c  a.M..r,  ih.  .'.sq-iuarana-  ...  part.s..^  .l.t.cr- 
„K0-.  tl,.  u.,.^.rsil  m.,,...li...>  .■>  i1k-  h.n.ic  M":''"'-  ".M.n.ly 
,l,,plav..l  l.v  iW  .,ati..i.al  citi/..-..  ^..l.l..rv.  th>  ai.i.all.i.i;  L-  '.t 
,,„.  ^,,,.1  ,„„,,  ,„  ,1..  r.r^t  MX  .„....tl.^  ...-  the-  wa.-,  i.  .n..^h.  have 
I„..„  a.uicipaud  tlul  a  .k-u  lau  .n  l.anu....v  vv.il.  ,.r.sa,l...- 
,,„l,iK-  ..imn...,  an.l  >..oal  i.Kalv  o  .rr.-,H  ....linK  ...  .1,.  .^v.....^ 
;,,..,1-  n,  .l,s.!,K-d  ^..l.l..r-  a...l  .l.nr  fa...!!..^.  w..ul.l  ......u-.l.atdy 

111-  i-iiactc-.l.  . 

^li..\vcr>  ...  pr.\au-  lulK  a.i.l  a.iH-ii.l.,u-m^  \v>a-  .n-Kr.l  .ntr..- 
,hK-c.l-    vi-.r...,^    .pmhc-    uar>    .l.Hvcrol    hr.atl.i.,,:,'    M,|,.l,-.n.y 
:,„a  Kratitu.U-  ...  tl..  cm.try^  lu-n,.c  .k-.\-...k-.- ;  Hk   K"v.n,„..... 
l,r,.ui:ht  ...rwanl  it>  l-lan:  c..,.....i-M..n  -,.m-..lal  o.n...i.^M.,n  a.i.l 
n-i...rt  1..II..W0I  rqM.rt.     i'.ut  tli.  tr..tl.  i^  that  ..1  ....  o.ui.trv  l.a^ 
there  ever  hce.t  a  ><'uud  I.aM^  ..t  i>c..M..n  U-K.>Iat.. .,..  a  ci.^i-..-..- 
,„■  ,,j„„i,,„  a,  „,  ju^t  what  the  nature  nt   the  Mat.'^  .  .l.l..ual..  .„ 
re-iUv   i^  to  tho-c   Nvh..  are  cripi.lcl   in    i.^   >.rvic.   a.ul   ...   the- 
,.,nn'l.e-  ...  the  kiUol,    The  FrcKl.  l'arlianu..t.  with  renan.lv  a^ 
keen  a  ^cn.e-  of  ohli^ati..n  as  anv  ..tl..-r.  ^mn^  ...  have  !el.  cn- 
.ir-ii.ie.l  to  .eck  tlu-  >..nn.i  l.aM^.  the  the..re.ical  j.,-t,tu-a...  .n  ... 
the  new  law.     Thei-c  were  vLlent  .liftereiKe^  ...   ..l.......n   wh.eh. 


ex  en  in  the  face  of  the  supre.ne  0l.li.4at..  .n  wh.eh  .hev  all  te h. 
thev  .nu~t  talk  ..tit  t..  a  f.ni^..  There  were  l...l.tie.il  end-  t. .  he 
served  inciilentallv.  hut  fun.lan.entallv  the  neee~Mtv  ^eeni.  t.. 
have  been  t..  exaniim  the  f.  ...n.lati.  .n>.  t..  h.ear  .n  ...11  all  .he 
„bjection>   an.l    criticiMU^    which   culd   he   ur«ed    a^a.n^t   e.aeh 


1?= 

r 

ir£y 

i 

liS 

1 

^=^"1 

1 

242  IilSAKl.l  I'    Sdl.DII.KS    AMI    v\ll,(il;S 

],r..i.<-al.   I"  rn-i'iu-ik'  varying'  virw-   if   im.-m1iK.  an.l  I"   Imd  a 
fi.riiiiila  that  fi'iilil  tii'  artt'iiti'd  by  all. 

Al  tlif  iiul  .'t  tlu-  tourtli  yi-ar  ct  tlio  war.  tlu-  liill  wliirli 
ri-ultiil  fmni  tlii-  pri.lmi^c.l  iiu  f-ti.uati' iii  and  di-cus-i-iii  liad 
i,;i-i'(l  tlu-  Clianihn-  "I  Drinitii-  and  had  liicn  -^nl  t..  tlu-  Senate. 
It  \\a^  .xiHTted  thai  it  w-uld  hvo^uw  law  with-nt  much  fnrthcr 
ninditieati^'ii.  (Vrtain  -in-.ial  law-  had  ]mvu  mactid  in  tlu-  nuan- 
inne.  in.hidint,'  a  rrlirt"  nua-nre'  t.  .r  th.-r  \\h'>  witc  .liM-liar-vd 
uiih-nt  iH-n-ii'u:  an-tlur.  rn-atin-  a  -\>ci:'vA  fnnd  i^v  C'<\U[<^\\- 
siiin-  ih'-r  wli"  had  he,  n  lariially  di-.iMod  in  tin-  war  and 
aturward  nirt  with  an  .ncident  whik-  i-nii.lnyrd,  thn-  rclii'vni.i; 
indu-trv  i.f  an\  -jKi-ial  n-k  I'au-rd  liy  the-  cniii>ynu-U  >•!  \>:\r- 
tiallv  (h-.aliK.l  \ciri-.ni-  -I  the  war;  and  a  third,  cry-talli/.in;:  the 
iiatintial  -vMeni  f.^r  the  r<  edueatinii  and  placenieni  i>f  disihled 
M.ldier>  ar.il  sul^r-. 

•jhe  iH-Mpi-ed  ehan,u'e  -f  l)a-e   t>  t  the  ].en-i..n   -y-teni,    fmni 
relief  and  di-tineti(  .n-  h;.-ed  ..n  r.ank  U>  reparatin:!  f^r  the  actnal 
financial  1'--.  analny.  .u-  tn  the  ec  .miiensitii  m  law.  wa-  di-earded 
;  fler  a  -e.irchin;^'  di-cn-i'in.  and  the  law  a-  it  will  pnih.alily  he 
uiaeted  will  have  neither  the  alternative  penMcii  "i  the  i'.n-lidi 
^v-tein,  ncr  the  war  ri-k  in-nrance  (if  the  American  >\Meni.     it 
i-  far  ni(.re  liberal  than  tlu'  eld  law  in  many  re-ia-et-.  hnt  in  it- 
fiindamental  lirineiple-  it  d'.e-  m.t  depart  fn.m  the  -y:-tem  which 
\va>  developed  for  a  retrnlar  army,  in  which  a  retiriiiL,'  penvinn 
wa-  a  p.arl    "f   tiie   c  .ntract   between   the    ^tale   and    tlie   >n!dier, 
and   peii-ii'ii   fnr  di-ability   wa-  linked  njx'n   as  an  antici]iated 
reiirin-  allowance.      Amoni;  the  reaM.n-  i;iven  li\    the  o^nimi- 
vicn  fiT  iii't  reci.mmendin,L,'  a  nmre  radical  chan,','e  was  that  by 
the   time    the   C(.mnH>M(.n    made    its   rei)ort   a   lar.!,'e   number   <>i 
,iriicer>  and  scldiers  had  ac(|uired  vested  rlKdits  under  the  exist- 
ing law. 

Till.     i:XTRA-r\l;l.IAMi:NT\RY     COMMISSION" 

Serinii',  ci.iisider.itii.n  cf  the  revision  of  the  pension  law  may 
be  Slid  to  l>e.i;in  witii  an  official  statement  addres-ed  on  May  2r, 
I'll?.  I,,  tlu    I're-ident  of  the  Kepulilic  by  live  Cabinet  Mini>lers. 


l-i;\NrE 


243 


In   accordance   xvith   the   rccMnnK-mlalion   in   this   statcrunt   an 
ext.a-narl,anKntarv  o.nnn,>Mnn  uas  .,n  the  san,c  day  api.-ntcd. 
under  tin-  ,,rcMdcncv  ,.f  the   Minister  of   Finances,  to  n,ake  a 
,.neral  in,|uirv  into  ,1,0  chan.e^  uh>cl,  M,ould  he  nude  m  the 
.xi-.n,,  ^v^tem  of  nnhtary  i,enM..n^  as  well  a>  nUo  the  .ndennu- 
tic^  uhich  shonld  he  made  f.  civil  uar  victim..    Th.>  prehnnnary 
nnni>terial  statement  is  interesting   for  il>  reference  to  van,.u> 
,,n.n...als  alrea.lv   inndin,'   in   the    f^rn,   .■!    le^.^l.tne  Inll^  -.r 
I.tlurwi^e.    a~    u'r    exan.ple   that    pen^ion^    -hould    i)e    K-ven    to 
nar.m.  or  even  ,'rand,arem<  when  there  i>  no  vvulow  or  nnnnr 
..rphan-  lluU  supplementary  al!..xvance.  he  made  to  w,d..us  wl>o 
l,avc-  de..endem  children :  an.l  that  a  d.^tincl-on  he  made  hetween 
the  ref,mlar  armv  an.l  citizen,  calle.l  hy  the  war  mto  reserve  or 
active  dnlv-the  exi^tinu  pension  law  to  he  cntmued   tor  the 
f„rmer   wlnle   tb.e   principles  of   tlie   Workmen's   Lon.pensat.nn 
1  aw  sh..ui,l  he  appliv.l  ...  ll'.e  latter.     Whde  ih.^  M,-cst,..n  wa^ 
n,.t  a.'..pted.  the  cnthct  -.1  i.Ua^  hetween  the  tw..  prmc.ples  ..t 
..rvice  penM,.ns  ami  c..mi,vnsaii..n  rm.^  throu.^h  all  the  d.^cu^- 
M(,ns  of  the  three  foll..win,L;  year.-. 

That  th.  •  irtieipati..n  ..f  the  Mini-ter  ..f  Finance,  ,n  thi- 
mcm..randu  .  was  n..t  perfunct..ry  is  indicate.l  hy  a  para^-raph 
^vhich  p..ints  ou,  that  ^nc^  -Mve  national  hudji^'ls  for  m-.re  than 
half  a  century  will  he  la.vily  hnr.lened.  not  only  hy  the  new 
k.-ivlati-.n  t..  he  enacted  hut  hy  the  inevitahle  claims  e^cn  under 
existing  pension  laws  an.l  that  the  financial  a^jKCts  .,t  the  pr..h- 
leni  must  therefore  he  taken   int..  accunt. 

\m..nK  the  twemv-sev.n  memhers  ..f  the  extra-parliamentary 
commission  were  M.  Pierre  Ma-.e.  who  was  later  reporter  t-.r 
the  commi^Mon  appointed  hv  the  Chamher  of  Depi't'^'-^  -''"'l  ^^''^ 
afterward  entered  the  War  Ministry  to  take  charge  of  the  a.l- 
nini^tration  <.f  pensi..ns;  M.  Lefas,  who  succeeded  M.  Ma>se 
a.  the  official  sp..ke,man  of  the  cmmission  ot  the  Lhamher  ol 
Deputies  and  wa^  thus  doselv  identified  with  the  measure  which 
finallv  pa-ed  the  Chamher;  M.  Ju>tin  (...dart,  who  became  head 
i,{  the  Service  de  Sante  in  the  Ministry  of  War ;  and  ^  ^d.niar.l 
Fu-ter,  Professor  ..f  S.'cial  In^urance  in  the  Colleg     .e  France. 


*8- 


'I 


-iSsr^-. 


244 


IiISAl;l.l-.l)    .-ol.lili:i->    ANIi    SAILORS 


T\w  CMmnii^M..n,  Ikm.U-  no .mnundin.U'  r.-i"-rni<  in  admini?- 
traiivc   prccalurc,   sulnnittcd   two   rcp-.n^  of   i-ennaiU'iU   vahu'. 
,  ,,.  .li-cu^Mn-  llK'  Icm-lal.-ii  rcconiHK'n.k-d  1a   iIk-  cninn-ion. 
an,;   ar...il-,Lrhv   M.    l-"u^t.-r  .kalin.L;   with  the  whole   theory   ot 
pc.Mon  k^i^laiion  a^  ciuho.hud  in  the  exi-tin^r  l:uv>  ol  Irance. 
(annanv.  Great  Britain.  Italy  and  Switzerland.     Irom  this  re- 
,„.n  it  i>  clear,  and  examination  ..f  the  actual  practice  in  varKnis 
countries  onlv  continue  the  c.^ncluMon.  that  however  diverge  the 
fundamental' conception-  nnderlyin-  the  law-  may  he.  all   the 
puiMou  -x-tem-  come  in  die  en.l  alike  to  a  -ene-  or  couiproini-e- ; 
empirical  as  M.  lu-ler  -ay-,  rather  than  loi^ical.  hnt  respon.hn;^ 
for  the  mo-t  part  to  practical  nece-itie>  and  to  the  demand>  ot 
„,,,,,   .,p,„i,,n.      .Mtentioii    i-   called    to   the   strikin,^'    tact   that 
(.ernianv.  except  a<  to  the  -cale  of  di^ahilitic-^,  niake>  practically 
no  application  of  her  verv  well  developed  sy-tem  ot  social  insur- 
ance to  her  pension  le,L,ddati.  n.  hut  i;ive.  the  latter  on  the  con- 
trary a  whoUv  di>linci  character. 

The  three  Kuidint;  i-rinciple-  on  which  pension  laws  may  cm- 
ceuahlv  he  ha-ed  accordin.u'  t..  M.  hu-ter  are  (  1  )  recoinpen-e  or 
remuneration-  for  service,  of  which  the  mo,t  perfect  illnslration 
would  be  the  handsome  pension  -ranted,  for  example,  by  KnR- 
land  to  a  ^reat  K'cneral  like  Lord   Kohert-:   (2)   reparation   tor 
injurv,   for  which  the  >tate,  considered  almost  in  the  h,i,dit  ot 
an  emi.lover  under  ..rdinary  workmen's  compensation  systems, 
niav  be  said  to  be  re-pon-ihle;   (3)   relief  in  ca>e  o.   need    the 
general  interest  of  societv  requiring  that  tho>e  who  have  been 
injured  and  the  famiiie>  of  those  who  have  been  kiUe.l  shall  not 
be  allowed  to  .uffer  hard-hil..  and  even  that  their  standards  of 
luin-  -hall  i)e  maintained  intact.     To  make  clear  these  three 
conceptions  tlie  ca>e  i>  cited  of  the  widow  of  a  soldier  who. 

ft-rvice   rciKkrcd.   Imt  tlR    tir-t.   \'-)   "\  ohlinalinii.     kcnnmcr.UwM 

;:::n;;r^:;;':n!;^;:r;,i:r'riy:;e,;'':,f'u,:n.r.aco,,s.r,n,..n. 


&^§.!w^^^1f^ 


--•-■fe-v 


^^^mm^ 


IK  AM  i: 


J45 


al,h.u,h  in  acuud  ^en  ,c...  cUc-  -f  .l,^ca-o  tar  trom  the  front 
a 'o.nn,ar.l  wuh  tb.  .ul,.w  .f  a  -•  Mi.r  kHUd  n.  act„.n,     L  ndcr 
th.  nr't  princii-le  ^ud>  a  uidnw  nn.hl  r.c.nc  nu  i.ensu.n.  a, 
,„  France  at  the  time  .hen  tlti>  re,. -rt  wa<  prepared,  cr  at  an> 
r-ae  a  pension  n.nch  le-~  tl,an  w„nld  he  ,.ven  to  the  ^vuln^^  nt 
i,,  .,1.  i.  r  killed  on  the  held  ..f  hattle.    Un.ler  the  .econd  pr.nc- 
„,ethat  of  social  insurance.  M^e  would  receive  the  same  con- 
X^  tn  as  the  other.     Un.ler  the  third,  if  she  happened  to 
,:t   Inore  voun.  children,  or  was  of  an  a.e  whe.  she  ccn.  d  no 
.„,,..n    her.lf.    ^he   nn,h.    receive   even   more.'      I"   '-^y''  ^" 
U,  ,.  of  the  effect  of  any  .y.tem  it  must  he  known  what  .s   he 
iurpo.-  n.  view,  what  Kuidin.  pru.ciple  Ik.  been  chosen.     I.s 
,,„  llv  evident,  however,  that  the  three  .Hver..ent  concep   on 
„;,,  ,n  he  taken  into  account,  that  an  ='--' .^ ^^  ^  ^^ 
,„,,„ai.d  in  law  and  administration  may  he  .nfluetKed  In   al  , 
and  tliat.  as  M.  ru>ter  says,  they  may  approach  one  another, 
coordinate  and  complete  one  another. 

The  report  scrutinizes  the  variou.  problems  which  ause   m 
framing'  a  pension  law:  the  distinctions  between  a  reKular  army 
^^„,  ,  ,,,,,,„,,  volunteer  army,  and  between  F--'   > y.'^^';^ 
,„ac,.  and  in  war;  the  extent  to  wh.ch  accotmt  should  be  taken 
„-  length  of  service,  of  wounds,  of  .llness;  the  dehcate  quest  .n 
a.  to  Whether  only  illness  cau.ed  b>   the  serv.ce  o.  a,,ravated 
l,v  ..nice  should  be  taken  into  account,  or  all  illness  arising 
.hiring  the  service.     Shall  excepti-.nal  danger  or  heroism  be  co„- 
iK,il?     Shall  the  income  or  the  social  posit....  of  the    anuU 
.,  ,„  i,  Hfe  be  taken  into  account?    What  .hou  d  be  the  in  uenee 
,„-  all  the>e  con^i.lerations  on  the  amount  and  character  o,  the 
;;  on  as  well  as  on  the  decision  as  to  whether  it  shall  be  Kuen 
;,1^     What  is  the  criterion  ..f  invalidity.     U  hat  cla.n.m,s 
.mil   be   recognized  other  than   the  di^able.l   soldier  h.msel  - 
.^!    le^itin^te   children,   illegitimate   children,    parents,    other 
;;;,;„a;u>:'     what  .ban  l.  the  actual  -cale  <>.  pensions  and  the 

:„.  ,„e  ^an,e  way  a  -"''-"'- J^.^-^il 'r.^'ol^tmc  pcn.'::i 


pet 

at  al 


"tev:?^ 


246 


DISAiil.l.l'    SDI.DII.KS    AMI    >AII.<Jl',S 


nu.lical  and  <i.rf,MCal  care,  i-r  arlit>cial  limb,  and  apphano.  for 
.nc.al  -upcrviM.in.  l-r  rccducali.  .n.  and  i-r  placcincnl  .' 

In  conn.'amn   with  tlii^  o  .niprclKi.>ive  hut   rapid  survey  .>t 
fundanK-.ual  principk>.  M.  lu^t.r  ^ei.  fnrtli  the  fact>  re;;ard.n« 
the    exi^tint;    pei.Mnn    lau-    ni    the    three    principal    helh.^erent 
Oiiintrie..  (.reat  llrUam.  1-rance  aiul  (.erniaiiy,  and  the  neutral 
o.unlrv  Nvliich  had  niM>t  c^inpletely  a-MUiilated  it>  i-enM^n  law 
t,-   the"  K^ueral   principle^   .1    ^"ci.!    insurance.    :ic..   the    >vvi^~ 
1-ederatiun.      In    thi^    little    cuiitrv,    which    ha>    luinidud    tlie 
)ih..rat(>rv  fnr  m.  manv  in>tP.Klive  le-idative  experinienl>,  where 
there  i<  no  rei,'ular  arniv,  Imt  where  there  i~  universal  nnhlary 
service,  the  state  during  the  period  of  military  Mrvice  i~  nierelv 
an  employer  like  anv  other.  conipen>atinK  in  proportion  t.  ■  civil 
earning'  capacity  tho>e  wlio  have  tlie  misfortune  to  meet  with 
iUne^s'or   accident.      Neither    rank   nor   length    of    service   de- 
termines the  compensition.  but  tiie  extent  of  disability  and   its 
clfect    on    earnin,i;   capacity.      Mn.^'land's    comparatively    liberal 
peuMon  system  is  <le,-cribed  in  tlie  report  as  adapted  !•>  the  needs 
„f  a  nation  which  re'ies.  as  lui-land  tlien  did.  on  a  yoluntary 
armv     Oi  the  countries  s'udied.  < .  ■  niany.  rather  than  anv  Ally 
or  neutral,  was  found  to  be  in  a  po-ition  nio^t  analo-ous  to  that 
(,f  IVance  and  to  furni-sh  the  mo-t  instructive  precedents. 

■Ihe  lindins^s  of  the  exira-parlianientary  commissi, .n  em- 
bodied in  a  report  and  in  the  draft  of  a  bill  submitted  i)y  the 
e..mmisM,.n  on  beh.all  .-f  the  oosernment  and  I'.irhanient  need 
n,.i  detain  us.  since  this  bill.  alo:.,u  widi  ci,i,dUeen  others  intnj- 
duced  by  individuals  and  i,'roups  was  promptly  referred  to  the 
commission  <.f  the  Chamber  ii^eli.  to  which  reference  iia^  lieen 
made  The  most  important  conclusions  of  the  extra-iiarhameiil- 
ary  commissi. ,n  were  that  there  should  be  no  -eneral  revision  of 
the  pen-ion  law  in  such  a  way  a^  to  adain  ii  e-iually  to  peace 
and  war,  Imt  that  there  should  simply  be  such  chan-e^  m  the  law 
.,1  IS.M  as  would  meet  the  needs  n\  the  pre-em  war;  ami  that 
there  should  be  no  tlistinction  between  the  rei;ular  army  and  the 
national  armv.  the  imuerative  reason  for  ihi^  decisi..n  bein.i;  th.e 


'x  .MwSi^i^i 


l-KANi  r. 


2Vi 


,„ nana-  nf   nuintainiPU  tlu^   unilv   -t    the  anuv   >n   th.    l.uv 

,„\l„   .„,,„v.      "Whrn   INVO   .nl.lur,    fall,   struck   l,v   tin-   ~anu- 
.lull,  uhcn  ilKV  .-ire  of  il.c  sa.iK-  nmk.  Nvhen  tluv  xvcr.  ^Mvn,.; 
„,   the  nation    Imm  tin-  military  sian,l,...inl    the   sanu-  k.n.l  ..t 
-..,-^K-.    u.  can  n..l  a.lnnt  thai  th.y  >h..uKl  W  tr.alol  ,hH.T.n.lv 
1   .,,,„.  tlR-v  ^vcr.  in  a  .litl.rent  -rial  >iluati..n  or  h.can.o  t h.y 
1  .   1  'K-.n  iu'rlorniin-  luiuU-n^  in  iilV  f  winch  a  .i^reaUT  -r  a  Ir-^ 
pa,  „f  rcnnmcrat,..n  i~  allaclua."     Thi.  ar^unient  a^,un-t   a,- 
t;..„i„i,„  i„  a»inulatc  tlu-  i-cnM^n  law  V  iIk-  W'.rk.non  ^  i  ..„,- 
„cn-aunn  Law  wa>  rcintorccd  I.y  ih.  o.nM.kTat...n  that  .xicn- 
'ive-  claim,  ha.l  alrca.lv  hccmn.  vo-tc.l  ri,,'ht^  under  the  cx.^tin- 
hw    and  it  wa>  held  t. .  he  either  tn,,  >o,,n  nr  tnn  late  f.  change 
the  haMS  of  the  law:  to,,  late  to  chan-e  it  a.  a  war  n>ea>ure. 
tou  earlv  tu  change  it  to  meet  peace  con.htt.in>. 


ThK    rAKI.IAM|-.Nr.\ 


;V     1  )lS<.lSSIO- 


Eisht  and  a  half  month-  intervene 


•d   hetween   thi-   report 


the  extra-parliamentary  c^ 
Chamher  of   ^cpulie^ 
and  Military  Pen>ionh 


m 


iini->ion  and  the  report  made  u 


in  the  name  o 

l)v  M.  Pierre  Masse  on 


f  its  Commi>>ion  on 


the 

Civil 


Inlv  Jl.  I'Hf) 


The  war  had  then  been   in   proj,'res 


two   year-  am 


I  tie 


commis>ion  re 
hrinir  miseries 


me  coll 


Id 


as  ve 


was  1 


n  fnlhllin.i; 


t  see  the  end.      It  would 

led  and  dead  hy  milli<,ns.      It 

the  holiest  of  diitie-  that  s..lilier>  were   lallin- 


alized. 
untold — sick,  wouni 


the  held  of  hoiKir  or  receivi 


their 


iiiK  paid  their  tax  ot 

from  national  ^'ratitude  and   from  na 


f  hlood.  tliev  had  the  ah>olute  ri.t,dit  to  expect 


iriou>  wound-, 
ht  ti 


11; 


tional  solidarity  a  support 


m 


their   di-tre>s   and 


1  a   reward   for   the   incompar 


:d)l 


e    service 


which  thev  had  rendered. 

This  is  the  kevnoie  of  the  exhau-tive  and  valuable  report 
and  of  the  protracted  parliamentary  discussion  which  ran 
'thn.u«h  the  next  vear  and  a  half:  for  it  was  „ot  until  every 
principle,  everv  schedule,  every  a>-umpn<.n.  practicallv  ev  ry 
phrase  of  the  i)ill  had  been  ^crutinized.  attacked  .and  .leteiided, 
referred   back   to  the   conimi-ion    lo   be    reexamined,   di-cu-e.l 


m 


f 


MS 


1pI>  M'.i.i.ii   ^iii.ini.i;.-    \Mi  >\ii.i)i;s 


in  (!(--t,'iil,  and  a.uaiii  in  rclaiinii  t^  tlu-  wlicK-  -cIkiik',  >onictiiiu-s 
.ill  it-  nuril>,  M.im'liiiiL'>  it  i-  to  \k-  Icari'd  with  an  I'Vi'  t"  jiar- 
lianuntarv  ncnial-,  ainl  n^'t  until  nuuKTnu-,  cliaiis,'-' — ii-nally  in 
thr  (iirtcti"U  nf  -rtMtir  lilnrality — had  hi'i-n  made,  tliat  thf  lull 
rui'iiiinnicKd  liv  it-  "vvn  iJi-n-ion  c  ininii--ii 'U.  a~  thn-  anun<l>d. 
tinally  laixivi-d  a  uiianiniou-  \oic  "i  tin.  ( 'lianilKT  oil  l-'cbniarv 
5.  I'MS,  and  \\a-  -I'nl  t^  tlii'  Srnatt'. 

Tin-    Ma— I'    ri'iinrl    and    the    jiarlianu  ntary    dcliatc    i-xlnljit    .t 
C(in-tiintii'U'-  dctiTniinatiun  U>  \vi-i.i;li  ixcry  pcrtiiunt  ccn-uKr- 
ati'ii.  ti.  ivadi'  w  \--\K-  and  at  tlio  >anic  tinu-  U>  try  to  reach 
a  ric  iiiiiliatioii  cf  \ii\v>.     TIk'  fL-jmrt  i>  in  >ix  ]iart-:  I.  A  lii-- 
|i.rii-al   >k<.tch  of    I'reiuh  k-,i;i-laii' .n.      II.   An   ini|uiry   into   the 
j,eiural   princijiKs  which  >hould  o-ntrol  the  iireiKiralii  in  of   the 
l,roi)o~(.-d  law  and  an  exaniinati<n  of  the  >ni;j,a>tion>  contanud 
in  ihe  variolic  nu-a~urr^  whiiii  had  lieen  referred  to  the  eoiunii-- 
H-n.     III.  .\   -uniniary  of  the  jiroposed  law  and  a  conipari-in 
v.itli  the  provi-ion-  of  the  law   of   ISol.      W .  Text  of  the  pro- 
po>ed  law  with  explanation-  and  with  jiandlel  text  of  the  rec- 
( iHiniendatii  'n-  of  the  extra-iiarlianieiitary  c  .ninii»i(  'n.     \'.  State- 
ment of  henetit-  other  than  the  pension  which  are  ri'-erved  for 
di-cliar'.,eil  >oldier~  or  their  claimants.     \'I.  Financial  provision-. 
The    commi>-ioii,    in-i-tin^    that    the    niea-ure    which    it    pre- 
-ented    to    the    C'hamlier    wa-    in-pired   by    tho-e    sentiments    of 
,u;ratilnde.    of    K""'l    ^^'H-   •""'    "■    .^'eiieron-    national    fraternity 
which    Parliament    and    the   nation    had   always    -hown    to    >.  1- 
<lier-   and    their    familio,   claimed    for   it    :he    following;   ^jiecial 
cliai'acieri-tic-: 

1.  Se]iaration  of  the  pension  le.uidation  from  any  i|ne^lion  of 
retirement   from  service. 

J.    I\e-pect    for  vested   ri,i,'ht-. 

.V   'rri'aiment  of  all  iK.-n-ion-,   i:ra!U>  and  allowances  ari-ini,' 

from  the  law  a>  positive  ri,i;]ii-  with  leL,'al  >anctioii not  hoim- 

tie-  i^r   favor>. 

4.  .\dmi--ion  of  whole  new  cla--e-  of  heneliciario,  jiarents 
and  ,t:r.ind])arent-.  ille,i,Mtimate  children,  claimants  on  account  of 
"nii--inu;''   -oKlier.-. 


!  KAM  i; 


_'49 


5.  Taking  into  ncccunt  iliu  m/c  "I  laiinly.  an  incrca>c  t-r 
each  cliiM  in  tlu-  allowance  tii  wid^.w  cr  (Ii>al)lcil. 

I,.  KL'O.Kniti..n  ni  a;;j,Tavati-n  oi  ilhu—  or  intirniity  by  mili- 
tary service  a>  a  unnind  f-.r  pcnsicin  on  ihc  same  basis  as  for 
illness  orii^inatinj,'  in  the  service. 

7.  Creation  "I  a  presimiiition  of  proof  in  favor  of  the 
wouniled  and  the  sick. 

S.   Creation  of  a  presuniiiti-n  <'f  jiroof  in  favor  of  widow-. 

9.  i:>talili>hinent  of  an  accnrate  and  -cientilic  ratio  between 
disability  and  coniiK-nsation,  similar  to  that  which  exists  in  the 
ca-e  of  indnstrial  accidents. 

10.  .\dmission  of  c  .ntradictory  e.xiRTt  medical  opinion. 

11.  Increa>e  of  rate-  for  the  benefit  of  widows  and  children 
of  common  soldiers  and  corporals  and  for  the  benefit  (if  in- 
valids. 

\2.  Extension  of  the  law  to  mobilized  workmen  m  factories 

and  to  n<'ncombatant  soldiers. 

'I'lie  conimi>Mon   declares  that   the   nation   will   not   consider 

its  oliligation  divcharge.l  by  the  award  (if  a  pensicjn;  that  social 

aid   to   the   disibkd,    to   widows,   ..Id   p.-wents   and   children    of 

soldiers  must  take  every  form  and  adapt  itself  to  every  situation. 

r,y   the   time   the   pension   bill   ])a>-ed   to   a   tinal   vote   in   the 

Cliamber  of  Depiities,  it  had  been  sensibly  modified,  mainly  by 

the  increase  of  rates  and  the  addition  of  K'narantees  of  vari..ns 

kinds  intended  to  make  more  secure  the  rights  or  to  diuiini-h 

the  difficulties  of  claimants  for  pen-i'.ns. 

The  normal  allouance    for  a   conini' .n   >ol.lier   who   i>  onn- 

,,letelv  disabled  was  fixed  at    l..=00   francs,   -vith  an  additional 

,iOO   francs  for  those  who  were  wliojly  blind  or  had   sutfered 

!.„  .imputation  of  two  limb-.'      Di-abililie-  ■  f   le>-  llian  eigiity 

.  1,  i<  interesting  tliat  the  I'-rend,  Parliament,  like  the  American  Con«re^. 
relu  e,    tn  U-ave  the  fate  nf  the  Min.le.l  .nhlier  an,l  ..f  the  man  who  ha,  1,.- 
,w     liml..  t..  the  .HH-reti<,n  of  administratue  nrtinak  tnuler  the   workuu; 
e  .rdinarv  lev'i^lat.ve   pmvisi.m.     On    Inly   l.V   1^17.   while  the   peneral   hill 

w:;;:;;u  umier\-„n.uieriti,.,,  a  hrief  i"''v'";f  T  a^T,;?;  "orKHri^r": 

to  the  common   sohlier   an.l   sa.U.r   thn>^_  < h-ahUM   a   l'^'V'';\''\    l,,,   ,  ,      v,', 

Tlr':^^-:"^  ^^ws'^hni'  -nSMl-h^.,;;;:,  ^i;nJi:  If  h ;;  nt^f 

the  l.ivjlRr  rates  provided  un.ler  the  general  law  a.  >oon  a,  it  is  enact.d. 


?50 


iii> \iii.i;ii  >i)i.i)ii.K' 


AM)    S\ll.iiK.> 


i 


per  Ci-ni  wtTi-  Ciilriiliticl  i.n  a  Ii.wcr  hi-.-  tlian  thai  takni  t"r 
OMiiplrti'  (li-aliilitv.  'I  Ini-  a  di-ahiluv  ratr.l  at  M\tv  Ii«r  retU 
(.iitilKd  llic-  ilaimaiit  i"  a  |ifii-i..!i  ..t  h()0  traiic>,  oiu'  <'i  f'Tiv 
l.iT  ciiil  t.i  4(X)  train  >,  and  ■■ik-  ••{  twriity  pir  cent  l"  .'(X)  iraiu-. 
'I'll.'  taliK'  had  <.ri.i,'iiially  hueii  ■.yiniiR-trii-al.  Iml  tr..iii  sympathy 
\,.r  the  nrauils  hUssis  an  iiuTia-c  in  their  ta\"r  \va-  made  a- 
ihe  re>iilt  <>i  an  aiiieiuhiuiil  tr.  .m  the  tl'"ir.  'I'hc  t;. .vernnuiit 
and  ci.tiiini-M-iii  .-iicce— tiilly  re-i-ted.  t^r  rmancial  rea>"n-.  tlie 
attetiipt  t"  make  .1  curre^jM 'iidiiiL;  imrea-e  in  the  ca-e  of  le"er 
injuries.  However,  llie  apparent  injustice  !>  perhaix  cniinter- 
hilaiued  hv  the  e\len>ive  iiroviMMii  l^r  retraining'  "I  whieli  the 
tctallv  (h^ahled  are,  of  co'ir-e.  le"  able  V-  take  advanta.^e. 

W  idow^  were  granted  a  peii-ioii  of  (.00  franc-,  and  thi>  \va< 
In  \\:-  t,'iveii  e(|nallv  wliether  or  wl  their  liii~liand<  were  kilted 
on  tiie  fuld  of  hattle,  the  old  di-tincti"n  hetween  normal  and 
exceptional  pen>ioii^  heiii.u  al)'. limited  except  for  the  lii.i;lK--t 
olVicer,-. 

In  the  Course  of  the  dehate  it  \\a-  decided  to  .ndd  a  pliy-iciaii 
and  a  disililed  soldier  t-  each  of  tiie  department.al  Pension 
r.oard>  con~tilitted  to  hear  appeals  from  the  administrative  ofti- 
cial-.  The-e  two  meniliers  of  the  local  Pension  P.^ard  are  se- 
lected hv  the  Minister  ><i  Jitstice,  in  the  ca>c  of  the  physician 
fr.  .m  the  medical  experts  on  the  official  list  of  the  triiuinal; 
in  the  case  of  the  disabled  veteran  from  lists  furnished  either 
by  the  Association  of  "Miuiles,"  or  Ijy  the  Association  of 
"Keformes." 

Another  amendment  of  special  interest  in  connection  with 
the  present  study  is  that  which  anthorize«;  an  api)renticeslii]), 
tinder  state  snpervision  and  partly  at  state  expense,  for  any 
disabled  solilier  who  because  of  wounds  or  infirmities  can  not 
resume  his  former  occupation.  It  is  stipulated  th.it  an  allow- 
.iiice  of  not  less  than  one  franc  a  day.  eiiual  to  one-tiflh  of  the 
wai;e  to  be  received  from  the  employer,  will  he  j;iven  by  the 
state  to  suppleni-nt  the  apprentice  watre.  r  <'.  the  contr.act  be- 
tween apprentice  and  employer  must  be  approved  by  the  inspector 
(){   labor  both  as  to  the  wage  aiul  as  to  the   duration   of   the 


kSSk' 


^^^am^^i^mm:;%^mfM 


1  KAN'    I. 


>5l 


:il)|>rfntu>  -nip- 
pay  twci  tranc- 


ll'   there   \va-  1' 


tho   ^lalc  iiiii;iit 


a  ilav. 


1 1 1-: 


I'knsiiin 


.11.1.    AS 


In  iiK- 


fi.rin  m  wlitcli 


'A^sn 


(Cll-li'Il 


)    UV     1  111.    ClIAMi:!  i; 


law  Kfl   tlK-  ClianilKT  ><f 


\\\M\i 


us    111 


ibriia 


rv,   1''1S.   It   iiri-i.ti 


ted   tin-    foil.. will-    hp.ad 


frntn  tlio  law  " 
sdicilulo  at  till'  time  in 


iS.'il.  uhidi  it  wa-  t--  roplaio.  aiul  the 
tMrcc-  iiiuKr  tlial  law: 


1.    Suli-tantial    iiureaM 


am 


1  fcir  sev 


.relv  ili-ahKiJ 


ite  >■ -Idler-  am 


J.   Suiii)leiiieiUaiy    pn 


i-i.'ii    ai 


I'.r     liii 


lilreii    iindrr 


ixteen. 


3.    lVn-i(in-  f^r  parent-  and  ).;raiidi 


lareiit- 


4    V 


•ii-ii'ii-i  t'lr 


>1di 


d  -ail'ir- 


ith  di-al)iluie-  rat 


le--  tiiaii  >i\ty  per  Cent. 


Kever-al    ct    pre-UlllIiti-ll    "t    I' 


di-ahled  men  ant 


1  al--"  t"  the  advant:i 


.t    t"   the 
of   widiiW: 


d\aiua,i.;e   "t 


().    Imprnxemeii 


tiiiii  II 


f  disaliled  veteran-  on 


])rocedure.       Repre-enta- 
the  r.oards  of  Pension  in  the  several 


t    oi    admim-irali\  e 


departments  ot  the  conntry 


Supplemeiitint;  an  e 


illicit  had  already 


leeil  pas-ed 
•ion  law  e 


iitirelv  di-tinet  law  w 
itioiial  reeducation,  the  propo-ed  peti- 


ret;.'.rdin^' 
-tahli-hes  a  sy>tem  of  aiiprenticeslup 


und 


er   -tate  -u- 


pervi-ion  am 


1  with  financial  cooperation  on 


the  part  of  the  -tati 


f,,r  the  henelit  of  tlio-e  uho  can  not  f.'llow  their  old  trad'  and 
wish  to  learn  a  new  one  in  which  they  would  ordinarily  receive 
-ome  waj^es  from  the  start. 

()l,viou-lv  three  comi'ctin.ii  and  interestinjj  ideas  liave  m-pired 
and  -uided'this  nieaMire  tliron^h  the  Chamher  of  Deputies:  the 
very'ideas  enumerated  at  it-  inception  in  the  an;dysis  made  hy 
M  ■  p„,,^.r_(  n  recoinpen-e.  I -' i  coinpen-ati.  n.  ami  (o)  re- 
eii-e  we  under-tand  al-o  remuneration  ha-e>l 
iii-ider  the  lir-t  two  of  ihe-e 


lief.      If  liv  recoinpei 

oil  an  iniiilied  contract,  we  iiKiy 

prMKiple-  .1-  einl.odie.l  re-pectivelv  in  ;iie  Pen-ion  Law  ot    IS.^1 

and    the   t 'oiiipeii-:itioii 


Law    of    1S')S.      Much   \v:i-   -aid.   ahoiit 
eliminating  all  relief  features  lr,.ni  the  hill,  but  "is  in  all  similar 


k\ 


';  • 


|i|-  \l;i  I  !i    >|  M  I'll 


liBR      I 


|i -;-l.iii.n   in   .iii\    I'l.iinirv  tin-   -pciilily  ini-.iinr  iiKTi'ly   ;i  (nic- 
li.ii  .i|'  Wii-il-.     W  li.tluT  it  i-  I'.illr.l  n.ili-ii.il  -  ■lidariiy  "r  -"ci;il 
jiiMKv  "f  ]i<ii-iin  "r  nlui',  ilic  inii-|Mi-i-  niii,iiii>  tin-  ~:iiik— n^t 
t..  all.'V.   ih'  ->    \\li..  Iia\r  l/i'cn  iiijuncl  < 'V  lia\i-  Ihciiii'  ill  in  llif 
I'  iinir\^  M  r\  ill',  i.r  llu'ir  t'ainilii-.  l"  -ntl'iT  ai'tnal  want  Iii-i-anM- 
r  I    tikir  (li-al.ililii  >.      Il  i-  inu-  tlial  tin.'   naii'.nal   iiiirii"-i'  ii'.w 
-..f-   i.,r  ln-N.'inl  tlii^.     iMiIi'^lili'iKcl  imlilic  ciMiiinii  iid  cnly  <\<- 
n.iii.l-  lliat   all  adual  <>r  ini|jlii.-d  nl)lii,'ati( 'ti-  -hall  he   fnlliilitl; 
llial  anv  iIani,''T  nf  (IcinniliMCc  cr  privatidi  ^hail  In'  a\irtiil.  and 
that  ihrri'  diall  he  n  [Mratii  .11  fi-r  iiijuric.-. ;  hut  'hat  in  adihli-n. 
■  r    II    It    he    I'lrliTrid,    a-   a    nicth.'d    ■■I    ri'liarati' 'ii.    ^^\<v\     mm- 
vivini;  vitiran  t>l'  tlu-  war  wh"  ha->  hi'iii  partially  di-ahlid  -li.iil 
ha\>   thr  ntni"-t  ii"-ihli'  i-ci'iii-rati"!!  I'v"        'i-'  :  talc  in  ri'.i;aiinni,' 
a~    la\"rahk'  an  ci-"n>'tni(.-  ]i>.-itii'ii  a-   lie  held  hi'tori'  the  war, 
nr  t\in   a   In  Iter   ]i"-iiini.,   it    hy  any   na-cnahle    iiive>tnienl    in 
lihv-ieal    and    \i 'i.iti.  .nal    edneati^'n    thai    can    he    acccinijili-hed. 
Heme  the  i,'reat  \arielv  "i  vhiiitarv  and  i.lVieia!  wcrk  < 'ii  hehalf 
It    the    lihnd,    the   criiipleil    and    the    en .  ale-ceiit    -dldier-   and 
-ail"r-;  the  M^eational   -elu.i'N  and  iilaceillelit  hureail>  ;  the  .i,'"V- 
enmiental  Imanl-  and   the  l 'Cal  o  inmiiltce- ;  the  active   iiiterc~l 
c'l  trade  tininn-  and  "t  emiil' lyini,'  indn-trie-.     l-'rancc  has  natu- 
rally hcen  a  pinneer  in  all  -nch  directi"n~.     She  ha>  hail  a  lar,:,'e 
numher  nt   di-ahled    -.'ldier~  and  -he  heijan  U>  have  thcni   tir-t 
a;ii"ii'4  the  Allii-.  with  tiie  excrjiti.'n  "i  I'.eli^iniu,  wh«>-e  di-ahleil 
-.  Idier-  ha\e  heen  cared  l'"r  and  reedncaied  ill  I'rance  :  and  "f 
S^  rhia,  liianv  nt'   win  -e  criiiple-  lia\  e   aU"  cnim.'  \.u  iTailCe    t' T 
reediicatii  n. 

Till-:    FCNTHliN"    Of    Ll.ClSI.ATlON- 

Peii-ii  n-  ha\e  tluir  ..riuin  and  litnitati' 'n-  in  leiji-latii 'n.  Tn 
kn.'W  what  they  are  an.l  wh;it  i-  their  nnderlyin.u  i>nri".-c  and 
-jiiril  we  inn-t  examine  the  law-  and  the  reiii'rt-  and  dehates 
which  iincede  their  (.'nactmcnt. 

Medical,  -nr,i;ical  and  <  rih' -iR'die  care  "I  di-aiiled  -"Idier-, 
.dth'.ii-h  pri'vidrd  nnder  niilitarv  and  deiiartinent  re.ynlali' .n>  nn- 
ikr  le-al  autlKifitv,  lia>  it>  iirii;in  and  liniitati' .11-  in  the  nur.ilKT 


^y»^^ 


1  :;.\NCE 


253 


.•in,l  the  -kil  Mt  av;u'..ilil<-  phv-i    .m-  an.l  iluir  anxiliaru-.  111  tlu' 

in  tlic  iiKtlical  ■  iri^aiii/ati' ■!)  "t    iho 


rl   wartari'. 


aiui 


-t.irati"ti    (>l    'li-a1)Kil    nu'ii.    al- 


f  iiilitii'ii-- 
;i;ni\-. 

rii.iii.niic  aii'l  \  "i;i;i"ii:il 
thcuuli  it  may  In-  iiu.  .111  ,i'^i-<l  ami  (.■viiitiially  r. -ul.itccl  liy  Icl,'!- 
lalii'ii,  lia^  it-  criym  hi-tiTically.  in  l  ratici'  ai  lia>l.  in  l">al 
and  vcluiitary  i)n.\iH.  n  t'.r  -'liliir-  r>turniiiu  t"  a  lartuular 
t..\\ii  (.1-  citv  and  turdin^  inmi-diat'  aid — a  iK-liiint,'  li  nd  t"  \i}\- 
\i-nt  tlKirI»'iti;,'dcnii  .rail/I'd  by  idkru-sand  I'v  t'l.oliMi  -yin|all:\. 
t..  jjivi-  iluii;  a  ratiniial  iliuii.  t-  ■  c,i,Min  a  f'H.iiiij,'  111  iIk  ic- 
niiiiiic  lil'    III   tlu-  (.'iniiiu; 

I'l.r  iKii>inn>  and  in-ur.i.n.  ilif  law-  and  tluir  adniini-tra- 
tinii  arc  ivi-rythinj,'.  I'T  li-.-iuiaN  id  what  i-  (l.'nv  in  tlii'in 
and  fiT  tlk-  coiuaK^cint-  wii"  K"  ""t  "'  'l'" '"•  'I"'  '•»^^~  •'"■'' 
iini)i.rtaiit  luit  ».,..liy  mc  .ndar\  Tluir  .hitf  fuiKti'iii  i-  i- 
(k'fnu-  antlicril^  ai  '  turni-li  liiiaiuial  r^ -nnue~.  Ii'r  v'i>  itmnal 
training  and  n-t' 'ration  ;■•  ci' 'iiMii-ic  n-ifiiliR-.s,  f,^iural  Kyi-la- 
ti,,n  ni  V  cr  inav  iid  he  niiH"ar\ .  hut  at  any  rate  it  racdo  int'. 
a  very  inin'  '  jilaee.  The  irainini;  mIkmT  the  vocatii'iial  advi-er. 
the  eniiil>y.  r,  the  enthn-ia-tic  friend,  the  trade  a— "ciale,  atul 
the  man  hin.^cif  are  the  main  faet^r-  in  the  sitiiati.'ii. 

C(iN\Ai.i;s(  1  Ni  I  >r.ii>is 

In  October,  ]^\A.  the  ITench  War  Mini-try,  ir  f>rdrr  t-  re 
lieve  the  military  hospitals  <T  work  which  could  better  be  .lone 
independently,  crea.ted  in  each  of  the  twentv  reirion-  n  .  \  '■•xh 
continental  I->ance  is  divided  for  military  purpo-c-.  con  ,K  lU 
hospital  depot-  (hopital-dcpot  de  convale-cent- ).  Thi-  m-titii 
tion.  born  of  the  nr.uent  needs  of  the  moment,  wa^^  ri(|uired  to 
receive  all  officers  and  soldiers  without  exceinion  who  ^honld  be 
di-chari;ed  from  the  hospitals  assi.i,'ned  to  it. 

The  function  of  the  convalescent  depot  wa-  defined  a-  fol- 
lows: 

1.  To  direct  without  delay  to  the  di  ]  -t  of  their  .wn  army 
corps  those  who  seemed  to  be  cap.abk-  of  re-uniinj,'  -ervicc 
inuiiediatelv. 


S&i«WS'^ 


;-  \ 


iii- \i  1 1 1' 


|.|M-      \Mi    »  \ll  I'l 


1.,    ,.,Ui    .ll.ilL,'     ■■!    ill'  ■'     "'"■   ''''^''    '""'    "'    -I'"''''   '■'"    "'■ 

,1  a  ],rn.'.l  ■  I   u\,<'^.  aii.l  t^.  iii-mi-  tli.it  tlu'v  nuiM-  llu-  aif"- 

|.I  i.llc    III  .llllH  111. 

.;  1..  ti.  ..ii'.m.nil  l-r  ~|.cci;il  (■■  n\  aU-i',  lit  K;ivi'  i1i"m'  v.li'.-o 
iinaiMdtv  iiiii-t  iiiiliini.    |.  r  a  liiuu    iHrii.il. 

i  1,,'  r.r-iuni.ii.l  I'  r  ,1im  lui  ;;i'  (r.l..rnu')  or  ntir.ni.  lit 
,,,.,r;,itri    tli-~i'    wli"   ar.    (Ktiiiitdy    iiRai-acilat..!    f^r    luitlKT 

iiulitai\'  -i'r\  ii'i'. 

;  |„ -,  ...nsali-u'iit  cl.i..^!-.  altli-uuli  .  ruaiii/ol  in  an-..nlaiu-f 
v.ith  -nur.il  iiiini-tiTiil  in-lfuti.  .ii-.  ,lillrri.l  u'nallv  aro.nlint: 
1.,  [\w  (li.iradir  •■!  liu-  11  -i>ii.il-.  -.■luial  aiM  -pen.!!,  in  ilu' 
rr-i.  II,  ,in.l  .KOir.lni-  I-  llu  miuilKr  (.f  |.,.iuiii-  ->iu  tn  iIuml 
•|1,,  ,,.  1,1  il,i-  iiKir.  iiiiii.^rtam  umlical  r<iilfr>  wire  n.iturally 
,.,11,  ,1  up.. 11  t..  -.TM  h.-l'ital-  .ul-uK-  lluir  "Wii  t.rrit.,ry.  Tlic 
,K|„4  in  r„.nKaii\,  i<r  lAaiiipK',  ua^  lalK.l  ui.-n  U>  ri-aui- 
o.l-in.il-  Milt  IP  m  lic.^iHi.,!-  .,-  i.ir  .li-;,,iit  ,i>  (  iK-rlM.nr.L;  i-r 
(Aaiiiiiiaii-ii.  i-iih.  r  I'.r  f,  in  al.M<  iit  Ir.ivr  ..r  tor  ili-cliar-r.  a- 
well  a~  iiaiunt-  m  lU  ir^'iii  -lAtral  Mirn.iimlin.i;  n'^ii-ii-  I"  tlu- 
-l»(.ial  li-^pitaK  in  l'.-r.K.ni\.  'riui--  tlk'  A<.y\.  lia.l  mvi-r  K- 
ihaii  4.(100  patient-  V>  i  \ainim-  rviry  in,  nth  ami  li.ul  dealt  with 
„  i,.ial  of  ni..re  than  r,0.000  hv  tlie  eii.l  "t  the  y-ar  lol5.  I'n- 
,1,  r  tlu-e  cir.uniM.iiui-  the  .Ki"'t  had  Ihhii  ltd  t-  work  niii  an 
adinini-trativi  jilaii  which  would  permit  rapid  work,  reduce  nii-- 
lake-  to  a  ininiinnni,  and  facilit.ite  the  di-covery  of  ^nch  ermrs 
a-  -hould  he  made.  Tile  exact  proceihire  for  the  hopital  is 
-niphicallv  pre-ented  l>y  Konqnelte  '  in  three  concentric  cycles 
with  stati'.n-  for  e.idi  -eparate  >t:i«e  in  tlie  process. 

ihe  outer  c\cle  rej.reMiiI-  the  operation-  foll(,wed  in  the 
ca-e  of  tlio-e  who  arc  pnpo-ed  for  return  to  their  own  niilit.iry 
formation-,  with  or  witlioui  a  mini-terial  lea\f  of  -even  il.iy-. 
The  (on\  all -cent  aj.pe.ir-  at  the  entrance  hnreau,  where  a  regis- 
tration card  i-  iirepareil.  He  then  leaves  liis  haj;j;aKC  at  a  check- 
inj,'  station  and  call-  for  any  mail  at  the  ix'-t  ofTice.  He  then 
ha- hi>  examination  in  the  "Pavilion  de-  I-.ntrant-."  .\fter  a  vi-it 
to  the  barber  he  <.;<.e<  to  the  clothing  room   for  whatever  luw 

!  Le  Ctiitre  Special  ilc   I\if,Tme. 


•■ni*      ^^' 


I  I;  \M  V. 


2^^ 


,  r  MO.inl  li.ui'l  .;.iniHiii-  Ik  in..\  i<-.|iiirf.  II.  tlu'ii  r.iH'iv.  -  m\ 
l,,,v  iT  r.  nnl.ur-.  nuiil-  .hu  Imn.  -l.i;iiti>  lu>  ir.iti-i..  rl.iti.  .11  -nlrr 
.a  tlu  ••I'.iircau  (K-  lA,..u.iti-!i-."  .  .ilN  MUa.ii  al  llir  j-M  ■  Hu . 
,,,  1,,^\^  111-  i-ruarilni-  .i.l.lrc-.  ..ti-l  al  llu  iluHkni-  i-m 
|-,,r  111-  parc.N.  l.aMi-  laullv  l..r  hi-  r.;;iUR'm  .t  i-r  il;<- 
,,laa-    ularc    lu'    i-    t-    -p.ii'l    In-    -...n-lay    Uavi'.    a>    \\k    ca-. 

iiia\  111'. 

111.,-,   will  1  ar<'  jir.  |H  -m1  t^r  -pciial  r.  .ii\  al>M-.tit  Ka\i-.  .t  l-r 
,li-iliar-c  \Mlli"iil  l-n-i-ii  lutaiiM    t!i.  ir  illn.—  ..r  (li-aKiliI\- ha- 
,„,t  nriuinatnl   ni  ili.    -,  r\  u,-,  j.a--  thr..uuh  a   -.ri.-  -I    -tali-.n. 
imlu.lm-  all  -I  ih'  ->•  .imnurai   .1  l-r  tlu  lur.d  i.atu'iU.  hut  iin.l- 
uav.  atliT  tlu'  ^.lural  .  Naiiniiati-ii.  llu\   ar>    n.|U'r>.l  t-  aiijitar 
in  a.Miti'.ii  iKt'T.-  <  nr  .t  thrir  -^riial  l.-anl-.  atoT-lm-  a«  llu  .• 
arc    rfn.iiiimii.lnl    l-r    (1)    .-nvaK-ant    Icavi'.    I -M    .li-ihai  ,i;r 
int.rmc   t,;,,!',;  „nr  •■r   n /.•</,..■    V.l    Ji,   t    ( ->  )    a-«i^;,K-.l    t.. 
iUiMharv    niilitarv    -i■^^W,■.      In    ace  .nlaiu.-    with    tlu-    .KnM..ti- 
,„a.l.-  hv  iIk-v  o..i!uii-.i...i-,  th-M'  wh..  .iiut'^,-  In.ni  thi-  cn,1c. 
Ml   Ka\iiiK   tin-   .Kl"'l.    r.ttirii   tc   tlu  ir   h-iiu-   ..n   c-tisaK-rnit 
Kav..  ..r.  a-  r.'t.niu's  N-.  J,  i.r..cv..l  U.  ..iu-  -t  the  ii.-tuuli.  .11- 
l,,r  tin-   care   "f   lu'iiii-K--  cnvaU-irnt-  nr  ,.f   Mich  a-  live   m 
ihc   iiua.k'.l  (liMrict>:  -r   rejoin  iluir  cmnian.U   fnr  atixiha-v 
Mrvi.e.     Ordinarily  the  lalient  vlu.  la-e-  thn.UKh  the  t"ir-t.  nr 
■  liter,  cvele  i-  .letaine.l  in  the  <le]».t  -nlv  ..ir.  .lay.     Tlu-.'  who 
pa-  thp.uuh  the   -ec.i.l  cyeU    may  he  kept   lor  a  Ioniser  time, 
.lependent  < .M  the  ^che.lnle.!  nuetinf-'-^  "f  the  c  .mnii-Mon  hefure 
whuii  tliev  are  to  .iiipear. 

The  thir.l.  or  imur.  cycle  i>  that  of  the  convale-ccnts  who  are 
recommen.le.l  for  di.charKe  with  pensions  or  Kratnities.  Their 
conr-e  inclmle-  iH-i  "irice.  checkinj,'  room,  liarher,  clothinK  room, 
an.l  pavnia-ier.  hut  it-  -alient  feature  is  the  P.urean  of  lVnsi,,n-. 
where  their  medical  and  military  recrd  is  scrutinized  .ind.  u 
necessary.  coni|.leted.  W  hen  their  papers  arc  in  order  they  are 
presented  in  turn  to  the  Special  Kxaminm-  Board,  the  I'.oanl  ot 
Control,  the  Board  of  Writication.  .\fter  a  deci-ioii  ha-  heen 
made,  tliev  pass  out  through  the  same  exit  as  their  comra.Us 
of  the  oilier  cvde-.  hut  to  a  different  destination,  since,  if  the 


V 


iiv^lS^^ 


iii>m;;.i:ii  m ii,iiii:i;s   anh  smi.hk 


t:,r\   (Kiuand 


IHTll 


l'avc>r:il)lL'.  tlu'V  arc  ii"\v 


free  I'i  fiirilkr  mil 


arc  a"ii 


nd  of  tlioir  piii-^wn. 


)i 


sriiAKi; 


Ckn'I  KK: 


In  An-vi-l.  I"l'>.  iIk-  cmva 


K'-iTiit  Ix-pital  (U']>"i 


wa'i  rep 


.V  ilu-  ( 
.liii'li 


li-cliar^'c  ccnliT   (iVnin.'  Special  <lc 


KC 


rnic 


lacol 
tlirou.iili 


been  (I'.iu-  ill  the  r.nrdcaux  (Kjint  under 


wliuii.  a-  had  alrcai  . 

it^  old  name,  all  i.aliem<  di^charKcl  fmm  Im^piial-  were  to  pa>s 

v\hclhcr    ihcv   were   candidates    fnr    penM..n>.    n'/.'n)/.'    N".    1. 

,rf<.niu-  N-.  -'.  teinii-rary  di-charLic  auxiliary  service,  cliantre 

,.f  service,  cnnvalescent  leave.  <.r  ;iny  other  disposition.     Can- 

,li,laies  |,,r  a  pen-ion  are  re.|uired  t..  apiK'ar  in  turn  before  three 

.U.tinct  medical  lioard^.     An  exan.inin;.'  hoard  I  La  Con.niission 

di\.ainen)  in.|iiire>  as  t,.  whether  the  s,,ldier  is  to  he  discharged 

,,,•  incap.icitv   (reformel  <>r  retired   (retraitet.  and  whether  he 

,-  to  have  a  pension  or  .allowance  because  of  a  definite  connection 

between  his  .lisabilitv  .and  iiis  service.     His  record  must  he  most 

inliin.itelv  serulini/.e.l  bv  this  commissi,  ,n.  which  consists  ot  two 

medical  experts  ul„,  may  associate  specialists  with  theiii-clvCN  if 

it  stn-nis  nece-~arv 

ilu'   Coiiir-I    r.o.ard    ( Coinmi-Hon   de   Controle).   eslabhshed 
in  March    l"lf'>.  consists  ,,f  a  j)hvsician  an<l  a  surijeon.  with  a 
third  member,  it  nece-.ary.     As  far  as  possible  the  members  of 
this  eommission  must  be  chosen  In.m  aniont;  experts  who  have 
h.ad  court  experience  with  cases  of  industrial  accidents,  and  the 
l„,;,r,l   i,   1,,..ked   ni.on   .a-  medico-le-al   in   chai.acter.      It   serves 
a-  a  connecting'  link  between  the  local  examining;  boards  and  the 
co„s„hini:  medical  bo.ard  in  the  Service  de  Sante  of  the  War 
.Mini-iry'     This  !„,ard  is  clKir^ed  with  the  duty  of  assuring  the 
strict  ,.bMr\ame  <■!    ministerial   in-!ructions  in   the  preparation 
,.t   record^  an.l  the  necessary  certificates.      They  need  to  know 
,„,.eiMlv  what  place  in  tlie  scale  of  compensitioii  beloni;s  to  each 
specific  injurv;  whether  aiiv  ,i,Mven  condition  is  likely  to  he  per- 
nianein    or    oi.lv   tempoiarv.    whether    the   pa'ient    has    perhaps 
ref,i-.i  to  pennit  an  operation  which  mi^ht  have  improved  his 

C'lulUloIl,    etc. 


FRANCE  -'' 

Finally  the  Pension  Board  (Commission  de  Reforme)  legally 
verifies  the  [wt  '  claim,  certifying  to  the  Minister  of  War 
that  the  woum.  nfirmities  render  him  incapable  of  continu- 

ing his  service;  hey  appear  to  result  from  the  causes  siH.ci- 

f^ed  in  the  recon. ;  riat  they  produce  a  diminution  of  working; 
capacitv  estimated  ;.t  such  and  such  a  percenta>;e;  and  that  he 
is  therefore  recommended  to  the  Minister  for  discharge  with 
Mich  and  such  a  i^nsion  or  gratuity,  as  the  case  may  be.  It  is 
emphasized,  however,  that  all  this  is  only  a  .recummendatiun, 
and  that  the  decision  re^ts  with  the  Minijtry. 

TlIK   I'.KdlNNINr.   OF    RF.EDrcArio.N- 
The  functional  reeducation  <.f  the  disabled  soldier  and  the 
beginning  of  his  vocational  reeducation  take  place  in  the  period 
iK'tween  his  failure  to  respond  to  the  roll  call  at  the  front  and 
his  discharge  from  the  conv.alescent  depot,  or  Centre  de  Reforme. 
It  may  be  a  period  of  weeks,  of  months,  or  even  of  a  year  or 
more.     In  this  iK-riod  he  has  gone  through  a  first-aid  dressing 
station,  one  or  more,  it  may  well  be  many,  general  military  hos- 
l)itals.  and  an  (>rtlio|)edic  institution  in  which  he  has  in  all  prolKi- 
bility  had  the  benefit  of  massage,  mecanotherapy,  electrotherapy, 
hydrotherapv,  occupational  therapy,  and,   if  necessary,   speci.al 
treatment  in  wards  or  hospitals  of  ophthalmology,  neurology, 
psychiatry,  facial  surgery,  or  whatever  other  siK'cialized  medical, 
surgical   or  orthopedic  treatment   his  condition   might   re<iuire. 
He  has  been  fitted  either  provisirmally  or  definitively  with  artifi- 
cial limb  or  apparatus,  and  has  been  instructed  in  its  use. 

Preliminarv  t<.  such  fitting  the  stump  has  presumably  been 
carefuUv  prepared,  and,  indeed,  the  amputation  itself,  even  if 
performed  on  or  near  the  battle-field,  has  been  influenced  by 
the  knowledge  that  eventually  the  patient  will  need  to  have  such 
api.liance  fitted.  The  anaf.mical  condition  of  the  stumn,  the 
length  of  the  Ix^ne,  and  the  available,  cushion  provided  \;y  the 
limb  itself,  is  necessarily  in  the  mind  of  the  operating  surgeon 
no  less  than  in  that  of  his  orthopedic  successor. 

Opc-ration     and— as     is     fre(iuently     necessary— reoi)erati..n. 


|il>\IM.I.Ii    SI 


Pl.lUKKS    AMI    SAlI.ONi 


iiuilit-.i!   :mil    mir^iii,!. 
Hunt,    t'lltiii''   with  a 


;  cn-i.',  ii'in.ili-coiit   lari',   (.rlln 'pcdic   trcat- 
rtiiiiial  liml)>  (<r  npiiliancos,    fmictidnal  re- 


((Imaiii'ii 
iu-~   lia\i' 


1  liiuli-    iiiu-ili-^  "V  lurvcs,  \v 


liicli  tiy  iiij'.irii-s  or  i 


11- 


(li-tcrtnl  <T  limitid  in   fniictiMii,   m-tnicticn  in 


111 


■1  ''I'l 


iaiuc>  I'V  in  tlu'  u^c  ' 


.1    tl 


ic  cr.u'an^ 


if  tlu-  ImhIv 


mull 


r  ilK' 


lU  W     C"IHllll"Il>    I 


,i  lit' I' — all  tlii-  may  riM|tnri-  a  jiri)- 


ttiUtlMJ 


'i  V\<  i( 


1   .1 


iirm.u 


iliitli  (.riliiiary  o(Tn]iati<'ii   i>  "lit  <■ 


t   tlio 


(iiH~U"n  atul  ii'iftiia 


ini.'icali 


K'.      I'm  llii-  li'ii.i,'  1" 


1  lictiie  liti-  ill  till'  family  i>.  a^  a  niii'.  im- 
1  I  if  nudiial  ami  i'iiii\aK>cont 


i>  I  ■lit'  \\  hull  1 
f    viiw   i.f    futnro 


H'  mi 


if  tl 


.cciiuatii 'tl    am 


st  \  ital  impnrlaiue  frmu  tlu'  [' 


lint 


1     U-l'fllllU' 


tlK-    1- 


rciu'U 


iiudiial  at'il  military  autlmritio  have  n"t  failed  t<i  realize. 


.\fter  llu'   ln>t   tew 


I  ir  u  eel 


.luetmies  Irniii  the  very 


iei,'imim,i; 
— tiiiiiiien 


there  are  iihe  mnnie 


t-  ami  iii'iir>  whieii  may  pruxe  tu  be  (leei>ive  a 


kill  lie    future   eareer. 


'11 


lev    11!, iv 


ire--i"ii. 


iits.  iiiidccniiietl  lnnirs  in  the  (la\ 

III  tlu 

11(1   lie 

then 


le    pern  II 


N   (if    ]iriifi 


.\fter  an  anipntatinii  "r  nther  -eriini>  i.peni 


timi 


.t  (h>ei  -.iraiiemeii 


teii-e 


■nine  a  perii'il  i 

aetivitv  ami  hemic  exalt.ili 


t.  a  re.K'tmn  ;i5;aiti>t  tlie  iii- 


m  I'f  hattle,  at  aiiv  rate  a  om- 


ira-t  willi  the  ■ 'pen  life  ami  p' 


;1 


exercise  nl  tlie  arinv. 


Th 


eN.illei 
iiermaneii 


il    m:i 


iilietimi'-    reii     in. 


t.  there  1-  at  lea~t  re:i 


hut   if   the   ilis,ihility   is 
ili/.,itii'ii  th,it  the  --erviee  i>  ended 


d  that.  I'll  tlie  i.lher  hand 


the  niil 


f;iiiiiliar  (leeiipaln  iii  i>  pn 


aliiN'  11111111--1I1U 


'I'lie  mind  inevitahlv  niii>  fnrwari 


tiitl 


le  etiililN' 


tiuure. 


iuri '  tl  u 


lav.  hut  ,1  wreck  fur  all  the  day-  ti>  cimie,  1- 


~uh-taiice 
ei>.       \ccl, 


it   hi>  ri 


llecti 


linieil 


hut    u-e 


lull-  wli.ie  awa 
U-;   1 


lell-lnn 


ke  and  nf  his  dreams 
ed,    hut    depi'iideiil  ;    a 


•;|i'r 


hi  iw  ever 


'U-  crip 


nit    :i   c 


rijiple — the    tliinijlhl    liaun 


t>   1 


lis     1111111 


hravely  he  re>ii(.nil-  tn  cheerinj;  .ind  enci  lura^inj:  hanter. 


It 


IS  the  111 


-t  dittv  nf  the  In-liital 


ami 


all  w  liii  are  ci  iiiiucteil 


\Mtli  It,  tn  1 
turn  the  mini 


irevetit   Mich  hauiitm 


;,'  and 


li-tres-iiu 


tl 


iiiiiijlu-;  tl) 


1  fi 


rum  the  verv 


tir-t  niiinieiit  iiitn  nther  channel 


hefnre  the  cniivale-ceiit  patient  at"hrin:.ti\  1 


In     ]lUt 

there  are  anv   idle  uiniiiem' 
nf  a   fnlK    neciipied 


;is    snnll    a> 


lie  i>  10 


the  wlmllv  dilferenl  mental  picture 
Iv  u-eful  iiieiiiher  nf  the  ci  iiiiniunitv. 

■uied 


he  a--iired  nf  his  pen-imi,  hut   just   .is  dearlx 


FUANHI". 


that  h^•  i~  ni't  merely  a  peii-icre 
a-  ail  iinaliil  that  Ik-  i-  l"  Ii 


r;  that  it  i-  ii"t  in  hi>  eliaraeler 


Llcdueil  h"ilK-.  IT  ,i;i'iT 


teil  hv  hi- 


iieiK 


hi 


)i  .r^  1  'T  rei 


an 


k-.l  1 


)V    lH~ 


i\  iriii 


tiiii>h  ti'  !)■•  l<i"keil  up" 


iient.      He  i-  ir<>\n  >tart  to 
iiiu'  \\li('-e  remain  ins,' 


Mi\v(.r-  and  ea 


1 
tematie: 


laeitie- 


a  [iri  '(hieer ; 
ire  tc  he  .,<vel> 'ped  thon.u.uhly  and 


,.  net  niainlv  t'-r  the  sike  "i  redueini;  the  burden  .>t 


ntlier^.  hut  mainly  in 
on  hini-elt. 


Tder  thai  he  may  ivt  he  iin«luly  a  hiirdin 


Sueh  a^^nranees 


and  t' 


le  evi'leiut- 


in.  w  ineh 


th 


ha-ed 


have  a  .lireet  lherai)eutie  value.  Suri^e-n.  mir^e.  and  viMmr 
Nvonld  he  justified  in  tellin^r  ever-  palieiu  what  retnarkahle  >uc- 
ce-  ..ther<  Minilarly  al'tlieted  ha\e  had  in  ree^verin^'  their  eeo- 
nnmic  n^etnliu--.  in  teaehin.i,'  the  .  .ceupati<.n>  appropriate  to  the 

hospital    uard head    \v..rk.    klt-han.l    writin.i:    for    tho.,-    \Nho 

liave  lo^t  the  ri^hl  himd.  etc— ii    t^r  n.  ■  otlur  na-on  than  to 
liaMcn  their  recovery.      K.xerci-e~,  ot   eour-e.  luo.me  neec-~arv 
a^  a  mean^  of    functional   r.-ediuatioii,  an.l   tiie-e  iiiav  or   may 
"n,,i   he   Mich  as  will  contribute  aUo  to  the   -kill   which   will   be 
u-eful  in  some  future  occupation      Or  pultin.i,'  thi>  in  the  other 
wav.   it   niav  be  that  certain  niovenieMt>   which   the   v,.cational 
teaclur  would  wish  to  develop  a-  -tep-  in  teachin-  a  trade  nii^lit. 
mile-  properly  controlled  fn-ni  th  •  nu-.lical  p-iint  of  view,  pn.ve 
t,,  W  positively  injurious,     'i'he  development  re<|uired  for  pliysi- 
oL.-ical  reasons  niiKht  at  a  .^iven  statue  of  recovery  eviii  be  in 
coirnict  v.ith  that  which  is  (Ksirable  from  the  point  of  view  .if 
vocational  reeducation.      l"or  the  nio-t  part,  the  two  piiints  ,if 
view  can  he  reconciled,  but  where  there  is  any  diver.i^^nce  tlie 
medical  and  orthopedic  considerations  must,  of  course,  pre\ail. 
loir  these  and  other  obvious  reasons  the  direction  of  ,,ccuiia- 
tions  in  hospitals  and  cnvalescent  institutions,  an.l  throUL,diout 
the   period   of    mili'irv   cmtn.l,    remains    in    the   h.ands   of    the 
medical  military  authoritivs;  and  vocational  teachers,  like  mirs,--, 
masseitrs.    and    other    au.\iliary    operators,    work    under    their 
supervision. 


1 


260 


i)is  M'.i.r.ii  s(]Li)ii;us 


AM'    ^All.iil; 


Tin 


X 


MIliNAL    iNSlir 


Lit:  AT  St.  Maik'.ce 


wliicli  in   its 


There  is  crif  iiiii<|iu'  ;i!ul   iin|i(.rl,mt  in^tituti'in 
tv-huion  fnil.o,Iii>  Utter  than  aiiy  miIkt  the  IVcnch  cuncq.tinn 
of  what  the  i.k-al  crjjaiii/.ati-n  ..f   v..cati<.nal  alucatinii  durini: 
tlii-  peri.  .(I  vhnuKl  Ik-.     Tl.i>  i^  the  NatK.nal  i  h  .me  fnr  C-nva- 
lescentN  f..iiii(le(l  in  IN.^7  at  St.  Maurice,  ju>t  ..utM.le  of  I'ariv 
Thi-  institution  was  well  known  before  the  war  for  its  <.rth.- 
,,c(he   work  ami  it-  Miece"  in   functional  reeducation.      .V--. el- 
ated  with  it  was  tlie   \aca>>y  National   Home   f..r  victims  ..t 
Hi.lustrial  accident-,  some  of  who-e  heneticiarie-,  while  livini:  m 
tile  asvluni  and  receivinj,^  medical  care  there,  lia.l  been  sent  t.  ■ 
ITivate  emplovers  in  I'aris  to  learn  new  trades,  while  other-  had 
bven  sent  to  day  trade  school-.     The  National  Hume  for  Con- 
vale-cents  i)romi>llv  opened  it-  doors  to  receive  the  wounded  oi 
the  battles  of  the  -Vlarne  and  of  the  Aisne  in  1''14.  but  by  March, 
I'll.^  it  had  become  evident  that  there  was  a  specialized  work 
for  tlK-^e  two  atViliated  institution-  to  do.     Arrani,'ements  were 
accordm-lv  made  between  the  Mini-try  of  the   Interior,  which 
had  previou-lv  conducted  them,  and  the  Service  de  Sante  of  the 
War  Ministry,  by  which  the  latter  a->umed  resinmsibility  for  the 
,.rtliope(hc   -ur^ery  .ind   pro-thetic   service,   while   the   .Mini-ir> 
of  the  Interior.  un<ler  the  common  medical  -upervision,  under- 
took to  provide  vocational  in-truction.     Since  May.   I'M?,  this 
in-titution   lia-  been   a  national  orthopedic  ho-pital  .and  center 
f,,r  vocati.  nal  trainin-,  officiall)- known  us  the  Institut  National 
l'roie--ionnel  de-   linalide-  de  la   Guerre. 

Although  admitted  before  discharKC  its  pupils  may  remain 
to  complete  their  cour^e.  It  i-  not  one  of  the  lar-est  schools, 
an.l  claimed  to  have  reeducate.l  !.v  Jime  30,  1"17,  only  103  men. 
It-  capacitv  at  that  time  wa-  for  ei^,dity  boarder-  and  forty-five 
addition.d'in  day  cl:i-^e-.  It-  intluence.  however,  because  of  its 
natiotial  character,  lt^  location,  it-  lar<;e  resources,  and  the  dis- 
tui-ui-hed  direction  of  Dr.  M.aurice  llourrillon.  is  far  greater 
than  the-e  mimber-  would  indicate.'  It  provides  instruction 
:  \I>uh  .-re.!,;  f .  T  tin-  croit.--..  :m<l  suiM-ori  .f  tlu;  Instiuite  slvniM  V 
..,uf>i  Vm  M.  I'.n^sic,  Uirivteur  <!.  V.\^s,*t.^.K■e  e-  <lc  1  ll.^gK-ne  rul.luiue  m 
U'.c  Miiii-trv  It  tliC  Imcn-r 


FRANCE 


261 


chhlinK,  tailoring.  t,n...th,n..  harnc^.  n.akm,.  «-;■'-  -Pa.-K 
,„„h  for  automoh.ks  an.l  .ract.r.  I.cm.Ics  account.n«.  m  1  »  1 
arawiHK.  a.ul  clcnuntary  curse,  .-r  tho>c  .1,.  are  .  l.tcr.U. 
Thc'ithcr  great  .>rtl.,.V  .  enters  ,rovulc  vocatP^uU  a.  u.U 
a.  functional  training,  ..nctim.s  in  tho  h.^pual  .tself.  a>  n 
,h,  Crand   Palais  ,n   l'an>.  s,.nH-tinHS  in  schools  ni  the  ne,«h- 

l:::^!, l.  wmch  a.'n,u  als„  d.dur,.!  .old.crs      Every  m.htary 

re-Mon  in  France  ha>  u~  ortL^ed-c  center,  and  n,  ..r  assooate.l 
wuh  each  of  tl.m  are  facihtie>  for  he^inning.  .1  not  for  con,- 
i.letintr.  a  vocational  reediu:ai..n. 

'  \-,.cat.onal  educ.t.-.n  V  d.aUed  s,.ld,ers  nuy  tin.  he  a 
,v-,,r,.duct  of  h,.~,.ital  and  c  .nvale.-ent  care.  It  may  overlap 
;„1  eoHH-ule  xvith  fnnct,..Kd  reeducat....  It  is  not.  however. 
;„  Uns  complicated  overlapping  ti.ld  that  it  is  eas>e>t  to  exa.n.ne 
its  real  charaau-  and  iTii;in-. 

Tin:   SiiiooL.s   at    Lyons 
The  characterisiK   .ean.res  ,,f  vocati..nal  training  for  .li-ahlol 
..Micrs  in  France  are  hes,  .n,die,l  in  the  Lrreat  var.ety  ot  local 
.,hool..  vohmtarv.  nnnncpal.  departnumal.  or  national,  ulnch 
have   spnm^'  up 'in  m.any   place>-in   citie.   in  villages.   „,  the 
„„,unta.ns.  and  bv  the  sea>i.le ;  and  m  the  plans  for  apprentice- 
ship  and   informal   training  which  are   encourage.l  hv   the  de- 
partmental committees,  each  on  its  own  plan  an.l  more  or  less 
in  accor.lance  with  local  traditions,  altl-ugh  naturally  influenced 
l,v  the  central  administration.     Fven  this  influence,  however,  is 
n'.t  whollv  tmiform,  since  s„me  schools  have  been  started  by  one 
Mimstrv  an.l  some  bv  another,  an.l  the  state  has  apparently  ha.l 
the   greatest  difflcultv  even  in  .leci.ling  in   which   Ministry  the 
Office  National  t..  suiht   l^e  this  work  shoul.l  be  LMged.    _ 
'     The  re.al  historv  of  vocati.^n.al  ree.lucation  ,.|  cripples  ot  the 
present  war  m  France  begins  with  the  publication  o,  ^^n  -article 
in-  K.louard  Herri.-t  in  the  Paris  Jounud  of  X.vember  _.^.  1  '14. 
,,n    the   v.>cati..nal    ree.lucation   of   the   "gran.ls   hle^ses.         I  he 
.ch....l    h.>wever.  was  n.  4  t,>  be  in  Paris,  where  M.  HerrM  u.as 
sitting  as  Senator  for  the  Department  of  the  Rhone,  but  in  his 


h!    • 


262 


IiI>\l;l.KI)    Mil.|i||;l<^    AM)    SAll.DKS 


fiwn  T.vons,  wlurc  \k-  \\a-  Mayi'f.  (hw  wwk  alliT  lii>  (li-cii>- 
-\f]\  ill  ihv  J cKiiuil  111-  -ifur>.(l  lavi.rahK-  actimi  I'rcm  hi-  niuimi- 
])al  iMiiiuil  ii<r  a  [in-jit't  I"  i'-lalili>li  a  ~rh'M,l  in  which  •-■■Khir^ 
s<i  (lisihlid  a^  ti>  \>v  iiKapahli.-  nf  roiiniiii^,'  ihiir  fiMMiuT  iiiiplMV- 
iiHiil  shoiiKl  !je  inslructcd  in  mjiuc  new  iraik-  coiniiaiihlc  wiih 
tlifir  infirmities. 

Tile  ^ItTV  (if  llie  llci'le  Jdi're,  a^  it  aflerwanl.  came  \i>  he 
called,  has  often  heen  told:  hy  M.  Ilerridt  himself  in  prefaces 
and  addroses;  hv  Dr.  M.  Carle,  wliu  \\a-  il>  director  l^r  ihe 
tir-t  few  nil  .nth-,  in  I.is  /ic'/.-.v  I'rofcssioiiiirlli's  i/>'  lUis.u-s — a 
1)1  Mik  which  lias  heen  de-crilied  a^  a  rmh-  )ih\niii  fur  ni. .-t  cf 
lh'i>e  whn  have  e>t,ihli>hed  >iniilar  scIumiI-;  hy  (insta\e  llir-ch- 
fcld.  l.ihrarian  uf  the  Senate,  wlm  hecanie  direclnr  of  the  -rend 
and  .iHiliated  Lvmi-  Sdn .I'l,  l.icated  in  the  Mihurh  of  Tonrvielle; 
and  hv  evervone  who  in  iVeiich  or  Iji,i,'li-h  h;is  atleinjited  to 
give  ,an  acconnt  of  work  for  di>ahled  -oKliir-  in  I  ranee.  The 
two  scliools — the  I'.cole  Jotfre  in  tlie  rne  Kachais  ;Mid  tlie  I'.cole 
de  Tonrvielle  on  tile  jilatcin  I'oint-dn-Jonr,  in  the  open  country, 
on  the  Tonrvielle  mad,  are  still  <|uite  a'-  well  worth  >tiidyinj,' 
as  aii\-  others  in  I'rance.  'I'hey  have  some  pnpil>  who  are  not 
vet  (h-cliar},'ed,  throu^di  arrani,'enient  with  the  Ser\  ice  de  S.inte, 
imd  there  are  sulnentioiis  from  the  l)ep;irtmeiu  of  the  Rhone 
and  from  the  state  throiif;li  the  Oflice  National.  l-".--entially, 
however,  these  two  schools  are  municipal,  ami  they  are  -iip- 
]iorte(l  m.iinly  hy  the  city  and  hy  \oliiiH;ir\-  contrihntion-  of 
nionev  and  enthusiastic  per.-oiial  service.  Prior  to  .\i)ril  1, 
I'U",  the  school-.  altlii>u,!,di  founded  h\-  the  mayor  anil  i|na-i- 
ofticiid  in  character,  had  their  independent  hudijel.  Since  th.it 
<latc  tliev  lia\e  heen  strictly  mnnieipal,  their  receipt>  ami  di— 
hur-enieiii-  included  in  the  municipal  hud.i^et  and  audited  hy 
official  accountatits. 

Tlure  i>  a  common  admini-ir.itive  cotmcil  ajipointed  hy  the 
mavor.  of  which  the  ni.iyor  him-elf  is  presiileiit,  and  the  dean 
of  the  medical  school  and  a  manuf.actnrer.  vice  pre-uK'Hi-  The 
-eventeen  ad<litional  memher-  include  ni.tnnfacturer-.  trade 
unionists.  ]ili\-ician-.  pii'fi--or-  aiid  men  in  [    Mie  life       In  ac- 


1 1<  \  M  I ; 


JIO 


ccrdanfe  \vi 


h  a  ci'iiiin.'H  l-'niuh  jiraotico,  one  n 


iliiiiiii>tralivc  ciumil  i-  iiamci 


.1 


Uiuli' 

K 


if  til 


iiliniiii-tiaiiiir  (klcyiK-     i 


.•rioriii  MiiiK'  1 


.f  the  cxcciitivi-  timcti"ii-  wliuli  iii 


hiih 


A 


niiTica  ti-ii- 


ally    fall  either   tii»'ii   the   pre-ideiit  .>r  the  executive   >eeretary. 

ami   the  ehiet    iiieilual 


A-iile   In  .111  the  i"ii 


iiieil  atul   il>  1 'liners 


(ilTiccr, 


whn   likewise 


has  its  own  (irf,'aiiizati(i!i. 


ha^  re^pon>il)ility   f"r  Ix'th   school-.,  eaeh 
The  I'-Ccle  J< litre  has  luul  at  il>  head 


d   the   Ko'Ie  de   Tniir\  ielle.    M. 


troiu  the  start  M.  l.a-e.iue, 
llirsehteld.  The  termer  ua>  a»..ciated  hefore  the  war  with 
the  technical  and  trade  >chn.,l>  ni  the  province  of  llainaut.  in 
I'.clKinni,  and  wa>  Kcucral  secretary  of  the  apprenticeMui.  sclw-.l 
f,,r  in.lu>trial  crippUs  at  OiarUroi.  This  pioneer  institution, 
fnunded  in  I'W.  has  had  a  niarke.l  iiitluence  on  school-  lor  war 
cripples  in  1-rance.  I.olh  through  the  ide:i>  which  it  liad  already 
cmhodied  in  practice  and  through  the  teachers  wliic'  it  tuniished 
f,,r  schools  like  the  I'cole  Jollre  and  the  ^cho,,l  at  Montpelher 
|,,r  French  soldiers,  and  alx.  for  tho>e  later  otahhslied  hy  the 
I'.el^'ian  (iovernnient  for  it>  own  s,,l,liers  who  l)ecau>e  ot  the 
conditions  could  not  for  the  nio>t  part  he  ilischar^ed  even  wlien 
pcrnianentlv  disahled.  and  so  iniKht  remain  in  military  service 
even  after  thev  had  heciiie  expert  in  their  new  trade. 

Alter  the  second  >cho,.l  wa<  otahlished.  instruction  in  tlie 
Ixole  l.^llre  wa>  conhned  mainly  to  commercial  Mihjects  and 
tny  makiii!,'.  In  the  F.cole  .le  Tourvielle  the  variou-  vocations 
which  have  hecoine  familiar  in  >clio,,ls  .,f  this  kind  everywhere 
are  fairlv  represented:  cohhlin^.  laiL.rinK.  cahinet  making;,  tur 
uiakin-.  pa-scmcnterie.  radio-telegraphy,  and  horticulture  heui- 
the  main  industries  taught. 

The  shoe  industry  include  the  makinf:  as  well  as  tlie  repair- 
iuK'  of  shoes,  and  there  are  ^pecial  classes  for  the  makin-  ot 
orthopedic  appliances  a>  well  a>  for  l.he  making'  of  the  p-p"!.''" 
\v,..  .den-soled  ./aloclus.  No  vocation  i-  ni..re  popular  am..ii,LC 
the  war  cripples  than  that  of  "c  .rd^.nnier."  Mo>t  oi  tlie  coun- 
trvmen  who  have  lost  a  lej:.  even  many  ..f  those  wli-.  have  l.si 
U\..— and  of  course  the  ^rcat  maj..rity  ..f  all  are  inin  the 
t,,umrv— >eize  ..n  the  chhler's  trade  a-  llie  one   uhich  ..I   all 


I 


264 


iiis.\iii.i;ii  scpi.iiiKKs  .\.n;i  saii.oks 


I 


soli-ntnry  occiipaii'-Ds  will  In-  m^st  likely  t<>  keep  tlicm  in  their 
1.1,1  li..mi',  :it  k-.i>t  in  tin-  nciu'hl>"rinK'  villauo.  They  ran  e-lahli-li 
tlieni-elves  ill  tlii>  vocatii'ti  with  a  very  nv'tlest  investment.  They 
will  he  their  own  masters.  They  can  easily  have  a  small  Kanlen 
i.r  otiier  side  "interest,  if  nece>.-ary.  It  is  practicaMe  t^  earn  >i.K 
i.r  eii;ht  francs  a  day.  which  witli  the  pen^^'n  will  sin'lici'  f'T  .1 
livelili>H.(l  under  llie  inexpensive  conditions  >>i  life  in  the  country 
vdhiKe.  Tho-e  who  have  the  necessary  capital  and  initiative 
may  take  an  assistant  and  eventually  develo])  a  small  local  -hoc 
factory.  Tho-e  who  are  less  amhiti.'U-  or  K—  .|iialitied  than 
the  averaj,'e  may  take  jxisitions  as  workmen  in  -uch  a  >hop.  The 
w.ir  ha>  decimated  the  ranks  of  cohhlers.  ;i-.  of  <'lher  villaije 
arti-.m-,  and  the  supply  -eenis  not  likely  to  1r-  in  exce--  of  the 
demand  in  the  near  future. 

The  director  of   the   -hn^■   -hop  at   Tourvielle   has  or.i,'ani/.ed 

ii  with  reference  to  its  -j-ecitic  ta-k.     He  apjireciates  that  he  is 

dealing  with  >,'rown  men  and  not  with  Im'V-;  that  they  are  not 

Karnini,'   their   tir-t   trad.',   hut   are  l)einu   reeilucated    in   a  new 

niie.     They  are  taui,dit  to  make  a  new  ^hoe  Kfore  repairini:  an 

nld  ..ne.     .\nd  this,  as  M.  Ilirschleld  point-  oi-t.  is  (juite  loijieal. 

He  who  knows  the  :matoniy  of  a  -hoe  will  he  more  ready  to 

lual   it-  wounds,   to  replace  a  soK-  .  .r  ptit   on  a  patch.      l"ir-t. 

h.  .wevir,   liie  apprentice  m.akes  hi-  kiue   -trap  .-md   hi-  leather 

li.md  pronctor,  so  i^ettin,!,'  nsed  to  -t-winj;  and  ,-liapini,'  le.ither. 

Then  he  makes  a  p.iir  of  slipjier-  which,  when  they  turn  out  to 

Ih-  u-ahle,  he  is  allowed  to  keej).     Tlien  he  makes  a  rou.i^h  -h.  lO. 

ami  later  one  of  finer  (|uality.      He  will  have  hnislied  his  tir-t 

p.iir  of  -iioes  within  a  month  after  his  arrival,  naturally  with 

m..re  or  less  as-istance  from  the  instructor.     He  will  lui\e  Un- 

i-hed  his  course  in  ei.^lit  month-  ..r  a  year,  with  the  prospect  of 

further  -kill  to 'he  iiainej   from  actual  experience.      I'.eforc  he 

leaves   he    will    receive    some    lini.-hinir   touches   in    the    way   of 

-ui;i,'e-tions  ahout   the   choice   of   t;,  .,.ds,   the   develoimient   of   ^ 

clientele,  and  other  u-eful  matter-. 

The  -cho.  .1  ha-  found  ;i  re.idy  market  for  it-  output,  and  -o 
ha-  heeii  eiiahled  to  pay  the  pupils  f,,r  their  work.     The  -cliools 


KK AM  r. 


:6S 


IkiiimIvc^.  tli<:  iminicipal  .uliiimi 


I 

iiKiit.  v.irp'ii^  war  a>,'ciKii>, 
vatc  custiiiiitTN  have  iiatrmiizo 
liavc  bifii  iiiaik-  t^  the  iiruviiici 


.trail. 'ii  n|   l.von-.  the  >;nvirn- 


the  >li"e  >h..i»  III  the  city,  ami  l>r 
,1  tiic  >line  <le[.artiiiem.     Sliipnu 


lit- 


am 


iiu 


1  of  Mav.  r»17 


.iiu-  JS.fHX)  traiic 


1  to  Switzerlaml.     'V'<  the 
liail  heeii  ]iai(l  1"  worker^ 


111 


the  >chn..l.     At  tlial  time 


i  hi '111  twelve  I' 


M\tv  hail   tiiii>lie(l   the  Cntir^e.  "\ 
,1 


,k   further  in>triicti(in  in  the  >iK'Cial  ciir-e  in 


llie   making 


.king  uf  ..rtlii.rKilic   api.liance>.   twenty-. -lu-   reiiuine. 


.rk.  s.iine  "f  wli. 'in  we 


t.>  tl 


lleir 


h. 'ines  in  the  invaded  territory, 


>ucce: 


.tiilh 


thirtv-t.'Ur 


>tal)li-hed   .>n   tlieir 


1    t. 
re  ..nlv  awaitiiiK  the  chance  to  retnrii 
id  twenty->even  were 
!i   account.      »  >l'   the   -ixty, 


liad 


beet 


1    farmer^    hel. ire 


the    war,    f.'iir 


had   1 


leen 


iiia>oii- 


md  f.  >nr  mmer- 


sixteeii  ..ccnpati.'n- 
feet,  another  ha<l  d.'uhle  par; 
thirty-five  .ihove  the  knee  am 
which  affected  the  n^e  of  "lie 


Tlie  remainder  were  distrilinted  am.  .ng 
Two  ,.f  them  had  L-t  h.'th  leK'>.  one  both 


ily~i>.     l'.irty--i.\  h.i.l  L-t  one  leg, 
1  eleven  l)el..w.      All  had  injiirie- 
ir  both  of  the  1.  .wer  limh-.. 


Tl 


le  earn 


lidates  for  the  taiL.r  M1..1).   like  th..^e   f.T  tlu 


s-hop.  are  nearly  all  leg  cripi 


lies.      Like  the   w.^nld-lie  c.ihhler- 


tliev  nearlv  all  Come  from  the  cnn 


itrv.     Like  them  tluy  want  to 


return  ami  find  a  place  among  their 
under   two  temporary  disidvantages. 


il.l 
Th 


nei 


ihh 


Tl 


lev  are 


le  c  lurse   is  a 


Ion 


.ne,   no 


l   k 


than 


ightee 


n   moll 


ths,   and   there   is  during 


ger 
'   the 


1  f.ir  new  clothing  than  f.ir  >h.ie>  or  i/u 


I.ulu 


ar  le>s  deniaiu 

ho-e  who  leave  the  cour>e  are  e^pecially  urged  to  I0II..W 


.dvice— wliicli  i>  given. 


the 
for  that  matter,  to  all — to  t.ike  at  fir>t 


a  posi 


iti. m  with  an  eiiipl.iyer,  there  to  aw 


ait  better  davs,  and  in 


the  meantime  to  gam   indi.siHfn 
timed  to  dealing  with  cust.impr« 


lisiHfnsahle  e.\i)erience  and  get  accu>- 


Tlie  fir>t  exerci>e>  ii 


I  the  tailor  >hop  are 


le>igned  t.i  te.ich 


f  the  thimble  and  the  needle,  to  limber  up  the  fingers 


the  use  . 

and   to   make   them   sensitive 


t.i   the   vari.ius   stitches:    basting, 


chain  stitching,  buttonholing,  etc. 


Til 


sers  under  close  sui>crvision. 


felling,  back  stitching,  c 

the  apprentice  is  put  at  making  tmu 

\t  the  eml  of  a  few  weeks  he  tries  his  h.and  at  the  ve>t,  and 

after  four  or  fixe  months  at  the  coat,  and  then  other  garments, 


i'JiS 


2r/> 


|i|~  \l;!  Hi    sill  |i|l  K>     \M1    >  Ml.'ii; 


^luii  .1'  ii\  tri'i  i.i 


t>.      A   lull  \iMr  1^  nniiiii 


.1  I..  Ii 


■  me  iif'  ■IkuiU 


ill    ;i--iinlili!iK    an.l    tiiii-liiir^       '1  In-    niMnulp.ii    i-    liiii-lud    with 


--1  in>  Ml  \r\  iiii;  i  'ii  .iii 


111  .iilni-'.iiiL'.       Taili'i'  wli"  li.iM'  "iil\    "tk' 


U'^  hml  III!   -|Kii.il   .liilKiill>    111   nimiiiii;  llic   d  •■  .l-pi  iwi'f   -iuiiil; 
Tlii.M    \\lh.  li.iw  iiriiliiial  K.l;^  l.iy  tliciii  ;i-i«K'  in  'la- 


lll.llllllU  s. 

>liiiii  ;i~  ,111   iiuiiiiilir.iiKi-. 


W 


f   in;i\    |i.i~~  "W  I 


ilk'  ollur  ila~>r-   iiiMic   iaiii<ll>.  allli' 'Uuli 


h   ii.i-   II-   ■{• 


A   inti  ri--l. 


In    liir  -li"|i  vv.t- 


-l.utiil  at  llu'  -iil;;;i'-1imii  "I    -i'HK' 


l...al   II 


itUTcliaiil-    wii"   w  I 


till  .-!■  \\  III 'III  tliiA   had  laiTiii 


lutl   t'l  >li\r]ij|)  I'niuli   wiiikiiKii   t"   r.  |ilaii' 
ted  iriiiii  lK-\iiiid  the  KliiiU'.     WiHid- 


wiiikiiiL'   and    ra 


riuiitiN    liail    |iM'\i(l    III    ;;fmTaI    ti.n    -i\i-ri-    an 


inTiliiatiiili   li'i   iiip|iii 
all    liild 
in;;  t'ip"  1 


>.  Iiiit  laliiiut  niakiiiL,'  iilUrod  an  apprnpri- 
trir  riMii  'ii  ~a\\  and  "nn  'Id- 


liLjIiu  II  llu-  lain  '1'  .III  I'lic 


-talKd,  -lull  a-  wi'uld  lif   liniiid   in  nn'-t   >Iii>p 


w  liuii  till-  nun  \\"ii 


-k- 


Id  Ik'  likily  til  Ik'  iiiua'^i'd.     l-'iiU'  w.irdn  itn'-, 
ilu-t-  .iiid  laliK-.  iiiiniriiii,'  dcliiati'  and  jiatii'iit  laliur,  ;iri' 


ialtii-   (il    till-   laliiiut    -Imp. 
.rliiniu    I'l'i'  a  llu  T' '1i,l;1i   -iiu 


Till-   kind   lit    wi'ik    ;,'i\i'-   an 
l\   lit    Will  1(1  and  a  (KAclnpincnt 


•  l'  arii-lii-   skill  and   la-lr       Miuli  "I    il  can  lie  dmu'  cviii  liy 


Mir-aniici 


1  wurki 


In-   I'iiir-i.'    in    wii'fU'-- 


lii  a 


i,'iapliv    was  criatid   in    ri.-]>iin-i.' 
pn --inv'  iK'inand  i'linn  tlu  aiiii\.     A  \iry  iimipKto  iii-talla- 


tiiiii   lit    apparatii-   wa-   mai 


If   and    ^'111  id    risiilts    wi-n-   pruiniilly 


d.     Tlu-  lir-i   (.•i^liinii  nu-n  tn  nix-ivc  the  iliiil 


iiiiia   iniiiio- 


liauly  rn),M.i,'<-'>l  i"  '"I'i 


iar\   -i'r\iii-:  live  in  .Mnrnciii,  ten  at  ih 


'.ilh 


llu-   hi'lia,  and  llirte   in  -eacnast   -lalinii-.      It 


i-  iiiterr-tiiiL;  I'    iinte  ilu-ir  iireMmi-  i  n 


cii]iatii'n-.     The  t'ir-t  \va> 


I  in  llu    ilii^li  and  the  ri;,'lil  wrist;  the  secniid. 

lia<l  nil  trade;  the  third. 

tliiL;li.   had   hei-n   ulilitred   to 


I  waller,  w    iiiulit 

iiil\    niiulnil  I'll  >iiteriii-4   ihe   -er\  ice 

■  i   ill     -.i;iu-  a.ue.  aiiipnt.iud  ;il   the 


ip  hi-  I  Kiiip 


iiii.ii  a-  a  di-jiati-h  carrier.      The  ..ilur-,  in  llie 


\\  lull-  llu-  ui  'rr  h.i-   ,ir-iin.iily  m>ih- 


i\  till-  -iliM.ils   Ml   !.\iiii-.  .Ti  wi'll  a« 


I   r,,.rii  .iii\.  Ill-  li.i-  ilr.iuii   irtily  •  m  the  fxcilli-iit  a>-i-<iiint  nt  thi 
I,,,, HI,  III     -il 1    li>     .\l      llir-i.-hti.-KI.    whu-li    i-    i-mln-Mi-lu-il    wiili    .itir:u-tne 


in    I  .in-  .11! 


ilhi-tr.ili"n-    lr,iin    ilr.iHiiit;- 


ln     Irifl.i,      .\ii    al nlciil    iraii-latiou    li.i-    ln-cii 


|ii;l,li-lu-il    III     \iiK-ri..i    h\    tin-    Ktil    t  T'-s    institute    t.ir    triii|ili-il    ami    Dis- 
,,M.-.|   Mill 


ii(\N>K  267 

..nliT  (.1  llior  a.lini>Mnii  i-  \\w  o.iir^f.  were:  lunk  nnpl-vo. 
taniur,  iliauitfiir.  \saiUT.  miiur.  Iniulur  Im'V,  imtalliu  >;u-.il 
uurki-r.  i"'ik  .Kakr.  -.ail-r.  .lucliiuv  ,.;.^Tat..r,  ^l.rk,  iiii>..n.  lni>i- 
iu»  a^tiit.  ilnviT.  tarnuT. 

Aio.r.lmK  f.  till'  Uriu-  n|  a  iiiim-l.t  la!  .Ifim-.  tlu-  iiirirniitie* 
whUli  an-  n.mi.alil.Ie  \sitli  mtnui-  a>  a  vviri-K—  ..pcraf.r  are: 
the  1..>N  i,i  <>w  eye.  it  tile  -alier  i-  in  K-'.kI  con.litic  .ii  ;  tlie  l -s 
,,t  heariiiK  ill  ..ne  ear,  it  tliat  ..f  tlie  other  i>  i)ertect  ;  the  L—  -f 
<.iie  U-},'.  i-n.vi.le.l  walking'  i-  le;iMlile  ami  reiiiaiiiiiii,'  ni  an  iip- 
rijjhl  [i. -ill' .11  t-r  a  i.n.lciiKe.l  pen...!;  ^lik'lit  aiikylc-i.  nf  niie 
arm.  Ttuler  pre-eiit  eonditL.ti.  there  i-  iiimie.liate  eiiiplnyiiieiit 
at  «m,m1  \vat,a-.  lor  all  who  .nialily  to  pa-  the  iieee-.ary  ex- 
aiuiiiatioii^. 

l-,,r  the  ela-  m  t;.-ir.letiiiij,'  il  i-  n:itiirall>   a  .jiu-tioii  priiii.i;ily 
oi   s,,ieial  apparatus  Miue  L-r  the  majority  il  i-  not  a  ea~e,  a> 
it  i.  with  eohl.lmK.  t:iiloriiiK.  or  wireless,  of  learning  a  new  tra.le. 
h  is  rather  learniiit;  liow  to  pert<.rm  operations  .ilrea.lv  laimhar 
with  less  ihaii   tin    normal   supply  of  natural   hmhs.     Still   the 
change-   from  ordinary    farm   uork  to  the  kin.l   of   hortienltnro 
or  uar.leninK'  that  the  .lisahle.l  man  will  tiiul  mo~t   suitahle  an.l 
prohtal.le  involves  mmli  new  information,  aii.l  the  course  exten.ls 
normallv  thronch  the   four   seasons  of  a    full  ye.ir.      .\   siKcial 
i-hoe  which  may  he  attached  t..  the  end  of  the  pej;  lei;  to  iirevent 
sinking  into  the  jiround.  and  a  rins.  or  rinj,'  and  ho,.k.  a  tool 
c.irricr  which  mav  he  attached  on  occ.isioii  to   s,,;,di .    lork   or 
pk .w  hamllf.  are  tl'ie  essentials  . .f  sincial  apparatus.     Implements 
have  heen  devised  in  consider:ihle  variety  .md  -.lie  mav  see  re- 
mark:dile  exhihilions  of    what   may  lie  done   with   them.      The 
serious  schools,  howexer,  are  more  coucerneil  with  the  j,'eneral 
•uloptioii  of  comparatively  simple,  reliahle  appliances  than  with 
the  marvels  uhich  may  he  shoun  in  an  exceptional  case  hy  a 
coinhinalion  of  phenomenal  .lexterity   in  the  perform-r   with  a 
complicated  and  expensive  apparatus.     .\t  l.yous  the  school  has 
j;nidu:dlv  developed  a  nursery,  a  series  of   fruit  orchards,  and 
tlower   j;.vrdens  in   wliidi  very  complete  curses  can  he  .ijiven ; 
and  a  couple  of  Uollaiul  o.w^  were  ac-iuired.  partly  for  the  sake 


^^.^,11 


Hr;V  'm 


'^^V-v:*...li^ 


MICROCOPY    SESOIUTION    TESt    CHARI 

ANSI  or.a  ISO  'IV  Cmar:  n„   j 


1.0 


Li 


!-25   i  1.4 


IIIIM 
IIIIM 

II  2.0 
|Jj_ 

1.6 


^     APPLIED   t^/^GE 


"  -^^    'V-^^ 


268 


l>ls.\lil.KI)    S(Jl.I)Ii:.':S    AND    SAILOKS 


of  ilie  milk,  l)Ut  al>n  t'.  permit  the  bcRiniiincj  of  dairy  instruction. 

'I'Ir-  l-A-ok-  (k-  'I'ourviilk-  is  conducted  on  the  "internal"  prin- 
u]i\<j;  that  i>  to  siv,  its  pujiils  witli  a  few  exceptions  live  in  the 
school,  where  they  receive  without  cost  their  lodj,nnK',  food, 
clothinj,',  and  instruction.  It  is  evidently,  tiierefore,  not  suffi- 
cient to  teacli  tliem  tlie  s-pecial  trade  for  wliich  they  are  rej^is- 
tered.  In  \'>\?  M.  Herriot  had  proclaimed  that  the  first  official 
to  he  named  in  a  school  for  di-ahled  must  he  a  "teacher."  In 
con>e(|uence,  there  ha~  heen  teaching'  for  all,  aside  from  tlieir 
specialtv,  in  i"r.nch,  history.  seo<jraphy,  niatliematics,  .-.cience. 
and  hv.irieiie,  and  a  weekly  review  of  tlie  military  events  based 
on  a  readiuLT  of  the  daily  paper-.  Tlie  resi>on>ihility  of  tlie 
^cho(.l  i-  Conceived  as  .t^oinj;  even  further.  Moral  health  i-  ivt 
ne.,'lected.  The  rei;ime  is  not  lliat  which  would  he  ai)])roiiriate 
for  children,  tliou,L;h  there  may  always  he  some  wlio  nee<l  ;dmo>t 
juvenile  di-cipline.  N'olunlary  observance  ot  certain  rule-  is  e.\- 
]ected.  The  i,'reate>t  problem,  as  nii,i,dit  be  a.nticipated,  i-  that 
of  the  incorrii^ibly  intemperate,  and  these  it  is  sometimes  neces- 
-:irv  to  -end  away. 

The  rule-  liear  the  appropri;ite  heading:  P.e  C.ood  (,omrade<. 
The  tir-t  section,  typical  of  the  -pirit  of  all,  is  as  follows: 

U  w.mlil  be  t(i  show  'itie-i-lf  a  lad  cMnrade  t.i  «•>  "Ut  in  a  slnviiily 
.!rc>s,  ..r  t..  licliave  ladly  .'ii  the  f.rect,  ..r  t.>  lie  imp.. lite  tn  passfrs-l.y.  ..r  to 
trc'imiit  the  cal.artts  t.i.i  a--iilii..iisly,  l-'..r  in  acting  tlius,  ..no  w.  .uM  tlir..w 
.HmTi.Hi  .  n  all  tlie  inipils  of  the  ..iclm..!.  You  arc  all  deeply  c..nccriied  that 
the  ich.i.'l  -liall  keep  a  g.-.o.l  reputatii.n. 

Tut;  \'Aiuors  Types  of  Schools 

The  -cho.  .1  at  Lvon-  i-  now  but  one  among  more  than  a 
hundred  in  France,  and  the  scliools  are  Init  a  part  of  what  has 
become  bv  a  natural  but  by  no  means  symmetrical  development 
a  n:uion;d  sv-tem  of  re-toring  disabled  soldiers  to  their  rightful 
[ilaces  i::  their  comtuunities. 

r..  .nleaux,'  Moutiiellier,  Pi.-iyonne.   Tan  and  .ilher  citie-  have 

>  \l!h..n^;h  the  P... nleaux  scho. .1  is  named  in  the  latest  hiiUetiii  ..t  the 
OiiicL-    X.ili.  nal    a-    ..ne    ..f    th.-e    which,    like    Marseilles    and    Lynns,    have 


i 


FUANCE 


26') 


followed  ,'ie  eyamiilc  .-t  Lyon-  in  fnundinj;  municipal  sch'x.ls, 
with  cr  .lliout  the  c<".i>i.ratii.n  ><i  the  department  in  which  they 
are  located,  and  eventually  with  financial  Mihsidies  fmni  the 
state.  The  Ministry  oi  O'mmerce  and  Industry,  thmujih  its 
department  of  technical  instruction,  early  entered  the  field,  and 
hy  June  of  1917  was  carryinj;  on  fifteen  schools  in  Anders, 
Marseilles,  Clermont-Ferrand,  and  other  important  centers. 
Am.>nK'  these  is  the  watch-making  scln'ol  at  Cluses  in  the  Haute 
Savoie,  in  which  mechanics  and  electricity  as  well  as  watch- 
making and  repairing  are  taught  in  a  three-year  course.  In 
many  of  the  municipal  and  departmental  eff<irts  the  local  tecli- 
nicai  inspectors  and  instructors  play  an  important  part,  even 
though  tho  school  is  not  nominally  conducted  by  the  ministry 
to  which  they  belong. 

The  Ministry  of  Agriculture  has  created  four  national  schools 
of  agriculture  or  horticulture,  thirteen  practical  farm  schools, 
nine  special  schools  (sheep  raising,  dairying,  fruit  orchards,  avi- 
culture, farm  mechanics,  etc. ) .  A  large  nimiber  of  c  ,ther  scln "  .1>, 
some  of  them  departmental,  give  instruction  in  agriculture. 

The  Ministry  of  Armament  has  it-  own  schod  for  disabled 
soldiers  in  its  works  at  Lyons,  and  exercises  an  oversight  over 
the  apprenticeship  of  discharged  soldiers  employed  in  nmnition 
factories. 

The  Service  de  Santc  has  created  scliools  for  vocational  re- 
education in  its  chief  centers  for  artificial  appliances  in  six  cities. 

The  Ministry  of  the  Interior  ha-  luider  its  direct  ci'ntrol  the 
National  Institute  at  St.  Maurice,  to  which  reference  has  already 
been  made,  and  makes  grants  to  a  large  nimiber  of  schools.' 

The  Departmental  General  Councils  have  taken  the  initiative 

1)cen  created  nn  the  initiative  of  municipalities,  the  Reneral  rcpon  presented 
l)v  its  Director,  Dr.  Gour<lon,  at  the  Intcr-.\llied  Conference  of  VM/  <lescribis 
it  as  having  been  created  hv  the  Minister  of  the  Interior  witli  the  tmancial 
assistance  of  the  municipahtv  and  the  Chamber  of  Commerce  of  I'.ordeaux 
and  that  of  the  Conseil  General  of  the  Gironde.  It  is  a  training  scho.d  for 
teachers  for  other  centers  and  places  emphasis  on  the  scientific  study  of  (!•■>- 
ablities  and  means  of  overcominp;  them  most  thoroughly  by  appropriate 
appliance,  education  of  stump,  and  special  trauiing  for  the  sound  organs  to 
compensate  for  the  loss  sustained. 

'In  1916  the  sum  of  1.98<),(1IK)  francs  was  given  to  60  schools. 


.i-. 


J7() 


iii>Ai;i.i;i)  .s(ji.iiii;i':s   ami  saii.oks 


ill  iTiatini,'  certain  m'IukIs,  ann!!^  tluin  tlic  (.xccllcnt  <>iie  at 
I  )t-li\  raiuic,  near  (.  ai'ti. 

I  inalix'.  in  -i-viral  in-tanct-:  partii'iilar  tra<U'>  and  \"hintary 
;i>'-iiciatii 'ii-  lia\X'  iirucci-diil  tn  fciiiul  ^clmdls,  or  .''ppn-ntici-lii]) 
i-ciR'nif.-.  wiihiiul  waitinj;  lor  dl'l'icial  action  (jf  any  kind. 

I  lu'  ri'^uh  i>  what  \\r  >e(.-  in  Iranci-:  an  ainazini;  ritlini.^^  ni 
rxpirinunt,  a   s|)untani'(iii'-   floWL-rinj;  and    frnitai;c-   <>i   t^eiiuiiiL' 

interest    in    the    retnrninj,'    soldier: sdinetliinj;   dune    ii<r    tlieni 

e\er\\vliere.  l)llt  nut  e\ery\vliere  llie  same  tliintj.  and  nut  nere>- 
>aril\-  tlie  rii,dit  tliin.i,''  at  an\'  particidar  ]ilace.  It  exhibit^  ni) 
tcrnial  ]ierfection,  no  nieehanical  >\niinetry.  Xc  <ine  pri  >fe->i('n 
— neitiier  iJi'Cti'rs  ni>r  vncatinnal  experts — lia\  e  had  it  their  iA\n 
way.  The  surj^emis  nf  the  army  ha\e  full  ccntnil  hefi're  dis- 
iliarni',  if  they  are  in  pusiticn  ti'  exercise  it.  iUit  tliere  they 
>tip,  except  a>  they  are  tirini.iL,dit  in  a,i,^'iin  in  Cuniiectinn  with 
-cnie  paiticular  ]ilan.  The  central  aihnini-trat'nn  is  verv  power- 
iid  in  1-' ranee,  hut  it  has  nut  attempted  t<i  fcjrce  this  work  into 
a  uniform  mold. 


.\.\ii()\.\i.  Sl"1'kk\isi(i\   .\.\ii  Lkcisi.aiiox 

rarlianient  felt  the  necessity  '<\  lej,'islalin,L;.  hut  it  exhihited 
remarkahle  fdrhearance  in  tlie  scnpi'  (jf  its  lej,'i.->latii>n,  merely 
]in'vi(hm;,  l>\-  the  law  nf  January  _'.  1"'1S,  that  every  snldier  and 
>ailiir  di>al)led  a>  a  result  nf  wnnnd-  receiveil,  or  illnos  c  n- 
tracted  <>r  au'^ravated  diirinj;  the  present  war,  shall  have  a  riyht 
ti'  attend  a  \iicatii>nal  reeducational  scIukiI  with  a  \iew  tn  his 
readaptatinn  tn  wurk,  his  vncatiniial  traininj,'  and  placement; 
that  tlie  "(  >t"tice  Xatinnal  des  Mutiles  et  Kefnrmes  de  la  ( liierre." 
in  the  .Ministry  nf  L.ihnr.  shall  he  the  nrj,'an  fnr  cnnrdinatin;,' 
the  agencies  en;;a.i;eil  in  this  wnrk;  that  de[iartinental  nr  Incal 
cnniniittees  shall  he  created  in  each  department,  which  may  he 
siil)>idized  by  the  state:  and  that  the  .separiitinn  .dlnw.ince  sh,ill 
he  cniitinued  tn  the  family  if  the  soldier  is  tint  receivin<j  his 
)ien>inn,  nr  the  ditfereiice  hetween  tile  pcnsinii  and  the  allnwance 
if  he  is  receiving;  a  pensinn  less  than  the  allowance. 

This  law  merely  saiictinns  the  existing  sitnatinn  and  pmvides 


IKAM  K 


M 


iiKTC.i-cd  tin.iiKi.il  r>.'-iiirci'>  V'  tlu-  >tatc.  (l^iiartiiuiital.  imiimi- 
pal.  (ir  viiliinlary  schi.cl^  alr<.a<ly  cxi-tin^'  .t  tlK-naflcr  I.,  hi.' 
I.  .midcd  ami  In  Iccal  or  dipariniciiial  i^'inniittccs  already  at 
work  or  to  he  tuniied.  The  law  wa-  iKvi.rtiick>>  a  '^rvM  ^lep  in 
ail\aiK\.'  Additiiiiial  rcn 'urcc-  ui-n-  n.rdcd.  and  >\\d\  cnordi- 
natii'ii  a>  a  natidiial  olTicc  of  an  ailvi-ory  ciiaracliT  could  -.ccnn.- 
wa'  aUo  needed.  It  will  he  reiiienihered  diat  the  Lhaniher  of 
I)einitie>  had  included  in  the  j,a''i^  ral  pen-ion  law  a  plan  for 
encouraj,'in.t,'  apprenticeship.  Twd  law>  hail  heen  passed  in  1''16 
at'fectinj;  the  position  of  veterans:  one  of  .\i>ril  1",  },'ivinf,'  them 
a  prior  claim  to  a  lar,t,'e  nuniher  of  minor  po-itious  in  the  civil 
service  and  al-o  in  private  estahli-hnuni-  enjoyinu  jnihlic  fran- 
chi>e;  the  other  of  Ndvemher  25.  creatiiii,'  a  special  insurance 
fund  to  meet  anv  conipensatitm  claim>  for  industrial  accidents 
U<  disahled  men. 

The  Office  National.  who>-e  function  was  defined  hy  the  law 
of  lanuary  2.  I'MS.  had  heen  in  e.\i>tence  for  two  years.  It  was 
an  iiitermini-terial  hureau  under  the  joint  -upervi>ioii  of  the 
Mini-trie-  of  Lalior.  War.  and  Interior,  Thi>  hureau  had  con- 
cerned it-elf  e-iiecially  with  the  placement  of  di-ahled  men, 
throuj,'h  siiecial  effort>  of  aj,'encie-  intere-ted  in  them  and  throu,i,di 
the  rej,'nlar  i>ul)lic  employment  e.xchanj^'es;  in  vocational  train- 
int;  in  the  schools  and  otherwise;  in  the  e-tahlisliment  of  depart- 
1  On  NnMinhtT  .M.  \')\4.  M.  Pierre  Ramcit  intr..(Uico<l  ;i  lull  in  the  t  liam- 
licr.  rei|iiirin^'  all  pensioners  "ea|iaMe  >>i  exiTri-in^  a  new  vniatinn'  t.i  take 
a  c.'ursc  of  at  least  six  niniiths  in  a  \..e...iniial  selio.il,  Ilie  C  nmmi-SMM 
■  V-surance  et  de  Prevcvance  .Sceiale.  tn  which  the  lull  was  referred,  re- 
ported n-ttad  a  hill  creating  an  "(  llTice  National"  tn  coordinate  efforts 
for  the  reediicatii'n  nl  the  disahled.  and  ^;i\inw  to  all  whose  disahdities 
prevented  theni  froin  resumiiin  their  former  ,.cciipati.>n  the  rinjit  to  a  voca- 
tional course.  Tluis  the  (ihli^;ation— exactly  as  was  d.mc  ni  .Xmeric.a— was 
transferred  from  the  disahled  soldier  to  the  state;  i.e..  mstcad  of  an  ohli- 
f;atton   to    take    a   course,    it    hecaine   one   to    ane    the    reeducation    to    those 

who  ask   fi'r  it.  x.     .        .    ■       i      i    i        \c 

The  hill,  after  a  chanwe  lodKiuR  the  Office  National  in  the  l.alior  Min- 
istrv.  where  the  work  in  fact  had  alreadv  heuun.  instead  of  m  the  Ministry 
of  the  Interior,  passed  the  Chaniher  and  went  to  the  Senate,  where  it  was 
referred  to  the  Commission  de  I'.Xrmee.  Senator  Paul  Strauss,  on  heha  t  of 
the  commission,  made  a  searchin>r  and  comprchensne  report,  on  jutv  4, 
1Q16.  sketching:  'he  historv  of  professional  reeducation  ni  Iraiice.  and  thor- 
oujililv  revisiuK  Uic  text  lif  the  hill,  although  retaining  sul  stantially  it-  iii.nn 
provision^^  Tlii-  draft,  somewhat  m.Mlit'ied  hv  the  Senate,  was  accciKed  hy 
the  Chamlier.  and  hecame  law  .  i,  January  J,  1918.  The  Strauss  reoort  is 
one  of  tlie  important  sources  of  information  on  the  suhjcct. 


I! 


<w 


_'7_'  UlSAULEU    SULUIEKS    A.NU    SAILUKS 

muntiil  cominittL-i.? ;  ami  in  ^'cncral  educational  propaganda, 
c~pcciallv  ihrnu^'h  ;in  IntLT-AUic-d  Oint'crenct.'  held  in  i'ari>  in 
1917  and  in  Lcnili  n  in  l''l.S.  which  has  n<>\v  been  nrg'inized  >>n 
an  in(lei)endent  lKi>i>  under  a  permanent  inter-allied  cninmittee 
with  its  (iwn  official  <>rj,'an  kni)wn  as  La  Rl'Z'uc  Intcrallicc  pour 
I'Etudc  dcs  (Jucslioiis  lulircssant  Ics  Miililcs  dc  la  Guerre. 

Statistics  or  SniooLS 

The  Office  National  obtained  definite  information  from  ?2 
schools  of  all  kinds  in  1*U5,  altlmuKli  some  of  them  di<l  not 
l)e,t,'in  actual  wurk  until  the  followins,'  year.  For  1916.  official 
reports  were  i>btained  from  71  schoni>  and  fnr  1917  from  160. 
Some  of  these,  hnwever.  were  still  in  pmcess  of  organizatinn  and 
statistical  intnrniation  for  the  year  ending  June  30.  1''17.  cnvered 
(  nly  103  school.  The  total  adn'inistrative  and  teaching  per- 
sonnel of  these  schools  amounted  to  1.200.  of  whom  900  were 
instructors.  The  schools  had  .accommodations  for  ten  thousand 
pupils,  of  whom  a  little  more  than  one-fourth  would  attend  day 
classes  onlv,  while  7.J40  could  be  received  as  boarders.  The 
actual  number  in  attendance  on  June  30.  1917.  was  about  3.700, 
or  57  per  cent  of  the  possible  maximum — considerably  less  in 
fact  than  could  have  been  received  as  boarding  pupils.  The 
number  in  attendance,  however,  on  June  30.  I'M 7.  which  was 
5.618,  shows  an  increase  of  58  per  cent  over  the  number  on  the 
s.-ime  date  of  the  jjreceding  year,  anil  in  the  next  twelve  months 
the  actual  increase  in  numbers  was  not  less,  although  the  ratio 
of  increase  was  reduced. 

Only  37  per  cent  of  those  who  left  the  schools  during  the  vear 
had  completed  a  prescribed  course  of  instruction.  In  six  princi- 
pal centers  of  reeducation  the  proportion  rose  to  69  per  cent; 
and  if  these  six  l)e  omitted  the  remaining  96  schools  from  which 
information  was  obtained  as  to  this  point  could  show  only  about 
20  per  cent  who  completed  their  course  before  leaving.  The 
average  stay  in  all  the  schools  was  about  three  months.  If  all 
had  remain.'d  until  the  end  of  their  course,  it  is  calculated  that 
this  average  would  be  increased  to  four  months.     Evidently  this 


'•>-.    -  -.>r     ■'■■>'v         ■?.•    0-' 


FRANCE 


273 


calculation  includes  many  brief  cc>urses,  as  the  principal  trade? 
seriously  tauglit  in  the  best  schools  require  from  six  to  twelve 
months.  Taking  the  results  as  given  i)y  the  Office  National,  it 
is  evident  that  on  a  basis  of  courses  of  four  month>,  the  i-xi-ting 
schools  with  accommodation^  for  10.000  could  train  30,000 
disabled  men  in  a  ve.ir,  provided  demands  were  uniformly  dis- 
tributed so  liiat  all  the  school^  could  bi-  constantly  working  at 
their  maximum  capacity.  I'rom  the  data  given  by  the  schools 
in  response  to  another  ini|uiry.  it  appear-^  that  by  the  end  of 
1917  there  had  actu;dly  been  sent  out  from  all  of  them,  with 
either  a  complete  or  a  i)artial  reeducation,  about  20,000. 

Altogether  more  than  one  hundred  distinct  subjects,  industrial, 
commercial,  or  agricultural,  have  been  taught  in  these  classes. 
Some  fifty  per  cent  of  the  inipils,  however,  are  found  in  the 
classes  which  teach  seven  favorite  subjects.  In  the  order  of 
their  popularity  these  are  shot-making  and  cobbling,  agriculture 
with  motor-mechanics,  accounting,  mechanics,  tailoring,  basket 
making,  brush  makiag.  If  general  elementary  education  be  in- 
cluded as  a  separate  branch,  it  would  come  third  in  the  above 
list  and  the  proportion  of  choices  for  the  eight  subjects  would 
be  60  per  cent.  Among  other  subjects  which  attract  a  consid- 
erable number  of  candidates  in  order  of  their  popularity  are 
saddlery,  chair  making,  stenography  and  other  ofBce  work,  hf)rti- 
culture,  cabinet  mak*  ".  industrial  drawing,  watch  making,  tin 
smithing,  metal  and  wood  turning,  binding,  etc.  Grouping  the 
subjects  taught  into  the  three  u^ual  grand  divisions  it  appears 
that  amr.ng  those  who  were  studying  in  the  recducational  schools 
on  June  30,  19!7,  about  13  per  cent  were  preparing  for  agri- 
culture, 24  per  cent  for  commerce  and  the  liberal  professions 
and  61  per  cent  for  industrial  trades  and  transportation.  Leav- 
ing out  of  account  the  courses  in  general  elementary  education, 
the  proportion  destined  for  transportation  and  industry  rises  to 
69  per  cent. 

On  the  whole  the  schools  have  placed  about  37J^  per  cent  of 

those  who  have  gone  out  from. their  courses,  i.e.,  7,-^00  of  20,000. 

The  financial  statements  in  the  report  of  the  Office  National 


MBBS^^^r 


J74 


ii.-\i;ill'   ^iil,|ill,l;>    AMI   SAll.uKS 


fir  I'M/"  :irr  f.  r  liir  lalLiidar  war  I'Md  aiul  iiu'ludr  "iilv  7<) 
vcluH.l-.  'i:ii\  j^i\c,  hcwi'ViT,  a  -nllKiiiillv  correct  imi)rc»-i(  iii  <>{ 
the  iii(liiiar\  -I'lirr,  .it  iiuiiiiic  and  urdiiiarx'  di-l)ursi'tnrnt>  l"r 
tlic  i)(.rii.d  iHJcr  t.'  llic  ciKraticii  d'  ilic  law  ..f  Jaiuiary  2,  TUX. 

Pnrn.iwi^ 3.14J.7,iR.l^ 

ki:inil.iirvi-imtil   l.v  tieiu'lR-uirK^   2H:>i)(^<to 

Sale  cf  iirn,liKt~   !:r:'''"j! 

SuliM'Mlnll~    l\     tllr     -t.itc       '  i.-'',:^^''*''' ^ 

SuliM-titinii-  In   iIk-  I  )epartinnit  nr  ('. .Miimiiic  7J7.J(i<i.Kl 

Other   rcciipib    J,M,J17?1 


X,,:al 0,%5..W.l'; 


|i|-IM    k-I.Mh  S  1  - 


Administration    

Salaries  and  \vai;e>  . .  .  . 
Liviiijj  expense-,  etc.  .  .  . 
I'nrchasc  nf  im|ilenients 
Purchase  i.f  materials  . 
Other  (li>lnirsenient-  *    . 


y?2.:2A  87 
7()8,4_V.6J 
J.  1. '5. 4.'?. (17 
8.").5f  ►4.41 1 
8,Vi,5i  K*  4<) 
7.'.'.(i81  .'1 


Total 5.574.8,?J.(iO 

•This  induiles  linihlini,'  ccMistrncticin,  wa.izes  (.r  gratuities  to  pupils  ami 
pasnients  |..  tluni  from  tlie  sale  ,.|  prodiicls,  insurance  aKaiuM  accidents, 
relief  allowances,  itc. 


Tlio  Office  Xatii'iial  is  cniiciTiU'd  not  only  with  edticatinn 
and  till-  plact-nicnt  i>f  the  rre'diicatcd ;  but  alsn  witli  placement 
in  pcnur.-d.  wliftlur  with  or  without  prdiminary  rceilucatinii. 
Tabulation  has  In.fti  made  of  over  17,000  disabled  nioii  placed 
tlirouj,'!)  cnii)loymeiU  exchanj;es  or  other  reportinj,^  aj,ancies,  the 
residts  of  which  apjjcar  in  the  bulletin  of  1017.  Oniittiny;  2,000 
blind,  who  are  coH'-idered  separately,  the  15.2^3  disabled  soldiers 
thus  placed  or  candiilales  for  placement  were  distributed  as  in- 
dicated in  the  foUowin.t;  table.  The  fir>t  column  indicates  the 
luimber  in  each  j^roup  of  callinj,'s  accordinjj  to  their  new  choice; 
the  sirond  the  numl)er  in  each  group  who  are  at  present  takini,' 
an  api>renticeship  or  reeducation  in  their  new  trade.  The  third 
column  shows  the  distribution  of  the  same  l.'i,J''3  accordinj,'  to 
their  former  calling:.  It  may  be  noticed  that  (■nly  four  per  cent 
were  without  a  declared  ticcupation  before  the  war.     The  fourth 


n 


FUANTF.  -'  ■ 

echini!)  -li. 'W-  li"W  many  n-niaiii  ai'tcr  tlnir  injury  in  t'.K'  -ana- 
gri'ii]'  t"  ulin-li  tlicy  prcvidii-ly  1k1ciik<-*1- 

NniiliiT   l.ikinn  Rrm.[iniii» 

'  (hiiKi-       AipmilKi -liip     till-  W  r  l(i.iU|i 

Kn  nccupatinti   '  ■  ■  ,  '-.'  o, 

Fi.h,M«  ami  a^.TKnl„,ro   X'''  1"^  -'-  ''^'j 

^^:;;M;v""'""^'^^::::::::::::::  ^.^i.      ,.;..      .;m      .,.; 

IVr.„„al  a,„l  .lomes.K    o-  4;  U,  .4 

j„,al liJ'Ji  .lolo  1?.-'V3  5.748 

*  Maiiul.-utii'ir.  Iraiisfort. 
t  IncliiilinK  tlic  army. 

In  all  .>S  per  cint  remain  in  the  occnpation  Rmup  in  which 
tluy  liclcnKfd  t)if<irc  the  war.  The  various  K^'nips  nlfer  in 
this  respect,  however,  sharp  contrasts.  Of  tlmse  who  were  miners 
only  13  per  cent  remain  miners;  of  those  in  domestic  service, 
17  per  cent;  in  commerce,  23  per  cent;  in  afrriciihnre.  26  per 
cent;  in  transportation,  43  per  cent;  in  industry,  S2  per  cent; 
anil  in  the  liberal  professions,  66  per  cent,  deneralizin}^  more 
roiij,'hly,  wc  may  say  that  af,'ricnltiiral  and  e.xtraclive  industries 
keep  iine-f(nirth  of  their  invalids;  industry  a  little  over  half; 
and  the  liher.al  professions  two-thirds. 

These  fij.;ures  may  not  he  taken  too  confidently,  for  they 
relate  only  to  men  who  have  sought  help  in  findini,'  employment. 
Among  those  who  have  readjusted  themselves  without  assistance 
the  prf)portion  who  have  gone  hack  to  their  former  occupations 
would  undoul>tedly  be  much  greater  in  every  occupational  grou[). 
Especially  misleading  is  the  impression  that  three-fourtlis  of  the 
agriculturists  have  abandoned  the  fiehls.  What  these  figures 
mean  is  rather  that  many  h.ive  taken  this  occasion  to  learn  a 
trade  which  they  will  practice  in  addition  to  cultivating  their 
plct  of  ground.  The  small  proportion  of  those  engaged  in  pul)lic 
service  remaining  in  the  same  group  is  explained  when  we  reflect 
that  many  of  these  men  were  soldiers,  and  that  they  are  now 


m^-i^- 


'/mi- 


iv;  - :  v^<  '-^^ '  ^^^mrmm:  '^ 


Ms.\l;l.l.li 


ii.i'ii.i;>   ANii 


mi  \ 


i'll^^ 


luiiU  f.T  military  -ir\  ice.  "I"-  -ati-ly  llu-  iM^ipiaiU  (U-irc  i.. 
kij.iW  t..  wliat  ixu-m  di-alil^.l  -.l.licrs  and  -ail-r^  rcsutiu'  their 
|,.niKT  ..coii.ati..n-.  \\ ^-  -lia'l  ha\c  to  await  ti,t;iirc.  that  mdn.lc 
tlic  facts  ah.  .Ill  nifii  whc  liavc  K'"nc  hack  t..  w^rk  wiihniit  the 
imirv.iiti'iii  <■!'  an  ^iniilMynunt  a.i,'(.'iicy  <t  <  .ihtr  iu^^titiitinn. 

'I'h.    nw.ro  ^i-ri..ii-  the-  injury,  thr  ni-rc  likily  is  a  clian','e  <•{ 
niaqiati-n  tn.ni  a^ricnhuri-.  ihr  more  likely  a  chan;,a'  to  iiulu-try 
i  r  a  clerical  or  profe-ional  callint;.     Tlu-  !os>  of   an  eve  .loi- 
not  iirevenl  a  farmer  from  remaining  on  the  farm,  hnt  the  loss 
of  a  lei;  or  verio\is  lamenos  stron.u'ly  inipel>  the  victun  away 
froi\i  anv  occniation  like  farminir,  (niarryiiit;.  transportation,  cr 
commerce,   and    toward    some   trade    whicli   cm    he    carried   on 
without  much  walkini;.     Tlk-c  exceedingly  prohahle  generaliza- 
tions arc  confirmed  hy   the   t.ahle  (|noted   ahove.      One   striking' 
w;iy  of   showin.i:  the   reMilt   of   the   shifting  anion-,'  the    1?,000 
men  is  t.i  point  out  that  hcfore  the  war  a.i,'riculture  claimed  18 
per  cent  of  them;  after  their  injury  six  per  Cent;  thus  losing  two- 
thirds  of  its  proportion.     Indu-try  and  transportation,   with  a 
larue  maji'rity  hefore  the  w.ar,  held  their  own,  sli-htly  increaMiij: 
tiieir  share.     Coinmerce  and  domestic  siTvice  lost  slij,duly,  while 
puhlic  service      id  the  liheral  profesNJons.  claiminj,'  only  nine  per 
cent  hefore  the  war,  more  than  douhled,  increasiii;.,'  to  _'l   per 
cent  as  a  result  of  the  redistrihutioii. 

The    statistics  concerning   the   hlind   are   of   interest,   hut   as 
m,.re  th.m  one-half   (1,000  out  of  l.'>81)   were  as  yet  without 
a  deci>ion  as  to  their  new  occupation  they  must  of  course  he 
taken  with  reserve.      The   i)rop..rtion  of   tho^e  who  hefore  the 
war  were  in  agricultural  occupations  and  who  can  not  return  to 
them  is  much  l;ir,i,'er  than  with  men  of  other  intirniilies.     The 
industrial  .i;roup,  includin},'  transportation,  claims  746  as  against 
6,^'^  hefore  the  war.     .\11  other  groups  show  a  fallini;  off,  and 
in  industry  the  .actual  ..ccupation  is  of  course  usu.ally  different 
from  the  former  one.     Of  those  who  h.ave  chosen  a  new  occupa- 
tion, 4'>.=;  are  niakini:  hrushes,  116  chair  seats,  anil  41  haskels. 
There  are  ?(')  mas>eurs,  .V  stenoi,Taphers  or  typi-ts,   17   piano 
tuners,  and  If)  cohhlers.   1-orty-one  de-criiie  them-elver-  as  farmer^ 


^^^^mie^a^immF  '^^mt 


,,r    larm   lah-n-r^      Tlif  -llur-  .ivc   .liMrihutwl   aiiMi-   twciitv- 
ilim-    .:caiiati-UN    inclu.lini,'    lli—     "t    i.'.'-nut    in.ikrr.    o-p-r. 

1 kI)iiukT,  iik'i'hi'ii.-  (.[uTiit-'r. 

r.liiulL-.l  -.l.licrs  ;irc  tlu'  ..l.jcct  of  a  -livn;.l  -.linliuK  -n  tlu- 
l,:irt  ..t  iIk'  u1i"1c  luti-ii.  SiKCial  aKciau^  have  Iktii  l-riiu.l 
In  aid  tlam,  aibl  niln-r.  which  iNi-tc<l  hilnrc  the  war  t.  ■  anl  thi- 
hhn.l  liavc  tnrnc.l  thiir  attciiti-ii  t-  the  >iacial  iuh,1>  ,1  >..l,h.rs 
uhM  have  ln>t  their  M^'ht.  A  c-t.Ierence  of  ei,i,'hteeii  ..l  the^' 
,i-eiH-i.  >  was  creale.l,  with  tlie  o  ■.  .i.erati.  .n  of  the  (  niRe  Na- 
tional ill  -Marcli.  rnr,  t..  i.n.in..te  ihe.r  c-mnn-n  i.uri...~.>. 
whicli  were  defined  V<  he  (1)  vocational  reeducation,  (J)  i^laee- 
ment  an.l  (3)  relief  to  tlie  hlind.  Thi^  conference,  ihronuli  four 
,,f  its  coiotituent  nunihers— l.es  Amis  de>  Soldats  Avei!j,'les. 
L'Association  Wdentin  1  lauy.  1-e  I'hare  de  IVance,  and  l.e 
Foyer  du  Soldat  Aveuule— uiuUrto,  .k  with  temporary  AiiKrican 
>ni')i>ort  to  care  for  the  hlind  soldiers  whose  h..mes  were  in  the 
invaded  region  or  in  honil)arded  places. 

DlIl'AUlMr.NTAI,    CoMMIl  I  f.I-.S 

The  most  important  local  administrative  ot'tici.al  in  Trance  is 
the  dep.irtmental  f^'-fi't.  He  emho.he^  l". -r  all  ptihlic  .service 
the  authority  and  prestige  of  the  central  government.  .\p- 
p..inted  hy  the  Mini.ster  of  the  Interi.r,  :iiid  re>ponsil,le  to  hnn, 
the  /'n'/c/  yet  represents  in  many  r.-pecis  any  ministry  which 
has  occasion  to  come  into  direct  relation  with  the  local  communi- 
ties. He  has  to  do  with  scho..!..  witii  ro;uls,  with  the  military 
census.  Naturally  therefore  the  /'n'/c/  has  to  d, ,  with  the  [len- 
sioning.  relief,  education  and  pl.acenu  iil  of  disahle<l  soldiers.  If 
we  wish  to  know  what  is  really  happening  to  disahled  soMurs 
after  their  discharge,  as  distinct  fr.nn  what  enthusiastic  advo- 
cates of  particular  plans  would  like  to  have  happen,  we  shall  do 
well  to  turn  to  the  reports  ..f  the  /'n'/V/.f  from  the  sever.il  depart- 
ments. Their  ortkial  relali.  .a  t.  ■  the  pn  .hlein  is  mani  f(  .Id.  arising 
from  departmental  suhventions  to  local  schools,  or  from  action 
hy  the  Conseil.s  Generau.x,  or  from  the  routine  w..rk  of  the 
Assistance   Puhli(|ue,  or  otherwise. 


m 


J/"X 


li|>  \i;i  I  i' 


M.I'II  l;-i    AM)    .NAM  UU)> 


Vi-     t 


( )ii  ilnir  cwn  iiiiti.iiiM-  •■y  at  tin-  r(i|iu--i  nf  ilu'  «  iiVu\'  Na- 
U"ii.il  iiianv  /'ii  ^7^■  IkhI  a].]" 'IMIi  it  ^[xi  lal  i'.  ■iiiniittn  -  V^  ]\v- 
liiiiU'  llii'  \(a-ati"iial  uliuati'iil  ami  [ilai'i mnit  ■■f  «li-,i!ili-il  nu-ii  ■  n 
llicir  iiinni  i\■^^u\  tin  .iiiii\,  ami  a-  lia^  aln,i.I\  ln-iii  i\]ilaiiu'ci. 
tlif  law  (.1  January  _'.  1''1S,  rcci '-iii/i  d  ami  c  iiitiinud  llu-c 
(.iiniiiuirc-,  ami  autli' •!  i/i '1  ilu  aiipr. 'iirnti' .n  ^-i  -lair  lumN  l-i 
ihrir  wi.rk.  '\'\\c~c  c .iimiittrf^  arc  soiiutiiiu--  ininly  Imri'aii- 
iialii'.  Ill  Anr'^c,  I'.T  isaiiipic.  tlu-  /•r,7'i-/  dr-iTilic^  iIk'  i'.  .iiiiml- 
tiT  a^  i-"tiip'.-ii!  Ill  l.ilii'T  in-|ic(iiir-,  llir  c'.iirf  i>f  llu'  <K'part- 
iiuiital  lalmr  t\ilian.i,'<.'.  a  (Kli>,'ato  ai)iM.iiiU(l  liy  tin-  j,'iiural 
ii.iiiiiiamlin;,'  tlu-  (li\i-i"n.  llu'  iiiiliiary  iniarlcriiia^ur,  nu'inlkr^ 
I'l'  ilii-  Scr\iti-  (K  Sanli-.  niin^iniativ  f>  "I  llu-  luliiiiial  ai;ii- 
ciilliiral  htrvici',  df  lln'  imlilii.-  in-truclinii  ^crviii',  rif  the  nudiial 
(■■•rii-,  ill'.,  wrkiii:,'  limit  r  tlu-  iirc-idclR-y  nl'  the  /v, /V/  ti  i  ilialilo 
tlif  invaiid-i  nf  llif  \\ar  In  n-Miinr  tliuir  placi.-  in  the  acti\i'  lili.' 
«.f  ilif  i-nniniiiiiity  umKr  ii '11111111  ln^  wA  aih  antat,a'i>ii^  !■  ■  tliciii- 
^.tl\^■>  ami  tu  tin'  j;iiural  will  In  in;;. 

This  particular  cnmniittfv,  lu'Wi-vcr,  limN  lliat  ilk'  r^-uliN 
(.litaimd  arc  n"t  iir"i"irtii 'iialc  V>  the  cll'iirt-  put  t'lirili.  AiiU'ii'.,' 
^ix  hundri'il  di-ahlid  (li~cliar);<(l  snldifrs  in  the  I  H-partiiu'iit  ■■t 
.\riii,'i'  exactly  uiiu-  tlm>  far  liad  i-xiiroM.il  any  dcMrc  tu  practice 
a  trade  and  had  heeii  placed  in  a  xlini'l  tn  he  reeducated.  All  the 
dtliers,  except  tlii'>e  w In >  were  independent  t.irm  owner.-,  were 
ci'iitetit  til  li\i'  en  their  peti-imi-  IT  deiitamled  Irmn  the  i,'ii\ern- 
tneiil  the  ri.t;ht  tn  run  a  ti 'Iiacimii-t  >liiip.  nr  he  appointed  a 
revenue  cnllectnr,  pn-tnian.  m  fnre-t  .v'uard.  "The-e  candidates 
<.h-tiuatelv  helieve."  -a\-  the  repi.rl.  "that  the  >Iate  nwes  theiil 
evervthiu},'  witlmut  havini,'  the  ri.uht  t"  exact  the  lea>t  etfnrt 
friiin  theiu,  r.nd  they  will  m 't  he  cnnviiiced  nf  the  lari,a-  di>prn. 
nnrlinn  hetweeii  the  iiumher  of  camlidalo  for  the  re.-erved  cin- 
lilnvnients  and  the  place>  availahle." 

The  pii-itions  iianu  d— fore-t  i;iiard>  (sedentary),  tax  re- 
ceivers, and  po-tnun — are  anioii;^'  th"<e  in  which  the  ileniand 
front  di-ahled  veteran>  far  exceeds  the  supply.  There  i-.  In 'W- 
ever,  a  Imi.^  li-t  "t  re>ir\  ed  oeciiiialinii-,  rei|uirini^.  it  is  true, 
lii^iher  educational  "r  technical  iiu:dit"ic;it'i 'ii-,  in  which  thii>  far 


m.\Ni  K 

tin-  nuinlicr  of  vacancits  far  c\it<(l^  the  dinnnil.  It  may  tr 
lliat  till-  tart  tlial  Arici^i-  i>  an  aKniiiltural  (K'partnutit,  and 
;  llVr-i  nu  rcn!\icali"ii  v\(\\>i  in  a«riciilliire.  cxiilaiii^  in  liart  tiic 
mifi.rtiiiiati-  lack  <•!  rf-iH'U-c  V>  tin-  ill'irt-^  <■!'  tlic  c..iiiiiiiiUi-. 
i:-piriallv  patlutK-  i-  tlir  c.  .iniilaiiit  ..l  iIk-  /v,  ;,/  lli.il  ..ii  l.nii'^- 
iiiiC  toKitiRT  in  raih  caiitnii  ilu'  di^iliari^cd  ilisdilid  -'■Idur-  at 
llu'  mayor'-.  ..ttici'  aii<l  mIiIiik'  lid'^rc  tluni  in  a  fannliar  talk 
tin-  \\li"Ii-  >v-uni  I't"  rfidiuati'.ii  and  frie  placi'iueiit  di\i-<'d  t^r 
tluir  JKiHlit.  ciMnnuiitiiii;  .  .n  llic  luihli^lkd  i)..mpl:lct>  < 'H  tin- 
suMnt  and  trvini,'  t.>  In-  a-  iKar  and  a-  pirMia-iw  a-  P'-mIpK-. 
lu-  \\a^  li-tiiud  ti'  att>nli\(i\  IjiU  lii>  adxuc  wa--  ti"t  t"ll"\\'d. 
Oiiitc  dil'lVrint  in  t^nc  i-  tlio  ri-pi.rt  frr.ni  tlu-  I.^'iri't.  wlurf 
till-  Orleans  As-iniatinn  larrio  on  a  ^clm..!  tlircnuli  wlmli  A0.\ 
were  placed  in  poiti^n-  in  1"1(-  and  I'M/";  an<l  fr..m  Maycnnc. 
where  tlic  d.pariniciital  a-"ciatii'n  c-tal>li«licd  a  M.ri..u-  cllali- 
orali^n  with  the  imiM.rtant  indtiMric>  tdP  ai)prenlice-hii)  and 
enipli.vmiiit.  hy  which  17''  were  detinitely  placed  'ii  iioMii-n^ 
hetwcen  July,   I'M  5,  and  DecemtKT,   l'M7. 

In  another  dcpartnienl — tlie  Saone-et-Lcire — an  a-^'ciatiMii 
hi-  t;..iK-  XI  far  in  il^  de-ire  t"  place  or  keep  di-ahled  farmers 
(ill  the  land,  a>  t"  maki-  all"wance>  t'l  meet  the  rental  <<i  land, 
a-  well  a>  X<>  C"\er  the  pnrcha-e  i.f  animal--  and  inii>Iement-. 
.\ll..wance>  have  heeii  made  f'.r  the  -ame  ]inri)'.~e-  !■■  di>ahle<l 
farm  lahurer?.,  sui)i)lementin!;  their  re.<,mlar  wa'^'es.  In  the  Sarllic 
a  ditferent  plan  has  been  tried,  involvinj,'  loans  to  a  maximum 
sum  cf  .^.000  francs  f,,r  a  term  <>i  five  years  at  f.>nr  per  cent 
interot.  There  is  un  intere-t,  however,  the  tir-t  year  and  the 
full  amount  of  intere--t  and  in-urance  is  not  j.aid  hy  the  borrower 
until  the  la>t  year.  'I'lie  ~-ame  committee  has  another  plan  for 
enahlin.L;  di-abled  men  to  become  owners  (.f  small  jiropertie-.. 
lor  thi>  purpose  8,(XX)  franc>  may  be  loaned  for  fifteen  year-. 
In  the  lir-t  third  of  the  period  the  l)orrower  pay-  nn  intere-l. 

Tlu>e  instances  are  cited  only  as  inilication-  of  the  diver-ity 
of  pro..;ram  and  freedom  of  initiative  aniou.t,'  the  departmental 
and  local  coTumillees.  The  Oftice  Xati.-nal  make-  -oiiie  at- 
temi.l   to  standa:  lize  their   work  Ly  callini,^  attention  to  plans 


jsu 


iJi>Ai;i.i:ii  suLinr.KS  and  ^aildks 


which  m\^\n  W-  ;ul'tl«l  K^-'nirally,  but  llicy  cherish  their  aut.mo- 
iiiv  ami  set  K'rcat  store  hy  their  kimwledije  of  local  character  ami 
comlilions.  Like  tlie  school,  the  (lepartiiiciital  committees  pre- 
fer to  he  unlike  one  another,  ami  to  remain  in  harmony  tor 
better  or  worse  with  that  particular  region  of  France  in  which 
they  have  spruni;  u]),  <liscoverinu  in  their  own  way  the  needs 
of  llieir  returnini;  fellow  countrymen  ami  resijomlini;  a->  they 
deem  best  to  those  needs,  unless  by  chance  some  one  else  has 
done  it  before  them  or  imle>s  <in  the  whole  it  appears  that  the 
cripples  will  f,'et  on  without  any  special  help. 


CHAPTER    VII 

Germany  and  Austria' 

The  Central  Powers  were  better  prepared  at  the  start  to  care 
tor  their  ihsabled  men  than  were  the  AlHes.  just  as  they  were 
better  prepared  to  wa^e  war.  I'.nth  Germany  and  Austria 
already  had  in  operation  pension  systems  which,  especially  that 
of  Germany,  have  been  onlv  slightly  modified  to  meet  the  de- 
mands of  the  present  situation.  In  Germany,  furthermore,  there 
..,.d  been  a  marked  development  of  institutiuns  for  the  care  and 
education  of  -rippled  children  during'  the  preceding  decade,  and 
there  existed  a  national  orjjanization  fnr  the  care  of  cripples, 
which  was  ready  to  formulate  a  comprehensive  proijram  .and 
,  rinciples  of  action,  as  well  as  to  serve  as  an  atjency  through 
which  available  resources  could  be  promptly  utilized. 

Pensions  for  Dis.vbility- 

The  German  system  of  pensions  rests  on  what  an  admiring 
Swedish  visitor  last  summer  called  "the  broad  and  solid  founda- 
tion as>ured  by  the  laws  of  May  31.  1906."  one  of  which  pn.- 
vided  for  officers,  the  other  fur  nmi-commissioned  otTicers  anil 
privates,  of  the  army.  navy,  and  cnl.>ni:d  forces,  and  a  third  Law 
-t  May  17,  1907.  cnncerning  survivors  of  men  and  officers  win. 
die  in  service.     An  .amendment  nf  June  2'1  1912,  had  provided 

1  It  is  e'peciallv  important  to  remember  that  this  chapter  refers  thr.mv'h- 
out  to  the  sN^tem'which  was  in  existence  m  the  summer  of  \>^>' 

2  For  informati.m  on  this  sulMect  we  are  especially  mdehtol  to  1  u  licati-n 
Vo  "'8  ..f  the  Unite  1  States  Children's  I'.ureau.  i.repare.l  under  the  direction 
',f  'Maior  S.  Herbert  Wolfe;  and  to  the  special  rei".rt  of  the  C-nnni^M-ii 
Ext'raparlementaire,  prepared  by  M  Hd-uard  Fuster,  to  svhidi  ret.rcnce 
was  made  in  the  preceding;  cliapter 

:.^i 


1 


',s_ 


HI.- M'.l.l,!'    SiiI.Dirus    AM'    SAll.dKS 


for  afmnaiits,  and  in  I'M.i  -unu'  nf  the  fi^nires  applying;  to  nun- 
cnInIni^■^i<)n^.■(l  ctViCir--  and   men  liad  lii'i'ii  incr«.-asi-d. 

'rill-  clian.tji.-  in  tli>-'-<--  I'^i-'i-"  'aw-  ^iiu'c  llu-  hi-irinnin.!,'  of  the 
prc'-L-iil  war,  lli"iiL,'ii  K\\.  ci'iuain  several  intere-linij  pre j\i>i<'ns 
On  .\n|,ni-t  4,  1''14.  war  pen>iMns  were  e'-lahli-hed  fur  certain 
ciHieiaN  "1  the  ei\il  adniini^iration  and  their  deiiendent-.  V.y  the 
law  nf  lulv  11.  l'M(),  it  wa-  made  ii(>--ili!e  fcr  a  man  in  receipt 
(I  a  pen>i"n  tu  capilali/.e  hi-  annnity,  nnder  certain  ^dnditions. 
In  I'M",  a  decree  of  the  rru--i.in  War  Mini-try,  dated  June  13, 
.inn'.unced  that  "-npplenientary  allnwance-."  which  would  take 
into  ci.n-ideratinn  former  earniiitjs  ;ind  not  merely  milit.ary  rank, 
were  to  he  provided  out  of  ;i  -pecial  fund  -el  a[>art  hy  the  Im- 
perial (lovernment.  Thi-  me.i>ure  applies  to  men  who  had 
hefore  the  war  a  detinile  income  from  work,  or  a  prospect  of 
-uch  an  income,  and  have  l"-t  at  lea-t  one-fourth  of  it  as  a 
re-ult  of  their  injurie-;  their  impairment  mu-t  amount  to  33';i 
i)er  cent  or  more,  they  nui-t  have  made  all  po->ihle  elforts  to 
he  self-supportin.L;.  and  their  pre-ent  income,  includinj,'  all  allow- 
ances and  i)en-ic.n-,  mu>t  he  le->  than  .^,000  m.arks,  as  well  as 
le—  tli.an  three-fi  >urth-  of  what  it  was  hefore  the  war.  In  -uch 
ca-e-  the  supplementary  allowance  may  reach  40  to  50  marks 
per  month.  It  is  .t,M-anted  for  only  six  months  at  a  time,  and  is 
then  reviewed  in  the  li,i,'ht  of  exi-tin.Lj  conditions.' 

(.'on-idered  a-  a   whole,    Profe.--or   Inistcr  comments  on  the 
( 'icrmaii  -_\>tem  of  pen-ions: 

("ctto  liLii^Uitiiii  ciirri'ip 'Till  liion  a  l,i  cuncciiticui  (me  rAlleinLimic  s'lst  faite 
(If  lariiKf  :  arimc  <!c  iiuiKr.  c^^entiellemciit.  I'U  il  iin|)"rto  niie  Ics  nlrioiers 
aii-nt  nil  ri'^niic  di^tiiiLt  et  i)riviiLt;if,  c.ii  il  impurte  alls^i  <nio  (les  Karanties 
-liciit  t)tTiTtt>  aiix  stiballiTiH--  n-'iVLiai.;!--.  aiix  -nus-nfikior^  de  niftior  qui.  a 
l.i  I'm'-.  oiiistitiiciu  r^^^alurf  .le  rarnu-e  ct  doivciU  eiisuite  fmirnir  a  ITtat, 
daiK  nil  t;rand  ii-.nil'ri'  d'c'm;>l'is  ci\i|s,  di-s  cadres  as^urant  I'.irdre  putilu-. 

The  aniMunt  "i  the  ili-.diility  pension-  is  ha-ed  on  rank,  extent 
of  injurv.  ienulli  "f   -ervice   (in  the  ca-e  of  Mftlcer-  who  have 

'    \ii  arr..unt  .if  tins  law  is  oi'itaiiicd  in  Mi—  I'lidiThill's  (k'^oripU' 'ii  of  the 
(ifrni.iii  >\-u-iii.  TnlilKai;   p.s  "f  t!u'  Kid  C'rn--  In-f.tuti',  .-urie-  1.   .\i>.   l.l 


CKKMANY    A       '    AT.STKIA 


283 


i-ervcd  at  least  ten  years),  and  salary.  Salary  includes,  in  addi- 
tion to  the  pay  at'taciiinK  to  the  ^rade,  certain  "pensionahle" 
suni>  received  according'  to  the  lnid.t?et:  Mich  as  good  conduct  pay 
tor  soldiers  and  sailors;  l.oiiu>e>  tor  >eu  voyages  or  for  special- 
izal  ^kill.  in  the  ca>e  of  reenli>ted  .-ailors ;  and  in  the  ca^e  of 
ofTtkers.  whether  in  the  army  or  the  navy,  their  "service  allow- 
ance." allowance  for  lodging  and  servant,  "table  money."  and 

hospital  fee. 

The  minimum  pension  for  total  disability  for  a  private  is  540 
marks;  for  a  sergeant  major  or  a  mate,  the  higliest  of  tlie  non- 
commissioned officers.  900  marks.  Commis-ii.ned  officers  re- 
ceive one-third  of  their  "pensionable"  salary,  with  an  increase 
of  1-:)  per  cent  for  each  year  of  service  in  e.xcess  of  ten,  up  to 
a  total  of  75  per  cent  of  their  salary. 

For  partial  disability  a  percentage  of  the  amount  wliich  wouUl 
be  due  for  total  disability  is  given,  according  to  the  estimated 
loss  of  earning  power,  as  determined  by  special  military  medical 
authorities.  Twenty  degrees  of  partial  incapacity  are  recognized : 
10  per  cent.  15.  20.  and  so  on,  up  to  95,  with  33' ;i  and  66'-:!  per 
cent  interpolated,  no  doubt  for  the  convenience  o'f  the  olhcials 
who  make  the  award. 

In  addition  to  the  disability  pension,  there  are  several  other 
forms  of  financial  compensation  for  injury,  applicable  both 
to  men  and  to  officers.  The  administration  of  all  the^e  awards 
is    vej-ted    in    the    Mini>try    of    War    and    tlie    Imperial    Navy 

Office. 

(1)  A  "mutilation  bonus"  is  given  for  the  loss,  or  serious 
disturbance  in  the  functioning,  of  a  foot,  a  leg.  a  hard,  an  arm, 
speech,  hearing,  or  sight,  or  such  injury  to  health  that  nursing 
is  needed.  The  amount  for  one  memljer  is  324  marks  for  a 
private,  900  marks  for  a  commissioned  officer.  For  loss  of  botli 
eyes,  both  arms,  both  legs,  it  is  doubled,  and  for  multiiile  injuries 
(within  the  specified  range)  it  is  multiplied  Iiy  the  number  of 
injuries.  The  unit  amount  may  be  douliled  also  if  the  benefici- 
ary is  confined  to  bed  or  suffer.-  from  a  mental  di-order. 

(2)  A  "war  bonus."  an  "aviation  bonu>."  ;in  "acce.-sory  pen- 


fS;.^^l!^ 


.'S4 


lUSAliLEU    SIJLDIEKS    AM)    SAILUKS 


sion"  for  sliipwreck  or  foreign  climate,  and  a  "tropics  bonus" 
are  also  provided. 

The  war  l)oini>  is  ,t,'iven  to  persons  who  are  entitled  to  a  [jension 
on  acc<  '.;  .f  an  injury  received  in  war.  The  aviation  bonus 
is  the  same  thini,',  fi-r  those  injured  in  aviation  service.  The 
accessory  pin>ioii  for  fureit^n  climate  or  shipwreck  is  applicable 
to  niemijers  (<f  the  navy  and  of  the  ctiliiuial  forces.  No  two  of 
these  awards  mav  be  granted  simultaneoii>ly.  The  amount  of 
all  three  is  the  same:  ISO  marks  for  a  private;  720  to  1,200 
marks   for  commissinned  officers. 

.\  Tnipics  bonus  i>  t,'ranted  to  members  of  the  colonial  forces 
who  have  been  di>al)led  on  account  of  the  climate  to  which  they 
have  been  exposed  or  as  a  result  of  the  peculiar  perils  of  the 
colonial  service.  This  bonus  is  from  two  to  four  times  as  high 
for  commissioned  officers  as  it  is  for  nun.  It  may  not  be  granleil 
at  the  same  time  as  any  of  the  three  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
paragraph. 

(3)  An  "old-age  bonus"  is  given  to  men  who  receive  the  war 
bonus  or  the  aviation  bonus  if  they  are  over  fifty-five  years  of 
age,  or  if,  although  under  that  age,  they  are  completely  unfit 
for  work,  provided  their  total  income  is  less  than  3,000  marks 
a  year  for  an  officer  or  600  marks  for  a  non-commissioned 
officer  or  private.  The  .•imouut  of  the  ij'inus  is  such  as  to  rai.^e 
llie  income  to  the  amounts  specified. 

In  addition  to  all  ''  ise  forms  of  financial  compensation,  a 
non-commissioned  officer  or  private  retired  f^r  disability  is  en- 
titled to  a  certificate  -Iiowing  claim  to  a  post  in  the  civil  service, 
if  he  appears  "worthy  and  serviceal)le"  to  the  awarding  officials. 
In  certain  cases,  piivates  who  have  reenlisted,  fcr  example,  a 
yearlv  indemnitv  is  given  in  lieu  of  tliis  certificate.  This  is  the 
lild  i'ru>siaii  v-teni  which  excited  admiration  aad  imitation  in 
i!ie  L'nitid  .^tate>  at  the  time  "f  the  Civil  War,  The  ceinificate 
mav  he  exchanged  for  a  lump  sum  of  3,000  marks  if  the 
beiH-ficiarv  lia<  a  iil;in  fi>r  a  good  investment. 

To  visualize  these  provisions  we  may  imagine  a  private  pen- 


1^ 


GEKMANV    AND    ALSTKIA  285 

sioned  for  total  dirability  due  to  a  major  mutilation,  say  loss  of 
both  eyes.     He  would  receive: 

Disability  pension  (minimum)'   f;^"'-    ^\f^% 

Miitilatiiiii  bi'iius   .^  ;|,j^J^ 

\\  ar  or  aviation  bonus  " 

j^j,^,  I,j68m.    $Ji5  8o 

If  a  rce'nlisted  private!  he  receives  in  addition  an  indemnity  oi     -^40  il M 

•j.^,^,        1,6U8  m.    $38J.U3 

•  Tins  would  be  somewhat  increased  if  he  had  been  in  rteeipt  of  a  pen- 
sionable bonus. 

Being  totally  disabled,  he  would  hardly  be  considered  "service- 
able" and  so  would  not  receive  the  certificate  entitling  to  employ- 
ment in  the  civil  service. 

At  the  other  end  of  the  scale,  a  private  pensioned  for  the 
minimum  degree  of  disability  which  is  recognized  as  entitling 
to  a  pension,  that  is,  ten  per  cent,  would  receive  only  his  dis- 
ability pension  of  54  marks,  plus  the  war  or  aviation  bonus 
of  180  marks,  making  a  total  of  234  marks  ($55.74).  A 
reduction  of  ten  per  cent  in  earning  power  would  hardly  imply 
any  mutilation  sufficient  to  entitle  him  to  the  mutilation  bonus. 
He  might,  however,  rei^eive  the  certificate  giving  him  a  claim  on 
positions  in  the  civil  service,  if  his  abilities  and  character  were 
such  as  to  ciualify  him  for  it. 

Officers,  even  of  the  lowest  grade,  would  fare  very  much 
better.  The  difference  between  the  men  and  the  lowest  commis- 
sioned officer  is  marked.  For  our  purposes  it  is  not  worth  while 
to  enter  into  the  intricacies  of  the  computation  of  an  officer's 
pension  and  indemnities.  So  many  variables  are  involved  that 
in  the  report  to  which  we  liave  referred  algebraic  formulas  are 
resorted  to  in  order  to  make  the  process  more  intelligible.  For 
this  study  it  is  sufficient  to  notice  that  the  officers  are  amply  pro- 
vided for. 

Since  1916,  a  lump  sum  may  be  granted  instead  of  the  pension 
annuitv,  to  enable  the  beneficiary  to  acquire  or  to  improve  landed 
property  or  to  cooperate  in  a  mutually  advantageous  building  or 
col(  nizing  enterprise  with  the  aim  of  acquiring  property.     The 


.;^/:^s^^^aii^^at^^iK^. 


j.^f) 


IilS\lll.!;ii    Sdl.nil.KS    AMI    SAIl.OKS 


dainiatit  iim-t  lie  l)it\\icii  twciity-ciu'  and  fifty-five  year?  of  age, 
tlH.ii^'ii  e.\ce](ti"!i-  may  lie  iiiadf  alxivc  filty-five,  and  ),'iiarantees 
iiiu-t  lie  uiveii  tliat  tile  exiiiiuliture  will  lie  advantaRediis.  'Ilie 
Mini  i-  deteriiiiiied  by  the  a^e  oi  the  applicant  and  the  anidurt 
<.\  his  pciisiiMi,  in  which  may  lie  incliuled  fnr  piirjidses  of  this 
cniiiputatii.n  a  part  (if  hi^  Ix muses  to  the  extent  of  his  war  lionus. 
The  sum  is  a  Kiveii  multiple  of  tlie  annual  pension  fee  as  thus 
considered,  the  multiple  ranj,'in.i,'  from  $18.50  at  the  age  of 
twentv-i'Ue  to  $S.J5  at  the  af;e  of  fifty-five. 

All  allocations  to  non-commissioned  officers  and  men,  in  so 
far  as  they  are  based  on  condition.?  which  may  improve  or  grow 
worse,  are  subject  to  revision,  either  on  the  initiative  of  the 
state  or  on  demand  of  the  iieneficiary. 

Injured  men  wh<i  came  under  the  operation  of  the  indu.strial 
iii-urance  system  of  the  state  before  the  war,  and  who  have  con- 
tinued their  contributions  for  the  re(|uired  number  of  weeks,  are 
entitled  to  the  regular  sick  lienefits  and  invalid  pension,  in  addi- 
tion to  their  military  pension.  The  medical  treatment  which  is 
an  clement  in  the  insurance  benefits  does  not  come  into  cjuestion 
before  dischar),'e,  since  care  is  provided  by  the  military  authori- 
ties, but  it  mav  be  resorted  to  in  case  of  relapse  after  the  man 
has  been  discliarged  from  the  army.  According  to  a  resolution 
of  the  Reichstag  Committee  in  October,  1917,  all  invalidity  pen- 
sions of  till-  insurance  system  were  to  be  increased  fifty  per  cent 
for  the  years  1*»1"  and  1918,  premiums  also  being  raised  in  the 
same  proportion.' 

There  is  ample  evidence  in  the  press,  especially  the  ?ocialist 
papers,  that  the  satisfaction  of  the  government  with  the  (ierman 
pension  system  is  not  shared  by  the  people.  Many  complaints 
have  appeared,  charging  that  the  number  of  disabled  men  wlio 
have  been  dischargeil  without  pension  is  .  normous,  and  that  tlie 
rates  for  all  are  too  low,  and  demanding  that  pensions  once 
aw  aided  sliould  not  be  reduced  because  of  changed  conditions, 
and  that  in  the  award  occupation,  age,  and  family  circumstances 
be  taken  into  account  instead  of  military  rank.  The  provision 
'  riililiiulinns  ..f  llic  Red  Cross  Institute,  Series  I,  No.  13. 


tm^mim^m. 


CKKMANV    AMI     \l  SI  NIA 


2X7 


for  ">upi)knuTitary  iillowanci's"  wliich  \\a-  aililnl  last  year  is  no 
(Inuht  in  rccdj^'nition  of  tliis  aKitatinii. 

In  Austria  tin-  l>asic  provisifms  fur  -li-alikd  men  -'.r'-  found  in 
tlu-  law  of  i)iccnil)cr  27.  1X75.  A  life  ihiimou  is  t,Mvin  t'.  all 
soldiers  and  sadors  disabled  in  artivc  service  \vl..>  lave  heen  ten 
years  in  service,  and  also  to  those  whose  term  of  service  is  le>s 
than  ten  vears  if  tliey  are  invalided  from  wonnds  in  hattle  or 
fatif^ues  of  war  service,  mental  imjiairnient,  epilepsy,  l)lindne>s, 
paralvsi<,  injury  incurred  in  service,  permanent  impairment  of 
health,  endemic,  e])idemic,  or  contajjii'US  disea-e,  provided  they 
are  incapable  of  earning  a  living  in  civil  life.  For  others  below 
ten  vears  temporary  pensions  are  ^''^'iit'-'l- 

The  anifiunt  of  the  life  pension  varies  witli  rank  and  with 
length  of  service,  but  apparently  not  with  extent  of  injury.  l"<ir 
privates  it  ranges  from  72  kronen  ($14.59)  at  ten  years  of 
service  to  156  kronen  at  thirty  years  or  over;  for  the  highest 
grade  of  non-commissioned  olTicers  the  range  is  from  168  to 
364  kronen  ($34.04  to  $73.75). 

To  the  pension  is  added  an  injury  bonus,  which  is  of  three 
grades  according  to  degree  of  disability,  but  without  distinction 
with  respect  to  rank  or  length  of  service.  For  injuries  of  Class 
I,  loss  of  two  members  or  blindness,  the  amount  is  288  kronen; 
for  Class  II,  loss  of  hand  or  foot  or  an  equivalent  injury,  192 
kronen;  and  for  less  serious  injuries  which  incapacitate  for  mili- 
tary service,  96  kronen. 

Even  with  the  bonus  for  the  highest  degree  of  injury  added 
to  the  pension,  a  private  who  had  seen  not  more  than  ten  years 
of  service  would  receive  le>>s  than  seventy-five  dollars  a  year, 
which  compares  very  unfavorably  even  with  the  Cerman  figures. 
More  generous  provisions  were  included  in  the  imperial  order 
and  the  ortler  of  the  Ministry  of  National  Defense  issued  on  June 
12,  1915,  in  connection  with  regulations  for  allowances  to  the 
survivors  of  those  who  die.  All  the  allowances  established  by 
these  orders  are  only  for  the  duration  of  the  present  war  and 
six  months  after  its  conclusion.  The  benefits  for  disability  are 
based  on  the  degree  of  reduction  of  earning  capacity  in  the  for- 


)^ki^m4t^!k^'M 


J,S,S  l)l^.\i:l.i;ii   Sdl.lill.HS    ANU   SAILOKS 

iiur  (.cctiiminii.  time  j:ra(U>  beinp  rccopnizcd.  as  in  the  ca-f 
•  i  tlic  iiijiirv  Ixaiiis;  and  l)(.tKfit>  are  al-o  provided  for  the  wife, 
thu  diildrcn,  and  the  parents  and  grandparents  of  the  incapaci- 
tated man,  in  case  of  "proved  necessity"  and  in  case  they  received 
■V--cntial  support"  or  were  at  least  substantially  assisted  by  tlie 
disabled  iLaii.  The  amounts  of  these  benefits  are  as  follows,  but 
in  no  c.i.-e  may  the  total  amount,  together  with  the  invalidity 
l)eiision,  exceed  600  kronen  ($121.56): 

llfc.KEE    .;    ll.SABIl.rv  Am.iUST    Of    BINIFIT     (K.ONEN) 

Loss  of  .•arring  ,...w.r  in  formcT  Sr.M.er  W.fc  Kach       Ascrn.l. 

Micuiuti-.n  cMmvalcnt  I..  <:""''  ''"^ 

(1)   l(«)percent \^\  ^'j^  f.  ^0 

(Ji     5i>-lU)  per  cent '-''  "'  f' 

( 3 )     J(>-  50  per  cent WJ  W  M 

•  l;ut  not -111.^0  than  l-'n  krofcn  alingcther  to  parents  and  grandparents. 

^h)BILIZATIo^•  OF  Resolkces  IX  -Germany 

For  the  first  stages  in  the  care  and  treatment  of  the  wounded 
the  army  was  of  course  efiuijiped  at  the  beginning  of  the  war. 
and  within  ten  days  of  mol)ilization,  according  to  the  statement 
of  the  chief  medical  officer  of  the  Gardekorps,  there  were  100,- 
000  beds  in  the  military  hospitals  and  the  affiliated  hospitals  at 
the  disposiil  of  the  War  Department,  a  number  which  was  soon 
doubled.  Plans  were  immediately  set  on  foot,  also,  for  the  later 
stages  in  the  care  of  those  who  should  be  seriously  disabled.  Or 
August  13,  1914,  the  Empress  addressed  a  letter  to  the  Deutsche 
WTeinigung  fur  Kriippelfursorge.  calling  upon  the  existing 
institutiiiis  for  cripples  to  open  their  doors  to  disabled  soldiers 

and  sailors. 

This  national  organization  had  been  founded  in  1909.  and 
hatl  relations  with  all  the  work  for  cripples  in  the  Empire.  Its 
secretary.  Professor  Dr.  Konrad  Biesalski.  is  a  competent  ortho- 
pedist .and  authority  on  methods  of  treatment  and  of  education 
for  cripples,  and  he  evidently  understands  well  the  psychology 
.,f  the  disabled.     He  it  was  who  formulated  the  principles  and 


r.F.KM.WV    ANH    AISTklA 


.'<SV 


established  the  outline  of  tlie  national  syMeni  of  care  fnr  nan 
ili>at)liil  in  tlie  war  whicli  >i»>u  U"'k  >liaiH-.' 

A  <iiK-tinnnaire  was  promi.tly  sent  ont.  in  An^nst.  l'M4.  t.. 
all  <>i  tile  l.^S  institution^  in  the  cnuiUry.  a>kinu  mr  detaiN  as 
to  tlie  accc.nnno.lations  which  they  culd  furnish  for  crippled 
soldiers,  and  suj,'-,'estint,'  ways  hv  which  thev  --oidd  make  mmn 
for  the  men— hy  crowding'  the  children  into  one  i>ari  of  ilie 
ImildiuK.  for  exami)le,  hy  tindinu  other  (juarters  for  them  wnh 
relatives  and  frien<ls  outside  the  institution,  hy  pirsuadiuK  rich 
heiief.ictors  to  put  up  new  l)uildiu!,'s  for  the  soldiers  which  could 
he  utilized  for  the  ordinary  inir]M>sos  ,,f  the  institution  after  the 

war  is  over. 

It  was  found  that  the  54  homes  for  cripi.les  had  over  five 
thous.md  beds,  anil  that  they  maintained  _'-M  shops  for  industrial 
training,  where  51  occupations  suitable  for  men  were  alre;'.dy 
beinj;  tauj;ht. 

Immediately  following'  this  message  to  the  existing  institu- 
tions, Dr.  Biesalski  made  a  tour  of  C.ernianv.  ur^iuK  the  forma- 
tion of  conunittees  for  the  care  of  war  cripples,  to  suppleineiU 
the  work  in  the  military  hospitals. 

From  the  very  besinninK.  therefore,  there  was  an  understand- 
ing as  to  the  demarcation  of  territory  as  between  military  author- 
ity and  civilian,  between  the  Imperial  (iovernment  represented 
by  the  War  Department,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  individual 
states  antl  local  <,'overnments  and  private  initiative  on  the  other. 
This  definition  of  boundaries  was  formally  established  early  in 
1915.  At  a  meetiufj  of  the  X'ereinigunK'  fur  KriippelfiirsorKe 
in  February  it  was  stated  that  the  Imperial  government  throu,i(h 
the  War  Department  was  to  he  responsible  for  the  wounded 
s.)ldier  in  so  far  as  he  reciuires  physical  care,  but  tliat  responsi- 
bility for  reeducation  and  restoration  to  civil  life  would  be  left 
to  the  individual  states  or  to  private  charity.  I'.ven  then,  how- 
ever, there  was  difference  of  opinion  as  to  this  point,  some 
holding  that  the  Imperial  Government  ouKht  to  control  and  plan 
the  whole  work,  or  at  least  exercise  a  supervisory  responsibility. 
^American  Jourual  of  Care  f^'r  Criftl'-s.  vol.  II    (1915),  v^Ke   129. 


_"'U 


lilvMil.l  li    ^1 II. nil  lo     \\l>   >  Ml.iil;- 


lis. 


-^ 


TIr-  ni.iin  liMtiiris  <.f  Dr.  l'.nv,il-ki"-  iil.tii.  as  mitlimtl  at  the 
bc),'iniii!i},'  "t  the  war  and  fiiihoduil  m  the  iiatinrial  >ystciii,  were 
as  |iillii\v>: 

tintral  1imv|iji;i1s  f.ir  itnmidiati-  trratimiit  ami  il.i^ifu-.ition.  wlicrc  the 
^;l^•all•^l  iMrc  slimild  lie  (lirci  ted  f.  iir..|ili>l.i' n,  iiiiaMiris,  muIi  a-  tin-  I'l-I 
imlliniN  ..t  liaiiilawiiit;  fur  iraii-iMirialN.ii . 

Spiiiali/ol  ..rtli.'iit-ilk  licivpiLiN  I.t  i\1i  ii.li.l  trfatiinnl,  |,rffcraliK  ,iii!^i(k' 
lla-  laim  'i!»'.  anil  .li-lnl  utc.l  ui  all  |.art^  -i  lli.-  .mhiiIm,  -,  thai  lli.  tii.ii 
mill  ii.it  In-  tar  fri.ii>  liuiiu  ; 

(■..mmittci-  (..iiiicitiil  Willi  llif  .irth..|.i  ilu-  h..«liitaK,  f' T  \.i.ati..iial  wiinl- 
aii.c  anil  a^^i^laim-  iii  rnidiiiw  i-iiipLiMiitiit.  i-.m^istuiu  ..I  rcpri'M  iiiatm-  ■•{ 
l!ic  li.i-i'ital  vi.iiT.  i.f  lali.ir  nryaiii/.ili.ni-.  anil  ..I  tli..-f  iiiltru-i..!  m  -mi,.1 
willair.  Ml.  h  a^   iiuiii^liT^  ami   liailHTs; 

rnli/ati..ii  ..I"  (MMiiit  lali.T  .-x-liaii-ifv  Irailc  -cli....!-.  n.lrk^ll.lp.^  f..r  train- 
ing', ami  ..ilur  rc^.tir.  t-s,  as  far  a-  |Mi>-iMc.  ratlirr  than  cnatin^;  spnial 
aiMiui.-v;  M-parale  lU'iiarlmfnls  alri-a.|y  t-M-l  m  >..mf  ..t  tia-  nli..r  <rxcliaii^!<-s. 
,iinl  it  Mi.i>  1.1-  ili-iral.lc  tliat  tin  >  ^linnlil  li.-..inc  permanent.  \m  thi-y  sIi.juIiI 
still  klip  iliiir  ooimfiiiMii  «itli  the  .ueiu-ral  system; 

,\  \it;.'r..ns,  c..iitiiuii.iii.,  serimis  eaiiipaiun  f.ir  eiliicatinn  the  ptililio  to  the 
idi'a  that  the  cripple  is  imt  ncl.'e■^^a^lly  intapacitatiil  l.ir  tcuiu.iiiu-  life. 


(^H  \l(  MTKIMSI  IC      I- KM  tKKS 

It  is  rejjard  fur  the  ii-ycln  .li  i;,Mi-al  asiiect  nf  tlie  wluile  prnljlcm. 
nut  tiiily  Irnin  tlie  cripiile's  pnitit  nf  view  hut  al-n  frmn  that  nf 
tlie  jiuhhc,  wiiich  seem-  ti  >  lie  tlie  must  strikint;  cliaraeterisiic  nf 
llie  (.ermati  system.  This  is  emiiiiasi/.ed  in  all  the  pn  ipatiandist 
writings  and  discussinii  of  metiinds.  Dr.  I'iesalski's  mi.n(ij,'raph 
nil  work  fnr  war  erijiples,  written  in  l'»15.'  is  a  K'""'  example. 
The  wnrk  for  men  disahled  'n  the  war  must  succeed,  he  says, 
fnr  all  the  cunditinns  to  success  save  mie  are  already  iireseiit: 
medical  skill,  experience  with  cripples,  and  ilie  desire  nn  the  part 
nf  the  autlmrities  tn  dn  what  is  needed.  The  nnly  essential  cnn- 
ditinn  which  is  lacking;  is  the  proper  cnnception  of  the  "physical 
capahleness"  of  the  cripjile,  and  that,  therefore,  must  be  supplied. 
The  sentinienlal  point  nf  view  is  tliat  it  is  brutality  to  expect  a 
man  tn  wnrk  wlm  lias  lost  his  hand  and  suffered  pain  for  the 
fatherland  :  but  socially  sound  connnonsense  rejilies  that  the  crip- 

'  Kri,-!isk-ru;'f,-Ifiirs.'r,u-:     /  I'l     .Uifk!>ino:i!SV."rt     cum     Tust,-     unJ    :ur 
Sfjlmutig 


-vmti^s'^^^ii^ 


1,1  KM  \N  V     AM'     \1   .>IK1  A 


_"'l 


|,K-  ^liall  -nil  larii  hi^  liruinl  ;m<l  Ik-  an  .o-ivmicallv  iiuli'iHiul.  nt 
,„cinl..r  <.t  M,cutv  a-  W-vr.-.  l.-r  hi-  -um  -akc.  -■  thai  he  may 
i„.l  ,K-i.air  nl  l.-<l  an.l  man  ati.l  tall  a  \Ktim  t-  laupiri-m ;  an.l 
M-Vviity-hvc-  viar-'  ixiariiiuv  wiih  <  rdiiiary  irippk-  lia-  1^  vc*! 
thai  work  i>'iM.-ihK  .Acn  Ur  llu-  in. -t  >.ru.u-ly  cripi.lc.l  il  -nly 
llic  will  i'-  iin-iiit. 

Tin-  i-iiii.  tluT.'t..ro.  Ik-  k-^-  '"•  "'n^'  1'^'  tinU-lv  cmi.haMml 
m  cxA-rv  wav.  •  t  all  ctl-ri  \m11  Ik-  in  Naiii.     Tla-  ciili^'lU^miKnl 
,,t   i!i/imhlk-  mii-t  Ik-  iin.k-riak.  n  thnai-h  artick-<  in  the  .laily 
;,n.l  iKrinciual  and   technical  pre-.   lhn.ui,'h   Kcturc.  and  pani- 
l,hlcl-  and  i  shihil-.  liv  ins  mm,'  tlu-  pnMic  I"  vi-it  the  in^tiluti.>n>. 
h  mu-t  Ik   c-n-uK-r.,1  a  -acml  dntv  hy  all  -pccialisf^  in  llu-  care 
,.1  cripi.lc-.  a  i.alri..uc  dntv  l^v  ,  very  -rl  ■■t"  imhlicatinn.     The 
Kwl  fp.-  can  d"  nuich.  and  -■  can  mini-ler-,  leacherN  <l..clMr-, 
civil  anth..ritie>  -t  every  urade,  -ick  henetit  nrKani/aliMn>,  lalmr 
nni..iis   pp.fe-i-nal   -ncietie-.   and   empl.-yimnt   bureaus.     The 
key  U>  the  situatiMU  i>  in  the  in-irucliMn  <•(  the  wounded  lluni- 
s.-Ives  at  the  earlie^i  pn-ihle  -ta,i;e.      Kvery  field  Imspital  d-cLT 
ha-  the  human  and  .^tVicial  ..liliuati.'n  t<>  in-truct  him-elf  >>n  ihi- 
l„,int.  and  then  ^n  every  t-ur  ni  in-pection  he  slmuld  animunce 
"in  a  I'ud  voice  llirnu.i;h  the  wh-le  n. ,,„,'•  that  the  men  will  la- 
ai.le  to  work  au'ain  and  that  they  will  he  able  to  find  work.     The 
-..ciallv  minded  phy-ician  in  the  lio-pilal  can  do  woiuK    -.      11<' 
may  >ee  the  downca-t  -pint-  Ljradually  revive,  the  men  he^in  to 
a-k  (iiK.-tion-  and  to  talk  to  one  anotlu-r  ahout  the  future,  come 
crowdinir  to  the  c-\erci-e-,  and  hear  thein-elves  as  if  they  were 
thinkiuL;:  "1  need  he  no  helple-  cripple:  I  can  eat  my  -.wn  bread 
with  ir.v  family:  and  except  for  thi-  Miiall  injury,  which  1  -hall 
rei,'ard  ;'-  a  mark  of  di>tinction   .-ince  it  wa>  incurred   for  the 
fatherland.  I  -hall  be  the  -ame  a-  before." 

All  thi>  etf.  :-t  i-  the  more  neces-ary  because  of  the  natural 
tendeiicv  to  de-pair  and  deterioration  after  the  loss  nf  a  member, 
and  bec;ui-e  "we  can  force  no  .  ne.  we  can  only  enlighten. "  a.id 
seek  in  thi-  wav  to  -ave  the  men  fn  m  the  "nior.al  contamination" 
of  wh.at  the  doctors  call  "peii-ioii  j.-yclio-i-."  '.he  ide.a  that  tb.-J 
(.nly  tiling'  left  in  life  is  the  pen-ion,  which  the  mutilation  nui-t 


'.I*-- 


.•-fe^. 


>'» ' 


i)i>\iii.ii'  soi.nii  !;>•   AMI  s\ii.(in^ 


m. 


1)0  iHiiM'd  t"  -.•.iiri-.  M;n\>!-n'  liK-  ar>  t..l,|  ,.|  tin-  ■i.-viliir 
.K-triuti..n"  wlmli  tin-  id.a  in-lim-  in  il^  .utmi-  "Wo  niu-t 
puMiit  llii«  and  uo  lati— li\  la\,iiK  li  .1.1  n|  tlu-  luan'-  ~  .ul,  . 
,,n.l  livniUMMii)^  tho  ..l.>taiU- ..t  projuduv  aii.l  ii;ii  .rama-  "  TIk- 
nine  to  Ik-im  i>  -""H  alter  llu'  ui.nn.li.l  man  omio-  mi.,  tlio 
li..^|,ital.  "ulnK-  lu-  -nil  l>il>  tlio  l'ri>lo  "i  l.fin«  a  i.r..M-t..r  ..f 
111-  ftintrv  and  lul..r.-  iir  lia-  had  tmu'  n.  A..rtv  .-\or  iIk-  iMliir.-  " 
l.aUT  tluro  will  ]»■  niaiiv  woakonmi;  intluiiH-i->.  Imi  tlic  d..iiMr.  in 

\\li..ni  the  palKiit  ha-  Kaiiud  l-  plac-  hi-  c.ntidcm.-.  i-  in  a  i; 1 

I>n,i(i(,n  Id  adniini-t. T  tiii-  K  --.n  at  tiio  tinu-  wlk-n  it  lia>  a  lav.r- 
atilo  chance  t"  he  etfictivo. 

'Ill,'  I— iiitial  think'  t'T  lAcry  -.tu  t..  Irarn— d..c!..r-.  layiiun. 
;„„1  eripiiK— (t..  "tako  in,"  a-  he  l.ut-  it  )  i-  that  tluro  i>  hardly 
any  nuitilatinn  -u  srri..ii-  tiiat  it  mci-.-itatc-  ontiri  and  cinplcte 
(lopciKUncc.  I'.voii  a  man  wli.i  ha-  i-.-t  h..ili  arm-  and  l)..th  legs 
may  karn  t<.  drc--.  wa-h.  lat.  write,  and  earn  hi-  hread  hy  hi- 
..wii  labor  without  any  a-i-t.inci'  l-et  u-  mvcr  ai^-aiii  -oe  war 
cri|)]ik'-  apiH'arini,'  .i-  or.i;an-,t,'rin<UT-  and  i)cdler-  on  the  -trcet-. 
Clo-c  coo|Kration  Ihiwchi  -inciali-t-  ( i.  .v.  sjicciali-t-  in  the  caro 
of  criiipli-)  and  emiiloycr-  will  m.ike  it  im— ihlo  for  every  muti- 
lated -oldier  to  find  employment,  and  in  addition  he  will  .  f 
cour-e  -till  lie  entitled  to  all  tie  Iienetil-  which  the  >t;ite  owe- 
him  on  account  of  l'.i>  mutilation.  r"\  ery  one  mu-t  learn,  m 
short,  savs  Dr.  P.ie<al-ki  au'.iin  and  ai;ain  in  all  that  he  write- 
and  in  many  different  jihra-e-,  that  "there  i>  w  longer  any  such 
thiuK  as  a  cripjiled  condition,  if  only  the  iron  will  t..  overcome 
it  ho  pre-eiit." 

Another  evidence  of  the  imp. .rtance  attached  in  Ciermany  t.i 
the  ii-vcholoj^jical  aspect-  of  tlu  jirohlom  is  the  de-iro  to  tind 
some  suh-titute  for  the  word  "cripple  "  An  appendix  of  five  or 
six  pajjos  {•<  consocratet'  to  thi-  subject  in  a  hook  by  Hans  \\  urt/, 
"(■r  I'.'illr  Sii-i/t.  the  (.hject  of  which  is  to  demonstrate  to  the 
mutilated,  chiefly  l)y  stories  of  wh.it  other  crii)])le-  have  hern 
able  to  accomplish,  that  life  may  still  bo  rich  and  full  of  h..po. 
1  )r    W'urtz  ha-  no  svmpatliy  with  the  movement  lo  'Sub-titute 

■    'llli-     -IHlll-     .1     Illtio     il|ltillV,-tiv- 


,i;i<M\NV    AMI     M   "tUW 


_"  '.< 


i|i|ii'iii<'\i-  »\!iin\iii>"  "r  t"  iiu 


ti;;,iii   ilif  \\<>Ti\  iTipiili-  !•>■  prclix- 


y^  "Ir 


.illiiin  till-  null  (li-.il)k<l  III  llu'  vv 


,ir  "luri'-cni'lil* 


'I  hill    1^    "Illy       ^^'■■' 


ik  Minmuiil.ilil\."  1h-  tlunk^.  aii.l  W'ulil 
ninrcMT  Ik-  :m  iiui.li"ii-  .li^crinun.itiMti  ;iu;iiii-t  nun  vvli-  arc 
cripi-Kd  ill  timo  ..I  iHiuv.  1  )r  i.u-al-ki.  al-...  in  th.  painplil.t 
In. Ill  which  wc  have-  h^vii  i|U"liii^;.  nur^  t..  the  iiirrmt  .li^ni- 
M-n  in  -iniilar  t.r:ii~,  an.l  p-iiii'  ■■m  tiiat  what  i>  no.l.-.l  i-  i" 
,,vtTC..nu-  "nnr  -dh-li  rqiUK'namc"  t"  th.'  ctulitmn  UmIi  aiM 
tluii  tlk'  w-r.l  uill  11' . I  ntiVn.l.  llu'  \\'r.l  cxi-n— i-  mti-u. 
injnry  m  tlio  powir  "t  iummiiuiu  ..r  tlir  ]u.^u\rv  ..t  the  h.'.ly, 
.111,1  nn  in;,linni-ii^  s„l,-titutc  'M-t^   hr  ilic  >aim'  i.ka. 

/',r  iniL-  Sh-i/t.  with  it-  viry  Munil'icaiit  titK-,  i>  i>nly  <>n<.-  "f 
nianv  i.aiiii>hlil>  uliidi  liavc  hi'>n  i-uol  with  tlu-  <-hjcct  ••(  "<n- 
li^^ht'inin';"    the   nation   and   iiuhicinj;   the   i.n.iHr   atiitu.lr   h'th 
tnuar.l  atul  ..n  tlie  part  -t  crippK-     'I-  tlii-  eiul  an  "ohRati-nal 
canipaiKii."  -iniilar  t(.  that  with  which  tlic  tiihernilMsis  ni,.veiiKiit 
lia~  made  ti>  laiiiihar  in  the  Tnited  States  lias  heen  carried  ..ii 
with  vi^'T  and  iiii,'enuity.     An  exhihit  wa-  held  in  the  Reich-t.i.i,' 
m    IXceniher.    r>14,   and   lia-   ^ince   traveled    from  one   city   to 
aiL'tlur.     An  illustrated  haiu!  h'"'k.  with  a  directory  of  the  l.W 
prewar  institutions.  wa>  i--ik.1    nui  widely  di-trihuted  hy  work- 
nieirs  organizations  .ind    iii-uraiue    societies.      Pulilic   meetinj,'s 
have  been  hehl.  illustrated  lecture-  uneii  -n  the  results  of  w.rk 
d.  .nc  in  the  hospital-,  and  a  cotiiinui  u-  pr..pat;anda  of  encourai;e- 
nuiit  has  liirn  carried  on  in  the  daily  pre-s.      It   is  s;ii,l  t.,  he 
the  public  policy  to  keep  the  maimed  olf  the  streets  in  the  cities 
and  i.ii),'er  towns,'  and  though  there  are  more  obvious  rea-ous 
for  such  a  policy  it  may  he  that  it  i-  actuated   in  part  bv  the 
realizati..n  that  the  sif,'ht  of  wretched  crii^iiles  is  a  subtle  obstacle 
to  success  in  making  the  desired  altitude  of  mind  in  regard  to 
cripples  in  general  jirevail. 

The  second  characteristic  feature  of  the  Cerman  system,  after 
this  emphasis  on  the  psychic,  or  spiritual,  condition  to  succe-s, 

1  *;ic  rin  intcrc-tini;  iirlidi-  in  '!lu-  hm/iiu-cr  ( I... nil. mi  I.  vol.  (N\l 
i]UU,\  ,,  (4  apparemh  l.v  a  iihysici.in  wli..  had  had  cxtciisue  n|'P"r'iin.m-- 
f.r  (.l...ervatioi).  Kipriiitcd  in  the  .•Jm.-riVun  Jnurnal  rf  Cure  f.'r  infrl'S. 
V..1.   III.  i.:.L'..-  -'44 


_"'4 


|il^A!;I.I.Ii    Snl,liIi;i;S    AMI    SAll.dK 


which  txiiri-sc>  ilM.-Il  in  ;t  Si>ari;iti  in-i^tincc  "ii  utturl  and 
(K-UTiuinatinii,  is,  aN  wniilil  he  ixiifcti'd.  thr  (k-,L;rci.'  tn  whicii 
ri'~|M,nMhihtv  i>  a"Unn.-il  hy  the  -laic  ami  I'.wrtfii  thr-iu^h  the 
iiiihtary  i  irtjanizali'  m. 

Social  rc-i)nii-il)ilil\-  i>  rmt  nuicli  (khaUil.  It  sccm-  rather  l'« 
in-  taken  fur  i,'r;inte(l,  a,!,'ain  a^  wnulil  he  expected.  Dr.  P.icsalski 
refers  t"  it.  hut  apiiarently  rather  !<■  ri'und  "Ut  lii-  presentation 
ct  the  snhject  tiian  t"  ar,L;iie  it.  Ke-pcn-ihility,  he  ~ay-.  re-ts 
prini.'irilv  with  the  military  aiith"ritie-.  The  re-curce-  "t  all  the 
jmhlic  and  i)ri\ate  a,i,'encie-  which  can  cnntriimte  In  tlie  needs  nf 
the  disahled  men  must  he  utilized,  hut  a^  each  of  these  has  its 
limited  sphere  <>(  actinn  they  niu^t  he  welded  int"  a  vital  c>ri;ani- 
zatiim.  and  the  only  a,i;ency  cap.ihle  of  di.inj:  that  i^  the  i,'overn- 
nietit.  The  st.ate  alone  ha-  the  ohli^-.ation  as  well  a-  the  p^wer. 
and  it  alone  can  secure  the  cooperation  of  all  the  elements  con- 
cerned and  sujiply  the  continued  and  ettective  effort  that  i-  indis- 
pciisahle. 

It  is  true  that  the  re-iion.-ihilite  of  the  military  authorities  is 
liiuited  to  plusical  care  hefore  di-cliar'^'e,  and  that  there  is  no 
central  ,t,'overnnietUal  autliority  charged  with  re-ponsihility  for 
restoration  k.  ci\  il  life,  hut  thi'-  doe-  ni't  in\.alidate  the  truth  of 
our  -taleiiient.  Tiie  cur.itive  treatment  i-  -o  thorou.ijh,  .accordin,!,' 
to  the  iie-t  accounts  that  .are  av.ail.ahle,  th.it  an  utni>nally  lar,i;e 
j)roportion  <.f  the  wounded  are  com|iletel\-  ri>ton.d  to  their 
tormer  caprdiililies.  and  therefore  are  not  di>char<,^(l  from  the 
arniv;  in  other  words,  the  work  of  the  military  auth'>ritie-  ,uoe- 
farther  th.an  it  does  in  some  countrie-  where  the  definition  of 
re-poii-ihi!ii\-  i-  the  same.  I'urtherniore.  ;dt]ion,L;Ii  the  work  of 
reeducation  .and  ]>l,icenient  i-  not  organized  under  the  Imjierial 
( '.o\ermnent,  il  i-  <lirectl\-  under  the  control  of  the  -l.ate  .govern- 
nient-  in  over  half  the  territorv  of  the  eni]iire.  ;is  will  he  de- 
scrihed  more  fully  Later  oti.  and  in  no  -t.ate  i-  it  entirely  dissoci- 
ated \vm  the  i:o\,mment.  In  the  ho-nital-  milit.iry  .authoritie- 
;ind  ci\ili,ui  .and  private  or,i,Mniz;iti"ns  co(i[)erate.  but  the  military 
i-  -uprenie.' 

'  M;^>;   rii'Krli'll,  in  I;..t  -tii'!\    "t   \]!c  r.crman   'y~toni   !■  t  ili^-   HcA  Tr.--- 
Ir.^titu'.f,  Ikis  'h'<.'11  iiii;irc"ol  w:'':  t!;c  "i . 'UiiH.iry  cli.ir.ictcr"  ..f  tlu'  \\..rk.  l.iit 


ir 


CF.KMANV    AXn    AT  STRIA 


"><): 


(ir.M'UAi.  Okcani/athin-i 
rhy-ical  can-  of  w-un.lol  -..Micr>  until  thcv  are  di^diar-c'l 
fp  .,11  I  lie  army,  iududin-  tunctioiial  rmliK-ati-n.  i-  nr.u'anizol 
r.iulrr  the  iiK-dical  (kpartnient  (.1  tlu-  anr.y.  by  army  o.rp-,^  It 
,,  ,i..t  cetitralizal  t-r  the  empire,  hut  the  diiei  medical  "iticer 
,,I  raeh  ni"  the  thirty-two  army  crp-  i-  Mi|ireme  within  hi- 
di~trict.      Local    variation:-    i"    suit    1-cal    condition-    are    tlm> 

in-nred. 

In  addition  to  the  rei,'iilar  milit.ary  lv.-.pit.als  (  ke~erv-I;i/.;irett. 
I\-tun,i:;>-la7.arett,  ..r  ( .arni>oii-laz;iretl).  there  are  affiliated   in- 
^litnti..ns  (  Wrein-lazarelt  )  which  are  private  or  local  hospitaU 
vhollv  ..r  in  part  at  the  di-po.-al  of  the  \V;ir  Department,  includ- 
ing  Specialized  ..rthi.pedic   in>tituti.  .n>  and   home-    f  ■  .r   crippK-, 
h.  i-pital-   '.f    liie    Mck   heneht    s^.cieties   and   accident    iiiMir.ance 
a-Mci.ili.in-.  ii.-pilal>  cniulncti-d  hy  the   Ked  C'rov-.  hy  niunici- 
p;ditie-.    hv    private   charily,    or    attached    to   alm^hou.-e-.      The 
1  ,  r  own  .•la-.nn.t  nl  the  m.-uhuurv  as  a  «l...ie    (to  wlii.  h  uc  are  «roatly  iii- 
,i,.'ii.-.li    (I..,-,   imt    ui^titv   lier   iiiipre-.ioii.     <he   is   ptrliaiis   siieakiiiw   .miIv   ot 
tlu-  uork   !  •     s,,cati..iiarrceckKatin„,  luU  even  that,  aco,r,lini;  f.  her  ,U-cnii- 
,i,.r    is  verx  .l.-elv  assnoated  with  the  local  state  K.iveriimeius.  in  manv  .asts 
hem-  lar•^el^  (l.reJte.l  and  controlled  hy  them.     It  may  he  that  one  mi^:ht  p- 
,.v<    ,  .norecomnlete  t;o^  ernmental  eontrol.  and  an  imiierial  state  system    hut 
,  -eJtns  har,;a   in  aecorda.a-e  with  the  fae.s  M,ss  Underhdl  presettts  to  char- 
act.Ti/.   the  work   tor  d.sahled  soldiers  as  a  whole  as  lar^ely     voluntarv       n 
character,   uuhont.  at   any'  rale,  a  eareiul   exi.lanat.on   ot    what   .s   '"'•■'"'     '\ 
that  term.     In   -o   tar.  at  any   rate,   as   mditary    purposes   can   he   ser^c.  .  tn 
u.verinnent   t>  not  only  in  control,  as  in  all   cuturu-s.  hnt.   a.vor.hn'.;   t.   , 
rei.orts,   it   succee.ls   in  etTecti.iK  an   unu-ual   percentage   nt    restoration  tie 

..e'^  the  iinpre-sion,  furthermore,  th.at  what  ts  done  hetore  .i-chame  or  return 
p.actne  ^er\;ce  is  all  even  higher  percenlai;e  ot  the  total  amount  ot  ^ork 
,1  me  for  the  (hsahled  in  I  ierniany  than  elsewhere.  ,.      , 

i's;,,urces  of  information  ahout  wh.it  h.is  hee.i  done  m  ( .ermain  and  Au-tn,, 
are  le->  ahundant  than  those  for  most  of  the  other  countnes._  K^en  hetore 
orr  entrance  into  the  war  we  received  les.  authentic  material  tr.,m  the  1  eu- 
,,„„c  countries  than  from  the  .\llies.  The  ked_  (  ros.  Insntute,  Iv'wever. 
in  the  puhhcation  to  which  we  have  alrea.ly  reterredt  Series  I.  .No,  I.i) 
1,,.  .Mveii  a  .h'.ie-t  of  the  availahle  material,  hoth  olVial  documents  ,and 
periodical  comment:  an.l  two  recent  accounts  hy  medical  men  who  had  Mail 
Lod  opiu.rtunities  to  s,„dv  the  system  contain  h.armonious  data  One  ot 
these  is  a  report  hv  l)r,  Sjoureii,  president  ..f  the  Svvedish  Medical  As-ocia- 
tion,  of  which  an  ahstract  i.  puhlished  in  x\u-  Jounuil  of  //..■  Un.-n,.„t  yir.l- 
,,■,,/■  ■hs,Hu,li.'ii.  l-ehruarv  9.  l')18;  the  other  is  an  article  h^  1 'r,  I.eo  M.iver. 
,.f  New  York  Cilv.  wh.i  until  the  severance  of  diplomatic  relation^  I.etween 
the  fnited  States' and  ( iermaii.v  was  cliief  snr«e..n  to  a  ha-e  h''-P"-'l  <»-[\ 
r.erlm,  puhlished  in  The  .lin.n^.n,  J.urmrl  e/  C  J-c  /•"■  t  rir,,"/,;.,  vol  \ 
(l'*17i  n-ii;e  7X  hxcept  when  otherwise  indnated.  the-e  puhhc.iti  .n-.  >-^\w- 
cialh  the  -tudy  hy  Mis-  rnderhiil  for  the  Red  Cross  Institute,  arc  the 
authorities  for  the  facts  in  this  section. 


2i^ 


,'•'?■' 


J||(i  j'ls  \r,i.i;ii  Miiiii;i:s  and  s.\ii.(ii;s 

\  trrin--l;i/.;irrlt~  rriii.iin  iimKr  tlnir  fU\  tiiaiia,;,'rtm'nt,  Iiiit  a  mili- 
tary i.|'t'n.(.r  i-  ]i\it  in  {'•  laki.'  i'liar,i,'e  "l'  iIr-  discipline  "I  the 
M.lcliii--.  and  a  ]»  r  dinii  allowance  cl  .v5U  mark-  per  ])atiinl 
i~  ].aid  liv  llie  War  JKiiarlnKiU.  'i'liv  r.lalive  pn  .jh  irti"ii  i<i 
ilu--v  ait('niinii(lati"n-  in  alTiliatcd  iii-tilntii  ^n-  t"  tlie  ti'tal  xaric- 
in  tlu-  dilhrmt  -cetinn-;  in  M^nic  tlu-y  are  .an  inipiiTiant  part  •  f 
the  -\-stini.  in  "tlier-  tin  \-  are  relativilv  unimpiirtant.  Additi' iiial 
in-tituli^'n-  which  are  nerded  are  crtated  hy  the  cncperali^n  "f 
the  army  anih"ritie-  with  ^■i\il  i  .r.^anizati<  ill-. 

I'.tViciencN  and  ei|iiipnienl  nn  dmiht  \ary  ci 'ii-iderahly  with 
CMiulitii'n-  in  'lifterent  jiarl-  "i  the  empire.  Mi'-t  <'t  the  (li'-cri]>- 
tii'i;-  which  h.i\i  re.iciied  n-  are  enllui-ia-tic  acci'nnt-  "I  the  he-t 
iti-titntiiiii-.  tl  an  which  it  wiiiiid  appear  iinlliin.!,'  hetter  cnuld  he 
imai,'ined,  hnl  "Cca-i^nal  ccirnu-nt-  >n,i,',i;e-t  that  they  may  if  it 
he  t\pical  c't  the  prcxi-inn  in  ihr  rennitir.  nu'ricidtnr;,,  rit,'ii.n-. 
.Much  depend-  '  tl  the  ahilit\-  and  di-p'-iiiim  i<i  the  I^eal  ci'iii- 
mander,  a-  well  a-  i 'il  the  e.xi-tin.i;  facilities  of  the  di  trict. 

The  s\.-tem  I'f  ilie  Urandeiihnru'  Hi-trict.  in  the  Center  <i 
i'rii--ia.  which  i-  the  ^eal  "f  the  Third  .Anne  ("orp-.  i-  d'H-iderul 
a  iimdel  liv  tln'-t'  whu  li.ue  -een  -i  iHHtliiiiL;'  "f  the  *  lerman 
nietliiids,  and  it  ]inil)alily  re])re-ents  llie  most  thoron-h  de\el'  ])- 
nieiit  of  (  Imiian  ]irinciple.<.  It  coiitain>  4.^  i\e-er\ -la/.arett-.  l,;vL;e 
and  small,  the  lar^e-t  of  which  is  at  ( lordeii.  near  P.r.mdeiilnir.i,'. 
This  in-titmion  had  ju-t  been  cmipleted  for  an  in-,iiie  a-ylimi. 
It  contains  a  thon-.and  beds  .and  the  nio-t  ajijiroved  eiinipnient. 
itichidin.L,'  "cnr.ative"  woik-liops. 

Recoi^nition  of  the  p>_\chic  factor  as  an  eU'iiient  to  he  taken 
into  account  in  treatment  is  consiiicuoiis  throii,i;hont  the  metln  d- 
in  u-e.  l"or  functional  reeducation  the  ),'reate-t  reliance  ;- 
pk.ced  on  u'viuiLa-tic  exerci-es  taken  under  the  military  word  i  I 
Command,  and  on  .athletic  sports.  The  military  drill.  w!iicli 
"-trikes  ;i  medical  observer  as  ,-trant,'e."  is  the  ide.a  of  ( ittural 
Leu,  chief  medical  oflicer  of  the  Third  .\rmy  C'orps.  The  nece— 
?arv  moMMiieiit-  for  a  di-,ibled  member  .are  frei|nently  jKiinful, 
ami  ni  ■  <.l  ■v.\)t  the  hahit  ( if  re-]i'  iiKhiii;  ti '  military  ci  imm.md-  helps 
to  dverciiiiie  the  natural  reluciance  to  make  the  reiiuired  effort. 


<,!:i;.MAN  V     AMI     \l   SIKIA 


J<V 


At  tlr^t  it  ua-  diiTiailt  t^  tnu,  iniliiarv  ofikHT.  wlic  ut-rc  c-iii- 
pttuu  tw  K'iul  MR-h  (IrilN,  I'Ut  by  pn  .liil.iiin-  iiUiTtcrciicc  tn.m 
superior  ..iVictT-^  wliL-n  a  man  ha-  Ik  en  ili.-m  i<t  tlii-  ditty,  ami 
hy  Kivin.t;  the  iiu'ti  -ckrtLd  t..r  it  the-  traiiiin-,'  tliov  lackrd.  tli.it 
difficulty  h.is  Iktm  ..vitciik-.  l-'r-m  tlu-  military  drdl  the  di- 
allied  pa-s  to  viK^r-tis  atliKtic  -\«'n-.  in  which  the  (.Icniciit  i>i 
ccniiKtitinn  i<  utili/.cd  tn  incrfa-..'  iiitcrc-t.  Hand-l)all  i"v  tlu- 
..iH-aniK-d.  juniiiiii,!,'  C(.m>.-t<  l.^r  tln-c  \\\v>  haw  L-i  a  K- — ^r 
fvc-n  hi'th  let,'-;— are  cdi-idcred  verv  v.alnahK-.  I'l-r  hc,i,'iiiiicr>  in 
Karninu'  td  walk  with  artificial  K.t;-  the  ho-iiitaN  have  iii.uenic.ns 
(Uvici-.  Mich  a~  ninvin.u  miK-  .-ili.n.i,'  the  o.rridi.r^.  hy  which  the 
niAiee  can  .uuide  and  Meady  liini-elt"  without  :i-M^tance  fmm  a 
nur>e  or  an  orderl.  When  a  man  h;i-  lost  Im.iIi  let:-  the  tir>t 
>tiinips  ,uMven  him  .an'  -li.Tt.  an<l  j:ra(lually  l..n,-er  one-  are  Mih- 
stituted.  a-  he  liec  e<  accu>t..med  to  niana!;in«  hi>  eiiuilihrinm 
at  the  lower  level-. 

■•Work-hop  tlierapv"  is  con-idered  .-upcrior  to  mere  niechaiii- 
e,al  e\erci-e-.  a-  it  is  in  other  ei  iintries.  .-md  lor  the  -aiiie  rea-'H- 

hccanse  of  the  f,'reater  interest  in  m.ikinj,'  M,methin.u.  which  i- 

not  .^nlv  a  >timulus  to  the  dc>ired  exertion  of  the  mu-cle-.  Init  i- 
al-o.  like  -port-,  an  effective  treatment  f.ir  the  ])-ychic  depression 
fr<ini  which  the  men  are  apt  to  -uffer.  r.irticipatinn  in  the  work 
is  allowed  <  mly  on  the  prescription  of  the  physician,  hnt  it  doe- 
not  appear  to  he  coinpul-ory— jierhaj^  hec.ui-e  it  is  re,<,'arded  as 
a  privile^'e.  .\fter  a  man  is  .admitted  to  the  shoi).  however,  he 
is  re(|nired  to  attend  with  military  punctuality.  Xo  pay  i-  k'iven 
for  the  work  done  in  the  shops,  but  pren.inm-  in  small  amounts 
are  awarded  for  -kill  and  perseverance,  ran,L,Mns,'  from  three  to 
twelve  and  a  half  cents  a  day.  The  economic  adv.mtaKe  -if  well 
<.r.!:anized  work>hop-  to  the  hud.tiet  of  the  ho-pit:il  i-  not  unreco.i;- 
nized,  and  they  are  made  io  contribute  substantially  to  the  need- 
of  the  institution.  In  some  lio-pit.il-  the  work-iiop-  are  a  ]iari 
of  the  medical  e(iuiiiment :  in  other-  vi-itinj;  teacher-  are  -ent  m 
bv  the  local  Cripiile  Welfare  Committee. 

.'\n   inlerestins;  detail  cf  treatment   is  the  cooperation   which 
ha-  been  arrani^ed  with  the  liealth  resorts  all  over  the  empire. 


^h^: 


^..>.-.-^T^^   ^3L- 


2'*S 


ins  \l;l.l;l>    M  ll.DIl.iO    AMI    SAllJiK 


C)\vr  twn  liunilrnl  arc  available  a-  auxiliarit.-^  t<>  iliu  nrtln.p'.-dic 
l'i-Iiital>.  wlicri'  hkii  may  ]k  '•uiit  wlicn  tlicv  arc  in  ncol  "f 
iiKiliciiial  \vater>  or  clhcr^  spccializci.!  f"riiis  nf  ircatiiKiit 
atf"r(k'(l  liy  the  "Vpa-." 

Tilt.'  nliJL-ct  i>t  all  llic  trcatnu'iu  i-  V>  restore  the  men  tu  the 
li-luinL,'  line,  nr  if  that  i>  "ul  <<{  the  (|iie-tii>n,  at  !ea>t  t"  ~"nie 
place  (if  ^ul)^illiary  usefulno-  in  the  military  nrijanizatiiin  nr 
t..  ccimi.niic  ct'liciency  in'ci\il  life.  Tci  thi-  end  all  the  re>i'nrce> 
nf  llic  hii^pita!  are  liein,  and  it  seems  tn  he  a  detinite  policy  to 
a>>unie  that  in  {iraclically  every  ca-^e  this  is  po--ihle.  It  is 
reported,  tliou,i,'h  it  hardly  seems  credihle.  that  only  three  jier 
cent  of  all  who  are  wounded  are  permanently  di~ahled  for 
furtiier  military  servie-e.  Many  a  soldier  has  returned  to  the 
front  after  more  than  one  severe  injury.  In  l>rr  ll'illc  Sicf/t, 
the  mamial  of  cncour.a.t^cnicnt  wiiich  ha>  hceii  referred  to  ahove. 
a  cavalry  captain  tells  how  on  Octoher  ?  his  le^  was  amputated 
at  the  middle  of  the  th.i.uh.  Imw  he  hc^an  to  ride  a  "(|uiet"  hor-e 
fin  Deceniher  IJ.  and  returned  to  active  >ervice  on  Decemher  JS, 
The  anxictv  to  restore  men  to  the  li-htiui;  line-  doc-  not  nicvn 
that  tlio-c  who  will  not  he  aiile  to  <,ro  hack  into  active  service  are 
ne.i,'lected.  TheN'  are  locjked  upon  a>  po-^ihle  contrihulors  to 
the  national  end-  in  civil  life,  and  it  i>  recoLjnized  that  they  should 
he  made  as  proiluctive  a>  po»il)le. 

Ke-ponsihility  for  this,  however,  docs  not  rot  with  the  inili- 
tarv  authoritie-  alto^a'ther.  It  is  their  duty  to  restore  the  man 
to  heahh  ;uul  as  far  as  po>-ihle  to  the  normal  use  of  his  nui-cles 
and  (>r,t:;uis,  but  if  he  re(|uires  reeducation  for  a  new  occupation 
and  as>i>tance  in  reeslahli>hinK  him>elf  in  civil  life,  that  mu-t 
he  ,i,Mven  by  other  a,i,'encie>.  In  ca>e  <',f  relap>e  or  recurrence  of 
di?ahilitv  after  discharije,  moreover,  he  ha--  no  claim  (ju  the 
military  authorities.  i)ut  must  look  to  the  f.icilities  available  for 
the  care  of  other  civilians  in  a  similar  situation. 

l"or  the  ]KTmanently  incapacitated  a  network  of  civili.m  coni- 
iiiittiT> — more  or  lcs>  official  in  char.acter  accordinij  to  locality — 
li;i>  developed  .-ill  over  the  empire,  followin.i;  the  impulse  a'lww 
hv  Dr.  r.ie-al>kiV  lour  in  the  opening  weeks  ui  the  war  and  the 


't^s^^ 


(;i:i;M.\NV   am>  aistkia 


•>.,.) 


f. -tcrins    care   of    the    WTeinimiii!;    itir    Knippelfur-MrL;e.      In 
;iliiw-l  every  villa,i;e  there-  i.-  iinw  i.ne  >>i  the:-e  cnimittey-   tnr 
tlie  care  of  th<).-e  lU-nliled  in  the  war,  a-  llie\  are  called  (  Krie.i:- 
hc>chiuli,i,'tcnfurM.r';e).  or  at  lca>t  an  individual  to  reiire-eiit  the 
vv-rk  for  cripples.     In  Sepieinher.  I'M?,  a  Central  Imperial  C-ni- 
niittee  was  formed,  to  he  a  medium  for  exclian.i^e  of  experiences 
and  for  standardi/.in.u'  the  work.  thoui,di  without  -uperior  powers. 
The  status  (.f  the  work  for  cripples  varies  in  the  twenty-ix 
states  of  the  emi)ire:  in  -.me  it  i-  official  in  character,  in  oi1ut> 
f|uasi-oftkial.  and  in  all  it  i>  at  lea-t  reco.i,'ni7.ed  and  approved  !,.• 
the   s^r.vernment.      In    I'avaria   aloiu-   it    i>  a   part   of   the    M^.te 
machinery,  financed  and  directeu  hy  the  -tate  in  tlie  nep.irtnutit 
of  the   Interior,  with  an  ,-idvi>ory  committee  of   representative 
citizens.     In  all  hut  one  of  the  province-  of  I'rn-ia.  which  means 
more  than  half  of  Germany,  it  i>  initiated  and  directed  hy  the 
S^overnment,    hut    with    pri\ate    coopvrati'in    and    -uppori ;    the 
L  hauptman  usually  appoint-  the  jirovincial  committee  and 

h  acts  as  chairman;  all  local  committees  are  vuhorduiate 

to  the  provincial  committee.  ,and  in  Anun-t.  l'*17.  a  c.-m'-.-d 
organization  for  all  Prussia  wa-  fornu-d ;  fund-  are  provided  hy 
the  provincial  <,nivernmenl.  with  tlie  understanding'  tliat  Pru>-ia. 
and  ultimately  the  Imperial  ('.overnmeiit.  "mu-l  take  over  the 
hurden."  In  nio^t  of  the  o'her  statt>  the  work  has  been  initiated 
and  financed  hy  private  agencies,  hut  with  .<,'ovcrnment  coopera- 
tion.  The  committees  trenerally  include  representatives  of  the 
niunicipalitv.  of  the  military  di>trict,  accident  insurance  a^-ocia- 
tionsand  sick  henetit  societie-.  the  Red  Cro--.  Chamber  of  Cm- 
mercc,  P.o;  rd  of  Trade.  Chamber  '  f  Handwork,  employers, 
trade  unions,  women's  clubs,  and  so  on.  There  i-  na:  irally 
great  variation  in  efliciency. 

The  Reich^aus>chu>-  tnr  Krie,i;-be>chadii;tenfur>or,':e.  or  na- 
tional committee,  which  was  created  in  the  fall  of  \9\5.  i-  a 
lar.L;e  hodv  made  up  of  one  representative  from  each  -tate  and 
one  commissioner  appointed  by  the  imperial  Mini-ter  of  the 
Interior.  The  .Mini-ter  of  the  hitrrior  of  each  -t.ite  may  al-  ■ 
appoint  representatives  if  he  >o  de-ires.     An  executive  ctHumit- 


:^M^^;^^ 


M " ) 


Ii|v.\|;l.i:|]    sijl,|,|l  K.-,    AMI    >AII.(iK.- 


ti  r  •■{  ilurti'iii,  iliii-cu  with  rcUrciR-i'  tn  ;.'rni,'ra|.liir:il  ri'pri-riit.-i- 
ti'.n,  I.I  ■ii-tiiuh  -  till  wirrkin^  nmKu>.  Tlif  lurut"  ii  I't  the 
u.-iticiial  c  I  iiiniittiT  i-  t"  ii  n  .rcUiiatc  tin-  wfrk  i<i  the  varinus 
(ir;;aiii/'-ati"ii~.  ti'  [Jiihli-h  iiiaiiii;i!-  "t  .nlvicf.  luake  ]il:m-  i"r  tlic 
Hiiun,  aiid  111  varii'U'  I'aiii'har  way-  iirotiU'tc  iiiiiir"\  ctiuiit- 
aiul  -t;iiular(lizati"ii.  'I'lurc  arc  -uhc  iiumittec-  liii  K-i-Iali^  ■11. 
I.  '  [.frati'^n  I't  I'l'al  i'  iniiiiitei-.  liiiam-i.'.  inihhcity,  -tati-tii'-, 
iiKihcal  tiaatiiKiit.  \i'Caii"iial  aihice  ami  rr(.Mlm'alii'i),  i)laci;iikiU, 
l.iiai  -vtth  iiiiiit  ami  li'  mmiil;  timiilir-  "l'  war  crijiiiii'-.  'Iln' 
i:ati"iial  e.  .iiiinitiec  i>  ihe  iiiciliui  -  thn4i,i,'h  which  tlii'  imiKrial 
vraiit-  i>'V  rri.'<lucatii>n  an.-  di-trilniicd,  Iml  thoe  have  aninuiUi(l 
I.,  .ailv  5,000,00(J  mark-  -■  tar. 

A-  -I  "II  a-  it  i-  clear  that  a  man  will  not  lie  alile  tn  re>iiiiie 
active  iiiilitar\-  -irvice.  while  he  i-  >till  in  the  hn-pital.  he  coined 
under  the  care  i>l'  the  l"Cal  C'mmmee  l.T  the  care  ni'  war  crip- 
];le-.  which  i-  re>iii'ii-ihle — in  llicry.  at  lea-l — f'T  K'uidin.i;  him 
.iImI  iKli'iii.L,'  him  tnuil  he  i-  >afely  placed  in  an  eini)l(iynient  t<ir 
winch  he  i-  tilted  and  in  which  he  can  earn  a  livini;. 

\(.catii'iial  advice  i-  ,L;i\en  li>-  \i-iti'r-  apiii'liUed  hy  the  com- 
mittee and  aiipn.ve.l  by  the  mililarv  (iiVicial>  I't  the  liospital*. 
Thev  are  f' t  the  tm '-t  part  vi.lnnleers.  frcin  the  tipjier  cla--es 
(if  Micietv,  wlin  make  regular  \i-it-  h>  the  ho-pital-  and  talk  with 
the  injured  men.  In  -"ine  ho-pital-  thi-  wcrk  i-  done  ainmst 
wlinllv  hv  tlie  diictcr-  and  nur-e-.  Trainint;  classes  have  been 
held  ur  the  advi-er-  in  twi.  citie-,  am!  the  natinnal  committee 
ha-  i>sued  a  pamphlet  of  "(;uidin;,'  Principle-"  for  their  a.--is- 
tance.  There  were  four  hundred  advi-er-  in  P.erlin  alone  in 
lannarv,  V)]7.  which  must  -urely  have  been  an  ample  '•ni)ply  if 
ninetv— even  Jier  cent  of  the  wounded  are  able  to  ^o  back  to 
militarv  -ervice.  "N'ocational  ur.i,Mn.t;."  it  ha-  been  said,  rather 
than  "vocational  advice,"  i-  their  function,  for  the  ])rinci])le  I'f 
return  to  the  former  oct.ipation  or  soniethin.t;  as  near  to  it  as 
pi.--ihle  i-  in-i-ted  njM.n  with  nmi-tial  emplia-i<. 

The    national    committee'-    pamphlet'     include-    many    other 

>  Tran-latnm  in  ai'i-cmlix  cf  |,nl  livaf.oii  <.f  Kc.l  Cn--  Institute.  Series  I, 
N...  1,1 


^wi^!^^rmi^m^i^mm 


(;i:rm.\nv   .\ni»  aistria 


Mn 


...uii.l  i.rincipk-M  lh;it  in  cli.—itik'  a  "U'^v  occupati-n  iIk'  ctkrt 
,,u  iK'allh  imi^l  Ik-  o.ii-Hlemh  ll'.al  tlic  iK.tural  MuWmy  t-war.l 
the  civil  >crvicc  >h<.uUl  1)C  (liMMura.i;ol,  >iiKc  tli-c  p-Mti-.n-  %vill 
lir  iR-cdcd  fur  their  teriiKT  niciiniliciit-.  aii.l  -mcc  tlicy  h.-l,!  un 
clianco  of  advaiKcninU  and  na-n   \v.>uld  u^i  tlunt-rc  1' .n.i,'  Ik- 
sati-tk-d  with  tl.oni:  that  nu-ii  fr..ni  rural  di^trict^  MiMiild  he  di~- 
suaded   troin  M-ttlin.t:  in  citir-;  that  cninu-raal  purMiil-  -h-iild 
ti'.t  he  ur,s;ed  en  men  tpmi  nther  ■  .ccupatmn- ;  that,  whde  enppl.-- 
nni-t    he    eiK-Muraued.    their    hMpe>    nm~t    n-.t    he    extrava-antlv 
rai>ed;  tliat  vncatmnal  advice  -h-uld  n-t  he  conlined  tn  a  Mn'^k- 
act:  that  it  -h-uld  he  advice,  ivt  o.mniaiKN,  and  that  tn  ihi^  end 
tlie  ni;in"s  own  t,i-te  ;ind  inclination-  -liould  he  taken  into  .-iccount. 
and  he  should  he  made  to  feel  hi>  re-pouMhility  in  the  matter; 
that    friendlv  relation-  -hould  he  e-tahli.hed   with  the  cripple'-^ 
family  and  with  his  other  former  connections;  that  there  should 
be  a  cl(-.se  relation  hetween  the  voc:aional  work  and  the  jilace- 
ment   aj,'encv,   and   that    placement    should    follow    immediately 
upon  discharge;  finally,  that  the  officer-  of  the  commuiee  should 
he  av;ulahle  in  the  years  to  come,  for  help  in  making;  readju-t- 
ments  that  may  prove  to  he  rcMiuired. 

Reeducation,  when  that  i-  necessary.  <^r  tr.ainintr   for  return 
to  a   former  occupation.   «"*•■--  on  conteniporaiieou-ly   with   the 
medical  treatment,  while  the  man  is  still  in  the  hospital.     The 
importance  of  he,i;innin,i;  as  early  as  po-sihle  i-  reco.unized.  .and 
moreover  there  is  a  financial  advanta^a-  in  carry  in,?  on  thi>  w.-rk 
while  the  men  are  housed  and  supported  at  the  expense  of  the 
.army.     The  educational  work  is  in  the  han.ls  of  the  C)mmitie> . 
but  it  must  he  approved  hy  the  military  hospital  director  in  tlu- 
case  of  each  man.    When  tlie  man  is  discharged  from  tiie  hospital 
he  i.s  sent  to  his  re-erve  battalion  to  await  discharj;e  from  tlu- 
army  and  award  of  pension,  and  as  he  has  <renerally  been  in  a 
hospital  in  the  same  locality  he  may  he  able  to  s,'o  on  with  his 
course  of  trainin.i;  in  ca-e  his  physical   iinpr.ivement   proceed- 
at  a  more  rapid  rate  than  his  reeducation.     Most  of  the  civilian 
work  for  di-able.l  men  i-  done,  as  a  matter  of  fact,  while  they 
are  still  under  the  authority  of  the  army,  either  in  the  h--niial 


M^^ 


50J 


!■!>  MM  111    ^nl.iill  i; 


\\li 


ly  ill  ilk-  ii-rrvL-  l>,ilt.ili"U.  1  lie  etKiliviiu—  "t  tlii-  arraip^c- 
iiunt  iKiifiiiN  ell  i1k  (k-urcc  n|  c"  ii'>raii"n  l.i'twirii  ilio  li"-iiual 
;auli"rilii>  and  llic  I'^al  military  (.■  ■iiiinaiuUr,  in  tlic  "Ik-  hand. 
and  llic  civilian  cninniiltti'  and  it-  n  iii\-(.'ntati\  k~,  "ii  tiir  I'tliiT. 
It  till'  ri.!atinn-  an-  liarni'  ni' in-,  I'^r  (.■NainpK'.  an  inl"nii;d  utukr- 
-tandini,'  can  he  naclK-d  a■^  l<i  the  tinu-  f^r  diMni-niu'  a  man 
iniiii  ihi'  lio-jiiial:  hnt  it  the  diMfim  cummand.rr  haiiinii-  t.'  he 
<  ne  lit  the  older  and  nmre  c  iii-er\  ative  ntVicer- — a-  i-  ii"t  mi- 
hkelv  til  he  tile  ea-e.  MiKe  tile  \.iun,i;er  and  pro-re-Mve  men  are 
lueded  I' 'r  nn  ire  aeii\e  -er\  ice — liiere  ma\-  he  dilticnlty  in  ,i,'et- 
tiiii;  a  -vmiiatiietie  liearini;  fur  the  .(.-i 'tii  imie  prnlilem-  nt  tiie 
lurmani.iith  di~ahKd.  ddiat  liicre  iia  ■  l>een  M'ine  fr[eiiiin  i>  >UK- 
-e-led  liv  a  decree  nt  tlie  War  Department  <>{  neCeiniier  27, 
I'Mii.  .hreeiim:  "everv  iiii>-ii;ie  -iiiiimrt  tn  the  iinliiiildin,^'  and 
(lie  inteii~i\e  ^rnwlii  ni   tiie  civilian  cripple  wurk." 

Iveedm-alii-n  i>  prnvided  in  varinu^  way-:  in  the  hii>iiital 
\v(irkr-hiip>:  in  -eliiinl-  and  in-litutii  in>  in  ti'.e.  locality  wiiere  tlie 
nieii  can  i;i  >  daily  while  cumimnn,!,'  their  ciiur>e  ft  treatnieiu; 
I  r  in  tai  ric>  nl"  the  iiei,i,'hl)iirlu>ud,  where  thc_  may  lie  ajipriu- 
ticid.  li.  a  >mall  tnwn  the  n>ual  practice  i-  ti  ■  admit  the  men 
III  ilie  rei^ular  cla--^e^  in  the  trade  .-climil;  in  ;i  place  like  l)n;->el- 
diTl'.  uiiere  there  are  lil'ty  military  Im^pitaK,  the  cummittce  may 
take  pii->e>>ii'ii  <if  an  entire  >chi  m  il  and  carry  on  its  own  courses 
of  in-truciion;  in  otiier  place-,  a-  in  XnrnherLC,  the  men  may  K" 
to  the  citv  trade  -clieiol^  for  theoretical  classes,  and  ^'I'l  t'lcii" 
luaciice  in  the  ho>pital  work>lioi)>.  In  the  r.randenlnir.i,'  Di-trict 
-iveiUeen  Iactorie>  had  heeii  opened  to  the  men  for  trainin.i;  in 
I'llJ.  Tile  i\ai>er  Willielin  Ilaus  in  Ik-rliii  is  a  -pecial  workshop 
for  men  still  u.ider  treatment.  It  i^-  devoted  to  the  reiairint;  of 
tire-arm>.  Tiie  men  are  of  course  -till  under  medical  ref,Mme. 
Tlieir  period-  of  work  aiH  of  re-t  are  carefully  rej,'ulated,  and 
they  receive  ma-si.t,'e  and  otluT  treatment  in  the  factory,  in  the 
iiUervaN  of  tiieir  iiiiployment.  At  t'ir>t  they  work  only  two 
I'.or.r-  a  dav.  urraduallv  increa>in,L;  to  six.  They  are  paid  accord- 
ing; to  tiieir  oiUjiut.  :ind  leave  for  po-itioiii,  in  ordinary  estahli-li- 
nieiit-  a-  -lion  a-  pii--ihle.     The  ordinary  period  of  stay  in  the 


CKKMANV     AMI    AISTKIA 


3Ui 


orthopedic  Imspital  is  fnmi  tw.  tn  mx  inuntli-.  and  the  rmhica- 
tion  courses  arc  limited  t<.  six  nu.nth>.  ( )h\ iim.-ly  they  can  not 
often  prepare  a  man  for  an  entirely  new  occtipation. 

AlthouKh  still  soldier-  the  men  are  not  under  military  dis- 
cipline in  the  chis>e>.  As  -tudenls  they  are  treated  as  eivdians. 
The  ho-pital  director  ),Mve-  tluni  iiermi>.>ion  to  attend  mIiooI  <,r 
to  iii>  out  to  ;i  factory  at  cerlam  hour-,  and  exerci-e-  no  author- 
ity over  them  duriiii,'  tli.-e  jierio,!-  'liie  teaclier-  are  drawn 
from  manv  -ource-.  hut  tiie  greater  pari  are  civilian  voluiUeer-. 
There  are  some  invalided  ol'licer-  a->ii;ned  hv  the  War  Depart- 
ment, hut  more  are  -cliool  teacher-,  foremen  de-i,i,Miate(l  hy  tlirir 
employer-  for  part  time,  craft-men.  and  other  repre-eiilatives 
of  civil  life.  Theri  appear-  to  he  little  diHuailty  with  the  men, 
;..nd  this  may  he  due  partly  to  the  fact  that  the  teachers  and 
committee  and  vocational  advi-er-  are  -o  j,'enerallv  of  the  -ui)erior 
or  otTicial  classes,  whom  the  men  are  ;iccn-ti>nied  to  ohey,  thou.L;h 
the  promptne-s  with  which  the  reeducatioual  work  is  heuun, 
the  patriotic  appeal  that  i-  made,  and  the  iulere-t  of  the  work 
as  an  incident  in  h<i-|)ital  life,  jirohahly  are  factors  as  well. 

It  is  reported  that  in  a  lar^'e  proportion  of  ea-es  the  men  h.ive 
little  amhition.  What  most  of  theiu  want  i-  a  -uhordinate  civil 
-ervice  p<'sition,  -uc!i  as  door  keeper  in  a  jiuhlic  huildnii;,  .md 
much  effort  is  re(|uired  to  stimulate  them  into  ;i  different  wav 
of  locking'  at  the  future.  This  is  due  in  part  to  "pen-ion  psycho- 
si>,"  or  "Kentendiystene."  as  it  is  also  called,  the  fear  that  their 
pension  will  he  reduced  if  they  shcnv  themselves  capahle  of  earn- 
ing more  than  was  the  iirospect  at  the  time  the  pension  was 
awarded.  There  is  no  fijundation  for  this  helief,  thouj,di  it 
is  true  that  a  pension  may  he  revised  hecause  of  a  ch.mge  in  the 
degree  of  disahilitv.  and  roruLU-rts  did  what  it  could  to  correct 
the  impres>ion  long  ago,  hut  it  is  hard  to  eradicate.  Another 
element  in  the  general  lack  of  ainhition  is  the  feeling  that  one 
has  done  enough  and  h.is  earned  the  right  to  a  tranquil  and  easy 
e.xistence  for  the  rest  of  life  hy  months  of  hard-hip  and  exertion 
and  pain  and  the  loss  of  a  leg  or  an  arm.  Per-istent  effu.  s 
are  said  to  be  necessary  to  combat  this  inertia. 


i;^N^^ 


J04 


lilsAlll.lIi    sol. nuns    AMI    SMl.dKS 


Om'^i-tiiitly  with  the  iirmciiilc  i>i  rctunuiii,'  to  the  old  occupa- 
tioti  it  ])o-Mhli',  i\rry  ittort  i>  iiiadf  to  viml  hack  to  tlic  land 
all  auriinltiiral  lalM.rir>.  Si-vcral  hiiiidri-(l  <.i  the  lio-jtitaK  have 
tarmv  whieh  are  lultivated  hy  the  patients  and  iiistriictioii  m 
ihlfereiit  hramhes  of  tariiiiiiK'  are  provided  hy  the  ten  re},'tilar 
aurietdtiiral  -ehool>.  A  Ijriel  account  of  an  intere-.tinK  under- 
taking; near  ( irauden/..  in  l'".a»t  rrii— la,  i^  availahle  '  The  auri- 
cnhura!  MCtion  of  this  training  school  ua^  tipeiied  in  May,  l''Wi. 
with  sixtieii  pupils.  I'y  Deceinher  of  the  sinie  year  110  hail 
heiti  trained.  Admission  ua^  limited  to  men  who  ji.id  already 
had  e.vjierence  in  agriculture,  a^  owmrs  or  tenant-  or  lahorers, 
and  the  aim  was  to  K'^*^'  tiiem  opportunity  to  recover  their  -kill, 
to  add  to  their  technical  knowled^'e,  and  to  keep  u])  their  intere-t 
in  their  oKl  work.  A  lart,'e  -late  colonization  pro|nrly  wa-  u-ed. 
'I'lie  men  were  jiaid  fifteen  ])fenni>,'>  per  hour.  Records  were 
kept  of  the  .iccompli-hment  of  the  di-ahled  men  in  coiniiari-on 
witii  the  ahle-hodicd.  and  it  wa-  found,  for  e.N.uiiple,  that  in 
liofinj,'  -Ui,'ardieet>  the  crip|ile>  couKl  lini-h  one-thinl  of  a  luorHi-ii 
in  ten  hours,  wiiile  an  ordinary  lahorer  could  do  from  one-third 
to  one-h.ilf  of  a  tu»r(icn  in  the  same  leiiijth  of  time;  that  in 
work  aliout  the  harns  it  took  five  cripples  to  do  the  work  (if 
three  ahle-hodied  men;  lliat  in  the  hay  harvest  the  di-ahled  did 
ahout  a-  much  on  the  .aver.me  as  the  women.  One  ni.m  devised 
a  speci.il  rake,  with  wiiicli  he  could  make  more  furrows  at  a 
sini;le  stroke  in  the  clover  field.  It  wa-  arr.inu'ed  that  the  men 
should  have  daily  change  of  work,  in  order  to  \i\\v  them  variety 
in  the  motions  retpiired  for  their  jihy-icd  improvement.  The 
long  summer  evenings  were  used  for  lecture-  and  clas-  instruc- 
tion in  theory. 

It  is  worthy  of  notice  that  in  the  ri),'orous  application  of  the 
principle  that  men  should  he  fitted  to  return  to  their  fonner 
occupation  whenever  possihle,  experience  has  shown  that  only 
very  few,  comparatively,  even  anion.i,'  the  seriously  ilis.ahled.  are 
not  able  to  i^o  hack  to  their  old  work,  or  to  some  similar  or 

'  DrulSiht-  l.,itulu'irtSi-lwftlu-lir  I'rr.'s,-.  Ik-cetTilier  2i.  \^\6.  .Mistract  in 
The  .(iiiiT.'.dH  Journal  of  Care  for  Criffl'-s,  veil.  V,  page  175. 


i 


C.F.IvMANV     AM'    AISTICA 


.105 


allK-a  occui.ati.n.  It  l..ll..u^.  tluT.|..ro.  lint  I'-r  tin-  ^riMt 
inaj-riiv,  llic  iraiiiiiiK'  l^ivoii  iii  tlu'  li--iMtaK  and  tlic  nlmati' 'iial 
m-ututiMn>  i>  .k-i,i;iu-.l  t-  imica-o  d'tKuiu-v— a-,  t-r  ixami.lc, 
ill  tlic  auriculiural  -ili""l  at  i.rau<Kii/.. 

Special  in(liK\inciit>  arc  ..tlVroi  t-  ^liulciit-  uli-  are  rm.Krr.l 
,.,„t-,t  inr  military  service  V  k'"  I'^nk  L.  tlu-  uin\rrMtv  a..i<l  tmi-li 
iheir  c..ur-e.     Tiie  riiivcrMty  ..t    I'.rrlni  admits  .h>al.lol  ,^///,  ,7-,v 
t,,   am    c..ur>e>   tliey   mav   wi-li   t-   enter,    wiih-nt    lee^   .  t   any 
lorinalities  ..f  rei;i>irat!.  .n.      In  tlie  inter. -t  ..l'  tlie  nlncated  in- 
valid- <<i  war  a  -ciety  ha-  heeii  f-rtned.  tin-  Dml-clie   i-.i-niK- 
Krenzverem.  which  ha-  t..r  it-  special  -hject  t-  build  -pecial  c^.ii- 
X  ah -cent  hnnie-  where  teacher-,  pr-te-i-nal  men.  -indent-,  and 
ethers  uf  the  intellectual  da-ses  may  find  cni^enial   -nrround- 
in--  and  every  help  tn  cmplete  recvery.      <  >!    tiu-e  "there  are 
ni.any.   f-r  it  ha-  heeii  the  rule  rather  than  tlu-  exception  that 
the  man  of  learniiii;  :md  intellectual  attainment-,  the  man  wli.. 
i,  a  o.nimander  anions'  men.  is  the  (.ne  to  ..,'ra-p  the  hii;  idea  ..f 
the  war  and  all  th.il  it  means,  and  in  hi-  val-r  and  enthu-ia-m 
},Mve  iiim-elt  reckle-ly  and  freely  t-  the  ,i;reat  c.in-e  that  he  leel- 
i,  hi-  ..wn,  indivi.lu.dly.  as  well  a-  that  "i  hi-  hel-ve.l  cniitrN,"' 
The  blind  c<'ii-titiitc  a  special  class  am.mt,'  the  disabled.     Dr. 
Sj.'k'ren  culd  n.>t  ,!,at  any  fi^'ures  ..f  the  number  nf  men  who 
luufl'-t  their  si,L;ht,  "n  his  vi-it  in  1"17.  but  he  was  t-ld  th.it 
eye   wounds   were  much   mnrc    frequent   than   in    former    war-. 
am..unlin.i;  V,  frnm  live  t..  ei«ht  per  cent  >>i  all  w-und-.     Thi- 
i-  a  lar.uer  proportion  than  i-  imlicated   for  the   I'.riti-h   forces. 
There  are  special  hospitals  for  the  blind,  where  they  receive  the 
ru.liments  <.f  their  reeducation:  first  in  impnrt.ance  and  in  point 
of  time,  how  to  get  around  without  assistance;  next,  to  read 
.•,i.,l  write,  the  latter  u-ually  on  the  typewriter;  and  thir.l.  the 
beirinninu-  <>i  occuj'ational  trainiui;.     The  training  for  silf-v,,,,. 
port  i-  a  much  lons^er  proce-  for  tlie  blind  than  the  crii.iiled. 
;uid  must  be  continued  after  leavim,'  the  ho-pit.d.  if  iiuleed  the 
beginning  of  it  is  not  po-tponed  until  then.     Two  years  are  c  .n- 

1   \rtirle  it-  tlie  <T^-\'rr.-i.his.-h.-r  Ruiids^luiu.  VHt,.  (|Untccl  in  t!ie  ./w'n.j.i 
Journal  of  Car,-  for  c>i>r'.-f-     The  project  was  entirely  m  the  future. 


"i^fm 


■r^^-^j^^^mi-^ 


■.^..  w»^^-^- 


.Mu< 


M>Mll  I  li    -ul.MI  l>     \M      >  \\\>< 


MiKrul  tui-i->.irv  I"  ;;i\<   .'  Mnid  lu.ui  .i  ili'  fu-li  tii.iMirv  i\  ;i 

tr.idi.-.     In  aiMit t"  tin-  ii-n.il  ■  n  ii|  .iti' 'ii-  I'f  ilic  lilind.  ii  li.i> 

l.cii    t'.uiid    li.i-ilili    l.r   llmii  I'i   li.irii   t..  i'i«r;iti-   riTtaiM   -.iti' 
iii.ulmii-.      I.r.;ii    mii..  iri.iiio    i-  alt. nil. d   I'.   ~uiiiil\iiiu  arlitni.il 
i\i-   |iri'm|.ll\    uliiii   llu  \    an-   incdid.   Iniau~c  I't    tlu'   iltut   lU 
llii-   -[Mrit^.  a-   Will  a-  Imau-c  luttir   n-iiil-  laii  he   -mirtd   it 
llu\-   an-   tilted   a-   -"'ii   a-   llu    woiiid   i>   -utTKieiiil)-   luaKd   to 
ail"\\    ii.      Mtuii  ]ir.';;ia~-  lia-  linii  iiiadf  in  llu-  niamila.tnrt    i.f 
;.rtitirial  t'Vi-s  ^imc  tlu'  lii-i,'innni^  "I   ilk'  war,  and   \\r  aia    t-lil 
that  an  a-ti  inidiiu'^'  df^rtc  nf  |nTfi'Cli"ii  lia-  limi  naelnd.     \\  Inn 
lla-  liliiid  man  kii'  •«  -  thai  lii>  apjit  araiiia-  i-  u<  ■!  nn  la  ly  ii.  .t  r>  jml- 
-ivc.  lint  i\ati  natural,  tlu-  tir-t   i,'ri-at  liattlt-  i~  wnii  tnuard  his 
return  |i'  m  ll-cc.iilMKiKe  and  tluiui   to  I'liti-nt  aiu!  u-elulm-s. 
Marked   ]ir",ure--  ha^  hem   made  al-i   in   the  arlihcial   limh^, 
l'.\en  het'i're  the  war.  <  .erman  and  Au-triaii  nii'del>  ranked  with 
Amerie.m  in  the  wrld  m.irkel.  hut  "n  many  impr(.\  emeiit-  liave 
In  ell  ni.iile  tli.it   tlu\   are  imw  -aid  t"  he  "wlii'llv    i 'itt  >  i  d.ate." 
I  )r    Mavit   |i.  int-  ■  nt  tli.it  until  tlii'  pre-mt  w.ir  tin-  tr.ade  had 
I  e.n  handed  d'.un  iriiiii  •  me  m.i-ter  tn  an< 'tiler  with  little  chani,'e. 
and  in  partKular  "tlu'  advauee-  "t  modern  eiiLjineerinL,'  h.id  iH't 
heeil  applied  t"  tlii-    .     .     .    JilLi-e  "t   mechanical   wrk."      M.iiiV 
(■I  the  new  ai'pliaiice-  h.ive  heeli  ~u,i,'i;e-ted  hy  the  etii^'ineer.     The 
<  H  rman  SiiCiel\   "t   l-'.ni;ineer^  idl'ered  a  l.ar.ue  jiri/.e  I'^r  the  he-t 
.irtituial  hand  .and  anil,  .lud  e>tahli-hed  a  static 'ii  fcT  te-tinj,'  the 
de\  ice-  which  were  -uhmitted.     ( ^ne  ni  the  tui>-t   -ucce--tul  in- 
\tnti"n-    i-   a    liand   de\i-ed    h\-   an    untrained    pe.a-ant,    Au,i,'u-t 
Keller,  which  Dr.  .Mayer  think-  i<  un(|ue-tii  m.ihly  the  Ix'-t  pn'— 
tlu-i-  \et  devised   fur  the   tanner.      Some  i<i  the  h"-pit;ils,  at 
Ka-l.  tlii'Uuh  it  tu.iv  imt  he  the  rule,  make  their  own  hrace-  and 
other  a]>pliauce-.  iiiipk  >yini,'  the  jiatient-  for  tlii-  work,  uiuler  a 
ni.i-'er-workman  with  two  or  three  ap]irentice-.     'Die  ad\  ;int;i.t;es 
o|  thi-  arr.inuement  are  oh\iou-.     The  work  can  he  done  under 
the  vw  of  the  -uru'eou.  in-tead  of  hein,!,'  left  entirely  to  the  hrace- 
maker.     It  jiroNide^  an  occujiation  in  which  the  men  take  a  keen 
per-oii.il  iiitere-t.     I-'urthermore.  it  is  of  extreme  practical  value 
to  the  men  to  learn  einai.!;!!  ahout  the  work  to  he  ahle  to  repair 


(.I.KMAN'Y    .\M>    MMKIA 


.H)7 


tlkir  '  \Mi  ai.piiratii-.  ivni  it  lluv  <1..  ii-t  iiii;.im-  m  it  a-  a  tra<K'. 
I'r.ifi—r  >\ni/A.  Ill  the  «rLMl  \  Kiiiia  li'  M'"'''-  ''"^'^  ""'  •'""^^' 
,,„  ampiitali.!  -mLIut  I  ■  l)c  (li-cliaf^nl  tiiiul  lu  lia-.  -iivi.l  at 
ka-t  l.'Ur  uv^k^  111  llu'  .k'liartiiRUt  ulurc  ..'•ilRial  limli-  arc 
niaiK-  aii.l  lia-  larnol  a  ccrtilicaU-  tliat  lie  can  rq.air  In^  -vmi 
aitaratiiv  Aimilur  pracliial  o.iiM(lcrati..ii  is  tli-'  ina.K<niac' 
.1  the  -iiiijilv  "t  iiiparatii-  lr..ni  onliiiary  xairci-.  in  ci 'lui.ariM.ii 
with  pr.Mnl  am!  luturc  ticnl-.  mile-  iiuaMin^  an-  taken  I" 
increa-e  the  nuinliei-  't   nun  wh"  km.w  the  trade. 

N..  slandanl  i.attern-  are  i.rescnhed  liv  the  K..veriiiiieiit.     l.aih 

niarkei.  within  the  prices  all-wed  l.v  the  War  Department.  The 
(■ermaii  tlie-ry  almnt  an  artituial  limh  i>  tliat  it  •Mi.-uld  rei.r..- 
,hice  n-i  the  L-l  imih.  Imt  the  !• -M  imu-ti.  .n,"  that  it  sli,,iiM  he 
••n-t  an  imitati-n  arm  -r  le^'.  hut  a  t.-l  "  The  '•Sniiday  arm" 
i~  supplied  -nly  t-  clerical  workers,  and  t-  them  only  «.ii  special 
rcilUest. 

l'i.\(  i:Mr.NT 

Thus  i;,r.  it  is  usually  s.iid.  there  has  been  iv  dilVicuIlv  t-r 
the  disai)led  man  m  tind  eiiiiil-ymeiu.  T!ic  fMUimittees  i..r  the 
Care  of  (."rii>ples  arc  the  intermediary  t'.r  th.-c  wh..  need  help  in 
this  Their  practice  seenis  tn  he  t'i  trv  hr^t  the  termer  employer; 
if  fcr  any  reason  he  can  m.t  take  the  man  naek.  he  is  referred 
to  anotlicr  agency,  Kin'-'rally  the  puhlic  employment  c.\c]ian!,'e, 
hut   s,,me  of   the   committees  coiuuict    tiwir   own   cmpl'v.r-nt 

bureaus. 

Manv  government  positions  nre  open  to  the  disahled  snldurs. 
and  thev  have  the  preference  over  ahle-hodied  apiilicani-  of 
'similar  (lualitications.  It  is  understood,  for  example,  that  all 
future  vacancies  in  the  i.o-t  offices  ,.i  rural  districts  are  to  !„ 
reserved  for  war  cripples  who  wish  to  settle  on  the  land.  I'.m- 
ployers  have  heen  for  the  most  part  extremely  cooi>crative.  many 
associations  RoinK  ""  record  a<  in  fav..r  of  employing  disahled 
sr.Kliers  in  any  p<.sition  where  they  can  he  used.  Manufacturers, 
merchants,  miners,  have  been  ready  to  ),'ive  them  work.     "The 


.—•+.' 


308 


ll-\:U.!.:i    ><i!.|il!.l;>    ami    sailup^ 


izt 


,lilUT.!,i  ti:L.k-  -prii  t..  iluui  aiv  !•-  many  t-  tmuiKfatr,"      !  lie 
,lircvt-r  -t  -nr  -i   ilu    -iko;,1  \v-]n\:d~   f-r  ,  .,„ -aruir,l  ni.n  has 
,l,-;^u,.   r,p  a   li-l   ■■!    a    iiuiniro!   ..aupali-n-   -nital.K-    l-r   tluiti. 
ll„ii.lK'all    u-rk^i-   v.li'-^    -laiKlanl-  arr   pi-iiir.',   l.y  a   umUl 
.■,-1,111  >-tal.li-'.u.l  1)v  lav.   arr  n-tahlv  e-r.lial  I-  the  nv  huMU-ii 
;.,',ul  lacmpl.^uunt  -I  ilu-  iv.rii  ,li-a!.lol  in  llir  war.  atal  llu-v  have 
i\rii  un.Krlakrn  an  aaiv.'  pr.  ipa-an.l,,  I-  nr-c  ihcni  l^^  h.o.ino 
ii.a-!r!-v.-!-;..nHn.      TIk-    nni.-n-    -i    n.achnie    uTk.r-    an     k-> 
fa\-raMr.      'I'h- v  oiiiplain   I'.iat   l,;h.  ^r   i-  n-t   MirtuMrutly   laprc- 
-rnu-,1  -n  nu    o  .iiiniit;.;r-.  that  tla'  caia-  -1  cnppK-  i~  t'-  nuKh 
.  anil  tlk-  — L'iali-t  iiiii-ii.  v-p.rially  dmiand  ccntral- 
o,i.,    .,    cut  C'liitr"!  ami  n-p-iiMhility. 
'i'l-    -  ■  arc  v<'  >ta'.i-iii.-  !■■  -h'^w  1"  what  rNtvnt   iIr-  di-alil'.-d 
.„.^,   ,-     •      rhrd    in'.'     ih'-   n-Tina!    indn-nal   lili-   "I    the   nati-n. 
Slatci  .■.•■:.-  that  ihc  (litiicr.lix    "!   placin-  trippK-  i-  '•U-ciniii;" 
.Mi-L;t>l  ni..rc  -t.Ti..u~  ..l.-taik'.  t'lan  have  UMially  hvrii  admitted. 
.\  ri'p-rt  of  iIr-  i--nir.iiuec  c.f  the  Rhine  i.r-\inec-  in  JiUK-.  l''l/. 
.tatv.  that  out  ..f  'L'7  applie.nit-  1-r  nnpl-vniml  2M  wvrv  "ptr- 
nianmtlv  f.nlit"    fnr   udk.   .>''.'    ••tcmp-rarilv   un»ii."  '»-'   "wrk 
-hv,"  and  JO' I  "wiliin.L:  l-.  wt.rk."  uh.ieh  d-e^  n-t  -ivc  the  iniprc- 
M,,ii  ,.f  i-,.niplelv  and   rapid  ah-  rpti-n.      TlKTe  arc  -'nu-  c  .m- 
l.laims  in-n-vcr.  that  in  certain  di-.rict>  ticlplc.-^  cripple-,  with 
n-  ahililv  and  n-  de-irc  1-  d^  ■  anylhin-  I"  help  tlieni-ch,  c-,  are 
innneriiu>  and  hurdcn-"mc. 

Thai  -ucco-  in  pl.ieini,'  di-.ihled  nicn.  in  -"  lar  a-  ihcre  ha- 
hccii  Miccc».  i>  due  in  ,- 'ir.c  nu-.a-tu-c  .at  lea-l  I"  Hie  -carcity  d 
lah-r  can  n^  .t  he  d-ui)ted,  ;u!d  there  are  -'me  vice-  rai-ed  m 
warnim,'  th.at  ■'ihini;-.  will  he  dilVerciU  .alter  the  war.  when  up^n 
the  return  current  cf  heallhv  w-rker-  with  full  w-rkin-  power-, 
war  cripple-  will  have  v  ■  CiUipete  with  -ound  men  in  the  daily 
>tiiiL;ule  for  v\i-icnco." 

The  i|ue-lioii  lit  w;ei;e-  i'  r  the  man  wh"  i-  n^t  .alile  l^  do 
t'ull  work  ha-  of  cour-e  lieen  di-cu-ed.  The  union-  have  m-.-ed 
th.at  .arhilration  ho.ard-  he  e-tahli-hed  in  each  trade,  to  ii\  the 
wai^e-  of  e.ach  indi\  idii.il  crij.ple  employed,  .and  ten  or  twelve 
-nch    ho.ir.l-    have    he.li    e~;:d,h-heil    in     r.erlin    and    el-ewhere. 


CKK.MANV    A  Nil    A I   SI  IMA 


309 


(  ir.o-ii.  n-  an-ir,'.'  iii  c^muai.  n  uit!i  a^.uknt  in-ur.iiKX'  hiw  :il-> 
uT.nol   c..n-:>Kr,iw.n.    luu   ti-  .Kimar   acii-ii   ha-   in-.n    lakcn. 
■|tK-  Dir.a-r  -i   \\:v  Iniiari,;!   Iii-craiuc  MiTicc  pvM-.-M-  -.tiiiay 
„,crr;,-ol    uau-hinlur--    t-    vnAriu    accidcm-.      l-.mpl.  .yn-.    m 
thnr  Hi.Lral  atutu.'A'  ,liaatol  l,v  i.ain-ii-iii  aiul  ihc  -carniy  ..I 
Ul„,r,    h;,vc   n-t   ',ir-ol    the   incrca-ol    n-k   a-   a   rra-nn    a-ain>t 
r-,;ip!-viim  cnpi.K'l  "i^"-     'll'^''-  '^  ■'  l"-"V-i"n  in  the  In-iiraucc 
1  ;.w   that   if   a   luan'-   u-rk'iv.   aq,.wh\   i~   iKrir.aiirlulv   K-^vnol 
:,,,,!  he  i-  in  m-n|.t  ..t  imhhc  vrV'.vi  he  niav  u-.k  with-ut  hntm 
in-ufck  an.I  thi-  h.a-  lieen  it.Nnkc.l  f.  a  eeriain  extent  in  lieliall 
,,r  war  crii^.k-  in  neei].!  ■■{  a  iwnM..n,  hnt  the  I'ru-ian  Mnn-ter 
,,f    (■-.inineree   an.I    huhi-try   ha-    nafne.i    auain>t    V<u    wide   an 
a,,j,heatinn  ni  the  elati-e.     There  ha-  heeii  --me  di-cu-L-n  ah.  .nt 
the  -tatu-  of  men  -till  in  the  h.-i^ital-  wh-  ,t;. .  -ut  f.  w.rk  m 
tlie   faef.rie-  -t  the  nei-hh.  t!i.  -.1,  and   it   ha-  heen  .lecule.l  hy 
the  Pru-ian  Mini-ter  ..f  War  that  in  -luh  ea-e-  tlie  w.  .rk  i-  to 
l,r  reuanled  a-  an  element  in  their  medical  treatment  and  that 
,n-nrance  i-  n.  I  nece-arv.      In   We-tphalia.  hnwever.   the  C-m- 
niittee    f.  T   the   Care   of    l^'rivi'le-   arranged    with   an    m-urancc 
coni'ianv  t"  c-ver  -nch  ca-e<. 


Colon  iz  A  HON 

I'roii.  -al-  f-r  e-tahli-hin.u'  c-l -me-  <-i  di-ahled  -oldier-  have 
not  heen  laekm-.  e-i..cially  at  the  ..penin^  of  the  war.  in  c-nnee- 
lion  witii  tile  -reat  new-paper  deinan.l  I'or  home-.  One  oi  the 
„v.-t  elal .orate  and  nl..^t  allurin-  c..nK>  fn^m  the  Dent-cluii 
(,,,rten-la.h-C,e~ell-ehalt.  emh..di..l  in  a  heantilnl  v.^lume  fnll 
,,;  well  mar-haleii  ar.unnieiit  ami  arti-iie  ilhi-tr.iti.  .n-.' 

A  c...  j.erative  "L^arden  citv"  ..f  incii.acitated  eN-oldier>.  with 
-ei-arate  .1  welling-   f.  .r   the   lamilic-  and  eoni;ret,'ate  Imme-   f..r 

l,,u-he!..r-;  with  •.- 1  -civ  .^.  facilities  t'.r  normal  v.cial  inter- 

e  .nr-e.  home  indu-trie-  free.l  in.m  the  object!.. n  of  the  sweat- 
in-  -v-tem.  individual  trardeii-.  and  all  the  re-t  of  the  seductive 

arcl,:!.--t'-  .Ir.iw.nK;^.  -v.   Th.'  .S-.r:     ..  AiTil   1.   l".'.   ('...1.   WW  H.  I"-'    •' 


310 


ui^ADi.r.n  5i)i.i)iLi;>  aM'  S-mi.h 


parai-liirnalia  ui  such  ^chuii.  -.  i-  ur-cd  a':  a  l-.-tt.r  w.av  ut  dis- 
i!!ar,i;in,L;  lliu  national  (k'ht  >>i  -ratitudc  tu  the  w-umlol  hcnjc-. 
(■ol.)ni/.aU'..ii  m  f,'n.iiii-.  h'.\vf\cr,  i-  nd  tawre.l  l.iy  >.hw  \vh" 
know  nlu^i  abuut  crippk-.  cither  in  Ciermany  or  cKewhcrc.     Kc- 
r.l)M-irption  into  nnrinal  conimunity  hie,  not  -e.L;r(.Kaii' .n.  i>  the 
iilcal.     \\:irri(ir>'  llonu-  :iri'  e^  .n.k-nmvd  a-  cniphaiieaUv  hy  Dr. 
Wurt;^,  ill  the  bunk  (lunted  ah-vc,  ar-  tiiey  were  hy  the  Saniiarv 
ConimisMon  in  the  United  State>  at  the  time  of  Uk-  (  nd  War, 
and  apparrntly  Iiy  much  the  -:mie  rea-oniii,u'.     'Ilk)'  arc  "jiot  in 
accrdance  witli  the  C.ernian  character."     l-'.ven  for  the  -eriou>ly 
di-ahled  who  liave  no  home-  of  their  own,  it  i-  lietter  to  Iioard 
theiir  in  faniihcs  than  to  provide  for  them  in  iiermancnl  m-tiin- 
tioll^.     A  joint   proclamation  -I    -everal  of  the  cahiiKl  olficers 
carlv  in  the  war  (quoted  hy  Dr.  Wurt/. )  cautions  a.u'ain-i  placin.u; 
conlulence  in  new  -ocietic-  without  experience  in  colonization  or 
land   prohlems   which   ni.ay   spriii.t;   up   to   i)romnte   nt,'ricultural 
colonies  df  war  cripples.     Colonization  hy  individual-,  however, 
in  suitable  ca^e-,  i>  stron,i;ly   favored,  and,  as  we  ha\e  -een,  is 
facihiated  by  the  -t.ate.     A  mere  ta-le  for  country  life— which 
is  common  amon,;,'  disabled  Kuropean  soldiers,  prob.ably  because 
it  looks  like  a  peaceful  and  ea^v  method  of  existence— i>  not  c on- 
-idered   sufficient   to  constitute  j)re>uniptive  evidence   of    fiiuire 
succes?.     Previous  Cxi)erience  in  agriculture  is  general'!     agreed 
to  Ije  an  e^ential  coiuliiion. 


Et)i>  Aiio.v  OF  Tur.  Plt.i.ic 

A  consider.-ible  effort  Ii;i-  been  expended  in  the  propag.-.nda 
of  the  princiiiles  adopted  at  tiie  beginning  of  the  war.  The 
Zeit-chrift  fur  Knippelfursorge,  the  org.an  oi  the  X'ereinigung 
which  existed  I)efore  the  w.ar.  ha-  lieeii  devoted  largely  to  prol)- 
lenis  of  war  cripples  since  l'>14.  Tlie  Reich-au-schuss  pi;bli-hes 
a  periodical,  as  well  as  the  ^l)ecial  reports  and  pamphlet,-  to  whicli 
reference  ha-  been  made.  'ihe  local  committees  fre.|\uni!y 
issue  publications  for  their  own  -peci.d  pur]ioses.     Many  iiuhviil- 

ual  ii;,i-../.iiu'  anicle^.  pamphlel-.  :iiid  even  1 k-  lM\e  apiuMied 

ami  tliere  has  been  di-cu.--ion  of  metliod:  and  ilieorie-  in  the 


C.EKMAN'V 


.\N-[)    ALSIklA 


311 


new 


>pap' 


cr- 


Exliil)it>i  of  tlif  accrimpliMmicnt- 


f  crip[)Ii.'^  .mil 


lit  ui  llu'  In      Hals  have  been  held  all  uver  the 


cif   the  eijuipnie 
empire. 

DlSTlNCTIVn   FeATCRES    IN'    AUSTRIA-HINT.ARY 

From  the  infurniation  wliich  i>  availahle  in  regard  to  Austria- 
Hungary  it  may  he  inferred  that  the  general  principle>  on  wjueli 
the  wi.rk  is  carried  im  arc  nm  very  different  from  thu-e  of 
(jermanv,'  and  that  tlie  impmved  mellnHls  devi-ed  in  either 
ciiunlrv  are  at  tiie  service  of  the  other.  The  \'ienna  in-tituti^n- 
under  the  direction  of  Dr.  Sjiitzy,  and  the  -chool  founded  liy 
Count  Zichv,  a  one-armed  Hungarian  gentleman,  of  which  .1 
one-armed  architect  is  principal,  are  frequently  referred  to  with 
great  admiration. 

The  only  distinctive  feature  in  Austria  which  has  come  to 
our  notice  is  the  estahli-hnient  hy  the  government  of  a  -])ecial 
emplovment  Inireau  for  war  cripples,  the  Arheit^verlnitllung  lur 
Kriegsinvaliden,  in  the  Ministry  of  the  Interior,  with  hr;inciu-^ 
in  the  oftices  of  the  provincial  and  district  authorities.  A  simil.ir 
bureau,  the  Invalidenamt,  has  been  established  liy  the  Royal 
(Idvernmcnt  of  Hungary.-  This  [lolicy  i.-  in  C"ntr;i-t  t"  th.it 
adopted  bv  the  other  important  countries,  whicii  have  decided 
against  setting  up  any  special  agency  for  the  placement  of  their 
disabled  men  considering  it  more  advatuage(.ius  to  rely  on  the 
general  labor  exchanges  already  in  existence. 


Poi'fi.AR   Criticism 

Xo  svstcm  ever  works  as  smootjily  as  the  most  conscientious 
description  seems  to  imply — not  even  in  Prussia — and  it  is  n^t 
surprising  to  find  indications  of  dissatisfaction.  It  is  perhap'^  not 
-'-.-prising  to  find  that  the  dissatisfaction  is  directed  chiefly  again-l 
the  lack  of  a  central  authority  to  coordinate  all  parts  of  the 

'Sec,  f.ir  cx.iniiilc,  Dr.  Wurtz'^  -t.itcmcm  that  tlic  -;inie  i.r-rjrani  u  i^ 
mauijurateii  in  tlie  dual  monarciiv  a-  in  >  ifriii.iii> 

-  V,  »,•  fuidisch,'  f.aitil,i-:,-ihin,i.  Jiih  .7 ._  I'll  7.  .111  .tf!  111  I  h.-  .lm,-ruj>i 
Jrunidl  of  Care  for  Crici'U-s,  vol.  \  ,  [Mgc  17J. 


.^  1 J 


i)i-\i;Liai  sii;.i)ii.i,s  and  >.\iu)KS 


\\(irk.  aiul  iIk-  ci'iiili;ir;ili\ x-ly  iinul'lk-ial  tbaracter  ni  tlic  Kru-s,'- 
Ir-diadi-tcii-lur-'Ti^'.-tillc.  TIilii-  arc  jirutc-t-  al-.  ;;-ai:i-t 
-•iiK'  vi  \\h'  lirinciiiK-  •n  which  rtrilucati'.'U  i-  iia~c.l;  luaiiy 
..  iiiplaint.-  ul  iiKUVuhial  hard-hip:  and.  a~  ha-  hn.n  n..ticc<l  in 
c  nnicii-n  with  ihc  ^cctiMU  i.n  pcuMnn-.  IIktc  i-  a  very  .u'ciaraJ 
(h--;ai-laili..n  with  the  ratv-  of  i.e-n-i-n-  and  the  way  in  whuli 
ihrv  an  awar.k-d.  A  iKiiii'ii  denunuhn.i,'  rc\i-i.'n  \va-  prejiari'd 
iVr  the  keich-lai;  1  -i  year.  A  ( iernian  War  Crii.pk-'  Uni-n 
wa-  (iruani/vd  in  June,  I'Mh,  with  nianv  hranehe-,  and  i.thAr 
a--,  nations  have  been   farmed  t^  iin.tect  the  inlere^t^  cI    .heir 


A  -pirileil  pn.ie-l  a.c;ain-l  the  nnder!\  iiv.,'  princiiiles  <.t  the  w^rk 
i..r  eriiipl.  -  was  printed  in  /  ■.'/•:e.(.-;/\  for  Jnly  27.  l'U7.     '1  he 
writer  ohjeet-  t-   the   ••d--nia"   Mi.,i    uill   p-wer   can   and    i:  n-t 
,  veicnie  all  <il.-tacle-.  en  the  -r-nnd  that  there  are  many  anmn- 
the   di^ahled    M.ldier-    --   p->clneally    injured    (  Dcm  .rienlierteii  ) 
that   il   i>  unrea-itiahle   to  expect   them   t- .   regain   nurmal    will 
p..wer  until  lon.u   after  the   war,   if  ev.r.      He  pn.te>t<  t'Mnally 
au.iin-l  the  idea  that  the  men  -h.-uld  .u'"  l«ack  to  their  old  occupa- 
tion-, heeau-e.  he  ar,i,'ues.  thi.-  should  he  an  opportunity  for  di- 
c.A.rin-  intelleetual  excellence  .and  ,i;ivin,i;  it  a  chance,   in-tead 
(1  merelv  -u-i;iir.ini,'  ol.l  cl,a--  di-iinction-.   "It  is  .i^'enerally  known 
ihat  tremer.dou-  intellectual  powers  slumber  in  the  'ma-^e>,'  .  .  . 
only  waitin.ii  for  an  awakeiiini,'  touch.     Ought  it  not  to  l)e  the 
chiu'  dutv  of  \,.can-nal  coun-elor-  to  tc-t  the  intellectual  Hualiti- 
cation-  of  the  men    fn-m  the  lower  cla--es    .    .    .    and  if   they 
Ini.l  un-u-pected  abilities  anion-  them  t-  direct  iheiii  toward  a 
inw  .and  Worthy  inlellectual  pur-uit?" 

/v  ileputy  in  the  Ueich-ta.L;.  writing;  in  the  rdhsccitHUii  of 
Kiel,  expre-ses  the  current  dis>atisfaction  with  the  administr.v 
t;\e  or;.;ani/atioii  of  the  work  as  follows:' 

T!u-  rercnf  >n..;i:i-^tinn  t.i  solicit  inil.llc  o.mributi.ais  si  a-  !■■  <li^c!larl:c. 
,T  ,,t  l>.i-t  -uiM'UiiKnt.  tl,c  cntn.try's  ol>liwati,.ii.  i-  her  war  v,ct,ni=.  ar-iiH- 
,„n,.„^,  ,!ic  ,:c,  p!o  a  in...,n,m.a.-  wiv  ..f  ..,,,,.,-iti..m.     i;ittcr  rcfoiUment   fillcl 

I  \v.]\  ::-.  1''17.     Ouotcil  in   The  .  Ifii.-nV>i>i  Jrunul  of  Guv  /.'r  friff.v.r. 

^.^  \ .  'i,a.;c  in 


il.l 


IVl-     IV't 


(.l.U.MA.NV    AMI     \LSn<l\ 

the  !x-art.  of  the  unnn.lv^l  -.I'Iht-.     l"-r  uc  au-  n.^t  t..k„;^  tlu    nv  - 
.,,,    MM,   f.    ~al\-«uar,l   the   nU.n-t-    ■  i      ■  ar   rr„.iJc-,    m   tlul    w.   li 
fo.n.l.,!   an   ,..nc,all>    -I,r..-,c.l    ucHarc  ..ruanua,,,  n   «>.h    M^tuum    m„.a,uc^ 
,nflne„cc.  and  an.h^r.u       U.    l.av  l..n  .inkcrn,^  a,  -\ -^-'"•'";^"  "  J 
,M,.   cs.r  Mucc  l-cl.ruar>,  V'l^  1  lU  a.  tlu   IT.-c.  rat.  ol  ,,n.uu>^  uar  m,J 
well  cn.inue  for  ,cn  years  l,cf,.re  we  >hall  l,a^o  .-.al,l,-l>c.l  a  really  o..,-- 
network  of  wdfart-  or^;anuati.>ns  rc-t.n«  on  „n,v.rs,l  ,....v^u,u..n-iLr  ^^i.y 
Pitarantc-  of  .uccc-.     The  pnncple  is  Kcncrally  ackr.,.wk.kc,l.  lut   ,l^  <xe- 

'"'i4a,ca^^"e^"^  village  i.>.  ^ay,  ,hc  Province  of  nran,lenln,r«.  .lour,.!us 
a  ~hin,le  w.th  a  red  c.le  and  the  inscription  ••Krie.wheschaa:..tenn,rs,.r,e- 
celle,-  lau  ,n  nio.,  caM  .  the  postn.K'  of  the  decorat.ve  placar.l  .^  as  tar  a-  he 
,vork  of  the  welfare  hureau  K'.es.     Thin^•^  are  n..  hetter  ni  n>o.t  of  the  .^tl.tr 

provinces.  ,  ,  ■  i    i   f   ,  ,Un 

The  Re,chsau-chu-  fur  Krie«M.cvha<Iiuteninrsorw  ha=  provided  f-  the 
task  m  -luestion  a  ^'reat  wrkini;  program  .,n  tliorou^hly  commendahle  l.a-,c 
principles.  All  of  these  presuppose  the  cooperation  ..i  an  extensive  circle 
of  a.cnces.  But  the  mass  of  the  pc.ple.  and  ni.-st  particularly  the  «.'r  ./M- 
pk-s  themselves,  can  place  their  confi.lence  m  this  ..rKam.ation  onh  ,i  all 
the  industries  work  together  and  the  lalwr  interests  are  adent>ately  rep- 
resented. 


Local   welfare  bureaus   are   still   frcmently   under  the   directiw.  .^f    indi- 
vidu'ils      This   i-  .     .     an   intolerahle   situation 

The  War  Oltice  issued  a  decree  hi  April  providing  f..r  the  draft  f-T 
auxiliarv  service  ,.i  war  cripples  unfitted  f..r  military  duties.  AccTdmi; 
to'.his  decree  the  draftini;  cmmittees  will  in  each  case  have  to  report  .o 
the' local  committee  of  the  official  civil  war  cripples'  welfare  la.reau  T  ic 
local  committee  will  in  at  least  two  weeks'  time  have  to  report  whether  the 
war  cripple  is  fit  for  dutv,  or  whether  he  has  f,.uud  empl..>ment  in  a  p-i  mn 
which  does  not  satisfv  the  requirements  of  the  auxiliary  service  law  1  his 
decree  assi.Mis  to  the  local  committees  a  .lut^  that  will  he  -.t  the  most  vital 
importance  to  war  cripples.  .  .  .  Up...,  them  alone  rests  the  decision 
whether  nr  tiot  a  war  cnpple  is  to  give  up  a  ,..si„nn.  .  .  P-ssihly  even  a 
permanetit  place,  in  favor  of  some  occupation  nfmditary  importance  that 
hat.penc  ,„  he  in  need  of  lah.T.  The  man  himself  has  no  chmcc  in  the  mat- 
tei  This  air  the  more  urKemly  necessitates  the  election  ..f  representatives 
of  workinumens  and  employers'  „rj;anizati.ms  to  the  local  lM,ards.    .     .     . 

We  must  have  guarantees  prohibiting  the  placuiR  of  mens  careers 
iP  the  hands  <,f  individuals.  This  depLrahle  state  of  alTairs  was  made  P-. 
sihle  first  of  all  hv  the  opposition  of  the  suhprefects,  and  the.i  hy  the  ,n- 
credihle  indifference  of  men  in  high  government  positions  who  have  nnt  >e- 
succeeded  in  making  federal  regulations  after  fully  three  years  .,f  w.ir.  It 
will  therefore,  he  necessary  to  puMish  the  names  and  addresses  of  lahor 
representatives  in  the  membership  of  cmmittees  on  the  auxiliary  service 
law    so  as  to  enable  war  cripples  t.  obtain  this  sliyht  support  in  representa- 


314 


mSAIIl.l.ii    .sDl.lill.lo    AMI    >\ll.u;;s 


til. 11  ..f  thrir  intcrc-l-i  I'.m  .t  U'.ulil  In-  ni'ire  p'-  iir.:-.n,i;  and  ni-rc  in  tliu 
liiirii..~i  11  tliL-  War  I  illni'  imtu-I  -iiIIhiliii  |ih-miil  in  ln-hall  ni  a  !iiuvcnu-nt 
t.i  .  ii^;aiii/(.-  till-  I'lial  i ' -iimiilti-es  fur  uultaii.-  U'iik  uliirli  arc  a>-.iiiJicil  !■>  ii> 
ilic  rii'.  a-  aut•lll^  I'-r  tliu  aclniini-'rati.r.  i.l  iIk  aii.\iliar\  survice  law,  so  a- 
t''  a^^urc  tM  u.jrkiimiiii-ii  ilu'.  pr   ucihui  <,i  tlicir  iiiurc-t?. 


W-wsiL-qiir  ]irnt(_-t-  and  (k'niatuK  of  a---<>ciatiiin-i  of  veterans 
(I'l  net  uivc-  a  lia~i>  I'lr  an  i-iiniatc  of  tlic  \aluc  k{  tlie  wnrk  that 
i~  hiini;  (Idie  U'T  ili-alikd  inui.  i;nt  llu'v  indicate  at  ka-t  a  dej,'rei.' 
1.1  di.~-ali-lai-ti"ii  that  i>  ii"t  a]i]iarom  in  the  cnntrie-  ni  ihc 
Allien,  and  rai-e  (nu-ti"n^  a-  t"  whether  the  ]iercenta.i,'e  nf  (.lli- 
eiene\-  i^  a^  hii^'h  ;l>  smne  rep^rt^  Uduld  >eem  t'l  claim.  lVii>i'ins 
tnid"uhte(llv  are  lnw  and  inade<|uate;  it  in  atiditii'ii  n;a!iy  men 
•  re  lint  peii-icned  at  all.  nn  the  ,t;rnnnd  <.t  technicalities,  as  is 
char.^id,  there  mu-  he  w  ide-jiread  di^ci'iiuni.  rr.'hahly  the 
iir,t,'ical  work,  indndins,'  the  fnnctiniiid  reedncatimi.  ha--  reached 
a  hi!j:h  de,s,Tee  ni  iieriectinii :  it  i^ay  he  that  the  prnpnrtioii  who 
are  cnmpletelv  restnred  i-  hii.,dier  than  in  nther  countries.  It  is 
k>-  likelv  that  the  work  df  VDcatiuiial  sni'l-'mce  and  reeducation 
.•md  [ilacement  ;ire  ;i-  etliciently  carried  i.n,  Xo;with<tandin,i;  the 
(levotinn  an<l  capahility  ><i  the  leader^,  a  system  dependini,'  so 
larj,felv  on  vi'hintarv  ciicperati  'ii  and  nnnua!  understandiii;,'  ^eems 
tun  inrei^ii  to  the  (.iermaii  nature  to  have  an  unqualitied  ^ucce^;. 


CHAPTER    VIII 

The  United  States 

Entering'  fnc  war  ■  .n  A,.,-..  G.  1"17.  th.  Tnitul  StaU'~  lu,l  tli. 
aehama^v  ot  la-arlv  ihivc  vcar>  of  cxpcrinieiuati-n  l.y  tin-  -tlur 
hoUit^m'TUs.  a>  well  a~  a  V'W^  IRTi-d  ..1   HKiital  inci.a.au-n.  in 
iKT  '\v,.rk   lor  di^al.lc.l   -4,11..  ^  and  Kulnrv      l-urlluTnr  .r..  n-t 
hcin-  <.l)lii;ol   tn   precipitate  troops   into  the   tik'htmv'   hne-.   we 
culd  count  on  several  ni-nths  more,  at  lea~t,  before  men  dis- 
abled in  battle  would  be  coinin-  back  to  America.     I'.y  tin'  time 
the  first  casualtv  amon.i;  Per.-hin.n's  tro,,ps  was  reported  in  the 
new>paper>— a  rij;ht  hand  injured  while  its  owner,  uith  charac- 
teristic Yankee  curioMtv.  wa^  inve~ti,L;atin.£r  a  b..mb  to  .ee  how 
it  ^vorked— a  bill  had  been  drafted  providing  for  compensition 
and  insurance,  and  private  organizations.  a<  well  a-^  the  medical 
departments  (,f  the  army  and  of  the  n.ivy,  were  makin-  plans  tor 
the  reeducation  and  ree<tablishment  of  the  men  who  ^hould  be 

disabled. 

PnvsuAi.  Kkstokahon' 

For  phvsic.il  restoration— the  first  and  most  important  part 
of  the  work  of  reinstatin.i:  the  disabled  soldier  or  sail..r— re- 
sponsibilitv  rests  naturally  with  the  Sur,i,'eon>  C.eneral  of  the 
armv  ami  <.f  the  navy,  Prei.aratioiis  for  the  care  of  the 
woiinde.l  were  be.t,Mn  lon,u  ai,'o.  and  amont;  them  plans  for  the 
"reconstruction"  of  tlje  maimed  and  mutilated  and  the  otherwise 
disabled  had  a  prominent  place. 

A  Division  of  Kecnnstruction  was  organized  in  tl;.  h-dical 
Department  of  the  army  in  Au.ijust.  l'M7,  with  Dr.  (now 
Cloiiel)  1-rank  Pillin,;,-.  ,,f  Chicago,  as  director.  Associated  with 
'■..ImikI  l!illin,t;s  ,.n  the  -Rec  .nstructi"!)  Statf"  are  oilier  well 
'  The  pnlk-v  ati.l  |.Uin~  .i  the  War  Department  arc  de^.Tilied  in  tlie  ^tato_ 
„unt  MM.lc  l,v-C,.l.,ncl  i;.!l.n.;>  U'tTc  t!>e  j^M.r  r,>mm,ttee  -'"  '•''">■=»  V;;"''";;', 
1  ,l,,,r  ,>f  tbt-  Senate  and  t,ie  H.Mi-e  m  K'e|'re>entatives  on  May  I.  l"-^.  '" 
hriet  article,  l.y  0.1,,n.l  llill.n^s.  l.ient  <.\.l  M..ok,  an;!  Ma,..r  I  -^  .■,  n, 
C\irrv  On  for  .\imu-t.  I'MS;  an  I  in  ilv  <);;aal  Kull.lin  ol   May  _.  UIH 

315 


I 


I 


I 


Mo 


i.i-  \l;l.l,li    -I'l.l'l!  I..-'    AMI    .-All.l.i!;S 


kii..\\:!  iiu.'iiM!  i;i<n  (lr,i>M>  iv  '  ci*\  il  liu.  :mil  :il-"  i(liu-ai"r>.. 
.irrluuii-,  ami  "llivr  -I'li.ili-i-  iKillav  iiudical  ii"!'  iiiihtary. 
indralm.^  liir  'Kan  m  'Icadur-  C'.IK.l;!'.  C' iliini!iKi  Uiii-.  itmin  .  a> 
.laart'i-  '  i  llie  I'.iln.ati'  iial  Si-'iti.'ii.  aiul  a  \v<.niaii  a>  Mi|ier\i-.r 
I  if  ■■|,ii\ -i"'.ii.  rapv  auK-.'"  'I'lir  u-f  I'f  nu'iHal  and  manual  w.'rk 
as  a  tlH-rniKUiir  a,i;\ni\  \\a-  CMiti  nijilati-'il  ir>'\u  tin-  licu'inninL;. 
and  il  ua-  ila-  i(Ka  "I  lln'  Snr-ti.n  (iUiiTal,  a>  L"<'linil  r.illin,i,> 
iviilaiiud  it,  that  tiir  ■  iciiiiaiK  .iial  tlui-aiiv,  in-tiad  ,!■!  luin;,' 
•■t-iiiK","  a-  il  tnd  frnpuntlv  i-,  "-iKaild  he  [lurin  ■-ctnl  in  il- 
f1i:irai,trr  and  u-rth  ^  .nRtlnni,'."  It  mhiu-  to  ha\c  hccu  undiT- 
-n.-d.  that  lull  anihi'rn\  Id  make  it  even  sn  iiuriHu-eful  a.-  to 
an-jiint  tn  "\  i  lOali' 'Ual  reedncatii  ^n"  \\a-  e.  .nferred  h_v  the  ]iara- 
■^raph  in  Sceti'-n  27  (  I'.nli.-tment^  in  the  Re,i,nilar  Army)  >>i  Uie 
Xati-nal  l)eien>e  Act  I't"  l''l<i  which  provide-  that 

111  ,i(!'!'ti.ii  h<  military  trainiiii;.  cnldicrs  whik'  in  ill''  .icme  -crMoe  -li.ill 
h'Triiiir  In-  t;iM'n  tin-  npiicrtntiitv  t.>  -tuilv  niii!  ri'ioivo  in^triKtinn  u\>'>i\  clu- 
.-.iti'  i;al  line-  "t  mkIi  cluiraitc-r  a-  ti.  iiuTia-e  their  miIitHr>  eliicieiiiy  ami 
en;.Me  tiuin  t"  return  tc  livil  life  liettcr  ei|ui)iiie'l  f'.r  indii-trial,  iMiTimeriial. 
an'l  Lieiieral  1  u-iiie--  iK-eniiatimiv.  Ci\ilian  teaelier-  niay  lie  emi)l'i>e'l  t..  aid 
!lK-  ami.'.  i.ttK-ers  in  viivnii;  Midi  ii  riictinn,  and  part  .if  this  ni-triu-'ion 
■iia-.  c.'i-.M-t  ot  viieatiiiiial  ediu'atinii  either  in  a'^'rioultiire  ■  r  tlie  niechaiuc 
art-  The  Serrelary  -t'  War,  with  tile  aiM.n.val  "f  the  IVe-ident,  ^hall  |ire- 
-.;ril  e  rule-  and  re;,^iilatii  n-  i't  o-ndni'tiiiK  tlie  ir,-;nictinn  herein  prMvided 
•■-r.  and  tht  Secretary  nf  War  >hall  lia\e  p.^wer  at  all  time-  t.i  -n-pen.l. 
iiure.i-e.  ^r  ck-crea-e  the  ani^uiit  'it  ^lK•ll  ir-tnutiiii  ntfcred  a<  may  in  lii- 
■iidi^nieiit  he  emi-i-teiit  with  the  recunrenieiit-  'if  military  in-triictiMii  ami 
-<.T'.  11  •■  '  1  the  -I'klier-. 

With  re-jieet  t"  tlie  extent  "i  re-i.cn>ihility  assumed  t"r  di- 
ij.jed  -oldi'T-  hv  the  inililary  authoritie-.  the  iioliey  recniiiieniled 
l.v  the  Stir-e'.n  ( ieiieral  and  appnived  hv  the  War  Department 
.arlv  in  April.  T'lS,  \va-  stated  a^  Inllows: 

■|"h./  lirn  after  ii"  iiii'mher  ,.f  llie  militar-  -ir\H'c  ili-ahled  ill  lino  of  ilnty. 
fv.-i  th.  ul;1i  11  't  rxpeited  tn  return  tn  duty,  will  he  di-ehan;ed  from  -ervM- 
mil  !  !:e  il,.-  .ittaincd  eomplete  rei-o\ory  or  a<  roitipKte  recovery  a-  it  i-  !•' 
t<-  exiucied  that  he  will  attain  uluii  the  nature  of  hi-  'h.-ahility  i-  eop-i.l- 
ired  The  iiiatiKiiratioii  of  this  eontiiuud  treatment  will  re-iilt,  'lurmi;  the 
piTMid  of  tlie  uar.  in  the  i-avint;  to  the  -ervice  of  a  lart;e  iiumher  of  efticunt 
ottierr-  ,ind  -i  Idiir-  ulio  uithoui  il  uoiild  never  hecumc  ahle  to  [lerl.  rni 
dut>. 

I'Insieal  reeon^trnction  may  he  (lellneil  as  the  compkti-t  form  of  medua! 
am!    s.iru'ieal    treatment    carried    t.i    the    point    where    maximum    functional 


1  III.    I    \1  1  !  |i    -lAlKS  -^I' 

n-.-nrali.n.  m.nt;,l  ;up1  i.li-i,ai.  Iw.-  l^'-,  -..mcl.  T..  ^tv.ire  tin*  r.-Milt 
,1„-  u-r  ..1  «.>i'k,  iiR'iil.il  ..n.l  nuni.il.  uill  I"  rniuircl  .lurinu  ihf  coin;ili--ri;t 
,„.,i."l  lln-  ihcr.ii.cutK  inciMirc.  ill  .pMiU-.u  lo  .O'liMi;  uriall^  in  -i.  M.  u 
„.y  itn.-  ...m.ilv-oint  pcri.M.  nt.nii^  nr  arou^v^  mciual  .i.-luitu  prccii'ii..; 
-hnsmalizatioii."  aii.l  oaM.-  tlu  latuKt  t  >  ):.■  ntuniL-!  Im  -ihkc  •  r  .r,;l 
1.,V  -vilL  the  lull  ifali/iifT  tli.a  lu-  .an  u  tk  ui  ll:^  haiMirar|...l  -talr,  all., 
wit.    habit      .1   iiuU.^tr>    iiiu.li  urr;  air  .yul   il   ii  .t    lirinl\    i.Tiiicil, 

R>.rriviii-  aiul  di-triluitiu:;  ~i:iti-ii-  have  Ikvii  nr,>;aiii/oI  at 
|-.Ili,  Mand.  in  New  ^^■rk  harh^.r,  an.l  at  N\-\\i.-rt  New-,  with 
a  iraiiuil  perM.mu'l  t..  cla-ilv  ami  a-i-n  (h^ahlc.l  -.ldier>.  a- 
thev  arrive  tr-iu  al.r-a.h  t..  tlie  ajipi- t'-'ale  li.-pital-;  ami  diM- 
M.iii  Mii--eMii~  in  the  canl-nnieiil-  have  heen  ..nlereil  t<.  rep-rt 
t..  the  Sitr.u'i-'"n  (.elieral'r-  > 'iViee  eaeh  ca-e  nnder  their  care 
in  wiiieh  there  i-  a  i.-Mhiiity  ..I  impP  .\  enieiu  hy  iiiean-  .1 
tlie  treatment  provided  in  the  ~peeiall\  e(|iiii'ped  Iv-pilaK.  Cer- 
tain of  the  general  military  li--i.iiaN  were  eh. -en  for  Ijc.L^inmn- 
the  ree-n-iriictinii  work,  and  hy  April,  T'lS.  fourteen  ha.l  heen 
:-.,  (k-i,i;natcd.  At  each  cile  -peeia!  htnld'nt,'^  ha\  e  heen.  ■  .r  will 
he.  eiitiipped  for  phyMoiheraiix ,  ineltidin-  hydn  .therapv.  eieetr..- 
iherapv.  and  niecanotherapy.  and  f^r  "eiirative  work-hop-." 
Arr.anK'ements  are  al--  made  for  waial  work  for  patient-  not 
ahle  to  i;o  to  the  -hop-,  and  for  indoor  play,  outdoor  .uanie-. 
dnlU.  and  ^etlinK-up  exerei-e-.  (.ardeinn-  and  the  other  n-nal 
form-  of  farm  work  arc  al-o  av.ailahle. 

Kadi  of  these  liopital;-  i>  eipiipped.  either  thron^liottt  or  a- 
lo  one  or  more  ward.-,  to.  care  for  one  or  more  -pecialtie-.  Th. 
in-anc.  for  example,  are  -ent  to  ( .eiieral  Hospital  Numl.er  4.  at 
Fort  Porter.  New  York:  the  l>liiul  and  deaf  to  Numher  7,  at 
R,>land  Park,  P.altimore:  epilep'V-  and  nenroiics  to  Numher  \.\ 
at  I)an>ville.  New  ^'ork;  and  -i  nal  provision  for  amputaiion- 
i-  made  at  Walter  Reed  and  Letterm.an  Ho-pitals.  in  \\'a-hin,-ton 
and  San  Prancisc.  I'or  the  treatment  of  tuherculo-i-  -ever.il 
sareitoria  are  now  available  or  are  under  construction. 
"  This  use  of  the  .treneral  ho-pitals  is  only  lor  the  pre-^ent.  To 
meet  'he  heavier  demands  which  are  expected  later  on.  it  i- 
planned  to  establish  sixteen   ^reat  reconstruction  hospitals,^  one 


m 


each  of  the  sixteen  military  districts  of  the  country.      Each 


.;  1  s 


M'- \l;l,l  n    MM.I'll-l.'S    AMI    >,Mi.(ik 


'  iir  Will  ni(  I '111111' iilaif  tri'iii  •  nr  1"  ilirtT  tli"ii-.itiil  |i;itiiiil^  <'r 
iii'-ri-.  ami  laih  "will  lie  liiinl  i"  tin-  !,i-i  di  i.ni  i"r  ilu-  (Atmilnl 
iriaiiiiiiil  "I  i\ir\  kii"\\n  iii-i'  "I  ili-alniilv  laii-ni  li\  W'timl-. 
,l:.i~.  Iii|iiiil  lire,  and  iIih.i-i."  Ii  ilii-  I'l.iti  i-  cirrR-cl  .'iil.  -"idin-- 
iitiiriiiiij  t"  AiiKTua  l"r  lurllur  trraiiiiriil  will  lie  ~( iii  ii.  ilic 
la  i-"ii-triKlH'ii  laiili  I  in  thiir  "wn  military  di^irict — wliuli  \\"iild 
I  lalinaiiK  1h'  llu-  I'lu  luaia-l  tluir  li"iiU' — and  llurr  tiny  \m11 
tiiid  a  ImildiiiL;  "r  ward  .K\"tiil  I"  llkir  -|'riial  disiliilil>.  wiial- 
v\i,-  ii  nia\   lif.     'I'lii-.  li"Wi'\ir.  i-  iii  ilie  ir.iurr. 

An  I'diualii'tial  I'lfiiar  i-  a  —  i-iad  I"  lacli  Ip'-pital  wIk'Il'  rc- 
(■'  n-ininiin  wi'rk  i~  carrud  "ii.  lli>  i'un(li"!i-  an-  "t"  arran^i- 
Pr  and  -iiiKr\i-i.  iiiidir  llu-  dnaclii.n  <■(  tlu  la 'umiaiidini;  I'llitar 
"i'  ilif  li"-iiilal.  llu  'luan'  ina'vidid  I'l  .r  llu-  ilu'raiicnlic  ui'Pk. 
-lull  a-  i'iira!i\i'  wak  dn'p^.  (■la~-(.'~.  ili\  ;  I"  ,n';  a-  li'ilinual 
ad\  i-iT  I"  I  lie  ci  'I  I  111  landing'  '  llua  r  '  n  tlii-  -ulijul  :  I"  rcC'iiinund 
ij.r  (K  \il"|'iiunl  '  l"  iKii--ar\  iiuail-  I"  knp  |ianriit-  i'iil]ili 'Vi-d 
-"  lar  a~  it  I-  pi'-HliK-  I"  d'l  -' I ;  .  .  .  and  t"  lia\c  iniiiu'diati' 
rharm  "f  'iii\  -|mial  Uaiiiiiiu;  "t  a  i"Cati"iial  nature  whiili  laii 
111-  u;i\aii  wit!'  tlu-  nuaii-  at  liand."  Tlu  >■  are  t"  be  cii"-en  "l"r 
tluir  trainin;^.  e\|ierieiu'e  and  ]ieenliar  litiu->  I'-r  the  wi'rk. 
and  it  wa-  aiitKi]ialed  that  .h-ahled  -"Idier-  win.  lia\e  i-"ni|ile!e(l 
their  treatni'.iit  .and  retraining;  will  l"rei|iu  ntl\'  he  elii,'ihle  t'l 'r  the 
p'-iii'-n.  Teaeher-  i('r  many  "i  the  ela-^e-  are  Iciind  anu'iii,' 
the  ]patienl-. 

'■Keei'll-lruetl'll     .iide-" — teacher-     <■{     "hed-ide     ( .CCn|iatiiM)-~" 

and  -peciallv  trained  iii-i~-eiir are  aiU'llur  eleinent  in  the  -talt 

I'l  tlu-e  lii'-jiitaK.  "I'.v  the  emiil"yiiienl  "t  edncaticn.-il  dft'icers 
and  reei'ii-triKtU'ii  aide-,'"  -ay-  the  Snri,'ei'n  (  .eiieralV  rcci 'iii- 
na-ndatu'ii.  "\i  i-  exjieeted  n.  desel'-p  tn  the  hi,i;he-t  point  the 
theraiientu-  w..rk  and  it  i-  expected  iLt  I'lllv  t"  ha-tell  the  re- 
e.  \er\  I 'I  the  iiatieiit-  lull  that  an  envin.niiu-nt  will  he  created 
in  inihtarv  hc-pital-  which.  whiK-  in  iii'  wav  rel;i\in,Li;  the  iieccs- 
-arc  di-cipline.  will  greatly  prcnii'te  c> 'ntentnieiit  .-md  make  the 
.mn.'-i.here  .  i  t!u-^e  lic-iiit.al-  -nch  that  the  time  -pent  in  cnn- 
xaK-cetice  will  pa--  iiii'-t  ].lea-antlv  hecaii-e  the  mind-  and  h;in(ls 
of  the  palieiit-  are  pr-'perl)   . 'CCnpieil  in  prditahle  pur-uits." 


I  til      I    M  I  I  I'    M  \  I  I  -^ 


M 


.\^  llirn-  .-irr  c.tni.ar.iliv.lv    f.  w   i..r--i)^  .|'i'''i'i''l   '"  ''"   ''>^' 
km.l   ni    ii:uhiii^;   riM"n^'l   "t    r.o  .|i-ln,.tw  n  :u.K-.   "Hr  "i    ili- 
tir.i  Mil-  ha-  Ill-Ill  I-  i.r-M<K-  o^n.-.-.  <■!   niMnuti..n   !-r  tlui., 
Tun  o.nr-i-  ucf.   .tlircil  in  .\\w   ^.■rk  Tun   hi  l\u-  Minmur  ..I 
1'»1S.  Willi  tlu'  a^.r-Mil  "I   iIk    Sur-.-ii  (.nurar-  nCiK.-.  mi.l- r 
llu'   aii-pui-.   i.t    a   o.iniiuiuv   -'I    N>  w    V^rk    \\<.nuii;    mir    !•  r 
u.^iiuu   alria.lv   aO|uainU.l    uiili   '  ii'    '  r   ni-rr   iian.lHral  I  -   aii.l 
uithtlifik-nKiit-ci  ,1.-1-11  aiHl  o  I.t;  ilu'  -tiura  l-nu.r  o.ur-^, 
i,,r  th— r  \Mtli..iit   i.i.M-u-  kiPA\l.il:;r  nf   llu-r   -iihi>n-.      'IIh' 
„,-lnu-ii..M  im-liuK'l  Knun-  iiv  ii.idiral  .xpul-  -n  what   iiiiuli' 
l,i'  (alk.l  llK-  i.-yc!i"l'<v  -I   o.iival.-atu-r  aii.l  <.ii  liy-inir  aii.l 
Ik, -pita!  nHtii...l-  and  <ti.iiull.'.  ati.l  iTaclun   harhin-  in  li—|.ital- 
wa^  an  i-uuial    l\:!liirr  -i"  'li.    o-iir-i',      Siniili  Coll.-..   in  o- 
,,,,cTatinn   uilli  tlu'    I'—i-n    I'-vrii.  ial'''^'    H'  -l""'''-   ""■'^■'■^''   '^'" 
Ill,,ntll^■  ai-ul.niic  Iraiimi.^'    t-r  ai.K-   m   i-vdiialiu-   w-rk.   wli- 
w.^uKl  ihui  l.e  -i-iil  I-  a  ii'-piial  >>r  clinu'   t.r  -ix  iii-iiiii-'  ca-r 
unrk    t<.   CHipku-   tluir    c-ur-.-.      < 'tluT    iii-tiimi..,i-   anii-un. 
I'l  iUr-i-  ti'  cinii  in  iIk'  'all. 

•jn  i-riau-  tlu'  "riKlil  mviilal  attitiuk"  •■n  tin'  part  ct  iIk-  .li- 
;,l,k,l  nian  and  en  llu-  part  <.l  the  laihli.'  i-  o.n-i.kTol  hy  ilu- 
Medical  iHi.artiiKni  -.1  tlu-  annv  a  kuitimaie  and  i— iiitial 
fi-aturc  ..f  its  work  ..f  ••n.-cnn-tnuti-n"— ^nr.  timrcvir.  wind; 
dia-  not  await  the  rilurn  of  the  man  to  Anirrica.  A  corp-  ol 
-clRTr-nii  nun"  i-  plainud.  nun  who  arc  tluni-elve-  cripi.kd  m 
-onic  wav  liiil  who  have  -ucce.  ded  in  overcoming  their  han.lica].. 
in  he  attadiul  to  the  l-a-e  lu-pital-  aii-oad  and  to  the  lio-,,itd 
diip-  that  hrin.L;  ihe  M.jdier.  home,  a-  well  a:^  to  the  .general  and 
recon-tructioii  hor-pital>  in  America.  A  book  calkd  77;, •  II  .'.v 
(hit.  c.n-i-tin.U  "f  letters  fp.ni  -ncce-lul  <li-ahle,l  nun.  lull  ,■! 
cheer  and  C(,mfort.  will  l.e  di-triliute,l  in  the  lu.-pitah.  in  I'.nn.iu. 
Motion  pictures  showing  "the  way  ,.ut"  have  heen  nia.ie  and 
are  alreadv  in  use.  A  little  nia.ua/.ine  which  i-  a-  dilterent  ,i- 
p,--ihle  from  the  ordinary  puhlicati,.n  .,t  a  deparinieiii  "i  the 
.',.vernment  of  the  United  State-,  i-  "edited  hv  the  <  Imce  ..t  il:  • 
SurKeo.i  General.  U.  S.  Army."  and  "pnbli.-hed  f,>r  the  Sur,,;e,.n 
General   hv   the   American    Red   Cn-."    for   circulati,.n   am,  n  : 


.<J(I 


111-  \r.l.l  !i    •-'■l.lill  l'>    AM)    >All.iil-^ 


••ili,,.,.  uli-  .III'  iiii.n  -li'l  Ml  ilir  ni'.ii-ini.  ti"ii  '.'i'  v'lr  'li-.il'l- '1 
„|,li,|,,  ;,|„1  -,iil..i-"  li  I-  -111  wiili'.ul  .h.ir;;.-  t'.'r  a  _\c,ii  i" 
,iti\.-iu'  \\\'.-<  .i-k-  l"  !i'  iiii>.l  "11  llu'  iii.i.liiiu  li-i.  :iii'l  ill'-  -i->"iiil 
inuiilnr  :iiiii"ii!n»-  iImI  ■'iiiaii)  lli.  .ii-,tiiiN  ni  rii|iK-l-'  li.nl  ai- 
r  .ii\\   Im.  It  nil  i\fil. 

'I  111-  liti!*'  iHii.-lual.  i-uf(l  hy  wliat  \vc  ar>'  accu-t'.nicil  Im 
,.,.^;,,,|  :,-  ill,-  iii.,,t  t,.rnial  '■!  llif  liraiicli.  -  "I  "nr  --x  m  iiiii.  ;il. 
i.  calK.I  ('iiirv  On.  Ii-  icvcr  In-ai-  a>  an  iiiiMnn  a  lii-i\  urxii 
, II-. .Ill  .11  a  Miu'  li.  I'l.  -i'I-iImI  a-  ••l\;.it'viiii;  tlic  i.Ka  ..I  (Ai.aii-i-n 
an.l  la-tiiiL;  -inii'^lli."     It  ..ikii-.  wilh  llir  1..11m\\iii;4  iiu-si^r: 

'III.'  M..|i.  ,i1  li.-p,irlinMii  -f  tie  ;\riin  uill  Cfx  "'i"  in  t'.'-  '"  '  '■ 
an.l  tr.iiiMi-;  Ir.-'.tm.iit  ..i  llir  .|i-,.Mr.!  --Ll»r  iiniil  li.  i-  •  ur.  .1  .  r  .,-  .i.-a'. 
Mirc.l  .1-  111-  (h'al.ilnii-s  inrinil  W  .  -lull  tT>  i-.  .I.  -ur  [...ri  m  hi-  r.-i.  1,1 
11  .,  1  I  lu.dili  itruiL-tillN,  «il!i  tl'.-  Ii-li.i  til"  iIh'  «.'iin.!i.l  .111.1  -uk  -.LIht 
vliall  li.u.'  th..  .,p|...rniiHt\  t  .  r.'iini  I-  1  i'.il  I'fi-  .:ii..iIL'  ..I  imr-uni:,.  .1  .mv^t 
,if  u-iluliu-.  Till-  «ill  <imI,!.  hill  to  fiii.iV  the  I'rrr. 1-111  .ill. I  ImI'IlIu -- 
ill  .i.li.!  Iv  u..rl.lui>li    ili-iii.vt.u\    1  .r  uhi.li  In.-  li.i-  um'ii  hi-  .ill. 

W     C,   li..K...\-. 
.Siir.;,-,))i  iii-n,  I  1!.   ('.   S    .  trm\ 


I  ^miii-.l  1, 


Iii-iiK'  ari'  -li.  .rt  ariicK'-  ..i"  nu-. Mir.iijciiK'm  ami  iii^iiir;iti..n 
I'rniii  nun  ami  \\..iikii  ..i  Itltrr-  ami  atVair-:  ..rtkial  -tatciiRiii-. 
..I  plan-  fr.  Ill  tiu-  I  )i\  i-i..ii  "l"  Kci.  .ti-liiii  ti.  .11.  ilu  Knl  (  n .--.  ami 
i.tiuT-  i-i  .marmil  witli  tlu'  imun-  -.t  ilk'  (li-.iliK'il  -.  .Miii- ;  an 
unarii-cti.l  -lainmiU  ir.  .111  ila'  tii-t  '.l'  "iir  -.  .Mur-  l"  !»■  liliml.'.l 
in  ihi..  ]irr-iiil  war,  wli..  i-  "irvin-  lianl  t..  K-ani  t..  writv  1 .11  a 
iviKwriuT"  ami  lini-li  nji  mi  lii^  '■i'.n'.^li-li  ami  -ihIIIii'^-  ami 
thim;-"  at   iv.lainl   I'aik.  iKCaii-r  "tluv"  had  -mt   fi.r  hi-  i;irl  t.. 

I'.nK-  il.un  I.,  -ic  him  .ami  -lu-  had  siid.  "Hill,  if  yi.n  nuikc  i; 1 

i  .1111  ,L;..iiiL;  t..  marry  y.  .n."  Tlion.-  i-  a  carl...  .n  hy  P.rii:-- — "W  hen 
a  1\1Kt  .■';.r.N  a  j-'ricml"— li.  .\\  ini,'  a  hc-iiR'ilaK'.l  Iut..  ila-liin^' 
fr.  .ni  llu-  -hii>  down  tlu-  r.  .,id '"T. '  a  J..h,"  |nir-m.-d  iiv  a  ('.mi- 
luitlrL'  1.1"  WilcLiiic.  ihri.win^'  hMiii|iu-t-  .if  r..>i.'-  and  li..ldiiiLr  <.nt 
jir. .L;ra!ii-  f'.r  hi-  iiUrrtainnK-iit,  invitatiuns  ti>  K'Cturc.  and  hiIkt 
iimK-irnt  atli-nli.  .n^.  'I'lu-rc  art'  many  picturt."-.  iiR-lndiiiL;  -.  .inc 
if  ilu'  illn-traii..n-  f..r  /'..;;  (Jin.v.>U'  drawn  hy  Dani-'I  \'icri.,'i' 
with  hi-  h-fi  h.ind  aft(.T  hi-  ri^hi  >idc  wa>  paralyzed,  and  pli..t.i- 
urapii-    ..f    Annrican    h.-ys    al    Walter    Kecd     Il.i>pilal.     I'.Tt 


THK    INI  I  I  "    ^IMI  •* 


321 


NUlhnrv.    an,l    ...lur    ,,l.uH.^-K:.r>Kn,n,.    loarnmi:    ..U^rai-.n. 
.vnrk.n,'  ..n  .n  .u,.,....!..!..  l^racuciMK'  wn.inu  u„h  llu-  1.      ha-. 
,,,,   ,;i..-,  ,.,    ,KKP..~   Kan.-n:^   U>   r.a.l.      h    >^   a    ,,ul.lu  ..>.  .> 
;.  Ind,  ..u,ht  in  l,c  luli.tul  „.  cr.ppl-  ^m.l  nu^l.t  al^,  ,„  c..ntn  n.t. 
l,,ul,ai..uM,l,cur,u>.calMlK-rco„MnKU,.n..,  ilRM-I'ln 

in  it.  i.U'asalH.ultlKlui.dicait^'l-  w  ,   n  ,  „-, 

l-nforlimaulv.  ih.^  a.lnurahU-  i-n.^nuu  -f  the  W  ar  \M'-^^■ 
„„„„„,U,„nc-t„C.lUM,Krwav.  T!u.  Ularal  i-hcv  m  r.,anl 
,„U.,.mua.nan.n.l,.can'.,  .luarnu  .nfl  lu-  -^  a^  luark 
u,^c..la-lK■^m^c^^a^n..aa.,..lun,,l.hc  W'y'    1    1^ 

,„,„„;,lahca,lvlK-„,l,^.lur,..l   fm,,,  .an,,,^  ,„  ,ln-  o  ,unu  s . 

,„>1  ••-n.e  haa'cn,,,.   tP...  ..v>r~.a~.  .v.„  hctnr.  a.>>-nc   ua^ 
,,;,lv  P.r  Ihcm,  :uul  iKMl  iKXi,  .l:^.haP4cW  in.n.  tlu.  an.u.  im.n, 

„-,  ,1,;-  rcur.l  nf  ,h.  S,.rKo..„  (K..oral  that  ihcy  MmoKl  have  h...t 
;i11mwii1  lu  K"  ill  I'l'^'  cntuhti'ii." 

Cn.Mll'NSATInN    AM'   ISSI  liANCi: 

There  had  heen  mueh  .h^eu-M,.n  thrnt.^l,  the  spri.v.'  at.l  earlv 


stinime 


r  of  I'M/.  e>i.eeiallv  alter  c-.i-cniUi.  ..i  wa>  aee.ae.l  ui.-n. 
7.',urthe  pnhcv  vvhich  ^hut.ia  he  a.lnpte.l  with  reteret.c-  t^  the 
;H.od>  of  soldier<  atul  their  fa.,.ihcs  while  tlie  imn  were  in  .ervice 
„Hl  in  ca>e  of  death  or  ch^ahil.ty.  The  Secretary  o,  the  I  r.aMirv 
uas  coHMderi.,,'  the  l-.^Mhihty  of  whoK^ale  ...Mirance.  o„  t  u 
,„,l„,.v  of  the  Si,nmon>  law.  which  cnahled  the  K-er.ui,eiU  to 
coniuei  >hipowner>  to  injure  the  live,  of  their  crewv  The  (  h.  - 
dretl-s  P.ureau  of  the  federal  Oepartnunt  of  Lal-r  ha.l  ,.ro,n,„lv 
l,euun  a  ^ttulv  of  ch.ld  welfare  in  the  warring  couiuru.  .and  a. 
;;;..t  of  thi:>tudv  had  en,a.ed  Mr.  (now  l.t.  eol.  ,  S.  Heihert 

Wolfe,  an  actnar>  of  New  Y-rk  Citv.  to  ni.ake  a  report  on  the 
Canadian  .extent  for  the  care  of  sold.crs  and  their  depe.  du  t. 
and  later  on  the  exi.linji  ^-vernntental  prov.s.on.  in  the  I  n.ted 
.tates  and  foreign  countries.  The  National  Conference  of 
Charities  and  Correction,  at  it.  nieetinj;  earlv  ,n  June,  had  de- 
vil part  of  it>  pp. Kra.n  to  provision,  for  d.<ahl.l<o,d,er^  and 

sailors  a.ul  nn.ch  of  it>  informal  discusMon  in  L.hhie^  .md  at 


hi>\i;i.i.:'  siii.iiii;i;s        i'  SAii.nus 


l,„Hlu.n-  to  iln-  .-md  ixl,  A  M'^-i-n^.  The  C.n.nmtcv  <.n 
1  al.nr  c'l  llK-  r-um-il  d  Nalmniil  lKl\ii-e  appninu.!  in  Juiu'  ;i 
M.l,o.nnimuc    l-  .haU    a    tciUaUvc   Inll    (kalm.^    will,    all    ih.-o 

iiiatlui>. 

it  \\a-  thi-  o.innntH.i',  aclini,'  in  c.  ■(  ■pcratmn  with  tin-  Drjiart- 
uRhi  ..I  the  Taa-nrv,  aiul  wnh  ihr  lul].  nf  ivpn'M-ntalives  ..f 
all  the  ..llur  .Kiiai-lni.jnl^  interf-tcd  and  <.l  many  private  nr^ani- 
zai,..n~  which  were  in  a  pnMtinii  l<.  aul.  which  wa-  r<>ii< 'nMliU- 
,..r  the  hill  intP^'ucvd  in  hmh  h^n^c^  nf  lon-re^^  early  m 
Aui;u>t.  11.  ^n.  ;ulian  W.  Mack,  of  riiica.i;...  a  judu'e  ..i  the 
rnhed  Stale-  Circuit  Court,  and  clo-ely  identihed  with  mar.v 
hnuulu-  <'i  -oei.d  work,  w.i-  chairman  of  the  cniniittee  Ihs 
••-plendid.  uncomi.en-ate.i,  zealous  work."  throu.t,di  the  hot  weeks 
,.f  July  .and  Auu'i-t.  excited  unstinted  admiration  in  the  hearts 
,,f  "appreciative  \on:^re-.nien:  '-in-te.ad  of  takin-  the  usu.al 
Minnner  v.icaiion.  r.nd  without  lUouev.  without  compensation, 
without  hope  of  wiunin-  .anv  oHlce  therehv."  jud-e  Mack  him- 
self disclaimed  the  credit  which  wa-  .att.ached  to  liim.  explaimn.t,' 
ell  one  oeca-ioii.   for   e\.impk  : 

1,   ,.  „,,,   ,m-  iau   M   ,:M;   1   ^^.-  -'h    ".<-..f  n,;>rv \^reat  m.ny 

,,;„,  ;,  |ar..r  .t  m,u!1.  r  ^\::u:  n,   llu-  u.rk:   ,;   ,^  n  •  ....   n,..,,  ,  law    a,>.    no 

,„,  nianV   nanv  ,....1..   o,r  t-.  U-  a 'iatol    ui.b   a  la^^    ...    1 L-  l^n„l       Tt   ,. 

.1,,.  ...I.l.er--  an,l  ^aiL.r-'  o.,n,u.,.-a.„  ■■.  n.l  .-nranro  .>ct.  It  „  ...r  th.m. 
:„„|  ,,..rx  ,.ne  ,.f  n^  uh,.  Ik,-  1.,..1  amtln...  t..  .1.  uiti,  it  «an,-  t,.  liav.  In- 
m.l.xxiu.il.tv  Mtnk  an.l  hi-  o  .n„.  ■'...,;  «,'l,  ,t  t..ru..tt,M,.  -.  that  tho  .act 
tliat  -..   l^   ...r  tin-  -.hlier-  a.i.l  -a'l.r-  .iia>    ,il«a>.^  h.    rcnKn.l..r...l. 

To  the  more  i.ro-.aic-minded  hi-tori.an,  however,  it  i-  of  iuter- 
c~t  to  know  that  Secretarv  McAd..o  ealled  in  inference  repre- 
-ent.ative-  >>i  the  leadin-  insurance  couipanie-  .md  puhlic  olTicials 
froii,  the  nei>artments  of  War.  Navy,  fomnurce.  ami  I.alx.r. 
as  well  a-  the  director  of  the  War  Ki-k  In-unmce  T-ureau  in 
the  TreaMirv  nepartnunt.  the  ch.iirman  ..f  the  advisory  commit- 
tee o.  that  hureau.  a.nl  IV.  I.e..  S.  !<■  ve,  .\-M-l:uU  Secretarv  of 
the  Trea-urv.     ju-l-.    Mack'-  adviser-  included   representatives 

:  \,  a  o..n.rc..ce  of  n-,.r. -o„.a.i^o<:  ...  tht;  ar.ny  ami  ''""^y'  P^}}^"!'}^ 
1017  Vr..cre<lmK^  ,mhli.-he.i  as  lUillctm  N...  3  ...  the  Bureau  of  War  [v,sk 
In-uraiu'c 


•1  111:  I  \i  1  LI  I  SI"  A 1  i;s 


3J3 


of  l.-ili'r.  (.■ccnonii-l-,  lawyer:-.  .M'ci.il  wrkcr-.  ixiHTts  in  social 
K;^i~laiu'n.  aiul  ihf  >lalt"  oi  Uk-  iA-.i;i-lain  c  Draltiii,^  lUuxaii  ct 
f.  hniihia  L'nivcr-ity.  Willi  all  llii^.  lu'WL'Vcr,  C' 'ii.i^rc--  wa- 
\v>\.  >ati-fii.'il;  fiT  tlu-  lVn>i'iii  Uurcau  had  apiiariiuly  lictii 
is,'ni'rt.(l.  ■■\Cii  havf  taken  pliilantltrcpi-^t-,  (.ed  bk>-  llkni, 
a'-ndenl  iiiMiranci.-  and  lite  in>urancc  actuarii.>.  \i<\\  have  tioi 
i-i'ii-nllcd  the  nien  that  know  ahmit  peii>ii 'ii-. 

The  -pirit  wliieh  actuated  the  new  leKi-latinn  wa-  i'lr-t  nf  all 
the  hnrnmt;-  de-ire  li>  do  the  ri,L;ht  tiling  hy  the  "hrave  -ulilier>" 
whii  are  "huditin.i:  the  hatile-  fi  their  O'Untrv."  and  by  their 
■•li.ve<l  one-"  leli  at  Imme.  That  i-  the  way  I'l.n.t^re--  put  it. 
Secretary  Mc.\d..n,  in  hi-  letter  (if  Jnly  ol.  1''17.  to  I'roidenl 
Wil-.  .n.  expre^so  it  with  ni'Te  >.  .phi-ticatinn: 

Tin-  liill  uhich  I  am  si'.lmiittiiik'  I"  >""  i^  intciultM  t.'  meet  llin,f  o>MMitl,iI 
riiKl  tuiidaiiUMital  iiriiiciiiU-s  of  justice  vvliuli  yu  lia\o  >■■  tiuuli  at  luart. 
It-  main  (nirpo-e  i-  tn  ;,'raiit  a  reasoiialle  ;;'.\ernment  imlemiiity  ai;aiii-t 
;!u-  1..".-  aii.l  n-k-  iiKnirr'.'d  in  ttie  .|i-oli,,r'jf  .1  a  patrictie  duty  and  in  tlir 
IHrf"rm:'iuc  ..f  an  cstrai>rdinanly  hazard. m-  -ir\iie  to  whu-'.  the  ^;^vorn- 
imiit  ha-  called  and  l\.rccd  the  citizen.  It  prnudi'^  iiMt  unly  l..r  tlie  man 
In;   t-ir  liis  I'aimly. 


Iii(l.i:e  Mack  explained  it  a-  f.'ll'W'-  Im  the  conference  cf  army 
and  navv  cfficers  in  ()ctiiher: 

Tlic  nii.lerlyin.;  |>nriM.se  was  to  prant  a  mea-nrc  of  jnstice  to  the  fmhtinn 
f,,n•e^  on  I.elialt  oi  the  whole  pco|ile.  and.  vfcondh,  m  ^rantmu  that  tnea-nre 
(.1  ju-tK-e  t  i  do  it  ir,  a  way  that  wonid  hearten  the  men  !>  ireeinj:  them  of 
tlie  one  ureat  dread  llial  everv  man  has.  Men  who  j;.,  ont  to  hatlle.  eu  n 
thoui;h  tl.e>  are  not  in  the  -lii;hte-t  decree  i.h>-ual  >-owaril<.  may  ha\e  a 
fear  of  wh.it  mav  he-all  them,  I'.nt  that  i-n't  the  re.il  fear  that  eoiilronl-, 
most  of  them.  The  real  terror  for  nun  i-  iliat  tlnir  fannhe-  m.iy  Mil'fer  or 
heeome  ohjects  of  rharil\.  That  f.'ar  the  uovernment  aim-  to  di-pel  hv 
Icttini.'  the  men  know  in  aiharue  that  tin  ir  f.imilies  .ire  not  uoim;  to  heeomc 
(■l.ieet<  of  chanty;  th;it  while,  of  conr-e,  the  government  can  not  keep 
e.uh  one  <'f  thein  in  the  omfortalile  -itmition  in  which  many  of  you  men 
maintain  your  families,  it  can  and  it  will  at  least  do  this:  It  will  save  them 
from  ahiect  po\erty— >ave  them  friiiii  having  to  go  out  and  ask  others  for 
the  nece-.-itie-  of  life. 

When  it  c;iine  to  the  jxiint  nf  ilecidintj  li^w  llii-  scnerril  dcMre 
t<.  he  iM'th   niA  and  ^'-'"'-■'■""s  t"  >"l<lit'r-  and   -u\\<>r>  and  their 


324  DlSAlll.KI)    SUI.IUllKS    AND    SAll.nKS 

families  slu'ulil  take  cxprc-sii-n,  tlK-rc  were  Uvn  dnmuiatmq 
uka-.  Anioini  tlv  iranuT-  ni  the  hill  the  tlienry  jirev  ailed  that 
thi-  le,i,M>lali"ii  -liquid  inll-w  the  aiial..,i;y  of  wnrknienV  conipeii- 
^ali"ii  la\v>;  that  the  soldier  i>  in  the  i)ip>iti(in  i>i  an  emiilcye  in 
an  extra-hazard' 'U-  ( .eeuijatinn  and  that  the  },'nveriiinent  is  the 
eiiipl^ver;  and  that  the  c--t  i.I  deaths  and  injuries  ^h' .uld  he 
'■hi.rne  hv  the  indu-try."  that  i-,  hy  the  whole  nati^m.  throutili 
the  national  Ljovernnient.  'I'his  pictnre-iiue  statement  eaiiiiht 
the  faiicv.  and  the  term  "eoniiien-atii  ^n"  i-  the  one  t\~ed  in  the 
law.  In  t'onu're--.  on  the  other  Iiand.  it  wa>  the  American  tra- 
ditii'ii  and  i)"!icv  a-  to  ]ieii~i"n-  that  dominated,  inclinins;  men 
fiT  <'r  a.uain-i  the  hill  accordintj  a-  they  s;iw  in  it  provisions 
more  or  le>-  I'enenm-  than  those  of  the  existinj,'  pension  laws 
and  practice.  The  law  a-  Imallv  enacted  hears  the  marks  of  the 
siriij;,s;le  between  the>e  tw(]  ideas. 

1-"x1STIM;      TKOVISinNS      lOU     DlSAIilUTY 

Disahilitv  ]ien-ions,  as  we  have  seen  mi  (haiiter  II.  have  been 
the  rule  in  America  <ince  the  e:irlie-t  day>  of  the  colonies.  A 
t.-iriff  l"r  specified  injurie>  wa-  e-tahli-hed  :i-  lon.i(  -.v^x  as  1S64, 
and  lhi>  princijile  ha>  been  retained  ever  -ince.  the  cla->ilication 
havin.L:  been  extended  and  the  rate-  increa-ed  fn.m  time  to  time. 
The  r.ite-  of  the  monthly  pen-ion  f^r  injurie-  provided  for  by 
law.  a-  thev  >t..od  in  I'il7.  were  a-  follMW-:  ' 

I.o~  ,.f  l.'th  li.e.i'U  iir  1"  til   t\'Ct.  and  In--  I'f  'ii-'lit.  iiuluiling  Inss  n{ 

Mulit    il"  "iif  e\c  i''  llie  Mtlicr  liad  iire\inii-l\   hecii  l'>\ JlfHlOO 

•■' i;~alMlitv    roiuiriii.i,'    rfi;ular    aid   and    atttndance" '-^y 

!..->  cf.  .'>!   tMtal  do.diilif.    in,  cue  hand  and  cuie   foot Ofrt^} 

\j;~  .if  a  loi  at  tlic  111)!  iiiint.  .t  .'•'  an  arm  at  the  sh<uildcr  jnnit.  nr 

<■.  near  .i-  t..  jircvcnt  liie  ii>i;  "t  an  artificial  limli .■'.■'."•' 

'■niv,iliilit\    roiuiriin;    t>o|uont    and   iitri.idical   Init    ii"t   o.n-.tant    aid 

and    attendance"    .■  ■  ■  ■ ; •  •  '■'""" 

I  ,.s.  ..f  a'l  .irni   at   -r  al.-\c  the  el'i.w   .T  ..I   a  log  at  or  ah.ive  the 

knee.  ,.r  t.td  .h-ahilitN   in  arm  ,.r  leg • •■•■■ •♦''J 

Total  di<ahilil\  iii.  'T  li--  of.  ..ne  hand  or  ..ne  foot;  total  deafness...  4IM1(I 

•iiicapacitv  to'iuTl-rm  niamial  labor"         ..........    .,. .^"(K) 

"Di  .abilit>   oinualent  to  the  los,  ,,t  a  hand  nr  a  foot    -■iU'i 

1  (.'o-VMrw.-iiM/  /V..rui.oi.(  in  t!i.'  '  tut^'d  V^'^•.t  ni:,!  rnu-i:/:!  C.'iiiifriVj 
f.r  U.-'ii'vrf  o/  liu-  .t/i/iM'-v  l--r,\-s  iind  Ttuir  IKccnd.-iils.  I'.y  Captain 
S  Herbert  \\olfe.  tj  M.,  L'  S.  K.  Cluldren's  Bureau  Publication.  No.  28, 
pai;.-  Jl.--'l(i. 


:i^%^. 


,m^ 


V- 


THE    C .SITED    STATES 


325 


For  minor  disabilities  rate?  have  been  fixed  by  administrative 
ruling,  varving  from  two  to  twenty-seven  dollars,  but  subject 
lo  tile  proviso  of  the  law  that  no  pension  shall  be  less  than  six 
,1,, liars  per  month.'  The  administrative  rulings  seem  more 
cr.nsi.tent,  on  the  whole,  than  the  resultants  of  a  dozen  or  so 
dilTerent  laws,  but  it  is  surprising  to  find  that  the  loss  ot  the 
nulex  finger  is  rated  lower  than  the  loss  of  the  great  toe. 

In  .a.ldition  to  pensions,  disabled  stldiers  were  entitled  v  a 
new  artificial  limb  every  three  years,  or  a  certain  sum  in  c<.m- 
nuitalion,  the  money  being  chosen  in  about  ninety-nine  per  cent 
of  the  ca-es.  I'urlhermore.  preference  has  been  given  m  di>- 
,l)led  veterans  ever  since  the  Civil  War  in  appointment^  in  the 
civil  service,  and  lhi>  practice  of  Prussian  origin  has  become 
very  dear  to  Americans.  The  present  Commissioner  of  PenMons. 
it  was  pointed  out  in  the  II<ni>e  del)ates,  had  had  "a  long  and 
faithful  experience"  in  the  Civil  War. 

lor  officers  and  enli>ted  men  of  the  regular  otablislmiL-nt 
—army,  navv.  marine  corps,  and  coa-t  guard— a  retirement 
svstem  was  in  force.  Those  retired  on  account  of  di-ability 
received  in  service  were  entitled  to  retirement  pay  for  the  re-.t 
of  their  lives,  equivalent  in  gcner-l  to  three-fourths  of  their 
active  pav.  Enlisted  men.  Imuever,  excej.t  in  the  coast  guard. 
were  eligible  for  retirement  only  :ifter  thirty  years  of  service.- 

Thi:  New  Leoisl.xtio.v 

The  act  of  October  6.  1917,  providing  for  family  allowances, 
indemnities,  and  insurance  for  the  military  and  naval  forces  of 
the  United  States,  is  a  part  of  the  body  of  law  now  designated 
officiallv  as  the  War  Risk  luMirance  Act.  It  came  into  existence 
under  the  cumbersome  title:  ".Vn  Act  to  amend  an  Act  entitled 
'An  Act  to  authorize  the  establishment  of  a  Bureau  of  War 
Ki<k  Insurance  in  the  Treasury  Department.'  approved  Septem- 
ber second,  nineteen  hundred  and  fourte.  ,  and  for  other  pur- 
poses." 

i.\  complete  list  is  given  in  Ciptajn  Wnlfc's  rcr'Tt,  page  217. 

2  Captain  Wolfe's  report,  pagts  l.-'-l/.  -1^-— / 


f'Hf 


--^-Vc 


-xm^'[^ 


326 


l)lSAI!|.i;i)    SOl.DlKliS    AND    SAII.OUS 


TIr'  nnrcaii  of  War  I\i-k  Insurance  wliicli  is  rcfirrcd  lo  in 
tlii--  litk'  hail  liicii  (.reatcil  at  tlic  niitbri.'ak  ni  the  war  t<i  provide 
iii>iiraiicc  tor  American  \c^>eN  ami  car,L;oi.>  at  ralo  wliicii  jiri- 
\aK'  coiiipanit.'<  could  not  atford;  in  oiIrt  word-,  to  >ul)^idi/.e 
American  '-liip|>inj,'  to  tiii>  extent.  In  June.  l'*17.  the  same  prin- 
ciple \\a>  extended  to  iiiMirance  for  the  nia>ter,  oilicer^,  and 
crew  of  nurchant  \e>>els  mider  tlie  .American   Ha.t;. 

'rhi>  inireau,  alread\-  in  npi^ration  in  tiie  Treasury  Department, 
seemed  to  the  .-uuiiors  of  the  hill  a  logical  jilace  to  put  the 
admini>tration  of  the  in>urance  feature  of  the  new  le,L,'i~latioii 
for  s(jldier>  and  sailor-,  althouijh  there  niijjlu  easily  he,  and  was, 
(liH'ereuce  of  opinion  a-  to  ti;e  pro])riety  of  entrustini,'  t')  it  the 
compensation  section,  and  still  more  the  section  dealinij  with 
allotments  and  allowances.  It  w.a>  su^'i^ested  in  the  IIou>e  that 
there  wa<  d.in.tjer  that  the  Trea^ury  Department  niinlii  become 
"so  stron;,'  politically  that  it  will  over>hadow  Con,t,Te^^  antl  everv 
other  department  of  the  j,'overnment."  The  difficulty,  however, 
of  lindinj,'  any  other  one  exi>tin,L;  branch  of  the  ijovernment 
which  would  he  more  suitable  for  the  four  purposes  of  the  act, 
and  the  admitted  de.-irahility  of  keepin.ij  them  all  toi,a'tlier,  out- 
W(i};hed  objections.  To  set  U])  machinery  for  these  purposes  in 
the  War  De]>artment  would  have  necessitated  duplicating;  it  in 
the  N'avy  Dep.irtment.  The  Children's  Bureau  niif,dit  h.ive  been 
a  natural  place  if  ;.ll  the  soldiers  had  children,  but  a.-  m.mv  have 
nine,  there  would  ha\  e  liad  to  be  par.dlel  arrant^ements  f'.r 
them  in  some  other  department.  The  Pension  liureau  was 
thou,!.;ht  not  to  be  ei|ui(iped  for  handlin.i,'  in>ur;ince  or  allotments 
and  allowance-,  and  even  the  C(jmpen>ation  feature  of  the  new 
le,i,'i-lalion,  involvini,'  as  it  does  investi);alion  into  family  circum- 
stance-, wa-  con-idered  entirely  foreii^n  to  it-  experience,  con- 
fined as  th.'it  had  been  to  con-idir;uioii  (rf  records.  It  was  felt 
by  many,  inoreo\(.r.  that  there  Wdiild  be  an  ad\antrij,'e  in  empha- 
sizing; the  distinction  between  the  nieasr res  adopted  for  the 
present  war  and  the  older  pen-ioii  les^'isuition.  much  of  which 
li.i-  accpiired  an  un-avory  reputation.  .\lthou_t;h  this  position 
w.i-  resented  by  nian\-  members  of  Conj,'ress,  ailministration  of 


'-i^-''^ 


-  "^^^iSr^ 


m 


'v^ 


m'^  --^ 


THK    INllKI)    STATKS 


327 


till'  law  \va<  allowed  tn  rc^t  wIktc  it  hail  I.ccti  plact.<l  Iiy  tlmsc 
wlici  (Iraltcil  tin-  bill — i'l  tlic  lliircau  of  War  Ki>k  Iii>iirancc. 

Tlii>  new,  coiiiiirclKii-ive,  and  important  k't,'i>lati('n  i'<r  the 
nicnihcrs  oi  the  military  and  naval  forces  of  the  I'liited  Stated — 
k'!j;islation  whieli  will  affect  the  lives  of  hundreds  <'f  tli'iisuid-, 
even  million^,  of  .\merican>  for  forty  or  fifty  year-,  and  which 
will  he  an  inlluential  factor  in  deterininin;,'  the  -tandard  ^i'  li\ini,' 
(]f  the  next  two  ,t,'eneration> — came  into  existence,  thnui^h  llie 
exi,i,'encie>  of  let;i>l.ition,  as  an  omnihus  amendment  U<  an  I'lder 
act,  and  under  a  title  which  conveys  little  idea  of  the  nature  of 
its  pro\isioiis. 

r>v  the  act  of  October  6.  l')17.  two  divisimis  were  created  in 
the  r.ureau  of  War  Ki>k  In>urance:  (1)  a  Division  of  Marine 
and  Seaman's  Insurance,  in  ch;iv,i,'e  of  the  original  functions  of 
thr  liure.iu;  and  ( J  I  a  Division  of  Military  and  Naval  Insur- 
ance, to  which  wi  confided  the  administration  of  the  provisions 
alTecting  sipldier-  and  siilurs  and  their  families.  A  commis- 
sioner for  each  division,  at  a  salary  of  four  thousand  di;llars, 
was  jirovided,  in  addition  to  the  director  of  the  bureau,  who-e 
salary  is  live  thousand. 

With  the  first  division  we  are  not  concerned,  nor  with  all  of 
the  work  of  the  second,  for  it  administers  the  whole  system  of 
pavments,  and  not  merely  those  affecting  disabled  men. 

The  system  -stablished  consists  of  the  following  features: 

( 1)  C'i.inpulsiiry  allotment  of  part  p.iy  by  all  enlisted  nicn  wlio  have  ilepcn- 
dcnt  nlatives  witliin  certain  specified  degrees  of  relationship;  ami  a  family 
allowance  hy  the  government,  in  amoniit  dei)endinK  on  the  inimher  of  <lepen- 
deiUs  hut  not  exceeding  $50  per  month,  issued  upon  the  written  application 
of  the  enlisted  man  or  of  or  in  hehalf  of  one  of  the  prospective  heneliciaries. 
Officers  are  not  included,  on  the  tlieory  that  their  pay  enahles  them  to  make 
proMsion  for  their  families  and  that  the  general  morale  wouM  compel  them 
to  do  so. 

(_'l  Compensation  for  ilealh  or  disability  rcsnltinu;  froni  personal  injury 
suffered  or  disease  contracted  in  the  line  of  duty,  hy  any  commis.sioned  officer 
or  enlisted  man  or  hy  any  nurse  in  the  army  or  na\y  nurse  corps;  such 
e..iiip<nsalion  tu  he  based  ..n  tb.e  e.Ment  of  the  injury  and  the  number  and 
relationship  of  depeinlents 

(,M   Insurance  against  death  or  total  permanent  disability,  at  "peace  rates." 


-"S^ 


3_'8 


IPISAIII.KD    S0LniF.l{.-5    AND    SAILORS 


aii'l  i-\eii  .1  little  lc->.  f'T  any  niie  wlio  woiiM  be  entitled  to  compcnsatinn.  tip 
t..  A  maxiimiin  of  $1(MKHI.  tlie  gMvernment  c<.nirilmtnii;  the  exce>s  cost  .iliovc 
tlie  preniiums  paid  liy  the  men. 

(4i  Compidv.ry  reeducation  "in  cases  of  dismemlierment,  of  injuries  to 
HKlit  or  liearinK,  and  of  other  injuries  commonly  caiisiiiK  permanent  th>- 
al.ihlv."  Althonuh  this  pp.vi-ion  appeared  as  a  paragraph  in  Article  III, 
(  ..nipensatioii  f,,r  Death  and  l»isal.ihl\.  it  was  l..'_McalIy  coordinate  with  the 
,,llur  three  elements  of  the  system.     It  was  later  rcpeiiled. 

Willi  tlif  all'  inunt^  aiul  allowances  tn  faniilies  we  arc  nnt 
cniu'oriKd.     Till-  (dlKT  three  fealures  ol  the  law.  Imwever,  affect 

ili-aliled  men. 

The  iliscu-~iiin-  en  the  measure  in  Ix'tli  lpiii>es  of  d.n.t^rcss 
were  of  excejilional  interest  and  of  opcal  len.Ljth.  In  the  llou-e 
(.f  Kipresoiualives  the  hill  was  referred  U>  the  Committee  on 
Interstate  and  I'orei^;n  Commerce — which  made  some  members 
'■pretty  raw."  since  they  thon.Ljlit  the  proper  committee  to  con- 
sider it  wa>  the  Committee  cm  Pensions,  or  else  the  Cnmniittee 
on  Naval  Affairs  or  the  Committee  on  Military  Affair-.  In  the 
Senate  it  went  to  the  Committee  on  I'inance.  The  hearing's  he- 
fore'the  House  committee  fill  l."<0  closely  printed  pa.ice-;  the  one 
In-fore  the  Senate's  suhcoinmiitee  lasted  all  day.  and  till-  "»4  pa^;e-. 
The  discussion  in  the  Hou-e  continued  thron,i,di  the  greater  part  ot 
si.\  davs.  notwithslandins  the  pressure  of  many  other  important 
measures.  Midway  in  this  discussion  the  chairman  of  the  com- 
mittee, evidently  thinking'  that  a  vote  would  not  he  prein;iture. 
nrj^'ed  tliat  alre.idv  enough  (luestions  had  been  answered  "ti* 
educate  a  univer-ity." 

Ccinpciisdtion 

The  provisions  for  compensation,  in  Article  TIT.  supplemented 
bv  the  provisions  for  voluntary  insurance  in  Article  I\'.  were 
intended  bv  the  fraincrs  of  the  hill  as  a  substitiUe  for  jiensions, 
and  it  was  the  aim  "to  create  so  fair,  liberal,  and  satisfactory  a 
sv-tem  of  nieetinj,'  every  just  claim  impersonally  and  as  a  matter 
of  riiiht  that  it  will  lie  pr;>.ctically  impossible  for  any  future 
Conofcss  to  consider  a  jirivate  pension  bill  and  hi,t;hly  improbable 
that  anv  soldier  (^r  his  dependents  would  seek  any  other  remedy 


THE    INITKI)    STATES 


329 


than  tliat  provided  f' ^r  iiiidi.r  tlii>  war  cntiipeiKatii'ti  act.."'  I'-y 
the  time  the  liill  had  pa»ed  ihnni^di  G'li^res-,  hnwever.  less 
tn)piia>i>  wa-  placed  upon  the  "•cdnipen-aliuii"  cluracier  of  the 
niea-ure.  even  hv  tho-e  who  ha<l  heeii  most  iii-i>ieiu  on  it  at 
the  out>et.  and.  we  find  Jud,i;e  .^h•lck  -avin.i,'.  in  tlie  coniirenee 
already  mentioiu-d  (  paj,'e  32_').  that  "conipen>ati' •!!  i-  vrry  nnieh 
like  thi-  ])re-ent  [)en>;oii-.  except  in  the  fiindamenial  nnderlyinj; 
lhoui,'ht." 

.\>  a  matter  oi  fact,  the  provisions  for  compensation  fi^r  dis- 
ahilitv    in    tlie   new    law   do   not    differ    from    the    peii-ions    U'V 
di-ahilitv    which    we   have   had   ever   since    1X1)4   except    in    one 
particidar.  and  in  that  respect  they  differ  aUo  from  workmen's 
C'liipensation  for  injuries.     The  old  iier.sions  f .  .r  ili-ahility  were 
lia-ed  upon  the  nature  of  the  injury,  as  is  compen-atiMn.     The 
new  element  which  is  ititroduced.  and  which  al-^  di-tin;;m-hes 
thi>    compensation    from    urdinary    indu-trial    c>.mpcn>-ation,    is 
that  the  anionnt  of  the  Compensation  varies  with  the  numher  of 
dependent-,  a-  well  as  with  the  extent  of  tiie  di-.ahility.     In  the 
liill  a>  orij;inally  introduced,  a  third  vari.ahle  \v;is  contemplated — 
the  pay  of  the  man — and  this  wouM  ha\e  helped  to  preserve  the 
analot;v  to  workmen's  compensation.  thouLjli  only  suprrhci;illy. 
It  was  >tron,i,dv  nrf,'ed  hy  the  American  A-x'ci.atioti   f.  r  Lah^r 
Le,i,d>lation   and   other   enthusiasts    for  the   industrial   precedent 
that  the  amount  should  he  proportioned  to  the  p:iy  oi  the  man 
in  the  service,  with  a  certain  minimum  prescrihed  hy  the  law. 
Congress  ar,i;ued.  however,  that  there  would  he  only  a  specious 
and  academic  sort  of  justice  in  applyin;;   th.it  ]jrincii)le  to  our 
present  arm  v.  m;ule  up  almost  entirely  of  recent  volunteers  and 
conscripts,  whose  army  pay  hears  no  relation  to  their  e.irnin.t,' 
capacity  in  civil  life,  and  anionj;  whom  privates  frequently  make 
much  greater  financial  sacrifices  than  officers.     The  idea  of  di~- 
criminatint;  between  officers  and  men  in  respect  to  compensation 
for  injuries  received  in  the  war  was  "obnoxious";  Con},'ress  was 
"in  favor  of  the  bov  who  goes  down  into  the  trenches  and  faces 

1  ?.-inniel  McCiine  Lindsay,  in  The  h'rvi.'zv  of  R,-vh-U'S.  Octnlitr.  1017. 
This  article  of  Dr.  Limlsay's  was  iiUnKluced  intn  the  cjngrtssiunal  dchatcs 
and  spread  upun  the  recurii  \n  lull  at  least  three  times. 


?iiO 


Ills  \I!I.l:i)    Sdl.DII.KS    AMI    SAII.nl^S 


the  ,1,'nn-;  ,t,H'ttiiVL;  ju-t  a-  inmli  a-  a  iiiajnr  j,'i.iHTal  if  he  ln^i.>  Imth 
arm-  nr  ln.ili  lyo-  "P  ln'tli  let;-.'" 

I  111-  ratr~  i_'~ial)li~lucl  !iy  iIk-  law  "it"  and  wliiK'  tlu-  ili^aliilitv 
i-  t"ial"  raiii;^  Iri'iii  S.^0  \\vr  iiKiiuli  fnr  a  man  with  ifi  di'ininl- 
mt-  V>  S~3  I'l'i-  a  man  with  a  wile  ami  thn-c  nr  iiii'ii.-  (.■lulihm. 
\'.  nil  an  ailchtHiiial  SHJ  il  lie  ha-  a  widnwi'd  nii'tli(.T  di-|nndL-iit ' 
I  11  linn.  An  anK'Hihiuiit  "t  IniK-.  I'MS.  -trii<c~  nut  tlir  rr>lvictii  it 
that  a  (k'inndi.nt  mi'tikr  nui-t  lie  widnwcd,  and  allnw-  a  similar 
additii'ii  i.f  $10  in  the  ca-e  i>i  a  deiiendeni  fatinr.  It"  the  man 
i~  "-(I  liel|ile--  a-  li'  he  in  e'lii-taiit  need  nt  a  !inr>e  nr  attendant. 
sneh  additional  -niii  -hall  he  paid,  hut  imt  t-\ceedini,'  SJO  per 
nil  ■nth.  a-  the  direct' >r  may  derm  rea-'  'lalile."  A  m;m  tut.ailv 
di-ahled,  iherelMie.  it  he'  ha-  .i  wife  ,i  ,  three  ellildreil  ;md  ;i 
dependent  iiiuther  aiiil  f.ithrr.  nia\  rieeive  a>  nincli  a-  $11.3  per 
miiiiili  ,1-  liiiii;  a-  the-e  C' 'iiditi' iii-  ri-main  the  -ante.  In  the 
(iii,i;inal  hill,  the  minimimi  r.ites  were  Miniewh;it  hi,t;her  th.m 
the-e.  .and  the  maximnm  monthly  amniini  was  lixed  at  $J00  for 
the  iiiii-t  hi.t;lil\    p.iid  nt'licer. 

All'. tiler  ehaii;4e  m.ade  iiy  ('nns,'res-,  which,  as  Jndije  Mack 
said,  injured  "the  harmony  and  -ymmetry  (if  the  hill,"  \v;is  the 
.•idditimi  cif  a  jiri'vi-n  th.ii,  without  rej,';ird  to  the  .-ize  of  the 
family — even  if  there  are  no  deiieiidents  at  all — $100  per  nionih 
shall  he  ]iaid  "for  the  l'--  of  hoth  feet  or  hoth  hand-  or  both 
eye-,  or  fop  hecoiuini;  totally  lilind  or  helple-sly  ;md  perni.aiieiitlv 
hedridileii  iroin  can-e-  occurriii.i,'  in  the  line  of  tlutv  in  the  ser\  ice 
oi  the  I'liited  >-t,ile^"  :  hut  in  -ucli  ca-e-  no  addition.'il  allow.ance 
i-  to  he  made  for  nur-e  or  attendant.  The  object  of  this  ch.iiiije 
wa-  to  hrim^  the  pro\i-ion-  for  the  men  in  thi-  war  into  h.arnionv 
wiili  tho-e  already  e-tahli-hed  for  the  \eterans  of  previous  wars, 
.and  to  make  -nre  th.at  men  injured  in  these  particular  ajjpealing 
way-  in  tin-  war  -liotdd  ha\e  at  lea-t  as  t,'enerou-  treatment, 
which  w.Hs  much  dearer  to  the  hearts  of  mo-t  C"onj,'ressmen  than 
the  -ymmetry  of  the  hill.     "We  do  not  want  to  le.ave  the  rate  of 

'  \  piTx^n  i-  "ili'poTi.lint"  Mil  :uMtlRT,  ;K'i-..r(lini;  to  llu-  cli.-tiiiit!,.n  a.l.i|iiej 
I'v-  till-  Tn-.iMin  I  k|.,irtnu-ni.  "uln-ii  lio  is  oiinpcllcd  to  rely,  ami  the  r.lati  .n- 
ii'iuuM  tin-  |iaitH-  .ui-  -u-li  tii.it  he  lia-  a  right  tu  rclj,  in  uh.ile  ,jr  in  part. 
■  11  the  nihcr   r  'f  111,  .uiipnrt." 


'5  ""^      , 


"S  *.  ■: 


THK    IMIKI)    STATKS 


331 


|ifii>i"n  fur  tlK'^-c  Well  di'tcniiiiud  iiijurics  In  tin-  uncirtaiii  caltii- 
Iati"ii  nf  Miinc  bureau  ofticial  <ir  ckrk" ;  im  L'(>n^'ri.>-iiiaii  lueds 
"liii.'  ciiattcriiij,'  of  some  coniiHii^atioii  exiicrt  to  (.nahlc  liini  to 
c'oUK'  to  tlk'  conclusion  as  to  tlic  amount  of  pension  lie  >lioulil 
\ote  for  a  lilind  man  or  an  arnilos  or  le.uios  man  injured  while 
tiijluinj,'  his  country's  battles."  Tlie  includin),'  of  tiie  "lieliilessiv 
and  permaneinly  bedridden"  was  proljably  due  to  a  suf^^estion 
made  b\-  Judj,'e  Mack  in  the  liearintjs  Iiefore  tiie  Senate  commit- 
tee that  tliey  were  at  least  equally  entitled  to  tile  maximum.  Tliere 
was  some  pressure  also,  thoujjh  it  did  not  pre\ail.  to  establish 
the  loss  of  one  arm  or  lej,'  as  e(|uivalent  to  total  disability.  It 
was  ar;,med  tliat  a  man  so  injured  wouKl  presumably  j,'et  onlv 
half  the  amount  ti.xed  for  total  disability,  which  as  the  bill  then 
stood  would  ha\e  been  $_'0  [)er  month  for  a  sjuLjle  man: 

N'liu  can  ItIiih  in  all  thi'  Cntiijien^ation  export-;  that  y.iu  laii  r..uii'l  iii> 
ln-tweeii  tlic  (iolilcn  (iatc  and  Hell  Ciatc.  Imt  tluy  will  ntner  cumiiut-  iiu- 
that  it  i^  ec|iiitahlc,  just,  ami  riijlit.  V.iti  cm  call  im  the  Secretary  of  the 
Treasury  to  aiiprcne  it.  anil  the  Interstate  Commerce  C'oniniittee  of  this 
Hou-e,  yea.  althouj^h  it  is  endorseil  hy  the  I'roMtleTit  of  the  I'niteil  .^t.ites. 
1   -till  remain  not  coiivinceil  that  it  i-.  ju-t  and  equit.ilile 


For  partial  disability  "tlie  niontiily  compensation  shall  be  a 
percentaj^e  of  the  compensation  that  woulil  be  p.ivable  for  his 
tot.il  dis.ibility,  ei|ual  to  the  ilej,'ree  of  the  reduction  in  eartiim,' 
capacity  resulting;  from  the  disability,  but  no  compensation  sliall 
be  payable  for  a  reduction  in  earnint,'  c;i]);icitv  rated  at  less  than 
ten  per  centum."  The  ratin.ij  of  injuries  is  left  to  the  bureau, 
which  is  ciiarjjed  to  estaiilish  a  schedule  "b.ised,  as  far  as  |)ractic,i- 
ble.  upon  the  averaj,'e  imi)airments  of  earnin.t;  capacity  re-nliinj,' 
from  such  injuries  in  civil  occiip.itions  and  not  upon  tlie  imp.iir- 
ment  in  earninj.;  capacity  in  each  indi\  idiial  c,'i<e,  so  tli.it  there 
shall  be  no  reduction  in  the  rate  of  C"m[>ens;itioti  for  individual 
success  in  overcoming,'  the  h.indica[)  of  a  permanent  injiirv."  It  is 
provided  that  the  bureau  shall  from  time  to  time  revise  this  sched- 
ule "in  accordance  with  actual  experience  "  This  duty  of  esiab- 
lishinj;  a  schedule  of  ratin,i,'s  for  partial  disabilities  is.  as  Judj;e 
Mack  said  to  the  army  and  navy  re[)resentatives.  "a  niij^ditv  hard 


}M 


|ilN\lU.i:i)    Stil.l'llKS    AMI    SAU.OKS 


"5- 


j,,l.."  It  will  !■■.  iiil(.ri>tin>,'  U>  -ci-  wlKtlK-r  it  will  he  po-^-ilile 
h,  U-l  the  luiMir.HV  i<i  the  nitiiij,'-  hy  usiifriciHc,  ;is  the  law 
a--unic-.  e-iKiialiv  it  the  new  il^ctrme  "t  imrea-iii},'  the  earning' 
iM.wer  I't  all  tla-  (li-al)led— tre(|ueiitly  t' ■  a  jh  iiit  al."ve  wlial  it 
\\;i-  hel'i-e  the  <ii-aliihly  wa>  ineurreil — 1>  aiijilied  in  all  it-  ii"--'- 
hililie-.  !■■  all  di-ahUil  alike,  I'.r  that  wouhl  hniile"ly  ch-eiire 
the  11'  rill. il,  uiii'h-lnuteil  etlect-  "i  iiijnrie-. 

h  1-  e\|iii-dv  |ir.  \i(K(l  that  "the  amount  <it  each  monthly 
]i,i\niem  -hall  he  (leuriuined  aeec  .rdin,!,'  t"  the  family  f  iiidiii' ^n^ 
then  e\i-tin'^'."  'I'hi-  mean-  keepin.L:  \\\'  with  all  hirtli-  and  deaths 
an.l  arrival  nt  ehildren  at  the  aj;e  cf  eiKlueeii.  An  aniendnieiU 
in  Itiiie.  I'MS.  ,-tih-titnte-  "exi-tiiiL'  "ii  the  tir-l  day  ol  the  mi.nlh"' 
t..r  "tlieii  e\i-lini;,"  in  cnler  tn  a\"id  tile  nece— ity  I  |.r' iratinj,' 
the  i.avnunt-.  Heavy  penalties  arc  jifdvided  for  intenti"n;il 
irand.  and  an  inve-tis^'alini:  -ysleni  ha^  heeii  e-tahli-hed,  with 
,1  network  ol  loeal  examiner-  eo\erin,i;  the  entire  eomitry.  'Ihe 
-pirit  ot  the  inve>tii,'ation  -ectioii  of  th.e  imrean  i^  not  that  of  a 
detective  -erviee;  its  piirpo-e  i-  to  -ee  that  justice  is  done,  not 
priniaril\'  to  detect  fraud. 

The  -pecial  ohiect  of  thi-  provision  makinj,'  the  amount  re- 
ceived each  month  depend  on  the  family  status  that  month,  judj^-e 
Mack  exiilaiiied  to  the  Ih.u-e  committee,  was  to  encouraj^e  mar- 
riage, or  at  lea-l  to  avoid  iliscoura,i,'int,'  it: 

Tlje  l«.>s  cmiiini;  I'-uk  fmni  this  war  will  I'C  fr..ni  21  to  31,  very  laredy. 
■I'lu-\  are  K^iiiK  to  cmc  liack  iKfdinii  a-  im  ntlier  iiitii  in  tliis  country 
\m11  iicfd  tlic  l.\e  ami  cin-  tliat  only  a  wife  ami  cliildrcn  can  n'wc  to  any 
man.  an<l  it  any  people  arc  fnnilc<l  to  tlie  joys  of  married  life  and  can  RCt 
a  self-sacrificing  woman  who  will  marry  them  and  rai-e  children  to  them, 
it  is  these  votin^-ters  of  ours  comint;  hack  in  tiiat  coiulition.  They  are 
eniienically  tit  for  marriage  if  their  injuries  are  loss  of  limhs  atid  they  are 
not  diseased.  And  they  I'.ecd  the  joys  of  married  life.  They  can't  ex.icct  to 
get  a  woman  to  marry  them  if  they  can't  in  some  mea.sure  contribute  t.)  her 

care. 

These  disaMed  hovs  with  thi-  handicap  that  wc  have  put  on  them  out;ht 
not  to  he  suhjccted  to  the  furtlur  handuap  of  leadinR  cither  celibate  or  im- 
moral hves  when  they  come  luck  bcc.iu-e  tlicy  can't  atTord  to  Kct  married. 
So.  we  ha\c  taken  the  bull  by  the  lioriis  and  say.  practically,  these  men  arc 
entitled  to  marry  and  rai>e  children,  and  it  is  the  dut\  of  the  government  in 
mc,i>uring  the  monthly  compensation    ...    to  priitcct  that  wile  and  those 


Tin:    I   Miri'    STATKS 


Mi 


chililrt-n  tl"        ."f   ».'''    wf   I'r'U'it   ilic  witc  aii'l  >liil<lrcn  nf  the  man   inuv 
wlicii  he  K'     •  "I"  '"  ■•^■'■^^' 

It  iv  ^tiiiulatnl  in  tlu-  law  tliat  tlio  hunau  !iia\  ri-\  icw  an  award 
at  anv  liiiR',  litlur  <'\\  it-  nwii  nidticti  i  t  ui  aiiiiliiatinii.  ami  "in 
acconlaiicc  with  llif  fact>  ImhihI  uim'Ii  -luh  r«.'\icw,  mav  iiul, 
(liiniiii-h.  'f  ituna-t.-  tlu-  icmiK  ,>atii'ii  piix  imi-ly  awardid.  it. 
if  ci.tiijit  ii-.iti>  n  lia-  lnTii  ri.tu-i(l  or  ili-eciitiniKd,  may  awanl 
ci'iiiiRii^ati'i  "  Tlu-  Imrcaii  may  riMiiiirc  medical  o\amiiiati"ti- 
whenever  liiere  is  rea-wnahk-  i,'n.uiid  i'>r  d^iin^;  m ;,  and  relusd 
to  submit  to  Midi  examination  iiivuhes  tnrteiliire  i>\  comji.n- 
satioii  "wiiile  >iuh  retti>al  or  ohstriiction  coinimR's,"  with  no 
possihilitv  of  recovering  tlic  amount  thu     lo>t. 

lVr-on>  w  receipt  of  comjiensation  are  rei|i;ir'il  to  •"suhmit  t<i 
any  reasotialjle  medical  or  surj,'ical  treatment  furnished  l>y  the 
Inireau  wiienever  rcjuested  hy  the  hureau."  Payments  are  sus- 
I,ended  durin},'  "wlful  failure"  to  f,,llo\v  a  cour-e  of  reeduca- 
tion when  that  is  advised  and  iimvided.  This  ret|uiremenl  has 
been  nioditied  hy  subsequent  lej,'islation.  which  will  be  described 
later. 

In  addition  to  compensation  the  I'nited  States  will  provide 
"such  reasonable  <^overmnental  medical.  suri,'ical.  and  liosjiital 
services"  and  "such  suiiplies.  including  artificial  limbs,  trusses, 
and  similar  apiiliances.  as  the  director  nny  deiermine  to  lie  u--'lul 
and  reasonably  necessary." 

Claims  for  compensation  f<'r  disability  must  be  filed  wiiliin 
five  Years  after  discliar.t;e  or  after  the  be.t;inmiii,'  oi'  tlu'  disability, 
when  it  does  not  manifest  itself  until  after  discharj^'e.  In  the 
(iri,L;inal  bill  this  jieriod  was  only  oue  year.  It  was  rai-ed  to  ten 
by  tile  generous  House,  who  thouulit  the  limitation  to  one  "not 
in  keei)i!it,'  with  the  spirit  of  .\merican  institutions";  cut  down 
to  two  bv  the  Senate;  and  linally  raised  to  a  compromise  at  live 
in  the  Conference  committee.  The  provision  was  alloweu  to 
stand  that  "no  compensation  shall  be  payable  for  death  or  dis- 
ability which  dties  not  occur  prior  to  or  wiiiiin  one  vear  after 
dischar.[,'e  or  resij;nation  from  the  service,  except  tliat  where, 
after  a  medic.il  examination   made  pursuant   to  re.tjulations,  at 


334 


Ills  Mil. Ill    Sdl.iill  i;s    AMI    SMI.dKS 


i 


llir  tiiik-  I'l  (li-i'li,irL;c  cr  n -i^iiaiic .ii  fri'in  tliv  ^crvici',  "T  within 
>iiili  ii  .i-"ii,ilili'  tiiin-  llu  Tialicr.  iii'l  (Anidiii'^'  nnc  war.  a-  iiiav 
lie  alli'Wiil  li\  till'  it^iilatuii-.  a  tirliliiali  lia>  hirii  I'lilaiiud 
tfi.ill  iIk'  (liiiitur  Id  lln'  ilhit  lliat  ilk'  iiijiirid  inr-'ii  at  tlu' 
liiiH  el  iiiN  (|i^iliar>,'>  or  riNij^iiatii  ii  \\a~  ■-iilUriDj;  I'lciii  iiiiurv 
likii\  til  ri--nlt  III  (Kalli  it  ili^alnlilw  c'l  •iu|i<ii-ati' 'ii  -ii.ill  Ik-  pav- 
alik'  li'T  litatli  nr  di^aliilitv ,  uluiiivir  i 'Ciiirrm;,'.  |iri '\iiiiali-lv 
rt-iiltiiij,'  III '111  ^iiili  ill  jury."  'riii~  cirtilicati-  ^'ivi'^  a  man  a 
^riiihi  liitii-  la^f.  nil  ii'iltir  wlmi  In-  niav  Ikci'UU'  ili^aliKd,  wliili- 
I'll  ilk  (itiicr  liaiiil  it  K"'iril>  -I'liK'uliat  aL,'aiii>t  the  (hH'nultio 
wliiiii  Iia\c'  hicn  ciimninii  in  tiii'  pa-t  lliri.n.i,'li  aiiiihcatimi'^  tuiiitv 
lir  tliirty  nr  I'nrty  yiar^  altir  l]]^■  war  I'nr  |n.nsic,ii>  en  aiii«iiiit  it 
injuriiN  attrihiitiil  tn  the  -i  r\  k\-. 

"In  tlk-  hiu-  nl'  ihii\"  Iia-  rttii\iil  a  hhcral  ii.n^tnu'tii in.  Uv 
(itinral  (  )r(!cr  Numliir  ■>7.  i-Mii'd  in  juiU'.  1'*1N,  uic  lait  tliat 
a  man  ha--  luin  acciptiil  fur  --trv  ici.-  i-  i>tal)li--hi.il  a^  ]ir(.viini|iii\c 
«.\  iikiici-  that  an\-  <h-ahility  which  aii|Hars  !-iili-ii|ikntl\ ,  lictire 
di>cliarj;c,  ha^  had  it>  nrij^in  in  tin-  Mr\ii-c: 

lliri.itiiT  an>  ■-■.MiiT  ulii.  sli.ill  li.uc  Ih-ih  aci  i-pu-'l  oil  hi-  fir-l  ii1umi-.iI 
iN.iiiiiiKitii.ti  alliT  arriv.il  .-it  a  iiiilitar)  statu. ii  .i-  fit  I.ir  -ctmic  --liall  In-  cii- 
siilcrtit  III  liavi-  iniitraitcil  any  viih-ti|iii'iit  iletcrmincd  iili>?ical  di'-aliility  in 
the  Ink-  <ii  duly  uiilf-s  micIi  disaliility  can  he  -.hown  tn  in-  the  ri-sidt  i.f  his 
invii  (  ari-lis-nc--..  inisc-iiiidnct.  or  viiiniK  liahits.  or  unless  the  hi-tnry  of  the 
case  shows  uninistakalpK  that  the  di-ahility  existed  prior  to  cntr.ime  into  the 
scriioe  The  -■.iine  ndniKS  shall  apiily  in  the  ca-e  of  otTicers  who  ha\e  Keen 
passed  as  lit  |..r  service  on  phy-ical  e.xamuiation  upon  entrance  into  the 
str\  ice. 


Casis  (if  tuhcTCtiliisi-  will  is]iccia!ly  hi-  aftVctcd  hv  tlii-s  nnler, 
suiier-cdin;,'  a-  it  dm-s  the-  rulint,'  of  the  Snrjjinn  ( Ic-iural  ^>{ 
Sc-iitcinhiT  11.  I'M" — wiiich  wa^  itscit  c\ci-i>tii'n;illy  lilxral,  as 
coinii.'ircd  with  the-  practici-  in  simu-  ntlur  cuimtrics: 

A  ca-e  of  chronic  tiiherctilosis  in  whicli  the  length  of  service  is  three 
iimntli-  or  Uss  -hall  he  cou-idered  to  he  not  in  line  of  duty  :  cases  of  acute 
tuhercidosis  >hall  he  considered  to  he  m  line  of  duty  m  all  cases,  irrespective 
of  leiiKth  of  service.  When  .ictiou  rnust  he  taken  in  cases  in  which  the  dis- 
tinction heiween  the  acute  and  chronic  forms  is  not  made,  cases  of  three 
months  or  lonj;er  service  shall  he  con-.i(lered  to  lie  in  line  of  duty;  those  of 
less  than  three  months'  service  sliall  he  considered  to  he  not  in  line  of  duty 


'^js^sH^mt'-^m 


1  III 


I   M  1  1  1 1    »  I  \  I  I  -> 


335 


lllll^>^  It  I'l-  ^ll.■»^  tli.il  llif  p.itiriil  li.i»  li.iil  -■im-  ili-i.i-r  -ill.  c  riili~!iiiriil. 
••iiili  .1-  mi.i'li  .  "f  tluTc  1-  .1  liislori  ..I  f\n«.i\i-  l.iiiki;i-  ..r  "i  r\|i.i  iir.  m 
liiif  1.1  (liil\  i-.iKiil.ili-il  tn  l.rrak  ilnwii  llic  ri>i-l.ii.vi'  ■■!  llii-  iiidu  mIu.iI 

(  1  iiiilnn^.ilii 'ii  i>  |i:iiil  in  iiii'iilliK  iii-t.ilnuiil-  ll  i-  ii"t  .i-^i;;ii- 
;iliK'.  ami  it  i^  i-xiiniit  lii'iii  l,i\.ilii  ii,  ir'^in  iil.K'l.mi  ill.  ami  tn.m 
iMiiilii'ii. 

'I'lie  i.riKiii.il  l>ill  prii\i(liil  t'l  r  ii  Dinir.tatu  n  "{  n 'ni|ioii«ali"ii 
in  w.ii.lf  ir  ill  jiart  lur  a  Ininii  -nni.  "il  tin  minriil  pcT-nii  In' 
ill  I  UK  ll  cnnipctiiit  aiiil  iH't  likclv  ti'  iKiniiU'  a  inihlif  iliar),'i',  ii|iiiii 
lii~  apiilicatH'ii  ami  i\  iiK'ncc  siti-tacii.ry  ti'  the  ilinitur  lliat  it 
will  111'  t'l.r  hi-  lif>t  iiitiri'-t>  ami  I'lT  tin-  ln-t  iiitiTi-^l-  nl  lii> 
(iipiMili-nt-,  if  aii\."  witli  tlic  rr^iT\atinii.  l\ii\vi\ir,  tliit  in  la^c 
(ll  (li-aliility  iijiial  tn  iimro  tliaii  tliirty  |irr  Ciiit  nf  total  ili-a- 
Iiility  at  ka^t  til'ty  per  ci'iit  nf  tlii'  cninpfn^atidii  ^liall  In  ictaimi! 
in  ini'iiiliK  pa\nu-nt-.  tn  mianl  a^ain-t  iKvil  <liu'  tn  failure  in  the 
prnjict  fnr  wliicii  a  hiiiii)  Mim  i>  ili^ind.  'I'hi^  prmi-imi  was 
(ippn^icil  liv  the  (.'niiiniittec  of  In^nraiice  l\c|iri'>i'iUati\  t-^  ap- 
pniiiled  hv  Secretary  McAdnn:  "While  it  i>  recn^Mii/eil  that  the 
investment  nf  capital  iimvided  hy  cnniinntatii 'ii  may  result  jirnti- 
talil\'.  exjierieiice  j-lmws  that  the  cntitrary  re-iilt  will  he  iimre 
freiiiunt."  The  Hnu>e,  lhiiii,i,'li  with  reluctance  ami  a^ain-t  its 
hetter  jn(lj,'meiU,  allnwcil  il  tn  staiul.  Init  it  wa^  cut  mit  in  the 
Senate. 

The  arj,'uiiient  aj^'ainst  cnnnmitatinii  was  the  same  in  hntli 
chambers :  it  is  "mir  dnty  tn  >ee  tn  it"  that  the  snliliers  and  their 
deiieiuleiits  are  prntected  fmm  the  certain  li>s>  nf  their  mmiey, 
since  such  interference  wmild  he  "fnr  the  welfare  nf  the  cnuntry"; 
fnr  "the  milv  tiling'  that  can  result  fmm  cnmnnitatinii  will  he  the 
ln>s  in  nine  cases  nut  nf  ten  nf  every  dnll.ar  that  is  recei\ed." 
Tiiis  was  evidently  the  >,'eneral  npininn  in  the  Ilnuse.  and  it  was 
nnt  shaken  hv  the  apt  rejninder  nf  the  {gentleman  ntTicially  st.ind- 
inj:  fnr  the  measure,  that  "It  would  he  fnr  tlie  welf.ire  and  hap])i- 
ness  of  a  jjrcat  many  men  if  mure  men  had  guardians,  hut  I 
would  nnt  he  willinj,'  to  vote  fnr  it."  The  scctinn  was  struck  nut 
in  the  Senate,  i)ractically  witlmut  debate,  on  the  iimtinn  nf  Sen.i- 
tor  Brady  of  Idalm.  wlinse  speech  seems  tn  have  expressed  the 


C  •      .  ©J 


r'i'-i-y-^ 


^'Jff^ySf^Li^^J 


336 


I)lS.\l!I.i:i>    SOI.UIKKS    AND    SAII.OUS 


prcviiilin.ij  viiw-.  Ik-  ar^'iud  lliat  "tlic^-e  men"  will  crunc  back 
and  lind  i ppii'Tiiniitii-  fur  invc^tiniiit  and  a>k  tt.r  the  lump  >um ; 
tiien  lliev  will  lo-e  il ;  and  then  "their  families  will  be  in  want; 
and  everv  Senal'T  <in  thi.s  tlix.r  knows  that  in  a  case  of  that 
character,  wlun  tJuv  would  come  here  and  ask  for  a  pen-ion, 
this  bodv  would  j^rant  it.  We  would  not  permit  the  wives  and 
sons  and  dauj^hters  of  (.ur  >oldii.-rs  to  he  in  want.  .  .  .We 
ne\er  lia\e  done  it  in  ye;trs  .L;one  1)\-,  and  we  would  not  tlo  it 
now."  It  wa-  not  -u.u'^^e-ted  that  to  j,'rant  a  pension  under  such 
circum-lance-  Wiuld  not  he  ]ierfectly  proper,  but  tliey  did  not 
wi-h  to  create  the  cirrum-t.inces.  l-'roni  ninety  to  ninety-tive 
per  cent  of  ;ill  hu^ine--  enter[)ri.--es  fail,  it  wa>  freijuently  statetl, 
and  furthermiae,  -aid  Sen.itor  P.rady,  the  man  may  the,  and 
"after  lie  i>  ,l;oii(.',  how  many  women  .are  capable  of  administer- 
in.LT  a  little  e-tate?"  "I  want  to  ]irotect  our  bo\s  who  tiijln  for 
their  country.  They  have  fous^ht  for  their  country  ami  their 
coimtrv's  cau-e.  and  it  is  our  diUy  to  place  safe,!j;uarils  aroimd 
tiiem  to(l;i\-  tii;it  will  m.ike  it  impo»ible  for  them  to  lose  the 
nionev  th.it  we  h.'ive  proviiled  for  them.  .  .  ,  They  are  sacri- 
ficin.t;  their  lives  for  us.  Let  us  do  all  that  wi  can  fur  them  and 
their  dependents." 

Insiiraiuc 

While  it  is  easv  to  dispute  the  novelty  of  the  cnmpcnsation 
feature  of  the  new  law,  there  can  be  no  (|uestion  th;it  the  provi- 
sion for  che.ip  insurance  which  any  member  of  the  forces  may 
take  voluntarily  as  an  additional  jjrotection  aj;ainst  death  or 
total  ]iermaneut  di-ability  is  not  only  new  but  al-o  extremely 
intere-tin.ij.  .\  few  Canadian  cities  had  in-ured  the  lives  of 
their  recruit-  f^r  SI. 000  each  in  private  companies,  and  Toronto 
later  arrani,'ed  to  write  it-  own  insur;uice  for  its  men.  and  this 
may  ha\e  -u;:u'e-te<I  the  plan  which  we  have  adi^pted.  hut  notli- 
inir  on  -o  bolil  ;itid  darinj,'  a  scale  has  been  tried  in  any  other 
countrv.  When  we  consider  that  there  was  no  experience  on 
\^hich  to  ba-e  e-tim;ites  of  .any  value  whatever  as  to  the  probable 
cost  of  such  insurawce,  nor  even  as  to  the  probable  proportion 


liS'^i^r-i^ 


I 


THE    I'NMTF.r)    STATES 


337 


of  the  forces  who  wovilil  avail  themselves  of  the  npportunity  and 
in  what  amounts  they  would  take  out  their  policies,  the  United 
States  Clovernnient  >eenis  an  incarnation  nt  the  yi.uthiul  >iMrii 
of  adventure  which  has  heen  a  familiar  element  in  American 
life  since  the  hejjinning  of  our  history. 

In  tile  minds  of  the  framers  of  tlie  law  the  insurance  sclieme 
wa>  an  inte),'ral  (lart  of  the  plan  of  provision  fur  the  di-ahled 
men  and  the  dependents  of  the  men  \\\v<  are  killed.  Said  Mi>s 
Lathrop,  of  the  Children's  Bureau,  to  the  House  Committee: 

This  tiill  must  lie  considered  as  a  unit.  It  expresses  a  sound  jmlilic  |i.'licy 
and  is  drawn  with  a  profnund  undei standing  of  how  best  to  stimulate  seli- 
respect  and  thrift.  It  offers  opportunities  rather  than  doles.  It  places  the 
entire  resiionsihility  upon  the  government,  where  it  belongs.  It  skilfully  ap- 
peals to  the  initiati%e  of  the  individual  and  the  family. 

We  are  especially  gratified  with  the  insurance  plan,  because  we  regard 
the  provisions  in  .\rticle  HI  as  entirely  inailequate  without  the  insurance 
features,  and  we  regard  .Article  1\'— the  insurance  provision— as  a  far  better 
guaranty  of  safety  with  respect  to  the  future  independence  of  the  soldier  and 
the  soldier's  family  tlian  would  be  given  by  increasing  the  cash  allowances  of 
Article  III. 

Judy;e  Mack,  also,  in  the  --e  of  the  hearings  before  the 

same  committee,  spoke  of  the  ^onipensation  features  as  "hinged 
up"  with  the  insurance:  "If  y<<i\  kiP^ck  nir  he  insurance  scheme 
the  conipen>ation  >c!ieme  is  not  liberal  endugh.  Hut  we  have 
counted  on  the  insurance  scheme.  We  want  to  leave  s.'.inetiiir.g 
to  initiative,  we  want  to  leave  a  man  to  i)rotect  himself,  and  if 
he  has  other  people  dependent  on  him.  ;dl  right,  let  him  take 
out  insurance  and  iMotcct  himself  for  that  >o  as  to  cover  those 
people  who  are  iictually  dependent  on  him." 

What  tile  government  doc>  is  this:  it  offers  to  tvery  enlisted 
man  and  commissi'  ipd  ofticer  .and  to  every  member  of  the  nurse 
cor])S,  in  order  to  gi\e  them  "greater  protection  for  themselves 
and  their  dependents  tiian  is  iirovideil  in  .\rticle  III"  (the  com- 
pensation article),  to  insure  them  against  death  or  "total  per- 
manent disability."  witiiout  medical  examinati<in,  at  rates  which 
are  apprt^ximately  what  they  would  pay  if  they  were  leading  tlie 
ordinary  life  of  a  civilian  in  time  ni  peace,  minus  "loading," 


.VI S 


I'lSAIU.KI)    S(i|.IiIi;i<S    AMI    SAIl.iiKS 


whuii  C'iiii|]ri-f-  i'\  i.t1k';ii1  eliar^'o.  Cdiniiiis-ions,  nfhcrtisiii.i:, 
ami  -iniilar  tNiun-i'-,  and  is  a  lar.m-  iKiu  in  iIk-  prcniinni  rales 
el"  ])ri\alc.'  I'l'mjianii'^. 

"Tdial  ili>al)ilit> "  lia<  hixii  dctnicd  l)y  tlie  Treasury  Dcpart- 
nuiu  a-  "an\'  iiniiairnu'nt  uf  mind  or  hmly  uliuli  niuRrs  it 
inij)n~-ilik'  tdr  llii.-  di-alik'd  ]n.r>i>n  In  fdlnw  ci 'ntinui>n»lv  anv 
snii>laiitiallv  gainful  dccnpalii 'U."  'I'iptal  disability  "-hall  he 
(Iciiiud  ti'  1)1'  'in'rniaiunt'  \vh(.'n(.v<.r  it  i^  fminded  tijv.n  c<'nditii'n> 
\\hHli  rrndir  il  r(.'a--i'i)alily  ci-rtain  that  it  will  cnnliiHK'  thnm^h- 
(iit  thf  lii\-  cf  tlu-  pcrxiii  snt'tcrins,'  frcm  it."  Tlk'  -anic  ri'^'nla- 
tinii  pri'vidL<  that  "\vht.iK'\ cr  it  shall  he  cstal)li>hcd  that  any 
pir-cn  to  wlii.ni  any  in>taInKnt  ni  in'-uranci'  has  hiiii  p.aid  .  .  . 
(11  till'  trrdund  that  the  insured  has  hccnnie  tntallv  and  poniia- 
nenily  di>alilid,  has  recovered  the  ability  to  cnntiniioiisly  fnlli'W 
anv  -iih^tantiallv  j,'ainl'id  iiccii])ati<in.  the  ]iaynui)t  nf  instalments 
of  in-itrance  >hall  he  discdiuiniied  fortlnvith  and  no  further 
in>t.dments  thereof  ^hall  he  paid  so  lonj;  as  such  recovered 
aliilitv  shall  ci'iitinue." 

The  law  pro\i(les  that  insurance  policies  mu'-t  he  for  not 
le~s  than  $1,000  and  not  more  than  $10,000,  and  must  he  in 
multiile^  of  $.^00.  Application  must  he  made  within  IJO  days 
after  inli>tment  and  before  discharge  or  resignation,  or.  for 
tliose  alri.'idv  in  active  service  at  the  time  of  the  publication  of 
tile  terms  and  cniiditions  of  the  insurance,  within  IJO  days  after 
th.it  date.  Privilejie  of  application  w.is  later  extended  to  .\pril 
\2.  I'MS,  for  all  who  h.id  eiitend  the  service  on  or  before 
December  14.  I'M".  Any  person  in  active  service  on  and  after 
April  6,  1917,  is  insured  automatically,  as  if  for  something  like 
S4..^00  (;'.<•.,  to  receive  monthlv  jiayments  of  $J5),  until  the 
e.xpir.iiioii  of  the  period  allowed  for  ap()lying  for  insurance, 
unles--  he  li.'is  already  applied  for  insurance  to  take  effect  at  an 
earlier  date. 

To  prevent  speculation  on  the  lives  of  soldiers  and  sailors  and 
nurses,  application  for  insurance  must  be  made  by  the  individual 
himself,  and  the  only  persons  who  may  be  named  as  beneficiaries 
are  "a  spouse,  child,  grandchild,  parent,  brother,  or  sister."     If 


'■■iSm 


1  HI'.    I  M  IL1> 


\  1  i;s 


339 


no  bcni-Ticiary  williin  the  iKTinitud  cl.ir>  is  doii^natid  by  llic 
insured,  cillicr  in  connection  with  the  in>urance  or  in  his  will, 
or  it  the  (k-i,iL;tiated  beneficiary  does  not  Mir\i\c  the  iiisund,  the 
in>ur;mce.  or  the  reiuaininj,'  instalments  o|  it,  shall  lie  paid  to 
such  person  or  [lersons,  williin  the  prei-cribeil  detjree  of  relation- 
-iiip.  as  wmild  under  the  laws  of  ijie  State  of  resilience  of  tlie 
insured  he  entitled  to  his  personal  [)roperty  in  case  of  intistacy. 
If  no  such  person  survive  the  insured,  an  amount  e<|ual  to  the 
reserve  value  of  the  insurance  at  the  time  of  his  death  shall  be 
])ai(l  to  his  est.ate. 

This  insur.mcc  is  not  assignaljle  I'T  subject  to  claims  of  credi- 
tors either  of  the  insured  or  of  the  buiefici.iries. 

It  is  exjiressly  provided  that  "the  in-ur.ance  shall  be  payable 
in  two  hundred  and  forty  ccjual  monthly  instalments,"  on  tlie 
tlieorv  that  an  annuity  is  preferable  to  ;i  paid-np  policy.  In 
case  of  disability,  however,  payments  are  to  continue  durinjj  the 
ficriod  of  disability,  even  though  it  slioidd  he  longer  than  twenty 
years. 

Provisions  for  maturity  at  certain  aRC*.  fur  (■r>iiliiuiiHis  instalments  during 
the  life  of  the  insured  or  l)eneticiaries.  or  h..th.  fur  cash,  loan,  paid-up  and 
e.\ten<le<l  values,  dividends  from  Rams  and  savings,  and  such  other  pnnisions 
for  the  protection  and  advantaRe  of  and  for  alternative  heiiefits  •  .  the  insured 
and  the  henet'iciarics  as  may  be  found  to  he  reasonaMe  and  practicable,  may 
be  provided  for  '  the  contract  of  insurance,  or  from  time  to  time  by  rc^u- 
lations.  .All  calculatiims  shall  be  based  upmi  the  .American  Kxpcriencc  Table 
of  Mortality  and  interest  at  three  and  one-lialf  per  centuu)  per  annum. 

Premiums  are  to  he  the  net  rates  based  tipon  the  .\mcrican 
Experience  Table  of  Mortality  ;uid  interest  at  three  and  one-h,ilf 
per  cent.  Thev  are  not  to  be  re(|uired  for  more  than  one  month 
in  advance,  and  may  be  deducted  from  the  pay  or  the  dei)osit 
of  the  insured.  The  excess  cost  resulting  from  the  haz.irds  of 
war.  as  well  as  the  entire  cost  of  administration,  is  to  be  borne  by 
the  I'nited  States. 

During  the  period  of  the  war  and  for  fiv;'  years  after,  unless 
converted  before  that  time,  the  in-urance  sh.all  1)C  ordinary 
"terni"  insurance   for  successive  terms  <<i  one  year  e.ich.     I-"or 


/-^ 


I  ^  iiiiw  Mill     mil  nil II  I'l  Hill  iiiiiiw  ^ii  iimi  iiiiimiiiiwh  li    ni   miiiiiiiiiiI  iiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiwiiih 


m^^^mm 


340 


DISAIU.F.I)    SOLDIERS    AND    SAILORS 


five  years  after  the  termination  >>i  the  war  tlie  insured  shall  have 
the  right  tu  convert  tliis  term  inMirance  int..  any  of  tlie  usual 
f(.rm>  at  the  net  premium  rates  fnr  >uch  forms  and  without 
ukdical  examination.  Unless  converted,  the  in>urance  will  lapse 
at  the  end  of  live  years  after  the  close  of  the  war. 

TIk'  director  of  the  War  Ki>k  Insurance  lUireau,  "subject  to 
tlie  .L^eneral  direction  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  shall 
promptly  determine  upon  and  puhli-h  the  full  and  exact  terms" 
of  the  contract  of  insurance.  Tlie  law  was  approved  on  October 
6.  r.uUelin  Xo.  1,  Terms  and  Conditions  of  Soldiers'  and  Sail- 
ed-" In-urance.  is  dated  October  l?.  Iniriher  jmblicity  was  given 
iiy  a  tliree  days'  confereiK'e  of  oiTicers  and  enli.-ted  men  of  the 
.iriiiv  and  navy  which  wa>  held  on  October  16.  17  and  IS,  and 
liy  sulistiiuent  bulletins  for  general  distribution,  explaining  in 
simple  terms  "Uncle  Sam's  In-urance"  and  how  to  get  it. 

The  monthly  rates  per  $1,000,  as  announced  in  lUiUetin  No.  1, 
range  from  si.xty-three  cents  at  the  age  of  eighteen  to  $3.53  at 
the  age  of  si.xty-five.  The  amount  of  the  240  iiK.ntbly  in.st.d- 
ments  wiiich  the  policies  of  different  amounts  insure  in  case  of 
death  or  total  permanent  disability  are  as  follows: 


$\,(MX\ $5.".T 

1.5(N» t<.f>3 

JIKHt II  50 

j;5lH» 14..i8 

3(K)0 \'J^ 

iSiH) 20,1.3 

4  0(10 2.VIH) 

4.,sOO -'.^.88 

S.UJO -8-"5 

$10,000 


S.'..=;oo. 

fj.OOO. 
6..^(Kt. 
/INK). 

7..=;i"t. 


....$,M/j3 

U.iO 

. ...  ,V.38 
....  4.VL? 


KiKii)   46.00 

S..MKI 4888 

IJIDKI ^\.7S 

9.5011 54.().? 

$57  50 


Thu-  a  man  who  is  totally  and  permanently  disabled,  if  he 
h;i  t.iken  out  a  $10,000  policy,  will  receive  $.v..'0  per  month 
f,  r  the  rest  of  his  life,  in  addition  to  his  compensation.  If  he 
has  a  wife  and  as  many  as  three  children  and  a  dependent 
mother,  and  is  in  need  of  constant  attendance,  his  compensation 
will  amount  to  $10.3,  making  a  total  assured  monthly  income  of 
$li)J..=^0.  If  he  has  also  a  deiiendent  father,  it  would  reach  the 
ma.ximum  provided,  $172.50.     If  he  is  one  of  the  per.-ons  for 


THE    IN'ITEn    STATES 


341 


wlicni  the  flat  rate  of  $100  niontlily  cciiii'cn<atic>n  is  prnvidet!, 
he  wuiilil  receive  $137.50  W  hether  men  in  Mich  circuiii>tances 
will  take  an  intere>t  in  "reeilucatinn"  reniain>  tn  he  >een. 

As  for  this  insurance,  even  the  niaxiinnni  policy  ol  SIO.OOO 
i>  within  reach  <>t  every  youni,'  man  in  tiie  >ervice.  At  the  aj,'e 
(It  twentv-hve  the  preniiuni  i-  only  $6.f)0  per  month.  Alter 
deducting,'  from  the  minimum  pav  of  $.^0  the  compul>orv  all-t- 
ment  of  $1.^,  there  would  -till  he  enough  for  thi-  premium  and 
the  amount  of  >peiidinj,'  money  which  army  ofticials  think  ^ulli- 
cieiit-  '.inK->  tile  man  ha>  already  -ul)>crihed  up  to  the  Inlt  v-r 
Li])e        P.onds,  as  ha-  freiiuently  lieen  the  ca^e  in  some  training' 

camp,'. 

In  vi-ew  of  ilie  novelty  and  extreme  importance  of  tliis  depar- 
ture on  the  part  of  our  ),'overnment,  it  will  not  he  out  of  pl.icc 
to  review  the  plan  tlirou^li  >"me  extracts  from  Judt,'e  Mack's 
explanation  of  it  to  the  repre.-eulativeb  of  the  army  ;md  navy 
at  tlie  conference  in  Octoher: 

The  111.-.  :;lit  iinderl.Mni,'  the  insuraiKe  article  was  this,  that  after  the 
loss  «>l  the  i.rdinary  iiicunic  that  is  ci.mpen^ated  for  by  the  family  allnw- 
aiicc,  and  the  risk  of  loss  ul  life  and  limh  in  the  service  th.it  is  o.mpensated 
for  l.y  the  disahility  and  death  ijr..visions,  .  .  .  ciimcs  the  loss  of  present 
insiirahility.  Men  ought  to  insure  them-elves  against  the  inevitable;  whether 
they  do  or  do  not  is,  of  course,  a  matter  of  tlieir  own  concern.  But  in 
ordinary  peace  times  every  man  who  is  fit  to  be  in  the  army,  or  at  lea?t 
to  enter  the  army,  can  go  out  and  buy  insurance.  The  result  of  entering 
or  being  in  the  service  is  that  he  can  not  buy  insurance.  I  say  can  not:  I 
mean,  practically  speaking;  literally  \ou  can,  but  at  a  prohibitive  rate.  I'rom 
your  standpoint,  the  rate  is  exorbitant,  and  therefore  prohibitive.  e\en  though, 
from  the  standpoint  of  the  insurance  company,  the  rates  may  well  be  entirely 
reasonable.  We  do  not  know  what  the  ri'^k  is  going  to  be:  we  do  not  know 
to  what  extent  the  mortality  or  disability  percentage  is  going  to  be  increased 
It's  really  largely  guesswork  e\en  though  we  take  the  European  experience 
as  a  basis;  ami  because  of  this  the  insurance  companies  are  adopting  difTcrtnt 
rates.  Some  of  them  absolutely  refuse  to  insure  men  against  this  hazard 
at  all  Others  are  ready  to  insure  them  at  the  present  time  at  an  adihtional 
rate  of  from  $37..=in  to  $100  per  Sl.OOO.  That  would  mean  for  you  from 
$37.=i  to  $1,1)00  a  year  extra  on  JKU'HHI  insurance  over  and  above  the  ordinary 
premium  that  we  civilians  would  pay.  just  because  you  are  in  the  service. 

Kow,  it  was  felt  that  it  is  utterly  wrong  for  the  people  of  this  country 
to  throw  that  burden  up<m  the  men  in  the  service,  and  that  that  at  least  i- 
a  definite  loss  wliich  the  government  can  replace.     Turther,  it  was  believed 


1-' 


i)i>  \i;i  I 


.-ii;.iiil.';s    \M)   SAli.iiKS 


t!ial  'h.rr  iv  ..ii1\-  (ill,-  r>-A\\\  .vW'iU.r.i'  win  -i  r.|il.uim;  it.  .  .  .  an.l  'li.i!  ;-  !>> 
-.-.iiil;  Ii.hU  111  k'li'l  «l]..t  Im-  I'|-<ii  I-iIn' n  .i"a>.  l.y  rcM..rin«  yur  niMir..l.ilil> 
and  ri-itoriiiK  it  ""  at  Icn^t  a^  k"o.|  a  Im^is  as  the  rest  of  us  hal  1  lie 
iiiily  ic.isiMc  way  l-r  tlit-  W' ■\eriiineiit  ..i  the  I'inted  States  tn  n.->t..rf  ;Inj 
iiiMiralnlity  oi"  yi.ii  nun  i>  !■.  sell  ynii  ilie  iiisiiraiue  tliat  y>u  luuKl  lia\e 
j;cilliii  111  iiruale  iii^uraiKe  cc-'inpaiiies,  and  there l. .re  tliat  is  the  plan  that 
was  ad"]'ted. 

It  \^a^  urved  that  the  K'lMrninint  pay  this  extra  preniinin  to  the  pruate 
in^liraiue  naiipaiiies  and  the  private  in^iiraiKe  eiiin|iani(>  were  ready  t')  he 
\er\  lair  and  just  ami  generous  if  that  had  heeii  ei.iisidered.  Many  were, 
and  I  think  all  nf  tluni  uonM  li.i\e  heeii,  entirely  wiUini;  that  this  extra 
preiniimi  he  set  aside  as  a  fund,  ami  if  there  was  an> tiling'  saveil  .ait  ..f  it 
that  it  >h..iild  he  wi^en  hatU  ;  h'.it.  on  the  other  hand,  if  it  was  exhausted 
and  ni..rc  than  exhau^t<.l.  the  uiMrnnunt  should  |iay  the  dilVereiue  That 
w.iuld  have  l.eeil  one  u.iy  ,.f  liaiidhni;  the  matter.  .  .  lint  the  K''^  eminent 
of  the  I'nited  States  i^  ii..t  in  the  lial.it  ..f  carryini;  its  insurance  in  private 
I'otnpanie^ ;  it  carries  its  ..un  in>iiraiKe  su  far  as  hre  is  cncerned,  and  there 
is  III.  rea^.'ii  why  it  sli.'id.l  not  carry  Us  own  iiisuranci'  s.j  fur  as  vour  lives 
are  cncerned 

riieii.  aKaiii.  it  wa-  felt  hy  many  that  to  m.ike  such  a  proi".siti,in  woiiM 
he  to  .-;i\e  a  ^;ener,il  i;..vcrnnunt  i:id..r-einent  t  .  every  insurance  companv 
or  fraternal  orKani/atioii  of  which  any  of  \..ii  mi«lit  he  memhers    .  .  . 

N,.  nood  rea-.iii  wa^  apparent  ai;ainst  the  I'liited  States  itself  directly 
insiirini;  v.  u  men.  And  there  are  inaiiv  j;ood  reas.ms  in  favor  of  it.  \  .ni  are 
a  limitiil  class;  Imt  f..r  the  war  yu  w..uld  he  the  hest  clas>  of  insurance 
ri-ks  that  could  he  f..uiid  in  tli.'  w..rM.  The  Kovcriiii.cnt  of  the  United 
St,iie~,  if  it  went  into  the  insuraii.  e  l.usines.s,  would  not  have  the  number 
of  Items  of  expense  that  the  private  insurance  companies  have.  In  th.e 
tir-t  place,  it  would  n..t  have  the  expense  of  coinmissinns  to  agents,  and 
that's  a  heavy  ilem  of  cxiieiise,  .  .  .  I'.ut  the  I'nited  States  ("lovcrnment,  when 
it  offers  you  the  (.pii..rtunity  to  l.uy  this  insurance  at  less  than  peace  rates. 
d(.es  not  need  any  tn-nrance  aijents;  this  opiiortunity  is  so  wonderfully 
attractive  that  a  man  mu~t  he  a  fo..l  or  crazy  and  not  fit  to  he  in  the  serv  e 
if  he  dnes  not  avail  himself  of  it  Im  the  utmost  extent  of  his  financial  ability. 
Then  the  j;.>vernment  pav>  no  taxation;  it  has  no  medical  examination 
fees  and  medical  inspecti..n  and  supervision,  because  it  is  goinj;  to  take  you 
all  as  you  are.  There  arc  a  few  of  you  who  may  not  he  insurable.  I  Hut  I 
the  Kr>';'t  tnass  has  just  underKone  a  careful  medical  examination.  I'hey 
vv.i!:'d  n.it  be  in  the  -ervice  if  they  were  not  insurable,  and  so  the  ^;overnmcnt 
does  not  need  t.i  incur  the  expense  of  medical  exaininations. 

.\iid  then  the  government  need  not  advertise  or  look  for  investments  and 
employ  luKh-priced  and  liiKh-salaried  men  to  conduct  its  business.  ,  .  .  Men 
work  f.ir  tlie  noveriinient  at  a  quarter  to  a  tenth  of  what  they  c.iuld  ^'et  in 

private  life  f..r  the  same  amount  of   work  with  the  same  ability \nd 

so  the  only  expense  that  the  }ii>vernmcnt  has  is  that  of  the  actual  a.lnv.ni-- 
Ir.ition  of  this  insurance  .'flice.  and  as  thi:;  insurance  is  limited  to  our  fi;;ht- 
in.i:  fc.rccs,  it  seemed  only  ritlit  and  proper  that  the  cost  of  administering  it 


^ggj^^jga^^^igi^..^^^^ 


Tin:  iMTF.n  statks 


343 


should  not  tic  cliargiil  up  to  the  men,  hut  shoulil  lie  Jecmcl  a  general  g  i\crn- 
mental  war  expense. 

When  that  was  once  deeded,  it  followed  that  the  governimiit  i  nild 
well  alTord  to  sell  this  insurance  not  merely  at  peace-time  rates,  but  at  peace- 
time rates  less  the  loading  which  private  companies  add  for  e.\peii-es  and 
emergencies.  Now.  ...  if  .\oii  deduct  this,  the  government  cuM  alf-rd 
to  .^ell  Its  insurance  from.  say.  _'U  to  M>  per  cent  less  than  the  private  c oiii- 
p.iiius  wiiuld  charge. 

Then  came  the  question  what  kind  of  insurance  should  the  goveriun.nt 
sell,  I  Here  follow  two  or  three  pages  of  dear  description  of  the  advanl.mcN 
of  (litTerent  klnd.^  umler  ditlereiit  circumstances,  ending  with  a  statement  of 
"the  two  propositions"  he  has  been  Irving  to  illustrate, |  l■lr^t.  that  ii  i-  a 
had  thing  for  a  man  to  take  out  yearly  renewable  term  iii^iir.ince  with  tb.e 
intention  of  keeping  it  up  for  his  life,  because  when  he  get^  old  it  i-  g mig 
to  he  difficult  for  the  average  man  to  keep  it  up;  second,  that  if  a  m.ui  is 
going  into  an  e.xtra-hazardous  occupation  for  a  short  period  he  would  be 
extremely  foolish  if  he  did  not  take  the  very  cheapest  kind  of  insurance  he 
could  get.  provided  (jiily  that  after  the  hazardous  period  is  over  he  lias  the 
right  to  change  it  into  some  one  or  other  of  the  forms  bc^t  suited  t  .  his 
circumstances. 

Now,  the  kind  of  insurance  that  the  United  States  G.nernment  is  issuing 
is  based  upon  the  validity  of  those  two  statements.  The  military  f..rces  are 
going  into  an  extra-hazardous  occupation,  .  .  ,  They  would  he  looh-.h  during 
that  period  of  extra  hazard  if  tliey  took  anything  but  the  very  cheapest  insur- 
ance that  they  could  possibly  get.  The  United  States  in  isMiiiig  that  insur- 
ance is  not  trying  to  make  money  out  of  the  boys;  it  is  not  trying  to  do 
Siimething  for  its  own  good.  It  is  trying  to  do  the  best  it  can  l  r  them. 
Therefore  ...  it  is  provided  in  this  bill  that  during  the  period  of  the  war 
the  only  kind  of  insurance  that  the  United  States  Government  will  issue  to 
you  is  this  so-called  yearly  renewable  term  insurance,  the  cheapest  po^Mhle 
insurance  that  you  can  get.  lUit  it  would  be  equally  wrong  for  the  United 
States  to  tempt  you  into  keeping  up  the  kind  of  insurance  which  for  the 
great  mass  of  men  in  the  service  .  .  .  uould  become  impossible  to  carry  when 
they  reached  old  age.  .  .  .  .^nd  therefore  it  is  provided  tliat  while  the  United 
States  will  sell  only  this  cheapest  kind  of  insurance  during  the  war,  and 
while  it  will  permit  you  to  keep  it  up,  if  you  want  to,  lor  five  years  after  the 
war,  so  that  you  will  have  plenty  of  time  to  consider  what  is  best  for  you 
as  a  permanent  policv.  when  those  five  years  are  over,  or  earlier  if  >ou  want 
to,  you  must  change  that  insurance  into  one  of  the  more  permanent  forms. 
It  will  cost  you  more,  of  course,  but  whatever  it  costs  you  you  will  more 
than  get  your  money's  worth. 


The  law  is  thoroughly  democratic.  Some  of  you  might  want  SlOO.nOO 
insurance,  but  it  would  not  lie  fair  and  just  for  the  government  to  give  \ou 
that.  The  government  can  only  give  you  a  reasonable  measure  of  protection, 
and   Congress    finally   decided   in   accordance   with   the   original    suggestion, 


U4 


DISAlll.r.Ii    SOLDII.IJS    AMI    SAll.OKS 


-tr..,Klv  iir^'c.l  l.v  I'rcv„!cnt  \V,N..ii.  thai  $li'.»K»i  -1  inMir.ui.r  «a-  a  rcii^on- 
■il-lc  i.u-aMirc  ,-l  i,r,iu.1i-n.  l-A.rs  man  aiM  u-iiiaii  iii  tlic  -cr^uo.  ..ih.trs 
a„,l  MU-ti,  arc  urmUd  t^  tluv  scrsic.  ,m  .q.ial  infa-i.re.  It  i^  tna-  that  the 
a^vra>;r  Amcncai,  l.oh.>  i^  .mly  $l.N«i,  an,l  U  ,-  hkc«  i^e  TiR-  that  the 
a^.ra;;i-  ^.4.nK  ma.i  faiU  to  t  .kc  anv  „.-nran.c.  I'.nt  nol.ody  know,  what 
lu  mii;ht  l,avc  .l.au-.  |,artic.ilar'v  i„  s,cw  ..f  the  «ar.  an,l  it  i-  hit  r-'a^-nahlc 
;„„1  .,„t  that  the  ,.c..|.lu  -.1  ..he  r.iit.d  Stato  -hnuUl  (iivi-  Ium  thi-  c-haiKC. 
II.-  „  a  fn-c  American  dtiicn  aiul  it  i-  iil>  t-  him  t..  ilecr  c  wliat  u~e  he 
uaiit.  t..  make  ol  tile  ,.|M.nrtiinit.v.  I'.iit  it  is  .leniocratu-  in  thi-  the  richt  to 
1„-,  „,,  to  JKMWK)  insurance  i>  not  only  granted  tu  all  alike,  bnt  e\ery  pruate 
can  afford  to  hny  th.c  limit,  if  he  so  desires. 

This  insurance,  once  issued  hy  the  government,  can  he  kept  up  f-rcvcr. 
not  ,ailv  -Inrinvc  the  war,  hut  afterward;  no,  ,,nly  dunni:  the  peri..d  ot  term 
in^urancc  hut  when  >ou  con^ert  it.  It  ha.  iiotlmm  to  do  with  private_in-ur- 
■uice  companies.  It  is  Ki^ernment  iiisnr.ince  torever.  ll  apphe-  tor  al 
time  to  all  men  wh  .  take  it  out  while  th.ey  are  in  the  actne  military  ami 
naval  service,  not  milv  to  tlio-,,  ,„,w  in  service,  not  ,.nU  to  tho-e  serMUK 
.hirim,.  the  present  wa'r,  hut  to  the  soldiers  and  ...lors  for  all  lime;  and  it 
will  be  continued   lor  them  after  thcN    leave  the  .~er\ice. 

I>iscussi(>n   en    IitsiiriiiiiC 

Tlie  proposal  ..f  "optional  iiisiiraiicc"  naturally  received  a 
fireat  (U.il  of  (liscii--M,,ii.  The  priiieipal  ol)jectioii  to  it  was  tliat 
it  left  the  matter  to  the  (li>eretioii  of  the  iiulividiial  soUlie-".  and 
lh.it  tills  ine.-int  iiievitahly  that  the  thrifty  or  the  wdl-t-d..  would 
take  advantage  of  it,  hut  that  many  would  no-  and  that  thus 
c'las^  distineti-ns  would  ari.se  which  would  make  trouhle  in  future 
yi-ars  if  not  now.  There  was  also  more  or  less  fear  that  tiiis 
would  he  an  entering;  wedj,'e  for  a  general  system  of  State  insur- 
ance after  tile  war. 

The  very  first  proposal  in  regard  to  insurance,  made  hy  lion. 
Edwin  1-.  Sweet,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  was  that 
the  onvirnment  should  .uive  insurance  protection  to  the  amount 
of  $4,000  to  every  enlisted  soldier  witli-iut  any  cost  to  the  men. 
and  this  ]ilan,  with  different  ideas  as  to  the  amount  wiiicli  sliould 
he  provided,  was  f.ivored  liv  the  insurance  representatives  p'o-r- 
ally  and  hv  a  cousiderahk-  element  in  Cnnirress.  Others  thr.u.<:ht 
that  it  ou^ht  to  la-  made  ompidsorv,  like  the  f.amily  allotiiient--: 
"If  it  is  a  K<"'d  thint:,  why  ivH  compel  them  te.  take  it?"     In 


im^mm^i^imMt.mi^^^MMm^j^,:£^ 


riiK  i.Niir.11  hiAiKs 


345 


litlKT  ca>L-  the  uihkTlyini;  i'l.;i  wa^  that  all  the  men  ou-ht  to 
be  in  the  >anie  [M-Miicn  with  re^iiect  U>  any  benefits  ottereil  by 
tile  ■,'..vernnKni.  The  rea-.nin-  of  the  .\tliniin>trati.  .n  and  the 
tranKTS  ut  the  hill  was  a  little  -nhtle  t<.r  many.  Secretary 
McAd.u.  eNiire>~ed  it  thus  bei..re  the  Ih.u^e  e-ninmiee: 

When  nut.  arc  calU.l  uit..  the  htvuo  cf  tin-  K-vcrt,i..cm,  ether  lioa.ise 
thcs  snUimcer  ..r  hccai.sc  they  arc  dratt.d,  they  ImlI  tliem^elM-^  luiahle  L. 
prMCiire  hie  i.i^uraiiee  exeei-t  at  sery  hi^h  premiums.  Ihe  hie  mMiratice 
cmpatiies,  of  course,  mu^t  char«c  a  rale  which  will  safeuuar,!  them  a«a,n>t 

tlie  ri.ks  thcv   asMimc T,.  him   (tlie  private)   that   i.~  a  pfhihitue   rate, 

and  thcrctnre  it  dc-troNS  his  insnrahdity  ahsoliitdy  i-..  far  a-  his  means 
are  cnncernecl  .\t  the  same  time  it  re.hiccs  very  U^r^;ely  his  earnmn  p-wer. 
heeaii^c  the  average  man   who  i,  taken  into  the  army   is  earning   m.  re   than 

J3()(l  a  year.  ...  .    ,      ■    ,     ■  ■     ,       .1    . 

When  the  government  destroys  the  carnin^'  power  <ii  the  individual  to  tha. 
extent  destroys  his  insurahility,  and  then  drafts  him  into  exlra-ha^ard-.us 
service,  which  may  result  in  the  .Icstructiim  of  hi^  life  or  .11  permanently 
disahlinK  him,  it  owes  that  man  restitution.  I  use  that  wurd  because  it  ex- 
presses my  idea  exactly. 

Later  in  the  same  hearing;,  as  also  on  many  other  occasions, 
Jiuljje  Mack  gave  his  interpretation: 

Their  insurahility  has  heen  taken  away  when  wc  conscript  them  into  the 
army  Now.  of  cou'rse,  we  arc  j;oiiik  to  t,;ive  them  compensation  .  .  .  hut  wc 
are  depriving  them  of  something'  more  valuahle  than  that.  We  are  deprivin« 
them  of  the  power  t..  Kuard  themselves  hy  .American  sclf-initiative,  by 
American  self-reliance,  by  payment  out  of  their  pockets  for  their  own  pro- 
tection in  the   future. 

The  positi-m  taken  by  the  insurance  rr^mpanies  was  that  the 
insurance  article  of  the  bill  was  "vicious  in  principle  and  that, 
in  view  of  the  liberality  of  Articles  H  and  111,  it  i-  absolutely 
unnecessarv  and  should  be  eliminated.  Wc  believe  that  the 
amount  of  the  benefit  to  be  distributed  in  each  instance  sliould 
be  determined  hy  the  -;nvernnient  and  not  by  the  individual 
soldier.  And  we  believe  that  the  costs  and  disbursements  sluudd 
be  borne  whollv  bv  the  government."  .Mlhougli  it  was  their 
opinion  tliat  the  provisions  of  Articles  H  and  111  were  both 
liberal  and  ample,  still,  "in  order  to  provide  for  any  other  possi- 


346 


III-  \l,l,l  !>    >Mi.|ill  li>    AM'    >  Ml  111: 


l)li'  ciitiDL^iiifv,  .-iii'l  .-i-  :i  rcf.:;iiiii''!i  "i  lli'-r  willi-ut  ili])rnil- 
1111-  .'iii'l  tliii-r  wli"  W'.rc  iiiiiiml  Init  '^.i^*'  tlu-ir  >ir\irc-  t"  tluir 
ci.iintr\.  it  1-  --iii^Lii-tiil  lli.it  tlu'  I'liIxI  Stuti  -  <  ..  .\triiiiuni  juv 
a  (K-.itli  iKiu-lit  I'l  "lAHJO  in  tin-  i\int  <'f  tin-  iK;illi  "I  any  ..llu-  r 
i.r  mli-liil  man  iii  llu-  anii\.  iiaw.  "f  marine  rurp-.  jif  .\  ulrd 
(Katli  iri(nr>  diirin.L;  -crv  ii'c  "r  williiii  t'lVf  year-,  altrr  llu  dali.' 
of  \i\-  (li-iliar!;i-;  llial  llii>  d.atli  hi-iutil  r-liall  n^t  lall  t^r  the 
]iaMiuiii  of  any  prcmiiini  aiul  diall  he  ]ia\al>lc  t"  any  naiiuil 
hiiH-tuiarv  or  to  tin-  c-tate  if  n<  ■  hiiuticiary  i-  named. "  'I  he-e 
(|noiatii.ii-  iiri'  from  the  formal  report-  of  the  ci'mmitlee.  Mr. 
Ide,  It-  ihairman.  -[leakiii^'  a  little  more  freely  before  the  Seiialc 
ei  'mmiitee,  -aid : 

Wlifii  .ilil  .!«(.■  ;mil  iiitirinilie-  c  iiu-  t"  llifiii.  oui  o-u  iMt  -le  rcciirriiu'. 
('■r  till-  In-nelil  •■f  tlii^  do-.  1<'l;i-1.i1i.'11  ix.nlly  -iiiiil.ir  !•>  tli.il  ulmli  u  i" 
lia\c  li.ul  111  tlic  I'.ot  in  r>-u,ir.|  t-  |"  •  -1..11--  ...  It  i-  my  ririii  I.elul  tli.it 
if.  .1-  i-  iirM|,.isol.  >..ii  iir.iw.li  all"«.ii.o^  I  .r  tin-  ilf,n-iiikiii-  ..1  ilic  Imlmii',' 
111.11.  li  >"ii  Ki.iiit  I"  the  ill  |itiii|ir.I-  lit  nun  \\li<>  li.i\e  ln'cn  iiiiuri-il  cmii- 
iJiio.iU'Mi  I'l.r  lurli.il  i|i-,iliilii>.  t'l.il  ili-.il'ility.  ami  iUmiIi.  ytu  li.iu'  aiti''! 
^;i'in-ri'ii-h  .uii!  woil>.  It.  in  ai|iliti"ii  tn  llic  (leatli  iiiiUmiiuy  uinKr  Am.  le 
III  Mill  HI. I-  til  all  a  staled  -iiin.  he  it  Jl.lHKl  nr  $J,IKH»  i.r  iivTe.  Hitlimit  any 
jiavnieiit  i.i'  jireminin.  tlii<  aniniint  tn  In-  pa>alile  within  a  -tatol  piTiud,  ti.it 
111. .re  til. in  ten  \e.ir-  .liter  tie  el--e  n|  the  war,  \..ii  will  have  ailniited  a 
iilaii  niiite  jjeiier.  11-  in  it>  s.-npe.  tiinre  .\nieriian  ill  it.-  spirit,  than  lias  ever 
he.  n  dr., 1111.  il  nf  In  any  ..tiler  natMii.  \"n  will  Ii.ivc  t'dled  niir  fi^;Iltlll^'  nun 
with  o.urae.-  and  with  eiitliii>ia-ni.  and  ym  will  h.ivc  treated  all  alike. 

M.ike  It  eli-.ir  tii.it  tin-  i-  a  ine.i-ure  to  meet  the  exi^eiuies  of  this  war. 
As  far  as  pn-^iMe.  ml  the  lull  nl  :dl  x.mue  and  niuertaiii  latiKiiat;c  and  leave 
.IS  little  a-  yiai  e.m  t..  intiire  deteriniii.iti^n  ami  deiisimi  hv  the  hiire.ni. 
I  Iimiiiate  .\rti.le  I\  a-  heiny  t.i..  v.iL:ne  111  its  lanKiia^;e  ami  utterly  iiii-mnd 
111  priiKip'e.  It  lead-  t..  m.iiiitr-t  ih-.Timinatinns  and  eiiiiseiiiunt  injii-tiees. 
It  .'|icns  the  ilimr  wide  I'.t  future  [leii-inii  le>;islatinn.  It  inv.dves  iieedle-s 
admiiii-trative  e.xpm-e.  it  olYers  ^i^eat  rewards  tn  speeiilatiiui  It  is  el.os 
leKi^latii'ti  ill  faviir  ..f  th --e  wlin  are  ahle  to  pay  the  premiums,  e-peeially 
after  the  u..r.  It  e.m  iinl  he  i.j'p.'-ed  simply  as  State  itisiiranee.  heiau-e  it 
d.'es  iiiil  pretend  to  -ell  in-uranoe  at  cn-t.  hut  at  U-s  than  o.-t. 

When  the  (ine-tion  wa-  rai-ed  in  the  House  c mimittee  aluMit 
the  "conHict  of  intere-t-"  between  tlii-  plan  and  the  business  of 
tile  pri\;ite  compaiiie-,  Mr.  Henry  Moir,  who  \v:i-  then  te-tify- 
ii,,_r — ,  lue  of  the  li\  e  jironiinent  actuaries  who  had  been  a-ked  l>) 
prepare  e-timate-  of  the  co-t  of  the  propo-eil  measure — replied: 


1  Ml.    I    M  I  I  II    M  V  '■  Is 


.U7 


AiiMhiiii:  tlKit  the  «.  ■.cr.iimiit  -In--  |..  ~!i-u  'In-  U:xM  ..1  liif  niMir.iii.  ■■ 
will  l.i'li.  ...ir  l.iis,,,,-^.  Ik-.  ,i-..M  llurc  ,ir.'  l-t-  ..i  j.  i.lr  «li..  ,irr  iwl  'm  llu- 
arinv  ,in.l  ..re  ii-.t  iti-ur,.!  n..vs.  .  .  .  Tut  .  o.ni,M!  ..l.wl,  stn.ill  i-r.  .[..rli  .n 
,,l  I'lu-c  >..i)ni;  nicii  nllior  wii  ry  |m.Iu  i->  n  •■nr  io,n,  .uiics  n..«.  -I  n-'.Mi.l 
t  .  t..Uo  tluHi  III  llic  mar  fiitiiri'.  s..  lli.it  >-.  l.-.r  ;■.,  i..m|,itili..r,  i>  ^-cMicii  i-fl. 
^^,•  ,,,11  .liMiii-s  that  from  niir  miti.l^.  It  will  .L.  u^  iimrc  «"..,!  tli.iii  li.ii-n. 
Ill  ,,ilur  H.r.U,  aihiTti^uig  ut  tlic  iii>uraiKC  iiniiciiilc  is  tlic  liiitKC^t  aiKcr- 
t'-iMK-i;l    HI'   call  m't. 

A  i->.Tt:iiii  Mr.  Millikcti,  an  in-iiram-i'  ukui  <'I  \\'.i~liiiiu't>iii, 
a|ilH:uf.l  IkI'T.  till-  ll-iiM-  i-niniiiiiiri'  witli  an  ■  lal«  raU-  ili.iit  ni 
a  hill  I'T  coniniaiiiK'tTiii;  mic  ol  llu-  lai  in-iirai.i't'  ci  >niii.inii.N 
anil  c'lKTalini;  llin.n,i;li  it  ciMnimUory  \u-\i'  aki-.  at  a  c  ■  l"  ilif 
vi.lilicr  of  ?.=^  \nr  iH'.ntli  \wr  $1.()00  in-ti.:ul  nf  5;S  ]„  •-  yiar.  '['<> 
till'  Senate  cuininittic  he  prc-iiiti  il  a  intitinii  ^i^ncil  ]<y  {\'> 
lumilrol  snliliiT'^  in  one  <>f  tin-  t  iuinK  camp-.  \<r  iti-tinj,'  auain-t 
tlu-  in>uranci.'  fialiiri-  oi"  tlie  N'-ck  Iiill,"  anil  urjiiii'.,'  tlu  Mil- 
stitmi'in  of  the  •'Miilikin  iiill."  lie  fxiit.iiiud  tliat  lie  lia.l  j^'une 
(lilt  tu  tile  cami>  and  i,'nl  simie  Nildiers  tn^ietlicr  and  talked  to 
lluin.  Iiefnro  ii(i>tinf,'  tiie  rvtitimi. 

In  tlie  ilehates  on  the  ti  .nr  of  the  H<mse  the  chief  <'l)jecti<>n 
was  on  the  <c<ire  of  ineiiuality,  as  in  the  opposition  of  the  insur- 
ance men.  It  was  not  lair  to  K've  t"ive-si.\ths  or  sevon-ei^jhths 
(if  the  co;.t  of  the  insurance  to  tiv-e  men  who  would  jiay  a  small 
sum:  "We  oU),'ht  to  give  to  all  or  to  none  if  we  are  for  equality 
ill  the  armv."  It  was  "an  unja>t  and  unkind  statute  "  It  was 
"aristocratic,"  hecause  officers  will  "have  forc^iKht  and  huMiie-s 
ahilitv  enough  to  see  the  advantage  of  getting  $10  wurih  of 
in-urance  by  paying  $1,"  while  the  rank  and  file  presumahly  will 
not  have  enough  foresight,  or  if  they  do,  will  not  have  the 
monev  for  the  premiums.  Several  memi)ers  argued  that  it  should 
he  either  free  for  all  or  compulsory  uixm  all,  with  app.ireiitly 
little  choice  between  the  two  alternatives,  so  long  a>  all  were 
treated  alike.  Several  others  spoke  for  some  such  plan  a-  that 
proposed  bv  Mr.  Ide,  and  an  amendment  was  introduce.'  provid- 
ing for  free  "insurance"  in  the  amount  of  $3,000  for  t\ery  man 
killed  in  the  war.  There  were  many  who  warned  of  the  dis- 
satisfaction that  might  be  expected  in  the  iiiture  becausi;  uf  the 


.us 


i,i>  \i;i  I  I'   -"I  I'll  I--'    NM'   -  ^1'  "I-"' 


,l,„-,,..iuv  in   ilic   tiiKUuul   MU.ali.  n  -1    tu..  in.ii   mjuml   ii>   tlic 

-.line  vv.iy.  t'T  vsiiliiiik-: 

1,  ,',  ,.  „,,t  .,,1,1  1.  n..  111. It  it  «ill  .1...  tn.nty  >c:ir>  ..lUT  tlu^  w.ir  is  "^cr, 
,,,  li,M.  tu..  iii.-n.  l->ili  .li-.il'UM  t..  111.-  ..iim-  .Ul:u-.'.  -■i..'  -1  tl;.m  .lr..vMiiK'  a 
,,oi,-,..i.   ..r    ,iiMir...Ke    i,.-,,,l.ii.  iit    IMii    il..'    i:.-'.  .mm,  nt    ..,,.1    tl„.    .,ll..-.-    .wt 

,1,,UM„«  am.      Hi.-  •  •.^■'l>l■l  -^    '■  'I"    '■""■^'  ■■^^''^-  >"'    "'■  «-""'^   7"'^' 

,li,„^'.in.|  ran.  i.-t  ..ttuic  a.ntlui,;."  Tlu-  •iIkt  u  uM  i.l.K.  ■'Vu  ,1h1  n  't 
kn.u  ni.Muh  ,.,  .,1.1.1.^  I'T  in.ur.uuc  ..r..l  Ut  tlu-.n  tA,-  M,^;,  .,nt-  ..  iiwni,, 
,,„,  ,,,■  ,,,,,,,■  ,,.,>    uhfi,  ..  u  «>T.-  ni  !l,.   .iniu."     1   '!■■  n..t  l.oli.^.  tlut  uhl  ■!  ■ 

I  \ii   ri.if.  •■!  N,  rt  ^  ■  rk  I 

\,„r  ilr-  u.ir  -li.,]!  I,..',,  iii'l.-.l.  an^l  tl:  -c  "h"  ''■'  "''  t-'^'C  a.n  atit.i^'c 
,,,■  u  ,tl.,.  :,;.,ir.,iuci  ,•  111.  Ii.iiu'.  -..V  -'.^  1-:  ""'■  ^Mili  ""l"v  ir-ii-.r.'  I-.;  ■  r 
,.,„,,, ^  -If,  .,,•  .T  l.-t  l;,-,.!l!i,  ..re  l'.  ini;  ..r.  ui  ■!  ih.'  -.ir,,'!.  .•!  ilic  t..«n,  .,1  -iir 
%in..ii-  ,..„i;ri--i'.ii..l  ,l:-trKt-.  .1^  -  -  ii-i  I'l.'  i;i-ntlcn,,m  llnnk  tliat  tli.it  -i 
H.,ll  UMul.l  ,r..,lc  -11.1.  ..  iiii..nnnil>  .1  -.iH.ilU'nt  thai  it  «mu1(1  ali-.Ultd> 
f.,!,.'  r..iiL:r<"  t-.  Kraiit  tl"  -c  nun  i.<-ii-i"n-  m  .\car>  tccnic'  (Mr.  K.iivlii;- 
1. 1,  .  .if  Kinl...  U\ .  I 

Sciiiiinr  SniMc.t  ..ruri'.l  .iii  anun.lmciU  >ul)>titiitin):;  f^r  the 
inMiiaiKL-  artulo  <•!  ilic  tnH  I'VMM'D  l-r  a  iully  i.ai.l-ui)  in- 
•  K limit V  of  SJ.(XX)  t.,  cmtvImmIv  in  c.i>c  ..f  (K'atli  >>r  t"tal  (li<- 
aliilitv.  Hi-  ar-unuiit  f-'i-  ilu-  iliaii^'o  (  wliuii  i>  a  Miininary  .,f 
the  .■l.jicli..ii>  t"  the  iiiMiraiKf  article  ..f  the  liill  J  \\a>  as  follows: 

111  Till-  i.r..ii..-al  in  ;lu'  l.ill  i<  -'an  ixiK-riimT.t  iniro  an.l  -unyk-  The 
K'..Mrnn,ent  is  iir.i|H.-in«  t..  i-iiLiacr  in  tlu-  ni.-t  liiijtilv^  .("'^ '■•li'^-'l  •""'  '""''- 
iiK..!   t^rin  ,.l   linMiu-s  kifun  t-  tlu'  Anurican  ih-..ii1.c." 

iJi  It  ,.|f,r~  "a  nr,.tuit\  t..  tin-  f,«.  t..  «hi,h  all  in  tlie  .*amc  siTMce 
.li,.ul,l  1','  cntitl.-'l.  if  .iii>   arc  tntitl'.-il  t"  it" 

..;i  It  i-  iiii->alUMl  -ni-iiraiu-c."  ami  .l.-iiM  l.'  .■..M,,!  ■•in.lcmnitv"  <,r 
"cxc-s  iii.li'ninit>."  mikl-  llic  >;,.\ frnintiit  iia><  tliu  c.\>c-s  c-t  aii'l  the 
nM-rhfail  i'\|ii-ii-.  s. 

i4i  It  ,-..iiMniiics  a  ili-.Tiniinatmn  in  lavnr  nf  tlic  rivli.  since  tlii-y  "ill 
I,-  aMi-  t-  t..k<   a.h..nl.m.'  "I   n  ar..l  tlic  rest  will  tint. 

i.=  i    It   1-  ili.,rinini,itnr>    lurtluT  in  UMiiirim;  applicatam  witiiin   l.'O  .lays. 

(d)    I',   u.iiilil  111'   l-r.iiik'  till'  LoMTiinu-nt   int..  ..  lumo  insnraiK-o  ImMiu-v 

II  ,.nK   half  ll.e  men   la-Mimim;  a  t..t..l  ,.f  .'.UHI.IKHI,   i,,ke  $,i.(KKI.  th.at  wuhl 

nuMii   a   vlnnic   ..f   J.\.I(«i.iKHI.(kh.— ni..rc   tliaii   the   ,'..mhiiic,l   ii..licics   ..f   the 

thriH'  lar.;i-.t   .Vint-ncan  c.iniiami-.. 

(71  A  lump  snm  i,a>nu-iit.  ...  sncu.-tcl  in  the  amcn.ltiiciit.  w.iulil  (.hviate 
the  ne.,"iiv  ,.f  ereatim;  a  .Kiiarimeiit  t.-  han.llc  ninthly  payments,  ami 
\K,.iihl  l.c  ill  e\ii-y  ua>  nuu-li  -imphr  t.i  nia'i.me.  l-'veii  that  '■\v.,nlil  he 
trenieml..n.|y  eNi.en-ive.  hnt  it  w.-nhl  he  a  <lir,et  rcc 'iiniti.'n  .,f  the  oUiga- 
11.  11  .  f  the  ^..vernment  t.>  the  s.l.lier.  .iml  their  dcpen.lents  " 


I  UK    I  MI  Hi    M  AlKS 


34' > 


Mr.    r.  'riiiiniMli  Slurmaii.  (  ■  .inini-i'.iuT  -I    I.al"'r  .'l    ih^' 
Stat.-   n{   New    Vnrk,   ami   a  iiuihIkt  ct    tlie  o.mmittco   wliuli 
ilriittc.l  the  1)111.  xavi-  a>  tlu-  ria-n.  wliy  the  iiwiirance  '•h-ul.l 
II.  I  hi-  tree,  in  hi-  ti-^tmv.iiy  hit-rc  tlu-  II-um-  c-miuitti-. .  that 
"it  slmulil  varv  acmnlitiK  t..  tlu-  iu-i-.l>  "f  ila-  yUwr      It  is  iv.t 
ri),'ht.  f..r  instam-c,  it  tla-a-  -h-tiKl  Ik-  a  \-uiik'  nun  \\hn  i-  wi-11- 
1,,.,1,,    .    .    .    an.l   with   no  iK-iK.-n<k-nt>.    that   tlu-    I'lnti-.l    Stati-> 
vhouUl   K'vi-  him  SI. 000  of   in-nrancc    Irci.-.  ami   tlun   that   the 
,uxt  man  with  a  fannly  ..f  a  hi«h  stan.lar.l  -.f  living  -honhl  not 
ha\i-  .-my  nuans  j.roN  uK-.l  wlu-n-hy  lu-  c-nUl  Kit  any  more  m-nr- 
ani-c  than  $1,000.     We  want  to  make  it  v.  that  tlie  i>e..iiK-  wh.) 
^<,  to  the  war  will  ii>:l  what  they  nee.l."     JiuU'e   Mack,  in  an- 
other connection  in  the  cnr-e  of  the  >aine  hearinj,'.  snKKesteil 
that  an  ad.litioiial  rea-oii.  th-.u);h  a  >ul»i.liary  one.   for  a-kin^' 
tiie   M,l,lii-r>  to   i>a>    vniethin),'.   i>  that   it   woiiLl   help  to  hriiiK' 
tJK-ir   pocket-money  ilown   to  the  maxinuim  of  $10  per  niontli 
uhich  is  .ill  (,eneral  I'ershiiiK  think<  they  onj^'ht  to  have  if  there 
i,  to  he  democracy  in  the  trench.-,  when  Asnerican  >oMier>  are 
side  hy  side  with  their  allie>  whose  army  pay  is  s..  nnidi  lower. 
There  was  not  nnnaturally  some  concern  ahout   the  implica- 
tions .>f  this  undertaking  with  reference  to  the  future.     Secretary 
Mc.\<loo  stated  explicitly  to  the  Hou-e  committee  tiiat  the  opera- 
ti..ns  of  the   government   woul.l   neie-sarily   continue   n.itil   the 
liabilities  are  Ii(iuiilated.  Imt  that  the  hill  "is  intended  to  applv 
.,iilv   to   the   men   of   the  army   an.l   the   navy."   an.l   that   new 
business  w.iuld  not  be  taken  after  the  war,  "unless  the  Congress 
shoul.l   .leternune   that    we   shoul.l.'    or    unless    we    engage.l    in 
another  war,  I  suppose."     Mr.  Ide  iK.inted  out  to  the  Senate 
committee  that   if  the  ..bject  of  the  provlMon  w.as  to  "restore 

.  ■!•.     >>   .1 :      .,.^   I,..r;.-->1    r.-w.in    fur  riiiitiiliiill!''  t 


committee  that  it  the  ..njeci  oi  iiie  pio^.s...,,  „.i:.  >.,  .v.^.^ 
insurability"  there  is  no  logical  reason  for  continuing  the  privi- 
lege of  insurance  after  the  war  is  ended  except  for  those  men 
whose  insurability  is  permanently  impaired  by  some  injury  re- 
ceived in  the  service,  for  "there  is  no  l.>ss  of  insurability  after 
the  war  for  those  who  c-me  ..ut  of  the  war  more  physically  fit 
than  before." 

1  Vn,kT  the  t.rm.   of   the   act   tlu-   sv.tem   «hich   it   i..tr.ulucc5  applies   to 
those  who  at  any  time  are  m  the  active  i-erMce  ..f  the  army  or  navy. 


'A'flBtVfV;  rt-'y-. 


.v-l) 


M>  \i;:.i.ii  SI  ii.i'ii  i;s   and  >  mioks 


It  \\,i-  ii-AwA  in  the  ll'ti-i-  that  "it  will  I'c 'inert  llu-  wli.  Ic 
sv^rin  'I  niMirainT  iiii"  ;i  -l.ito  -i  .ciali>tic  >_v>ti'iii,  that  aitir  tlk' 
war  (  'iiuri"  will  inriiiit  (  r  autin 'ri/i.'  lliv  ;;m\  iihiir-iu  l"  iii-un- 
aii\lM.(l\-  anil  i\(.r\li"(ly  at  tiu'  iiri-niiuni  wr  ar;  amln'ri/.iiiK  llic 
inMnani.1-  "1  tlii'-o  M'ldiiT-."  A  (Kniaiul  fnun  tlu'  civil  -ir\  ice 
iiniilii\i>  wa-  anticii)ati(l,  and  "W'liulil  nK-nilnT>  "t  ('.■ni,'n.>-> 
lia\c  mrvc  cmaii^h  tn  n-i-t  tluin  if  tiny  a-kcd  it.'"  A  ,i,'>.ntlf- 
nian  trdin  .Ma»aclui<ftt>  fiaind  il  "iicculiarly  -i,i,'niticanl"  thai 
tin-  nua-inc  was  favored  hy  the  Socialist  nicnilKT  fr.'tn  New 
^|.rk  and  hy  Mr.  (Ichiihts.  Some  nf  tlmse  who  >aw  w  p.-M- 
Inlitv  111'  dii^in.!,^  up  the  Imreau  a-  Ions,'  a>  any  of  llie  iiiMired 
men  or  their  heiieticiaries  live,  neverthele>>  lioju'd  thai  "this 
will  noi  he  Used  as  a  levera^'c  to  pry  ojun  the  ,l;o\  ernineul  trea- 
nrv  and  put  it  into  Ljeiieral  in-iirance  Ini-ine-s."  ( >n  the  other 
hand  iliere  were  arj^nnients  presented  tor  inchidin;;  in  thi-  very 
lull  other  clasM  s  of  ;,'overnnieiU  eni[iloyes,  snch  a>  coii-tilar 
as^'eiils.  and  al>o  Red  Cross  workers  and  Americans  serving 
under   the  tla;;-  of  oitr  allies. 

The  impression  reinaininj:  after  a  perusal  of  the  dehate~  in 
lioih  house-  is  that  the  characteristic  of  this  scheme  of  jirovid- 
iii:,'  for  soldiers  and  sailor-  and  their  dependents  which  com- 
mended il  to  the  legislators  of  the  country  was  its  hnuniful  and 
open-handed  liiierality — not  any  conviction  of  the  -iipirior 
advantage  of  "compensation"  over  "pensions"  or  of  the  ah-tracl 
excellence  of  the  i>arlicular  opi)ortTniily  oitered  in  the  wav  ol 
insurance,  hut  the  generous  look  of  the  whole  scheme.  lakmg 
it  .ill  together.  "Our  country  is  pledged  to  a  liberal  peti-ioii 
sclieme."  and  for  that  rea-'n  (hr.  man  spoke  for  the  l>dl.  "1 
li.i\e  alwav-  lent  my  voice,"  -aid  another,  "and  my  vote  in  favor 
.  I  a  liher.il  allow, nice  for  the  soldier  and  sailor  who  h,ive  fought 

:t   I'l.ir    countr\. i'his   hill   ajipeals   to    me,"    s.iid    Sen.iti  r 

\  .inlani.m,  "to  niv  seii-e  <'f  ju-tice — and  sijuare-  ahsohuely 
vvith  my  idea  of  the  eternal  filiiess  of  lliings.  ...  It  is  the 
one  .act  >■(  (  -n.ure--  in  ;ill  the  great  mass  of  w;ir  legi-l.iuoii 
whuh  ncogni/r-  tin  human  heing.  the  immortal  soul,  the  an- 
gui-h.  and  human  sulfering.  as  being  of  more  importance  to  the 


Till-:    I'M  II  II    SI  A  IKS 


351 


( ■(•n;,'rt.'><  ami  tln'  iKcjplc  of  l'  ■  .  imtry  ili.m  iiktc  d. 'liars  and 
i(.iu>.  \Vc  kimw  llial  it  i>  f,"  '■  ''*-'  ci-tly,  hut  who  can.-.-  |nr 
till'  C(i-t  whin  hiiiijiry  diililrcn  ■  yiiij;.  wlun  lln.'  aj,a(i  pan-iit-, 

ihf  levin,!,'  \\iv(.'>  arc  snlk-rin;,'  i  :k-  iR'c>.-~,irii>  ol  lilc.'"  Mr. 
Ailaiiisun  (if  (ii'orf^ia  },'"t  •'"  "\ati  ii  hy  i\|ilyin;;  t"  a  i|nt.sli<iiKT 
whn  ik'prccatcd  tin-  ah-cncc  ct  any  jip '\  i-imi  tCr  sol(liir>'  humi's, 
thai  "The  (iiKslidii  what  will  hccc.mc  cf  tin.'  ^mKHit  and  whin 
the  hiiiitit  will  ciasc  diiiiiid>  "U  whiii  thi^  j,c\  irnniiiU  will  end, 
and  llii>  j,'(iveriiinint  will  eir.l 

When  wr.ipt  in  tlaiiu^  tliu  rcahii^  .  t  itlitT  t;l"W 
And  111    Mil's   1.1-1  tliiinilir-.  >liako  tin    u.  rlil  ln-lnw." 


Speaker  Clark  wa>  "more  in  favor  of  ihi-  hill  than  of  any 
other  hill  that  ha>  heen  introdueeil  ^ince  we  declared  war.  .  .  . 
1  iielieve  in  iiisiinmce.  I  carry  every  kind  i^f  life  insurance  that 
human  injjenuity  ever  devised.  ...  I  never  was  ahle  to  sive 
aiiv  monev.  ...  I  am  in  favor  of  doiiij,'  everylhiiij;  1  know 
how  to  make  the  soldiers  when  they  K"  t"  I'airoiie  comfortahle. 
Not  onlv  comfortahle  physically,  hut  comfortahle  mentally." 
I'u,rthermore.  it  wouldn't  ah>olutely  ruin  the  country  if  things 
were  "evened  up"  as  memhers  of  the  Pension  Committee  had 
heen  urKin;;.  and  as  was  done  he  fore  C<.nKress  pot  thrnuj,'h  with 
the  hill,  hy  in^ertinj;  a  para^'rajih  which  raises  the  minimum 
pension  of  all  widows  of  former  wars  to  twenty-five  dollars  a 
moiuh.'  Another  j,'entleman  testified  that  he  had  voted  "with 
),'reater  pleasure  and  delif,dit"  for  pension  hills  than  for  any 
others  that  had  heen  under  coii^ider.itii.n  durin),'  his  connection 
with  Con),'ress,  and  therefore  he  was  in  favor  of  this  mea>ure, 
which  he  convidered  "an  improvement  <iver  the  so-called  |)ension 
system,"  "more  scientific,"  "much  hnader  in  its  scope."  "We 
can  not  he  too  liheral." 

'  AiiiitluT  nuasiirc,  pa^^scil  in  Tunc.  •'e\cns  nii"  thinn*  >^till  fiirllicr  li> 
>;iiaranti'iin>r  tc.  tniTv  vi-teran  ol  the  Civil  War  «ho  is  eliKi'ilc  t'T  a  [lonsion 
not  less  than  ?J0  a  ni(jnth.  graduatti!  uij  to  $4(1,  according  to  age. 


■i 


1 


35: 


ULSAlil.Kl)    SUI.DIKUS    AND    SAII.OKS 


The  Outlook  for  Pensions  in  the  Future 

It  was  the  hupc  ..f  tin-  ailv.-cat^s  <.f  this  legislation  that  it 
wni-.Ul  create  "><.  fair,  liberal,  ami  satisfactory  a  system  of  meet- 
ing everv  just  claim  impersonally  ami  as  a  matter  of  riKht  that 
it  wotil.i  he  practically  imi.ossihle  for  any  future  Congress  to 
consider  a  private  penMon  hill  and  highly  improhahle  that  any 
soldier  or  his  depem.  nts.  would  seek  any  other  remedy  than 
that  provided"  under  tlii-  act.  (See  ahove,  paue  3_'S.)  It  was 
liojHd  al-',  that  it  would  prevent  the  recurrence  of  "service  pen- 
sion" leKidation.  which  Jud^e  Mack  described  to  the  soldiers 
and  >a)lor>  in  the  conference  in  October  as  putting'  a  man 

,„  tlK-  pos,tinn  nf  aiM^ealiPK'  f>  I'i'^  K-vernmont  f..r  licli.,  n.,t  l.ccause  Ik-  lia. 
become  disaMe.l  in  mtvipk'  his  n„veri.nient,  Imt  l.ecau-c  Ik-  once  ser^e.l  h.> 
^;.,^,•rImH■I.t  patriotically.  Men  do  not  like  to  be  put  in  that  position.  An 
inrinitelv  prvferal.le  methn.l  ,,f  nHetin«  the  need  is  by  >elt-protec!.on.  A 
man  can  protect  himself  against  disability  and  the  n.evitableness  of  death 
an.l  their  conse.mences  by  insuring  himself,  insuring  himself  when  he  is  -.veil, 
in-ur.nt,'  himself  at  the  bcniiminK  of  his  service  so  that  later  <m  m  hte. 
thronKh  his  own  efforts,  he  will  have  saved  something  for  himselt  an.l  IT 
his  fam.lv.  and  will  not  lia^e  to  K"  to  the  Kovernment  and  say,  ".hist  because 
I  served 'v,,u  patrioticallv.  despite  the  fact  that  you  cared  for  me  then,  and 
that  vou  promise.l  to  care  for  my  family  in  case  disaster  came  upon  me  as 
a  result  ..f  mv  service.  I  now  say  that  1  want  your  hell.."  'Ihis  insur.mce 
is  imended  to  pr.a.ct  men  from  bemn  compelled,  as  ..ur  (.  ivd  War  veteran- 
felt  c.mpelled.  to  put  themselves  in  that  position.  Whether  or  n.,t  service 
pensio'i  le«islation  will  be  averted,  of  c.mrse  n.,  man  cat.  foretell.  No  (_on- 
urcss  can  tie  the  hands  .,f  any  subsequent  foni;ress.  Hut  tins  (  onuTcss  b:,s 
erect., 1  a  m.  .ral  barrier  on  the  firm  .American  basis  of  self-reliance  and  sell- 
protection. 

•1  am  under  the  impression."  said  Mr.  ( inmpers  to  the  House 
coniminee.  "that  when  this  measure  sh;ill  have  been  enacted  into 
law  vou  will  hear  very  little  about  claims  for  pen>ions.  It  is  the 
very  antithesis  of  the  pension  system.  Pensions  here  and  every- 
where have  Kone  by  kisses  and  favors  to  a  lar^'e  extent,  and  with 
::;  tlic  inju-lices  that  have  been  done,  with  these  scandal-  which 
have  resulted  fr.on  the  old  sy>tem— not  now.  1  am  very  i;lad  to 
know,  liut  in  the  old  days— they  nui>t  disappear  becau-e  there 


THK.    INITKD-  STATKS 


353 


i>  specific  claf^sificatinn  of  what  iiicn-arc  entitled  to  tlie  henetit^, 
rej,'arilless  cf  whence  they  come  <t  their  stainlard  ol   hie." 

It  wiiukl  he  a  trustful  and  confulin),'  nature,  however,  which 
could  still  lio[)e.  after  following,'  he  con.i;re->ional  del)ates,  tiial 
tiii-  hill,  or  indeed  "any  power  on  earth,"  as  "V.i  jjentlenian  put 
it,  could  i)re\ent  supplementary  kj,M>lation  in  the  future,  either 
in  tl'.e  wav  of  ^^eneral  i>en>ion  l.iws  or  of  special  hills,  if  there 
should  at  anv  time  ari;>e  any  feeling' on  the  j)art  of  individu.ds 
or  t,'roups  of  individuals  that  they  h.id  not  heen  treated  as  liher- 
alK  as  some  of  their  associates.  It  is  hard  to  associate  demands 
of  any  kind  with  the  chivalrous  spirit  of  the  hoys  who  are  '^<>u\n 
forth  to  jiive  all  that  they  have,  joyfully  and  K^'.^'y,  i)Ut  the 
youth  of  '61  and  T)2  and  '63  aUo  went  forth  iti  the  s.ame  si)irit, 
re.idv  to  "throw  away  llicir  live>  like  a  Hower.  '  It  is  de.ir.  at 
anv  rate,  that  if  there  is  no  reix-tition  of  pension  leKislatii>n  it 
will  he  hecause  the  men  of  this  war  do  not  want  it,  not  hecause 
of  any  distaste  for  it  in  the  minds  of  the  repre-eutalives  <;f  the 
American   people. 

.\  few  memhers  of  the  committees  which  reported  the  hill,  to 
he  sure,  upheld  the  views  of  those  who  fr.imed  it,  hut  tiieir 
voices  are  feel)le  in  comparison  with  the  euloi,Ms'.s — or  accepters 
at  least — of  the  theory  ui  pensions.  Mr.  Kayhurr  of  Texas,  for 
example,  feels  "mor.dly  ohli<;ated  not  t'  vote  for  -ervice  pen- 
sions," and  expects  "the  ixiys"  in  his  district  to  feel  tiie  -ame  way 
ahout  asking;  for  them,  and  Senator  William^  took  the  sime 
stand  in  the  other  chamher,  Init  the  elo(|uence  .anil  deep  feelini,' 
were  for  the  most  part  on  the  .-ther  ^ide  of  tin.-  (pie^tion. 

To  many  the  idea  of  "compensation"  did  not  .appeal  in  t!ie 
le.ast.  rani  w.is  not  recojjnizcd  as  an  advance  in  thory  over 
"pension-':  the  insurance  scheme,  as  has  heen  mentioned,  was 
looked  upon  as  "discriminatory"  .and  hound  to  create  d.is-es, 
even  thouf,'h  it  Rave  all  the  same  ch.mce ;  and  for  tiie  man  wiio 
did  11' it  take  in  urance  there  was  notiuii);  utdes>  he  was  killed 
or  injured. 

The  idea  of  coni])cn-ation  had  -uch  oppo-itiou  tliat,  if  we 
mav  iudj;e  fron:  wliat  w.as  said  -n  the  floor,  the  hill  mi^dit  not 


o^^^^  _mw^ 


.v-i 


|.1>  \l;l.l.l>    SiM.IHI.I'S    AMI    SAM  li 


lM\r  ia-.,l  iIk-  11-um'  iNC.-i.t  lli:il  tluy  -.lu  ill!'  n^li  i1k'  ^mhi'".- 
ll;iKC.     I'm-  iiuinlnr  ^.tid  tli;a   "t.-.  .luiKH-.iii-n"   \\.i-  ii..ilim,ii  Imi 
"iRii-i-ir   .ili>\\.i.\;   :ill   >-n   ii.'^^-   1"   '1"   '"   -^■''   '''■''    '~   '"   ""'''^'' 
,.,,1    ill,-   •■,,.ir,"   at    ilir   lii-itiiiin-    .-mil    llic   "ai"    m    ilu-   iiiul.U^' 
An.  .ill.  r  -aiil  that  •■i.rii~i.  .n"  \\a~  a  imub  l.i'tUT  w.ril  llian  •\-..iii- 
l„i,-an.  n"   1..  .K-^cTil.r  llif   j)!'.  .\  i>i.  .ii^  '.t    the   iiuaMirc.   aii.l   thai 
•■,,^.   ,1,,   r.'.\    uaiU    I"    I.."l   '.nr-._'hi--   ^r   i1k    cuntrv."      <  Mlu  r., 
^\,„il,l    la  i.r   ti.   tin-   pr.  .\  i^.  .ii    i'it   '■cniiiii.n-aii.  .ii.    .t    hi   ..tlkr 
u..iaN.  a  i.rii-i..ii."     Th.  re  una   -..nir  wli-  wnil  -■  lar  a-  ariually 
I..  r.-M.m  ilk-  f.-r  "I'  IIk-  W'.nl  o.nilKHsiti..ii.      It  \va>  a  latliali.  .u 
,  n  ••iIk-  Ina\>'  nun"  uli"  aia-  ii-w-  urltin-  ikiim..ii>  t..  in-imialo 
llial   a    i.aMiimt    falKil   c.  iu|.rii-ati.  .ii   i-    tia  v    In.iu    iIk'   lauit    nf 
duriiv  wliuh  .Im--  !■.  iinwi-.n^      11. 'W  o.ul.l  a  iii..rK\   i.avnunl 
••o.iiii.i-ii>al.-"  I"..r  t'.i:il  raralv-i^  .  .r  !..-  ..!  'inilir     -'Vlw  iKH-i..n 
la\\>.  my  dt-ar   incii.l-.  una-  ik  .1   I'raiiual  ..ii  aiiv  -iu'li  lli.'.  .ry  al 
all.     Till-  (.fii~i.  •lur-  ..|  ilk'  I'liiliil  Stall-  uli"  rcn.Kia.t  military 
MTvicc  an-  ii"!  ilu-  MiKjiai^  ..I  tharitv  ..r  c..iii!hiisii1.  .n.     'I'licy 
did  not  >frve  in  '-nl.r  that  ilu'v  nii.ulu  .u^-t  c  .luiHnsiii.-.n.     'I'lu-y 
>crvi-i!  la-causc  ihfy   Lai-.I   that    lla.L,'  aiul   ri-k.-.l   tlkii-  live-   li- 
tlK'ir  O'untrv  and  it-  iii-iiltui.  n- ;  ami  what  uc  .1"  I'T  tlkui  i- 
III .1  Ci>m]it;nsit it'll.    .    .     .    Sli.aiiu   ni"  .ii  the  ar-tiiiunl  that  e.  .inc- 
hi-ia-  ill  a  written  .!.  .eiiiii.-nt  ami  eli.ir-.  -  that  e\ery  jieiiM.  .iier  ..| 
l!n-  run.. I  .~-l.ite-  I-  111  reei'i])l  ..f  eharilv  '"     "1  <1.'  H' •!  like  that 
u,.n!  •e..in|.eii-.ati..ii."  "  -aul  Senator  ^ti'.ith  ..t  .\licliij,'an.  •■Wikii 
,,  ,;i:in  reeen.-  that.  h.    i-  [.'"aetu  .illy  .Kharr..!   t'r..m  .a-kiiiu   f.T 
aii\tliiii'^  el-..  11. >  matter  w liar  hi-  nei.--ilie-  ami  hi-  comlili.'ii 
,i,;,v  lu-.      Wli.  n   he  re.aiM-  ,i   iieii-i..ii    1  r.  .m  ll"    -.  a  eriliiieilt   he 
ni,.,\    -till,  il   the  lU'ee-itie-  rei|uire,  a-k  fur  im  .i       ami  he  -ll.  .ukl 
li;,^^.  11.    ...    1  .1..  11. .t  hk.-  thi- i.lea.  -iirre|itiii..n-ly  ..r  ..ilier- 
wi-e.  .1   t.ikiin;  "111  "''  tli^'  Ie,L;i-lati..ii  "t   .  .ur  e..nntrv  the  \v..r.l 
•,„ii.i..ii.'      It    i>  an   h..ii'.rahle   w..r.l,   an.l   the   r..ll   i^  a  r..ll   ■■( 

ii.  .11.  .r." 

()l.i.eti..ii-  -rah  ,i-  the-.'  were  onlv  ..v.rc.me  by  a--nraiK-es 
ih.tl  th.re  w.i-  II..  lU'e.l  t..  w.rrx.  I.  .r  th.'  ( '.  .ii^re--.  -  ..1  the 
lutiin  c.iil.l  he  ini-te.l  I..  .1..  the  ri.ulit  thin-  when  the  time  e.anic. 


I  iiF.  I  Ml  r.n  ST  \;i-.s 


0.1.T 


i'rivatc  pm-inn  l)ill-,  iW  ll-.u-r  \\a-  rrinindid.  pa-;>  "iiractically 

uiilunil  C"ii>iik'raii'  ii";  "wIhh  an  anKiuluuiit  i-  c,tiiTi,-iI  i"  m- 

i;;a>c  :i  iHiiM'iii  ami  inakc  u  a'---lii-il(lmL;  >ihih1u-  cmt  llu   I'Mi- 

(!iliM!i  (it   the  pi-ii-H'iuT.  ttic   il..u-r  L;iir-    wiM  ami  \'ilr-  alni"-t 

anytiiiiif;."     (*  >ii  llu  day  when  ilii-  iiKa-urc  \va;>  iiumducnl  into 

i".th   h(.ii--r-  I.I    ('..nLin"   tlkrr   were   tcrty-ix   private   lun-iMii 

1>:IU  intr..dni-e(l  in  the   Ilcii-e  .    id  ei-ht   in  the  Senate   )      There 

wculd  lie  ■•ne  "r  twn  I'r  three  nnlli"n  vnti'r-  ci.niini,'  hack  tr^m 

the  war.  and  •'ni  the  Inliiri .  .:     we  have  >een  it  in  the  pa~t,  their 

\(.ii-   will   11.4   he    tor.tjiitten   \>\    (''.n,s,n\      "     "'    want   t..   -ay," 

-aid    SeiiaL.r   Sm.'i't,   "that    1    ha\e   n..  .,  .nhl   whatever   that    if 

tin-  lull  jia-e-  |ii-t  a-  it  ha-  heeii  rep..rted  t..  the  Sei,  ile,  with- 

(.111  the  en  .--111,1,'  (.1  a  "l'  "r  the  d  .itiiii,'  ..I   an  "i.'  we  are  ,i:"ini,' 

ti.  h,i\e  iien-ii.n-  ,^ranted  in  ;'  e  xildier-  and  ^all<.r.-  <>t  the  pre-- 

ei.t  war."     (  lie  had  -aid  hei..re  the  e.  .niniittee  I'l.ii  "it  will  ..illy 

take  i.ne  ur  t\\..  encanipnunt-  with  re-'.lntiMii-  t"  the  eileet  that 

thev  -h..nld  have  pen     .n>.  tn  en,  Me  them  to  j,'et  them."     "We 

niav  he  ahle  U>  meet  the  deniaL,'o,>;iie.-,  hnt  we  will  not  be  able  to 

meet  the  ni.in  w  li. .  lia-  -ikiiI  all  the  i;.  .\  ernmeiit  ha-  .!,d\en  linn. 

w'iio  is  in  a  di-lre--ed  condition.  wh<.-e  family  i-  -nllerint:,  and 

more  than  likely  many  "i   them  will  he;  and  there  i-  oidv  cue 

wav  f.  .'ppeal  t"  the  j;.  .\  eminent,  and  they  are  .s^'.in.i;  t^  ,!;el  a 

].eii-i..ii."  1     When  -..nie  ..ne  -ii'.,',i;e-ted  in  the  Senate  tli.il  a  m;in 

who  secured  a  peii-i'.n  in  the  fnlnre  w.  .nld  thereby   forfeit  bis 

benelit>  under  the  pre-eiil  hill.  Senator  Smith  replie.l: 

i  ,,ni  i,..t  i..iui-in((!  ,il...ul  iliat.  1  iii-l  «aiit  t.i  cnipli.iMZC  •■vx-  i.Im-c  .■!  i- 
lUini,:;  iii>  l..iiW  -iTM-r  in  l.-t!i  II. .11-.-  ,.1  I  ■.  ..i-re--  I  li.i\e  lia.i  l!i.  .n-.iii.N 
,,l'  -..l.li.r-  m  .hie  ih-;ri'--  c.-inf  1..  iiie  1.  r  relief.  I  luivt-  li.i.l  -..Mier-  c.iw 
\..  1110  uii..  i..rmi..l  ..  .-..miMit  .11  tii  lul.!  ..t  Lrxltle  that  they  a  .'iI.I  nrv.r 
liiii-.i.ii  their  .i;..MTtinuMit  I.y  a-k.i;;;  1-r  ,1  i.n.-  .T  any  ..lliir  |..riii  ..1  r.i»-i  ; 
.111,1  ;.et.  thr..iiL;li  llic  \  uis-itii.lr-  ..f  1' 1. .  til.  y  li.i\  c  L.-.-nii-  <K  (.i  ii.l.  lit,  .iml 
uiili  tlioir  ill-art-  I.reakini;  tiny  lia\e  Iimm!  up  t..  the  a!,'r.emt;m  ih.y  ma.l.- 
uith  their  a--.i.:iates.  Now.  I  -a;,  that  1  (!■.  n.'t  cart-  :>  rap  ai...ut  am  Llii- 
l.ili  .11  ihii  ui'il  tiKiUe  ei.nptaiiu'  -  ..tit  ..;'  s..lilicr-.  I  fl.i  r.-t  uaiit  t-  r.'.v.ir.l 
the  cm-taut  ciuplaiiur.  hut  I  .1..  uaiit  the  lil.iTty  an.l  privihi;e  .l'  .ariii^ 
f.T  the  I.ravr  man  «li..  n.'t  ..nli  I  1  ar^  ill.'  Inr.K-ii  ..f  Ih^  i-..inur\  hnt  h<Mr> 
hi-  nwu  pti>siiMl  di-tre-^  uith  c  .iiram-  .iiul  uuh  (.irtitiule.  An\  kLii-l.iti.u 
that   ill   any   w.iy  C(.nipr..ir.ises   that   riHlu    I    (l!-ai.i)r..\e,   an, I   aii>    at'empt    t  • 


V- 


.■>r'> 


nisAisi.r.ii  >oi.i>ii;i(s  anh  ^All.()l■■^ 


m 


1„„1,1  up  a  stone  wall  lur.-  ^^  ul-ic!,  ..a-.,  -h..n  l.o  d.pnvr.l  ..f  the  r.^ht  t-, 
apply  lor  pcnsmns  m  tlie  tmure,  .1  thcr  i.e.c-itics  rcpur.-  it.  .1  .cs  not  meet 
\Mlli  ni>   approval. 

Ik  was  calnud  I>y  Scn:it.>r  Stimnt's  n-fK-atid  a>Miraiu-e  that 
lie  tdt  juM  a>  Mirc  a>  he  livxl  thai  tlu-re  \v..„l,l  I.c  special 
l-fiiMon  lrs,'i-latP.n  I'T  tlK-  -^Uwr-  and  wmI-w-  ni  iIk-  prc-ciii 
\v;ir,  lull  want  nn  with  liu-  prMt.-i  ahotit  iIk-  w..nl  cmnpcn- 
sati'Hi  which  lias  hitii  t|U(>ti.(l  ah'.vc. 

Several  others  expre-ed  c..!ituleiKe  in  the  re-i>onr-iveness  of 
future  le.t,'i-lal<'r-  I.,  the  need-  "l   the  herne>  nf  tlH>  war: 

I  ,1„  not  imaKine  th.s  Coir^rc^^  .^  wun^  to  tie  any  siioxcdinu  O.nijrcs. 
,1,,ut.  an.l  if  tlu-  situation  is  such  ni  future  that  it  is  neccv,ar>  t^  j:;^e  ad'h- 
f,.,Ml  rthei  It  will  l.e  yiven  fr-m  vwv  t..  time      ( I'omerfiu'  ot  Lalitorii.a. ) 

\itrr  a  while  a  million  or  tu..  .r  three,  or  poss,|,ly  tne  million  soldiers, 
ttill  l.c  home  from  Huropc.  a.M  they  will  adjust  the-c  pension  _la«~  accorUing 
to  the  ihctatts  of  their  oun  patriotic  juclKments.     (Little  of   Kan-u-.  1 

In  short,  unless  the  temper  of  G.n^ress  chan,i;e>  radically,  the 
prospect  is  that  the  survivors  of  this  war  will  succeed— without 
iiiuch  ettort— in  'A^nwv^  anythinir  they  ask  fur.  The  future 
rests  with  them. 

II  is  one  Kood  omen,  at  lea<t.  that  the  men  have  almost  a?  a 
body  taken  advantage  of  the  ojiportunity  to  take  out  in>urance, 
contrary  to  the  predictions  of  the  actuaries  and  the  fears  of 
L'oniiress  that  tiie  ^reat  mass  could  not  atford  it.  The  actuaries 
thought  that  it  could  hardly  he  e.xpected  that  more  th.m  tv.etitv- 
fne  per  cent  of  iho>e  eli.t,'ihle  would  apply,  one  man  thou.t,du 
that  wa.s  "much  too  hiK'h."  and  put  it  nearer  to  fifteen  per  cent. 
They  thought  that  the  policies  wi>uld  run  between  SI. 500  and 
S_'..=;00.  -iiu-e  the  avera.i^e  pobcylp  .Id'T  in  civil  lite  cirrie-  ■  nly 
about  Sl.SOO.  They  were  sceptical  of  the  pos-ibilii\  of  writm;,' 
a  lar.ue  number  of  jxilicies  when  the  only  reliance  for  ^'ettim,' 
bu-ine->  wa-  publicity,  without  pergonal  solicitation.  The  com- 
mittee of  insurance  men  called  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
on  the  other  hand,  fore'-aw  that  "tlie  practical  workini;  <,ut  of 
this  article  would  be  that  every  member  of  the  tmlitarv  forces 
would  arrange  to  t.ike  the  maximum  amount  of  in-urance  pu^M 


Tin:  iMTKii 


•  I  \  I  KS 


S?7 


l)k,"  ami  tli.1t  there  \\unU\  Ik-  ■■uniiiiiitii!  «in.cul.iti"n,"  ivitwitli- 
>t;iii(lin>,'  tile  ett'i.rt  U>  >,iuir(l  a^'.iin^t  it.  Jii<l^,'e  Mack  ImiKil  that 
iii>tia(l  ot  twenty-tive  per  enu  "I  the  iiiiu  takiii},'  pnlicie--  of 
Sl.SOO  till  re  wciild  he  die  iumdriil  pir  cent  taking'  $10,000. 

Iti(i,i;e  Mack  and  the  iii>iirance  cciiiiiaiiy  i>t"ricer>  were  nearer 
riuilt  than  the  actuaries,  i'.y  .\uKii~t,  I'MS,  it  i>  reported  that 
sciiKthmiL,'  like  ninety-tive  [kt  cent  ct  tin.-  entire  army  and  navy 
were  in-ured,  and  that  the  avera.ije  policy  was  nearly  !?X..^00.  <  ^n 
a  -in,i;le  dav — I'ehruary  14,  I'MS — 54.000  application^  were  re- 
ceiveii.  for  ?500.000.000  of  iii-nrance.  From  live  to  fifteen 
thou>anil  letter.--  \\ere  reeei\ed  hy  the  iitireaii  e\ery  day.  and  a> 
nianv  written.  Tiie  clerical  force  re<|iiired  coiild  he--t  he  inea-uri  d 
hv  the  acrv.  The  total  anioniit  of  in-urance  applied  for  was 
$_'3,000.000.000.  and  the  United  State>  had  Ixcoine  hy  far  the 
greatest  in-nrance  company  in  the  world. 

Tlii-  re-ult  wa-  iio  douht  due  partly  to  the  pnhlicity  which 
was  j^iveii  the  niea-ure  hy  tile  I'lureau  of  War  Ri>k  In-urance. 
Several  circular-  de-criliinj,'  tlie  pr(vi.-ion-  in  clear  and  >iniple 
lanj,'na,i,'e  were  piihli-lied  promptly  and  widely  di>trihuted ;  repre- 
sentative- of  ti'.e  officer-  and  eiili-ted  men  of  the  army  and  n,i\  v 
were  hroui;iit  tot^ether  in  \\a-iiin.<;toii  for  a  three  ilay-  confer- 
ence witiiin  a  fortni.i,dit  after  tiie  lull  wa-  -i,i,med  ;  and  men  were 
appointed  in  eacii  unit  of  tlie  force-  to  iiaiuiie  the  hu-iiie-s. 

So  well  ad\erii-ed  was  tlie  in-nrance  -cheine,  in  fact,  that 
tiiere  was  an  impressiun  anioiij,'  -oiiie  of  tiie  troops  ahroad.  as 
late  as  the  summer  of  1918,  that  thi-  was  tlie  (jnly  protection 
provided  hv  tiie  t(i '\ ermiunt.  The  coiiipen-ation  provi-ions, 
re(|uiring  no  action  on  tlie  part  of  the  men, /.vere  less  known. 
Furthermore,  hv  one  of  tiio-e  unfore-eeat'Ie  misinterpretations 
which  are  likely  to  develop  in  tile  proce-s  of  transmitting;  infor- 
mation, even  to  a  smaller  hody  of  individuals,  it  was  under-tood 
or  a--umed  liy  many  that  the  in-urance  protects  aj,'ainst  partial 
di-al)ilitv  a-  well  a-  ai;ain-t  "total  permanent  disahility"  and 
death. 

W'tiile  tlii'-e  mi-apjirehen-ion-  may  have  had  more  or  le--  to 
do  with  tiie  success  of  the  scheme,  it  is  undouhtedly  tiie  "h.ir- 


{t^-E^ 


.'^'r'S 


iii^ m;i.ici'  Mil. mi  i<>  anh  ^ \ii '>!■ 


f^am"  rharnricr  ct  ilu'  .  .iip.  irtuiniy  wliich  i-  cliiflly  rc-iHiiiMlilo. 
A-  11  ii.ul  lM.|Uiiiil^  IhUi  iM.iiiUi!  .Ill  ill  (  ••n-ri".  "au\  m  iii 
\\.inlil  In  a  I'-l"  II. •!  t"  l.ik.  .i.hanla-i-  d  it  it  !u'  ciiM  -iiap.' 
t..,i;rllur  tin-  niMiuy.  aii.l  llic  im-taki-  <it  tlif  iH'"iiiii-lii-  Cmi.uiV"- 
iiKii  \\a-  111  unilcn-lnnaliii-  llu  j.r. 'Ih  jrtidll  wli"  w.  .llld  liaw'  Uic 
mia>-.ar\-  iiiiiiu\   ami  \sli"  an.   ii"l   li'i'ls. 

I'is,d!  finhij'Ls   lit    Kr.hird   to    l\\;;liiidlioit 

Thr  Mtti-ii  ill  la-ard  t"  la  iiiiuali.  .n  nia'i\i-il  \v<  oppo-iti.  •ii 
r\n-pl  ir'.in  i1i"m  uIim  wi-lud  !■•  -to  U  nia<K-  a  ni"ro  j.r.  .iiiiiK-iU 
tialiirv  lit  ilir  ail.  A-  it  -1'"m1  ii  \\a>  iiuTcly  < •iic  ~icti..ii  in  the 
ArtuKi.n  (  i  iiiipi  n-atiMti  (  .Xrinlc  111,  Scitiiiii  .^U4): 

'I  l).il  in  ia<i-^  ..1  .!i-imiii''iTimiil.  "i  iii)nnc>  !>■  --ii;!!!  nr  liciruii;.  aii'l  ■ 
(iihrr  iiuiinc,  o.inni.iili  ( .iii-niK  pi-rniaiicnt  (lisal.ilily.  tlic  ininre.l  pcr-.n 
shall  I-11..U  -lull  1'  lUM  .if  ,.iur^i--  .a'  rfhalpilitatiun.  r.<  cln>  athni,  an. I  \  ■  ,i- 
ti..ii.,l  irainiim  a-  llu-  liul.  .1  .--taU--  max  i.f.w.l.-  or  pr.Kiiri.-  t..  \'V  \>v<\uW.\ 
Sli'.iiM  Ml.  h  wiiir^'  prcMi;l  llic  injur.-. 1  i.ir-..n  ir-m  l.ill..\\iii«  a  snl.M.iii- 
liall>  ■.■.nnlul  .  i,.  UI..1I1. 'ii  «lnli'  takine  -ainc.  a  f..rTii  ..f  I'lili-Miunt  max  !.e 
rcinir.  .1  ulii.h  -liall  lirin«  llu-  injnml  [ar-.n  iiUm  Uic  military  .,r  n..x.il 
nr\Kr.  Siuli  iiilivtnuiit  vliall  I'lititlf  tlir  prr-.  n  I.,  full  i.a>  a-  iluriii.;  llic 
la-l  ni..mh  .i  In-  a.tiM-  -<rsuv.  an.!  In-  lainily  (..  f.innly  all. .wan..-  a-  ■! 
alL.tnicnl    a-    li.r.nil.i  i..rr    pr.. M.K.I,    m    lun    .1    all    ..tluT    o.niiKMi>ali..n    1  .r 

till  tnni'  l.fin:^ 

In   ,;,-i-   ,,i'   In-   willnl    lailnrr    i.r.M..rly    t..    f..ll..w    -11.  h    cnr r    -■   t.. 

,nli-l.  i..i\nunt  ..I   c  .n.i.i-n-ali.  .n   -hall  Ic  -u-l'duL  .1  nnl.l   -n,  h    u.luil    I.nliiru 
ci.,-i-.  an.l  11. 1  c.iini..n-.iti..n  -hall  1.    r.rahU-   f..r  iht-   nUiTsennik:  ijcri...!. 

TIr.  ci.iiiinitti-o  >'i  in^iirama-  nun  n  .ii-idcnii  liu^  .-luli  .ui 
imp.. nam  part  oi  ilic  lull  ili.il  it  -In.nlil  aj.pvar  a-  a  -cparato 
artH'li-:  "it  i-  c.  .n-trurlix  i-  ir.ui-lati.  .11  ..t  a  liii^li  .tKt."  '1  li.y 
rci-niniiK'nilnl  that  a  i-i  .innii-i.  .11  -ii..!,;.!  In-  ap.]:- ■liit'.'il  t.i  take 
fh.ar.m'  ..f  tlii-  inatttT.  I'liip.  .waiad  t..  rn,L^ai.;t.'  cxjuTt^  in  \ .  .ca- 
tiniial  trainiii.t,'  ;iiul  in  tin-  nliu-ali'.n  '<{  tlu-  pliv-ually  (Ktcitivo. 
It  \\a-  nri^iil  in  tlic  llmi-t.-  al-..  tliat  tlii-  -In  .iiKl  have  heon  a 
^I'liaratr  artioK-.  "t..  indicati'  it-  c. ..  >nlinatr  iini"  .rtaiua'"  at  Ka.-t, 
oiif  iiKiiiluT  .-veil  t:.  .iii'^'  M.  far  a-  t..  siv  that  "thf-  i~  \a-tlv 
111. .re  inip..rt,int  t..  tin-  ininreil  man  than  the  (ine-tinn  uf  c.t.i- 
peii^atii.n." 

ll   ua-  explaiiie.!  hv    in.lLje  Maek.  h..\ve\er.  tliat   "tlii-  st-eti..n 


Till      I    \1  I  I  II    •-  I  \  I  IS 


u;i>  luviT  inUn.K.l  f.  .-.A.-r  ilic  MilijcH."  hut  ..niv  t-  lay  .'■■vmi 
,u,.  I,m;.1  i.niuii.l.-:  llial  o  .mi^.ti-an.  •n  .-  Mi-i.rn.l.-.l  .luri..-  \m1- 
l„l  f;.ilui>-  In  t-ll..w  o.ur-.s  .,t  r.r.lucatp.n  pr.>M.lol  li>  the 
M,,MTniii.iit:  an.l  llial  'V'O  .n.  Mine-  mupt-rali.  .u"  ~lia!l  i).  a  altcvi 
Tlu-  c..niiHii-;Ui-ii.  Tlu'  traiuiti!,'  -I  tliv  .li-ahK.l  i^  -a  tn'nu-n,l..iw 
j,,l,"  Tin.  lull  'M...--  not  in-vwU-  1i-n\  it  -lull  Ik-  .i-iu-.  it 
nuTi'lv  av-nim'.  thai  it  .^  K""';-;  >'■  '-'  ''""^'  •""'  '''■"  ""■''"'' 
K-i>lati..n  i-  .U'-inu'  t"  hi-  ciKu-tol  wh.n  ,t  -hall  lia\o  Ikcmi  .K- 
tomniK-.l   fully  alirr  tlu-  ni..>l  car.Iul  -tiulv  h..w  ii  can  la-l  he 

il  'IHv" 

Thi^  Mil  pr.vi.k-.  two  <tinnil:mN'-..n<-  m-«^itivc  aii.l  ■•ne  [...-.tivc  1  !t 
„,..,tn.'  is  tli.v  UK,t  a  nu„i  mii.t  take  ihe  irL-al.mMt,  nu.M  I..U-  tlu-  .  .a.r-o  ..t 
e.lmat,...,  that  tlu-  ,^^,r,um-..t  will  l.r,.^„lc  ..r  |.roa,rc  tn  I,.-  |,r..^  ,,k-.l.  in..  .  r 
,,..„.,It^  ...•  M,-i  — si""  -t  h.s  c..mi.v..satt..n  .U.r,n«  any  I-t,,..!  ,,1  unn-as..n  ,I..- 
r.M-nsal.  P-ut  ,l:at  i-  -K^at.^c■:  lluu-  is  s„„u-tl,>n«  l.,.t.-r.  tlu-ro  ,s  s,,„u.lr.n, 
,„,„lnc.     It  is  „..t  onis   m  tlu-  n.ttTt-t  -.1   tlu-  .lui.  linnsdi   tlut  lu-  sImlI'I  1 - 


,.,„   fr.'m  v;..in^..  a..ui..  that  lu-  sli-aiM  W  .l.s>  ..ntt-m.-.l  with  tht-  .It.ui  loyl  .-t 


,1,,.  ^,A.nn,u-,u  rnunnuMn  o.M,iHnsat,..n ;  it  is  fMuall)  m  the  niti-rcst  .,1  tl-.e 
,,,,0  It  is  i„  tlu-  >Mmm..M  lut.T.st  that  ^Mf.  latent  p-'wi-r  ..I  tlu-  man 
sh'.nhl  1..-  .k-s<-l..l..-<l.  tliat  lu-  -lu.ul.l  stru.-  i-r  tlu-  h,.lu-st  o..a„.mu  U-^.-l  thai 
i,  ,,  „..sMhk-  f..r  him  t>,  attain;  aiul  ,n  ..r.kr  to  s„„mlati-  hi.n  st.ll  nvre  t.. 
Mruv  for  that,  it  is  .sprossly  ,,rov„k.l  ni  tins  l,iU  that  the  o.,n,..-nsa.,  n 
«l,uh  tlu-  ....-rnnu-nt  .■^.-s  Inm  .  .  .  i-  not  .on.,  to  K-  taken  awa^  .r-.n, 
|,„„  ,,,.an-e  lu-  ':as  altain,-.l  an  c-vcn  h.Kher  .-.onomie  ,„.s,tu,n  than  lu-  ha. 
1,,-lorr  the  war  The  o.>n|iensati..n  will  he  ,.  .ntn.iu-.l  as  lo.u^  as  the  pliysu-al 
,l..ah.l,t>   cntinue-.  reyar.tk-ss  nf  the  eo.n..nnc  reuilierati..n. 

The  the-irv  •<(  rwducation  cniiiiamk-d  eiulm>ia--tic  iiiti-re-t 
aiul  >vnii>alhv  in  hmh  liMii>es.  Thi<  -ecti..n  »!  the-  lull  \va> 
rc-uarik-(l  a>  "a  >i.K-iuli.l  jiP  .visimi."  and  tlu-  iiuhi<lin,L;  ..I  it  -ihe 
hi-jK-st  oMni.liinent  f.  the-  «..nnil  -tateiiiaii>hii)  and  the  huniani- 
tariaiii.siii  ft   the  American  L<. lifeless. 

Sul'St-qUi-iit   I'rrrisi.'ii   for  Rci-duruti.'u 

The  -mestinn  a-  V'  ln.w  the  Tniled  Slater  -h-mld  "provide  or 
pp.eiire  I.,  he  im.vided"  the  cjiim  .rtunities  for  ree-dueatiMii  uliieh 
\\are  as-umed  t..  he  desirable  \va>  the  Mihjeet  ..f  e-xten.led  di- 
eiissi,.ii.  y\::u\  .K-|.artnu-ms  ..f  the  iiali..nal  u- .\  eriinieiit  h,i\  c 
a  K-oitiiiiate  interest  in  the  undertaking  and  nmik-  were  ni.ire  t.r 


M.{) 


|il>\lillli    Mi|.l:lll;>    AMI    >\ll.iM.i> 


1,--  iiicliiicMl  to  ilaitii  ixdiiMvc  rc-ponMliility.     Vari.'iis  private 
,.r;4,au/.,ili<.ii>  al-"  ^.ikhih.I  iIriumIm^  .utmly  m  llic  I'l.m- 

III  |anuar\.  I'MS.  ;i  i(  iili  n  lui-  \\a>  lalKd  I'V  tli.-  Sur^i.ii 
(..tiiiiil  ..I  tlic  ariiiv.  al  llic  diniti  m  <•{  ilu-  S^tntaiy  ■■I  War. 
t.,  (kndi-  (ip"ii  iIk-  ..inline  nf  a  pr..),'rain  wliich  w-.uld  l)e  aciqit- 
,i\,W  to  till'  \afiMn>  liraiu-lu-  >■(  ;;,  .\i  i  miu  lit  ainl  jTivatc  cruaiii- 
zations  iiiturc-t..!.  aiul  !<■  drai;  a  bill  for  i.rcsciitatiun  t-  t  .n- 
-ri-v  rin-  ciiuriiici'  iiHlmli<l  ri-priMntati\i>  nt  tlu-  Snruioiis 
r„iural  of  tlie  ariuv.  the  iiavv,  and  tlif  I'nl.lic  Ilcallli  Serxicc, 
,.t  tlic  i'.iircati  .1  \\,ir  Ui-k  liiMiraiR.-,  iIk-  lUircaii  nf  [ulucatinii, 
i:  iKu  [  v.Kral  r.o.u.l  I.  r  \. national  lalncation.  tlk-  IK'part- 
iiuiii  ..t  l.ahor.  tlu-  I'nUral  ("oinpin-atioii  C'oninii-ioii.  tlio 
(  MUiicil  of  National  iKI.ii-c.  tlu-  1  kiiartnicnt  of  civilian  Kiliif 
..f  till'  Aincriian  Ki.l  I  ro>>.  tln'  Knl  fro-  ln>titutc  for  lrii>pKil 
an<l  DisihU.l  Miii,  the  Aincriian  I'.diTation  of  I.al.or.  the  rnitc.l 
M.m-  ChanihtT  of  LVniiiKrie.  and  the  National  A-ociati-n  of 
Maiiufacliirer>. 

A  prot;ralil  \\a>  pr.MiUed  hy  the  Sur^;i'on  (  .elieral  -I  the 
ariHv  uhieh  i  -Mded  tor  a  comprehensive  >y«teni  of  reeon-true- 
tion,  1  Ih  nudual  and  \..eational.  to  he  carried  out  entirely 
under  military  au-pieev  It  \va>  objected  bv  oiluT  nieniber>  of 
the  conirreiice  'hat  the  \  ocalioiial  i>art  of  tlu-  pp.-rani  \va>  a 
uvihaii  matter  and  -hoiild  be  under  ci\ili.in  aiithoruv;  and  that. 
Itirthernioie,  the  wellare  of  di-abled  nun  had  already  been  eii- 
tru  led  to  the  I'lirean  of  War  Ki-k  InMirance  in  certain  impor- 
tant re-per-,  an.l  that  other  d.partnienl^  of  the  -overnm.nt 
al~o  liad  an  intere-t  and  presninjaive  re-iion-ibilitv  in  the  matter. 
After  exteiidrd  discii"ion  a  committee  wa-  ai'iioiiUed  to  draft 
recommendations,  which  were  jire-eiited  1'  the  conference  on 
lamiary  _M.  in  the  for  i  of  ;i  proi>osil  for  a  bill  establi-hin),'  an 
mterdi  •  irtmeiilal  comiiii--ion  to  be  called  the  Hoard  for  \  oca- 
ti..nal  Kehabilitation.  The  P.m  ran  of  War  Ri-k  Insurance  wa> 
tinpowered  to  "order"  any  disabled  per-on 'receiving  benefits 
under  the  act  of  October  ().  l')l/'.  who  is  unable  to  pir-nr  his 
former  occujiation  or  some  other  suitable  !,'ainfnl  occupation,  to 
follow  a  course  or  ■  ourse-  of  vocational  rehabilitation,  compen- 


1  111:  I  M  11  I'  ^  I  \  1 1  > 


.^(,1 


siti.m  anil  taniily  ,ill..waiict--  Ikimk  Ci.inmuc.l  uiilil  tli.  iraimii;,' 
|.  C"niiilrU<l  Tlu  I'.nard  t-r  \  c.cati-M.il  Kilialnhtali'  ii,  yv'- 
Mikil  \>>  carry  "lit  llu-  iir.'\iM<.n>  "\  tlu'  art.  \\a-  l-  i'  iiM«t  "i 
rti.rc-iiilativi-.  i.l  the  Tr.  .i-iiry  I  kpartiiutit.  tlir  1  Vji  iriiiuiit- 
(.1  War,  <.I  tlic  Navy,  ct  LalnT,  ami  tlu-  l-(<li  ral  i'."ar.l  hr 
\..catii.ual  I'.diuati'ii.  It  \va~  antli-rizid  lu  apiwint  advi-nrv 
C"iiiinittt.'cs  (imiiaiti)  "ii  aynciilturi.  "ii  cciiiiiuTcc  and  iiiaiiu- 
laiiuri',  and  on  lali"r.     it  wa^ 

f.  f..rmulatf.  ■^tallll^ll.  :iii(l  m.iintaui  ..iir>f>  .1  \.'.-.ili-iial  rcli.il.ilitati.'ii ;  !■. 
I.nM-nl.i-  aiiM  im.u.li'  |in.pcr  nirx-.  l-r  mi.Ii  .lival.lnl  i.<T>i'ns  ...  a*  arc 
,,nlcrr.l  Iv  the  I'.ur.aii  ..I  War  Ki>k  liiMirami-  t..  f.^ll-w  imirsfs  ..f  ^..>j. 
ti.  nal  rfhal.ilitati..ii;  ..iM  t..  ,.r.M(li'  |.r..,,tr  o.iir-.-  t.r  .ilicr  injurol  ,,.T,.,ns 
a,  iRTciiiaftrr  pr..M(lr.l;  t-  .-lal.li-h  -lull  .,  li-.l-  a>  m.i>  W  i..-a--..rv  t.. 
maintain  muIi  cmir-c- ;  I-  i.r..vi.lc  .  l..-i-  ,l.rr.-|l>  .^r  in  o.n|,.Tat'..n  «,lli  .uM 
ihf.aiL'h  Mh.M.l,  an.l  .la--.'-  alrr...l>   ,  M.iMi-lif.l,   .  ;  f.  niamtaii  nr  lan-t- 

t.i  he  maiiitainerl  c-iir-i^  .if  iii-trnc-ti..ti  f.  r  tlic  prci  ,ir,ili..ii  ul  t.-acluT'i  l.r 
v.aati.mal  rfhal.iliuti..ii ;  tw  pav,  uluii  in  tlir  .l.->  rrti..ii  .,|  tlie  l...ar.l  -n.li 
r,a\mcnt  is  necessary,  tlie  o  -t  -I  trax.l.  l...lniii«.  an.l  snl.Msteiue  nf  .l.-aMi-.| 
persons  pnrsuint!  luurses  up^n  the  .T.l.r  of  the  said  Hnrean  .if  War  Kisk 
liisnrance;  to  pruviile  for.  ..r  t..  c.i-p.rate  with  other  a^eikics  in  pr..vi.linK 
for,  ihe  placement  of  rchal.ilitate.l  person^  iii  u.niifiil  .  crnpati-n- ;  ami  to  'lo 
all  -tlicr  thin^;-  iiecessar>  to  carry  ont  the  pttrp..ses  ..f  this  act. 

It  \v;i-  al-o  ti.  Ik'  tlif  ilttiy  -i  tin-  ln.anl  i..  m;ikf.  -r  c;ni-e  U^ 
havo  niadi'.  studic-.  invi-tii;.ati(.ns  and  rciM.rt^  rej,'ardin.i,'  tlu- 
vocational   rilialnlitatii.n   "f   di-alikd   pii     'ii-   and   tlicir   iin.iHT 

tniiili  lynunt. 

TIk'  dr.it t  ftirtlier  i>nivi(K(l  that  all  trcitnuiit  Tuci-s<ary  X>> 
};ivc  ••tuncti<.nal  and  tncntal  rcstoratinn"  iirinr  to  di-cliaruc 
from  thf  arinv  or  navy  -liould  he  nndtr  the  iMCiitive  control  nf 
the  War  IXiiartnunt  and  the  Navy  neii.irttmiit ;  .itter  di-ch:iroe. 
under  the  I'.ureati  of  War  Ri>k  Insurance;  and  that  whenever 
"lirevocatioii.-d  trainin.1,'  or  other  work,  mental  or  in.inn.il."  i^ 
employed  hy  any  of  these  three  agencies  as  a  theraiieutic  ineas- 
iire.  a  jilan  .-hould  he  arranged  in  cooperation  with  the  K<.ard 
of  \'ocation;il  Kehahilitation  for  "a  continuous  process  of  pre- 
vocational  and  vocational  training,',"  a>  far  as  tliat  may  ho 
comi)atihle  with  the  medical   reiiuiremiiU-  of   the  ca-e. 

It  wa<  i)rovided  aKo  that  the  ojiportnnities  to  lie  e-t;.lih-!nd 


Wrf^j^ciu^ 


-*.,j  -^^diti:.'.i 


MICROCOPY    RESOLUTION    TEST    CHART 

ANSI   nr^:!    ISO   ^E^'   C'-"iBf   N^.      ? 


1.0 


ill  I.I 


12.2 


f37 


i:  2 


12.0 


1.8 


1.25    nil  1.4 


1.6 


_4     APPLIED  IIVMGE 


■•8^  -  C3uij  -  Hr»on# 


M  <2 


IilS\i;i.K!)    Mil  IMI.US    AND    SAII.dK? 


l,v  ill.'  l.nanl  ^h-'il.l  a-  l:""  a-  i.riu'ncul.K'  !»■  ni.-ulo  rivailaMo 
uiih-nl  o.~t  t-  aiiv  i.ci-..n  uli-  lia~  Wvu  di^ahk-.l  in  the  litu-  -t 
,lutv  in  ihv  unluarv  -r  na\a!  ~>rMCc  ..t  the  ruile.t  Stale-  alter 
lu.',hMh;n-e;  aii.l  f.  anv  eiMl  enipl-ye  ..1  the  riihe.l  ^tale- 
,h>ahle.l  in  the  perl',  .nnanee  -.f  hi-  dnty.  .  .n  the  re(|ne-t  m  the 
Tnitea  Stale-  l-.ini.l.  .\e-'  ( "■  .r.ii.en-aliMn  (Mninn-i-n;  an.!,  mi-n 
,1k-  iMvnunt  <.l  tee-,  t-  anv  ..ther  i.er-n  di-ahled  -'in  the  o-nr-e 
,,,■  ,,„,,lovnient  -r  .ahervM-e,"  it  reMue-tal  hy  "anv  State  e..ni- 
,K,i-ati-n'h-ar>l  '  t  "iher  >,ate  •  .r,uani/.ati(  .n.  .t  hy  any  e..rp..ra- 
lii>n,  a--"eiatii'n,  tirni  "r  imhvahial.  ' 

Tlic  hn.anl  \va-  anih-n/.o!  <n  reeeive  ,i;ilt^.  an.l  it  wa-  i-n-i-.-e.! 
that  $-'00,000  he  ai.i.P'l.riaie.l  l-r  it-  exiien-e-  t" .  t  the  year  eiul- 
in-     lune    M.    \'<\S..    an.i    $10,000,000    "Im    he    avaihihle    until 

expended. 

in  .Xpril  :i  hill  \va>  intr-dneed  ini-  h..ih  h.'U-e>  ■>!  OMVS,'re-^> 
(S.  4-'S4,  11.  K.  Uoori,  -iniilar  in  ii>  [irMvi-inn-  t-'  the  draft 
j,n,lM.-ed  in  January,  exeept  that  re-].,  .n-ihility  \va-  delegated 
I,,  the  l-ederai  I'-ard  1-r  \  ..eatw^nal  lalucati-n  in-tead  -t  t-  an 
iiUer.iep,artinenla!  e.^nnni-i-n,  and  the  -c  .pe  \va-  limited  to 
men  di-,d)led  in  military  and  naval  -erviee  in-lea.l  nt  inclndin.t; 
al-..  per-..n>  disihle.l  "in  the  c-ur-e  ..f  empl.-ymenl  nr  ,>tlKTwi-e." 
An  .ipprnprialinn  ni  SJ.000,000  ua-  pmvided.  The  o-mpul-nry 
feature  \va-  retained,  in  a  -in-iilarlv  clnm-y  fnrni: 

s,.,-  '  Tint  oerv  .RT-,  11  'All.,  i-  .li-aMed  un.k-r  or.iini-t.uK-o^  ciuillin^ 
Inn,  „M.r  cl,-,l,ar:.;e  ,' .  '.  t..  o  .:iii.ei.-,.ti. ..  uii.ler  Arlulo  111  ot  ,l,c  Art  . 
„h,,  ,„  til,.  ..,,„i...,.  .a-  ,lK-  i\.K.:,!  i;..ar.l  f,,r  \..-an,.„al  l-Mu.:.tin„,  ,.  unalilo 
,.,  r.^iiiiu  111.'  l...-nKT  ,..:uu:iu.~u  ■■r  X>  enter  upon  some  ..tluT  -nit.il.le  ..r 
^,,,„ful  ,.rrn,.at„.n,  ..r.  liaMi.w'  rc-unicl  .T  entered  m-n  mkI.  •  .vu|ati..ii. 
i,  „„aMr  t.,  o.ntnuu-  .1.0  -anic  -mvc-fulh.  and  ni.i.v  Le  v..c,it,unall.v  re- ,a- 
1,1,1  aod  -h.dl  l.c  ..r.U-rcd  )■^  llio  lUircau  ..f  War  Kid.  In-^nranoe  t..  l-l.^w 
M-.li  o.'ir-.  .,1  ^o,■atl.a,,d  r,  halnlit.e  i  .i.  a-  the  federal  H-ard  for  \.K-at,..n,. 
l.,:..,,.i..n  didl  pie-.r,l,e  .ind  iirn^de.  or.  when  deemed  .idMsaMe  l.y  said 
l.,.,rd  diall  he  reiained  in  the  military  ^r  nav  .d  torees  oi  the  l  niled  states 
.,,,,1  l„,  .leta.led  n.  the  e..iitr..|  and  dirc'etioi,  of  -aid  hoard  until  the  course 
,\f   iraiiiiir.;    pre-Tihed   ha-   heen    -ati- faetordy   e  an,ileteil. 

Al    the   in-i.anee  "f   -everal  <  ir-anizatii  m-  which  l."ik   part   in 
!!u'    lamiarv   conference   an   amendment    was   ur-e.l    to   pmvido 


,^-5 


Tin:  INI  1 1.1)  >i  A  1 1:> 


3<')3 


i>l«.  'uniio-  fnr  vnoatii'iial  trainiiii,'  for  "iKT-rm^  di-alili'il  in 
ill,,  [r\.  or  dilRTwi-L'."  'I'lii~  anR'iulnu-nt  i)ii.[„i>cil  that  tlu' 
Mini  Ml'  i^rDO.OUU  1k'  ai>iin  "priatal  l"  llic  Slate-  fur  tlii.'  war  itul- 
iii'^'  hiiu-  MX  I'U'i.  S^7?U,UU()  f.T  tlic  fcllowin.i;  year,  ami  a 
S1.0(X).000  fur  till.-  iK'.xt.  li>  ciialik'  tliciii  to  pniv  idi'  facilitii'-  t^r 
rcctliKati'iii  of  cn|>iilf-;  i>n  comliiion  t!iat  i-icli  Stale  ai-iiropri- 
;lIi-  an  amount  c(\u:n  to  tlu-  Mini  allotted  to  it.  de-i^^niate  or  ereate 
a  State  hoard  to  he  re-poii-ilile  for  the  work,  and  that  tlii-  Stale 
hoard  cooperate  with  the  I'ederal  Hoard  for  N'ocatioiial  I'.dnea- 
tiou.  which  i-  to  he  the  national  Mipervi-ory  and  controllin.L; 
ho,l». 

Tlii-  I'ederal  r>o;ird  for  X'ocatioiial  I '.dueatioii,  it  >honld  pcr- 
hap-  he  recalled  hefore  .tioim;  fartlier.  i-  a  new  orj^an  of  the 
national  .uovernnieiu.  e>tahli-heil  hy  the  X'ocatioiial  h'.dncation 
Act  of  I'ehruarv  _'.\  I'M 7.  It  i>  interdepartnieiilal  in  character, 
ina-iiuuli  a-  the  Secretary  of  .\,i,'ricultnre.  the  Secretary  of  Com- 
merce, the  Secretary  of  Lahor,  and  the  (.'oninii>sioner  of  l-"diica- 
tioii  are  e\  olVicio  nieiiihers.  The  other  nieiiilier-  .are  three 
citizen-,  appointed  hy  the  President,  represeiitint,'  re-pectively 
the  niannfactnrinj,^  and  coiiinierci.al  intere-t<  of  the  country,  the 
a;;ricultural  interests,  and  lahor.  The  dtities  of  tlii-  hoard  are 
to  a— i-l  and  >uper\  ise  the  States  in  their  ii-e  of  the  ,-ip]iropria- 
tioiis  provided  in  the  act  for  the  promotion  of  vocational  edu- 
cation in  ;i.L;ricultiire  and  in  the  trade-  and  indn-tries,  and  for 
the  prep.initioii  of  teachers  for  vocational  ,-uhjects,  and  to  "make 
studies,  iiive.-ti,!,'alions,  and  reports"  which  will  he  of  use  in  the 
furtlierintr  of  vocational  education.  The  hoard  e-t.Lhli^iled  its 
Ke-earch  Hivision  in  the  middle  of  the  -uinnier,  and  one  of  the 
fir-t  undertakin;;s,  authorized  on  .\ut;u-t  U).  was  "to  inve-ti,i,'atL' 
thorou,t,dily  and  at  the  earliest  po>-ihle  moment  the  entire  (|ues- 
tion  of  the  rehahilitation  of  war  cripple-."  The  re-ults  ot  these 
studies  have  heen  puhli-hed  as  I'.uUelin-  No.  5.  Xo  (').  and  No.  13; 
the  tir-t  two  al>o  as  Senate  Document-,  and  the  third  in  larj(e 
p.irt  in  the  memorandum  >ul)mitted  to  the  joint  fomnnttee  of 
the  Senate  and  the  Hou-e  in  its  he.iriny-  i'U  the  N'ocaiioiial  Ke- 
lial)ilit;'.tion  of  Di-ahled  Soldier-  and  Sailor-. 


MA 


lj|>  \l;l.l.li   >i)l.Ml,i;S    AM'   >.\ll.ol':s 


llc;irin,->  \\crc  Ik  1.1  by  iluCniniittw  .  n  K.lucalinn  and  Labor 
.,t"  the  Sviiau-  a.ul  the  C-mmitteL-  'H  luliK-aii.  .11  nf  the  ll<ni>e  o^f 
Kq.rc^unatuL-  m  ynia  -e"i..n  -11  April  M.  May  1,  aiul  May  -'. 
•riuy  verc  •■la-ciiiatiiiK."  np-rtcd  the  chairman,  benafT  Ib'ke 
Smith,   t-   the   Senate.      The   i.riiiciial   witness  was   Mr.   '1.    I'.. 
Kuliur.  \  -eati-nal  Secretary  .,1  the  Invalule.l  S<.l.lier-.'  Lnmmi?- 
-:,,„  ..I  Cana.la,  with  .Mr.  C.  A.  rrn>~er,  1  )irect<.r  ( a"  the  Federal 
ll,,ard   tnr  \ncali"nal  i-:ducati.  ^n.  a  cl^-e  ^ecnd.     hiterc-t  cen- 
tered in  the  accMum>  -1   the  n.ihicati.-n  -i  di^ahleil  .M.ldier^  in 
,,ther  cn,mtrie>.  e.-pecially  in  (  an.id.i.     Mr.    Kidner  \va^  heard 
with.  enihu>ia-iic  attention,  and  ua~  que-ti-ned  <n  many  ix.int> 
,.t  imictice  and  theory.     Mr.  l'n-~er.  and  -exeral  nther  wittie.-es 
who  had  Men  the  (  aiiadiaii  -cIlh^I-,  te,-tihed  b-  the  >ticce.s^  ,,f  the 
Canadian  -y-tem. 

( .eiieral  •  m  ir^'as  appeared,  imrely  V>  -ti,i,'i;e-t  tli.at  the  liill  "m.ake 
it  a  httle  more  clear"  that  it  \va-  imt  intended  V>  inlcrlerc  witli 
the  aiilhoritv  ..f  the  War  Department  in  the  military  Im^-pital-. 
Cdi'iiel  riillinK>  de-crihed  the  educalinnai  \v<.rk  of  the  Divi-mn 
,  I    Kecn-trnction  in  the  Medical  Department  "1  the  army,  tell- 
ing  ..f  cla-e-  already   in  opiTatinii   in   several  of   the  military 
h.-pital>,  mi-t   "f  them  tan-ht  hv  men  di-covered  iininnj;  the 
patient-.     IK   deprecated  the  compulM>ry  character  of  the  provi- 
-ion    in    the    hil!    niuKr   di-cii-iou.    and    -econded    the    Sur,i,'eon 
(,enerar>  rei|iK-l  that  "it  -hoidd  he  clearly  >et  forth  that  as  long 
a>  the  iiidiviihial  is  a  patient  he  -In mid  he  nnder  one  anth"rity." 
lie  >eem-  tn  have  felt  the  need  "f  -dme  --.rt  nf  human  machinery, 
if  it  cculd  he  devi-ed    for  adju-tmj;  difference-  <<i  opinion  which 
mii,dit    ari-e  between   the  educators  and   the  doctors,   "for   the 
h.iKlit   of   the   man.   who   i-,   .after  all,   the   one   coii-ideratioii." 
'jo  this  end  he  -u<,'j;ested  that  po--ibly   it   would  be  helpful  to 
have  a  -mall  board  <.f  civilians,  appointed  by  the  rre-ideiit.  "bij( 
men,"  who  wtild  have  "vi-ion  about  the  whole  thin^',"  "vi-ion 
.if  the  man.  bei^imiins,'  with  his  j^oiu!,'  abroad,  a  wliok-  man;  his 
bem.i;  wounded  and  tran-porteil  back;  his  treatment  on  the  other 
-ide  and  on  this  side;  his  education  and  pilaceuKut  and  e\ery- 
liiim;  el-e."  ;ind  who.  furthermore,  wi^uld  !;•■  "unembarra-ol  by 


^■^y; 


ij&i«K5ibi;s»^  ^if:^--;;^  i?v'«! 


rn*^- V  nj 


i  ill.   I  NiiKn 


.  1  .\  1  KS 


3()5 


it  I  inav  ii~c  ihc  term — tlk-  jc;il.UMi~  c\i-liii.i4  I)c-iwocn  the  van- 

(.u-  .li.-i)artnu'nt>."  Such  a  Ix.ara  w.uKl  imi  liavc  (.■xi-liuix  c 
ix/wer,  1)111  would  he  rallur  aih  i>"ry  ami  coiiciliatory.  an  .li- 
fe .rmal  hoartl  oi  arhilraliwii,  "which  would  n.  .1  coiiic  into  any 
(.ontlicl  with  the-  Sur,L;i--oii  (  niu-ral  or  in  coiitlict  with  i-ducalioii 
(ir  in  coiirtict  with  placcTmiil ;  hut  if  there  wa-  any  ditfcrciue 
of  opinion  hetweeii  u~  whi>  were  actively  en^'.'ik'c'd  in  it.  we  would 
have  hy  that  means  ...  a  ho,ly  of  men  who.  with  authority 
and  with  K<"'d  sense  and  witli  the  country  hehind  thcni,  would 
make  us  };ood   fellows." 

This  suj,'^H>lion  may  seem  va^ue  and  inipractical.  and  it  lia- 
not  heen  followed  u[>.  Inil  il  touche-  the  heart  of  the  whole 
„i;itier — tile  nece.--ilv  of  a  "vi>i"n"  of  the  individual  man  a-  a 
man.  wliose  life  is  a  unit — ami  it  >how>  an  acute  appreciation 
of  the  ohstacle  which  has  hindered  a  more  rapid  development 
of  the  w<irk  for  the  disabled  >oldier  in  every  country — "jeal- 
ou>ie>"  hctween  ditferent  department^  of  •government  and  con- 
flict (;f  authority. 

Hon.  Thoma-  I'..  Lcve,  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
in  charge  of  the  P.ureau  of  War  Risk  Insurance,  proposed  some 
formal  amendinent>  to  Section  J  ((pi-ted  .ahove.  pa,i;e  M)2}. 
which  would  "eliminate  some  circumlocution"  and  "reduce  the 
amount  of  paper  work  involved."  The  etfect  of  them  would  be, 
he  explained,  "to  provide  that  instead  of  the  lUireau  of  \dca- 
tional  Training  requesting  the  I'ureau  of  War  Ki>k  ln>urance 
to  order  a  man  to  take  this  course,  the  I'ureau  of  \ocational 
Training  wiiuld  do  it  and  atlvise  us."  Mr.  Love  iiad  some  doubt> 
as  to  the  efficacv  of  the  "purely  economic"  control  provided  for 
in  the  hill,  .and  was  inclined  to  think  that  the  man  should  not 
be  discharged  until  he  had  taken  his  training.  He  al^o  thought 
that 

there  slinuld  le.  if  possible,  some  way  of  conrdiiiating  the  so-called  thera^ 
pciitic  treatment  prior  to  the  mall's  ih-ch3ri,'e  from  the  army  with  the  treat- 
ment after  hi-  di-cliartie,  ...  It  ha<  .veitned  to  me  there  ou^ht  to  ho 
some  wa\  provided  liy  winch  the  work  that  i-  done  hy  the  Medical  l)ei)art- 
ment  of  the  army  before  the  mar.  i-  di-diarK'e.l  shall  have  more  reuard  for 
tlie  educational  trainin,'  ol   the  man  at'er  lie  uets  out  than  a  doctor  is  Iikel) 


.Mil) 


iii>.\i;i.i;i)  xM.nii.io    \M)  >\iLoi>:s 


t..  ilin.k  iH.i.--,.ri.  .  .  .  llu-  .iMU-r,  .  .  .  ki^c  Inm  i1:h  \..i-.i!i.i'.  .  ' 
tr.iiniiiu  ,i>  ,1  iii.itiir  .i'  tln-r.iin-.itu-,  ,i>  a  iii.itur  ..i  iiUirt-l  l'>  clutrt  !;> 
Tii:i,.l  ..ml  ..11  tli.it  -.rl  -I  tiniii;  N-u  tlf  >  c;.n  uue  Inn  ~..nK-  i,.iuinil  wrk 
til,, I  u,.iil.l  Ik-  ili'.rrimu  .m.l  ..ii-ni-r  I'.i'r;,  ilur.iMi-ulu-  ]ii;rii..-c.  uliic;.  \\.'i;l'i 
In  ,,|  h.i  \,,lin-  ,1.  |iHi...r;:i^  Imr,  lt  ;.  ,-.iur-<'  <•{  \ .  natb 'ii.il  tr.umiiL:.  . 
I  111  tl;.-  i.tlur  IlukI  till'}  i-.in.  i  liiliL-M-,  It  tlu\  ,.ri-  |.r..iirrl>  ...hi-cd  l.\  juT^i-i.^ 
Mr~i-cl  111  \''.  ati-'iKil  ir;.ii;in-.  l;hu  Imiii  in  lu'U  "1  ll.t--i'  laiuilul  t.i-k-  u.rk 
ulMih  will  lia\c  till-  -..iiH-  tluT.ii'fUiu-  i-luct  aii'l  at  the  -.mu'  tunc  ni-p-.rc  linti 
Uitii  a  ili.-iic  t^i  i.-iiiiiktt  111.-  \.'iati"n,i|  tr.iiii.iiy  .liltr  liu  Kf'^  ""'• 


Mi.!-l  i-f  lIiL-  \vitiU"r~.  i-i'turary  t"  the  '•[litiii'ii  <■!'  Mr.  L.ivi', 
llii'ii;;lit  tli.il  It  wi'iilil  Ik-  a  im-laki-  tn  luakr  ifaiiiiii.i;  i'.  .iiiiiiil-"ry. 
Tin-  I  \inrteiiif  <>l'  I'lTri.uii  I'l'imtiii--  \s,i>  (HH'UhI — iinl  al\\a\~.  it 
iim-l  hf  a.liiiitud.  willi  ai-ctir:ii'y — in  -iiiiinnl  "I  tin-  lidici  tliat 
iKltrr  rcMlll>  liii'..;iit  Ik-  I'Xiiritrd  if  tlk'  llli'll  wclX'  I'rrf  t"  clu-n-i.' 
wlKtlivr  "f  ii"l  i1k'\  \^'  iilil  a\,iil  tliviii-rl\  c-  nl  llic  cn\ir~i.~  dluriil. 
.Mr.  KtilinT  \\a-  an  iini"  Tl.itil  ally  di  tlii~  iH'iiU,  l'"r  he  i-"iil.l 
lifar  uiUK>>  iinrr-i't-\i'.lly  lu  llic  ^ucct---  of  ila-  vnlnniary  ^y~ti.in 
in  (  ana. la.  Wlnti  ilir  liill  \va>  nwriittn  in  t-.  uniniitif.  al  all 
i-wiit-,  llir  C'liiiiiiN"!}-   fi-.ittirt'  <li>aiipi'arf(l. 

MinihiT-  .'f  ilu-  (.•"inniiiUT~  lia.l  rri'iivt'd  many  litters  tir.i;in,i: 
the  adi'i'ii"!!  I'f  the  a.nuiitlineiU  |ii-. -n  i.liii.L;  f^r  "perMiiir,  (li>ahle(l 
in  iiuhi-ii\.  "r  oilu-rw  i-r"  which  ha>  lieen  n.iticed  in  a  ]irecedin,L; 
|iaL;e.  SiAeral  inr-.n-  ^p^ke  f.T  it  at  the  heanni: — "lie  of  the 
I'nite.l  ."^tate^  l-'.iii|il. '\  e-'  ( 'i  nnpen-.atitui  (  .  ■tnini"i. 'lur--.  il;e 
Seeieiar\  ni  the  Aim-riean  A--,  n-iali. 'n  fnr  I-Jilmr  Le,i;i-lati"n, 
and  the  ('.  iinini~~i.  iner  cf  I  ..ili.  t  Stati-lie~.  ann'ti.ij  clher-.  Mr. 
Allen  W.ilker,  -peakini;  f^r  a  e.iininitlee  nf  the  Chaniher  "f 
r.iinineree  nf  the  I'niled  Stale-,  exjires-ed  the  view  that  the 
c|ne-li.in  "f  ]iri'\  idini;  f . 'r  ]ier-iiti>  di-ahled  in  ci\il  lile  \va-  (juite 
a  different  .  iiie.  hee:m-e  I'f  I  he  cnnthctin.i,'  State  la\v^  en  wurk- 
nien'-  e"iupen-alic 'ii  and  the  relatimis  hetwgeii  the  jnri-dicti"n 
.-f  :he  naiii'nal  ;'.nd  the  St.ite  ^i  ivermneiU>  whieh  wciild  M-etii 
t"  In-  inv.'lve.l,  and  th.it  it  wnnld  he  "a  hii,'  eniiu,i,di  jnh"  fnr  the 
]ire-ent  to  provide  f.  t  the  men  di>ahled  in  war.  Mr.  \\'.'  S. 
(litfnnl.  director  of  the  Council  of  Xational  Defense,  exi'lained 
that  the  lotnu-il,  feeliili;  that  it  >!ionld  consider  only  ni.iUeri 
which  coidd  he  rei,'arded  a^  war  measures,  had  not  thought  it 


Tin;  I  M  i  III  MM  i-s  •'<(^' 

]in.in_T  t(i  cn-iiKr  iliv  [iri'iM-nl  .muiulnum  nlainiL;  i"  inilu-tri:il 

Mr.  Little,  of  tlu-  O'tiiixii-atii'ii  I  ■niini"!. 'ii.  inadc  a  '^'<"d 
aruiiUKiit  fiT  lL,i,'i~latii'ii  ct  a  -iniilar  nainrc  |cr  tlic  MCliiu-  of 
itulu>lr\,  (.-V!.!!  11  it  Av'wU  ii"i  \k-  (Kciik.I  wi-i'  tn  iiu^riH  .rate 
it  a>  an  auKiulim-nt  tc  tlu-  bill  for  >c.l(liiT--  ami  -ail^r-.  making' 
a  special  p^int  of  the  (l.-iral>ility  of  not  all"\\in.i:  tlu-  facililic-> 
which  will  he  ile\  cloiicd  for  the  ukn  ilisihKd  in  liie  war  to  >iaiul 
idle  or  he  ili-iianded  hefore  niakm.L;  it  po-MhIe  that  tli"-e  iacili- 
tie-  ^hould  he  ii>ed  for  other  piiriio-ev  Mr.  Meeker  >ir.t,'ed  that 
the  time  wa*  "ripe"  for  le^'i-latioii  providing;  for  industrial  crip- 
ple- a-  well  a-  for  war  cripple-.  "We  are  in  a  receptive  uio.  xl," 
h.e  >;iid.  "The  people  of  the  I'liited  .^tate-  never  knew  a  tliin.i,' 
ahont  indu>tri,il  cripple<.  They  did  not  know  anything;  ahont 
war  cripple>  until  thi>  pre>ent  niouunt.  They  are  now  alive  to 
the  needs  of  makinir  provision  for  war  cripples.  They  coukl 
al-o  he  easily  aroused  to  the  nece->ity  of  taking  care  of  the 
laru'er  iir'.hleni — lar.s^er  in  point  of  imniher-.  ,t;eiuleinen.  and  much 
larj^er  hecau-e  we  have  the  industrial  cripple  always  with  us." 

While  the  committee  manife-ted  great  sympathy  with  the 
object  of  the  propo-sed  anundiiu  nt  they  felt  that  it  would  jeojiar- 
dize  the  passage  of  the  bill  to  inchule  it.  Some,  furthermore, 
held  that,  while  there  could  be  no  (|uestion  that  complete  re-i^.n-i- 
bility  for  the  men  disabled  in  the  war  rests  upon  the  national 
government,  ■  victims  of  industrial  aecideiUs  should  be  pro- 
vided for  by  State  action. 

There  were  many  statements  of  die  reasons  why  the  Federal 
r.oard  tor  \ocational  lulucatiou  wa-  the  ajipropriate  body  to 
be  charged  with  the  training  of  disabled  soldier.s  and  sailors, 
but  practically  no  discussion  of  alternative  i>os>ibilities.  Mr. 
Prosper,  the  director  of  the  board,  wa-  lociked  to  for  estimates 
of  the  number  of  disabled  men  who  might  be  e.xpected  and  of  the 
cost  I'i  the  undertaking.  In  view  of  the  wide  currency  which  his 
estimates  have  had,  it  is  worth  noticing  how  they  were  derived; 

r.mada  1ki<;  sent  aliniit  _',=;iMNKl  nxrii  ain.--;  the  water.  (Hie  I'l  r  cent  of 
2S0.{m  is  Z.Sm;  they  have  liad  about  2,400  men  in  training.     That  is  where  I 


?^. 


3f)S 


lilSMU.Kli    Sul.l)li;i(S    AM)    SMl.OKS 


^;a  n,>  r,.cirui.-nt,  llu-.t  ...f  ,.cr  .....  ..f  the  -no  ...T-ca-  u.ll  need  v,Kal,..,.;il 

ri-li;il-;l.t;it.i'...  m      .  i, 

,..]  ,..ole  ,1.>  M.l.-.^  ...•  vo>a.„.,.al  reha,„l.,a„.,„.  U  «<■  had  l.'^M.O... 
men  overseas  e,.«aK.,l  ...  .1.0  -r,  ni  warfare  .hr.,.,,h  wh.ch  we  are  now 
n..Mnj:  wc  W..UM  Lave  i..  a  calc.lar  sear  lo.iKH,  „K-n  .0  be  trained.  In 
.uo  years  .here  \s-..M  l)e  3MN>'I;  in  Oiree  years.  m*»\ 

But  the  "•  400  Canadians,  wlv.  are  approximately  one  per  cent 
„f  the  Canadian  I-.xpe.Htiunary  Force  ..f  J5U.0U0.  have  not  come 
hack  in  "a  calendar  vear,"  or  any  other  kind  of  a  year,  hut  ni  a 
perio.l  ending  with  -Mav.  1918.  uhich  i<  over  three  years.     The 
r,.rrecl    c  .elTieient.    therefore.    ■  .n    the    ha>..    of    the    Canadian 
experience,  w.uld  appear  to  he  something;  like  one-third  of  one 
per  cent  per  vear,  instead  of  one  per  cent;  .and  instead  of  10.000 
nan  to  he  trained  each  vear.  K'iven  a  t..tal   force  oi   1,000.000. 
we  shoul.l  expect  something  like  3.500  (.Ui^,  if  we  api.ly  the 
c.etVicient  exactlv).     If  the  total  Can.idian  forces  over>ea>  are 
f,,ur  or  five  hundred  tliousand,  as  fre<iuently  stated,  instead  of 
J.'O.OtX).  the  coefficient  would  need  to  he  still   further  reduced. 
"  F.,r  the  estimates  for  his  InulKet  Mr.  Prosser  seems  to  abandon 
his  own  coefficient,   for  he  as-unies   10,000  men   needing;  to  he 
trained  in  the  year  ending  July  1.  1919,  which  is  le>s  than  one 
per  cent  of  the  military  forces  already  ahroad  at  the  he^uunng 
of  the  fiscal  year,  to  say  nothing  of  those  in  the  camps  in  Amer- 
ica rapidlv  ,ii"i"k'  :icross.  and  the  naval  forces  on  active  duty. 
From  the  Cana.lian  Commission  an  estimate  was  secured  that 
the  cost  of  vocational  rehabilitation  alone,  cutting  out  the  other 
expenses  the  commi>-ion  meets,   is  perhaps  between  $180  and 
$_'00  per  man.     Two  hundred  dollars  was  then  multiplied  by 
"l 0.000,  giving  the  figure  of  two  milli..n.  which  was  adopted  as 
"a  safe  figure  for  the  first  year  under  this  measure."     When 
a^ked  hv  the  chairman  of  the  Senate  conunittee  to  itemize  the 
budget.  Mr.  Prosser  says,  "we  did  the  very  best  we  could."     He 
thinks  he  should  say.  "in  all  fairness,"  that  "it  is  only  an  esti- 
mate."    Tile  onlv  ba.-is  he  mentions  for  the  distribution  of  the 
two  milli..n  among  the  various  items  is  "the  experience  of  the 


Tin:  rxiTKi)  stafhs 


30' > 


..iVu-c  [/..-..  tho  (.fficc  "t  the  I'ldiTal  Pi.-aril]  in  ilcalini;  with  tlu- 
iiiiul-  uiukr  till'  Siiiith-Hii^'lic-  Act." 

A-  a  -tart,  and  a-  a  lia~i-  !■  t  tlif  actmii  of  fniiurc--.  tli- 
tiu'tiri--  ti^i'il  ill  llu-  lull  ari-  prwhalily  a-  ii"'"l  :'-  ;i"y  "tluT-.  Hut 
:!~  '\-tin:atL'-"  "f  wlial  may  lie  oxpcctol  tiny  arc  li.irdly  entitled 
t.i  the  readv  acceptance  they  have  met,  >ince,  a^  Mr.  Pn.--er 
~i..utlv  atVirmed  at  tiie  cl  .>e  ci  hi-  api.!.  .yelic  exiilanalion  ni  hi- 
-tati-lical  calcnlati'  'H-: 

\\i  .!..  iiMt  kii'Av  h.iu  many  men  will  lie  iiijtirctl  aor..^*  the  -ca.  Imw  man;. 
uill  l.i-  riliiruf'l  tM  the  line,  li'.w  many  will  l>c  (I.M-har^cl  ir-in  the  -c  m  i.c 
an<l  proceed  directly  int..  their  tild  (icciip.ithin.  li..w  many  will  h--  ahh  Aith 
\ery  hrief  cuur-es  nf  traimnn  t.i  return  to  work,  how  many  will  aiiply  for 
tra;i;in«.  how  many  will  Complete  the  cour-^e^  of  trainini;.  We  do  not  know 
what  llr.^  unrk  will  cost. 


The  hill  was  rewritten  in  cnmniittee  and  introduced  attain  in 
identical  form  in  Ihiu-e  and  Senate.  The  discu»ii.n  in  hoth 
hiiu>e-  was  c 'tTi[)aratively  hrief.  and  there  was  j,'etieral  -ali^tac- 
ti>'n  with  the  measure.  There  was  no  dcliatc  on  tlie  (|iie-liiiii  >>t 
the  importance  of  ])rovi(lint(  for  reeducation;  as  there  had  heen 
iii.ne  wiieti  the  princiiile  wa.-  acce[>led  earlier,  .\s  Senator  Sn)ith 
said:  "The  real  (lue-tioti  .  .  .  is.  How  can  we  hest  do  it  ?  We 
all  intend  to  do  it.  1  have  never  met  anyone  in  the  Halls  of 
Con^rress  or  outside  who  did  not  helieve  it  was  a  national  re- 
spon-ihility  to  provide  the  opportunity  for  rehabilitation  to  these 
men." 

.\s  hnallv  p.issed.  the  "N'ocational  Rehabilitation  Act"  (ap- 
proved lune  27,  l'»18)  transfers  compulsion  from  the  disabled 
soldier  or  sailor  to  the  Board  for  X'ocational  I'.ducation.  It 
pn  iviiles 

Sec.  2.  That  every  person  who  is  disahled  under  circumstances  cntithnv; 
him.  after  tli>charge  from  the  military  or  naval  forces  of  the  United  States, 
to  compensation  under  .\rticlc  III  of  the  act  entitled  .  .  .  and  who,  after 
his  di-charge,  in  the  opinion  of  the  hoard,'  is  unable  to  carry  on  a  gainful 
occupation,  to  resume  his  former  occu|iation,  or  to  enter  upon  some  other 
occupation,   or   ha^iiig   resumed   or   entered   upon    such    occupation    is   unahlc 

'  "Roard"  means  the  I'edera!  Hoard  for  \ocational  Education;  and 
"bureau"  the  Bureau  of  War  Kisk  Insurance. 


.;70  ;i|~  M'.l.l.li    Mil. nil  kS     \M'    -Minus 

tn  o.niinuo  llic  -.III..-  Miu<^'full>.  -h..ll  1 -■  lurin-licl  !■>  the  -.ui\  1  -  .ir.l, 
«lur.'  s.M,,lM,ri,il  rilul.ilit.ilwn  i-  h.i-.l^lr,  -n.ji  ..  ui-c  .'I  \>nj!.,,i,al  rcl.al.ili- 
t.ili..a  .1-  llic  l-.ir.l  -liall   iiri-.  lilii'  .uhI   pr-Milv. 


■|«fc?/i' 


£ 


:yi- 


!"v.;\  iKV-' II  'VKctiui,'  tn  f-ll'.\v"  :i  cufM'  "Mi.ill,  while  fnl- 
I'Wnii;  llu'  -.mil',  nctui'  inniiihlv  c  ■in|«n-.iiinii  c(|n;il  t"  the 
.•,,,1^.11111  ni  111-  nii.mlilv  |i;iv  I'T  llu-  la-t  inciitli  d  In-  ;ii-livc 
-iT\ut.-.  nr  (cuial  I..  iIk-  ainniint  I"  wliuh  lir  wmuM  Ik-  ctuillfd 
iin.lir  Ariiilr  111  "i  -anl  :ui,  \\liulu-\.r  .imt.uiii  i-  ilir  -it.iHt." 
ll'  1k'  w.i-  all  iii!i-I><l  man  hi-  family  -hall  ri-iTivc  ci  .uiiiul-i  .ry 
allntm.iU  ami  tamilv  all..\vaiia'.  c  .miHii-ali.  .n  tr.  hr  inati'd  as 
monthly  jiav  Inr  pini>' -t--  ^t  thf-r  c..miiutalinn-  if  tin.'  man  is 
rfi-«.M\  111.1;  i-oinpin-alinii.  I'.NiKii-r  "f  iiavii  l"(l,i;iii.i;.  -iih-i-ttnce, 
and  (.ihiT  iui\— arv  f\iiiii-r-  c  .iiiuctcd  with  tin-  trainiiii;  may 
hi'  mil  hy  llii'  hnard.  if  an\  iKi-nii  wilfully  fail-  >t  ntu-i-  to 
fi.llcw  the  pri'-crihcd  conr-c  whirh  hi-  ha-  t-K-cli-d  U>  fallow,  m 
a  inantur  -aii-fai'lnry  I"  tin.-  Imard.  "tlK-  -aid  heard  m  it-  di-cn-- 
tii.ii  may  ci-rlifv  In  thai  t-tlirt  tn  the  hun-au  and  the  -aid  hunaii 
-hall,  diiriu},'  -iich  iKiind  nf  failure  nr  refu-al.  witlilmld  any 
[.art  nr  all  <>i  the  mniithly  enmiien-atinii  diu-  Mich  inr-nii  and 
lint  -nhi-'t  tn  cnmiml-nry  allntmeiit  which  the  >ai<l  Imard  may 
have  d>  milled  -Imuld  lie  withheld:  Provided,  hoi.cvcr.  That 
II,,  vncatiniial  teaching  shall  he  carried  nil  in  any  hn.pital  iiinil 
the  medical  aiitlmritie-  certify  that  the  cniidilinii  ,,f  the  patient 
i-  -lull  a-  ti,  justify  such  teacliinj,'." 

Thi^  hnal  iimvisn  wa>  inserted  (,ut  nf  deference  to  the  appre- 
heii-iniis  nf  certain  Seiialnrs  who  were  nf  the  npininn  that  "sick 
men  are  in  im  cnndiliun  tn  have  vncatiniial  trainins,"  and  was 
intended  m  mean  nnly  that  no  patient  i-  tn  receive  in.-truction 
in  a  hn^pital  until  the  dncinr  says  he  may. 

The  scnpe  nf  the  hnard's  function  with  respect  to  the  voca- 
tinnal  rehahilitatinn  ul  the  disabled  is  cniiiprehensively  staled 
in  Sectinii  4: 


That  the  loard  sliall  have  the  power  aii,l  it  shall  he  its  duty  to  provide 
Muh  facilities.  in-tnicti,rs,  an,!  cuirs,--  a-  may  he  necessary  to  insure  proper 
tia;niiit;    f.  r   -uch   pers.n-   as  arc   reiiuircl  t.'   follow   such  curses   as   herein 


nil.   I  \  1 1 1 . ; I  >  1  MI'S 


371 


pTr.v  ii!cil ;  ti,  (.riMrilif  lli<  I'.iirM-  im  i-i-  I'lliucl  1>  Micli  rcr-mi-.;  !•'  I'.u. 
wlii-ii  111  tin-  (li»>rili"n  .ii  ihf  I'.ii'l  -11' li  iii.iiuit  1-  i.irf-~.ii>,  llir  i-\|nii^c 
(•i  lr;ml.  l.iil.;nik;,  miIim-Ii-iu  r.  .iii'l  ..lliir  iir.rs..ir>  r\|.iii-r-  "I  -ii.  Ii  i.tT-oiis 
«'ilr  f..l|M«iMK  llic  i.ri'-rrilMil  ,..iir-c-;  L.  ''•  ■  ..II  llniii;«  iif.'i -■-.ir>  t. .  rti-iirc 
V.  .  .iih'ii.il  rrli.iliilil;ili..ii ,  i.p  iir'.inlc  |.  r  tin.  I'.c  iimni  ..i  nlKil'.lit.iSi  ■!  i.ir>..iis 
HI  ^uital  li-  ir  ^;.nnliil  i  m  niMliuiia. 


In  lliv  iil;ni'iiR'iil  I'i  "rili:iliilitau-(l  inr>i'ii~"  llir  iM.rird  i^  "an- 
il i.  .li/.n  I  ,in<l  (hrtcliil"  t"  ulili/t-  llif  i.nililu'^  "t  tin-  1  i.i.arinu  iit 
I't  l.aliiir  "ni  ~i  >  lar  a>  iiia\  In-  iir.iitu.iliK-."  ll  !■>  iiiatU-  llio 
,',nl\  I't  tlk-  Im'.iicI  "t"  iiiaki'  •■r  lau-c  iw  Ii.im-  ni.nK-  ~luilir-. 
i!i\i-li,i;ati"n^  ami  npi  Tt-"  lii-.-iriiij,'  I'li  llic  trainiii!;  .ami  jilaix- 
iikiit  of  (li^ahinl  ihtm'!!-.  In  ilwini,'  ilii>  anil  in  inrli .rnnn^;  lis 
oiluT  (Imiis  ilif  IxMril  may  ci.i'inrati.'  uiiii  >ucli  imhlic  nr  jiriviUi; 
iij^'t'mio  a^  ii  nia\   <kini  aiK  i-ahk'. 

ll  i-  >ii|iulaUil  that  ilii.'  "ci .iirM.'-  <.f  vncatimial  n'Iiaiiilit;Ui<'ir" 
hhall  hf  niaik'  availahiu  willii'iit  d'-l  li 'P  in-tniclicn.  a-  t.ir  as 
Iiraclicalilo,  in  iicrM'!i>  iiililkd  li>  ei  .in|Knsitiiiii  wlm  il"  iii't 
ii.inc  wilhiii  the  ),'''<'iil>  whidi  llii-  aci  ha-  iirnnarily  in  viiw — 
In  ilisihlid  inT-nns.  ih.il  i>.  wliM.  whiK-  m 't  ali-"hiU'ly  (KlKirnil  iiy 
tlu'ir  injnrv  frnni  rcMuninj,'  tiit-ir  nld  i.icnpalicii  <»r  taking'  up 
M.nK  ollur  withnnl  >i>i'cial  training,',  wi'ulil  ncv ^.•rllK■k>^  prntil  liy 
sntli  cmirM-s  as  arc  prnv  iilcil. 

The  vi'Xfd  (|uistii>n  of  tlie  nlatii'n  liitwifn  the  military  au- 
tlicritits  ami  the  liuard  fur  Nncatiimal  l-'.dncatinn  rcciived  fridi 
ci.n>idiTali<in  in  tlic  Senate.  Snnic  Scnalnrs  tlnaif^'lil  that  the 
Suri^enn  (ieneral  (if  the  army  was  already  duinj;  ji;>t  what  \v,is 
cuntenii)lated  hy  the  hill;  the  das-es  tiiey  had  seen  fnr  them- 
selves at  Walter  Reed  and  "ther  lio-pitals  were  certainly  ^ivinj^ 
men  "vocational  rehahilitation."  A  letter  from  the  SnrKenn 
•  ieneral  to  the  JndK'e  Advocate  (ieneral  descrihinj,'  the  army's 
[ii'licy  for  reconstruction  was  introdnoed  into  the  dehate.  It 
contained  the  statement  that  "To  carry  on  the  necessary  treat- 
ment in  an  efficient  way.  the  Medical  I)ei)artment  of  the  army 
must  have  fnll  and  ui. divided  authority  over  the  disabled  soldier 
(iurinfi  the  entire  peril nl  required  for  lii>  cure,"  and  the  assnr- 
ance  that  "Such  aid  as  mav  he  olfered  from  other  sources"  will 


.^r 


M  -  M'.l.l  li    .^iil.lill  i;>     \M' 


■  Ml.nii 


I„.    uJo.tliMl    hv    tin-    McIk:.!    1  •.■latlnu  ill    -I    tl.-'    :n-|iiv    -uiili 
til,    lull  aii'l  ■!>  tiiiiti'  lui.K  r-taii.liii^'  tli.ii  Mich  ai.l  \m11  'h'  ivii.l,  tr,l 
I.,  ilu    .\l.,lii:il  iU|.,iinii>iit  -I   tlK-  ,>^lli^   -iil>   "l-il  tlu'  iiiv  U.iti.  .11 
,,t  ilu'  Mir.L;cnn  (  niuTal."     Aii-ilur  Kiut  if  .111  (,.iur:,l  i,..p^.<- 
(.,  ,.|ir  -I  ilu'  Scii.it. .!•-.  written  tlu    \vr\   -lav  "t  ilic  aiMii-i-ii. 
s.i.l    that    h>    cii-uKrol    it    \v-nM   \<v   "a    iiu-takc   t..   .iiait    thi^ 
1,,11  .,,   thi^  tmu-  c-iiaTiiinu  lln-  ni.itirr,"  ami  that  the   Mcluai 
|),.,,,rtiiKnt   -I    tlu    ariiiv  alna.lv   liaii  ample  atith'Titv   t^  ,Kal 
uith   the   uli..lc   iM-hUm.     Tlu    chairman   ..l    the   cmmittcc   m 
d,ari;c  nt"  tlu  hill  iiiuK  r>t.  ■■  ..1,  li-\\c\ir,  that  the  Siir^;v..n  (  .cncral 
ha.l  with.lraun  hi^  n,,,M.-iii..ii.  hut  later  in  the  .lay  the  Scnat-r 
t,,  ulu.m  the  letter  ha.l  hee.i  a.hh-e-e.l  reiM.rte.l  that  the  Sur-.-n 
(Kiural  ha.l  t..l.l  hmi  that  while  he  ha.l  ..n-ente.l  t..  witlulraw 
h,,.  nhjectu.n.  he  u:i-  -till  ..t  tlu-  ..i.iiii..n  esi.re.^e.l  hi  hi-  letter 
An  in.i;eni..u>  anuralnunt  wa-  i.r..i...-e.l.   MihMitunn.^'  "Ottice 
,,i   the  Sur-.-n  ( .eiieral"  thr.aiuh.  .111  the  hill  t-r  "h.-ard- ;  atul 
another  ..lie,  Kivinj;  the  re-p-.n-ihihty  t..  ;i  h.  ar.l  c.nMMin.i;  ..1  the 
Secretary  nf  War,  the  Sur-cii   •  .eiural  cl   the  ariuv,  an.l  the 
Sur-e..n    (.eneral   ..f    the    na\y.      Neither   nt    tlu-e    MiKK'e.ti-.u, 
prexaiU-.l.  hut  there  \va-  an  evi.Knt  .le-ire  t..  m.ake  it  iiertecily 
clear  that  lu.  infringement  ..l  llie  niihtary  ,1.  .main  wa-  inteiule.l. 
S.mie  in.li«nati..n  wa>  lelt,  tn  he  Mire,  thai  Mich  a  petty  matter 
a-  the  .|neMi(.n  ..f  the  department  t.)  he  rop.MiMhle  -h..ul.l  ht 
all..we.l  in  ilelay  the  pr<M,'re-.>  ..f  the  measure.     It  was  "a  ,i;reMt 
],ill_    .    .    .   and  here  at  the  laM  m..menl  cme-  a  -crap  in  the 
Senate  up. .11  what  particular  ..tl'icer-  -hall  have  charge  ..t  it.  .  .  . 
The   rre-i.lent   has  the  ri«hl  t..  put   it   in  .-ne  ..rKanizati..n   ..r 
an. .ther  alter  we  pa-  it.     Why  n. .1  leave  it  that  way ?    ...    I 
^v..ul.l  n..t  .lare  t<.  v..te  ai;ainsl  lhi>  hill.     I  w-'uld  feel  disRrace.l 
f,,rever  if   1   v.. ted  against  this  hill.     It  w.mld  he   inhuman  t.i 
v..te  a'.'ainst  this  hill.     Here  we  are,  men  with  all  <.nr  physical 
m.inhers,   n,.t   ..lu    of   them   maime.l.   .[uarrelinj^  ah.nit    wli...   is 
j,'.,ini,'  t.i  enf.^rce  this  verv  ju-t  measure!" 

The  pn.vi-ions  of  the  act  which  un.lertake  t..  .Klmiit  the 
fuhl-  of  military  an.l  civilian  auilu^ritv.  and  attempt  at  the  -ame 
time  t..  in-ure  the  harm..m..u-  co,  perati..n  hetween  them  which 


I  III    I  M  I  ill  •- 1  \  n 


li.cil  111  fll  illll.'li.i-i/.iil  .'•  'U-i'- 
c  nt.uiKil   111   ^tiin'ii  i<: 


,il/li-  III  til''  ii'-irin;^'- 


373 


tin-  I'll!,  .in 


.,,,„  „|,  ,„..,|„,a  .,,,.1  -i,r.u:,l  ..^rk  ,T  ..her  trcatmem  nrcp.rv  tn  Ruc 
,.,,_„.„„„,,  ..,„,  „„„„„,  ,..,„ra„.n  ..  .I,-..MH  p.r-.ns  „n'T  -  .'-r  .l-.l.a  . 

,.m  ,1a.   m,h..ir.    .t   „.n..l    f.ir..,  ...   uk    ImMoI   N.iU  -   ^UM    U-  uu^W     ,   c 
,,.,„r„l    ,..■    ,Ke    War    h.  ,..,n.,u-,„    a.M    .he    .\..vy    |..-,.,.....u.nt    n-.,....uc,>. 


uu.un.r  ...,„„„«  1^  .".ii-M  .1-  .'  .i:...'i'<mi;  -m.i-u.  1.     '       ;^ 

Le.u-.es   .u,.l   .iK-   l.....r,l  .K.,n«   i.i   m   .Mm-  ry   cal..K.t>    ...   m-ur..   in    ■  ,    u 
.,-  „H-lu-..l  r,.,u,r..-un..  ,,.rm,..  a  ,r„,,>r  ,.r..ccss    ..  .r..,..,.,,  a,„l  t  a-  ,.r.^i..r 
■      ,>ir.K-...r,    ...r    m;.  h    .r.iminn.      .\   l.I.m    may    aN..   l.o   e-tali- 


.,.,1  l,.,w«n  ,!k-  U..r  ami  N.uy  1  ..,iar„m-n,s  an.l  .lic   ...ar.    v  Merely  ,ho 
,,,,,..r.,m-„..  .liall  ac,   m  an  .i-lvi-Tv  ca,.,u..y   wul,  .la-  l...ard  ...  .he  care  ... 
,l,c  laal.h  ...■  Ihc  s..l.la-r  aii.l  ^a.l.T  af.er  h-  ,h-cl..ir«c  ,  ,     „     ,   r 

11,,.  l.,ar.l  shall.  ...  is.alli>lnn«  i.-  Iila.w  an.l  n.k-,  a.,,1  n-^ubl.n-  T 
^,.a....nal  .raunn«.  c....pcra.o  «..!.  .ho  War  I.epar.men,  an.l  .he  ^a^v  De- 
,„r„,un.  ,n  ...  .ar  a.  may  he  necessary  ...  e.kct  a  eon.n.uuu.  pruce>s  of 
\,.ia.i.'nal   .ran. my 

Thr  iir..i.;i!;aii.l.-i  in   iav..r  ..f  incl.Kllnu  prnvi-i-.n   f<.r  pcr'^nns 
,1,-  ii,k-l  ...  ....l.i-trv  ...  lln^  li.ll  iM.l  r.adu.l  tlic  in.livi.h.al  mt-m- 

)Kr>  .It  llK-  Scn.itr.  a.ul  lia.l  ar....^ril  cn-ulcraMe  ^ymialhy.     It 

w-.s  .„t,'>,'i-^tf.l  that  tlicv  ini;,'lit  try  i.id.ulint,'  tlif  dcsiml  amm.l- 
lu.nl    a.ul  '^.-c  it  tlK-  ll-u~c  \v..„M  aca-i.t  it."     The  a,..c...!nH-nt 
V  i>  tiTiiiallv  intr<..lucal,  h.it  it  wa>  u-jcctiM.  thi.ii.uh  net  %Mtli...it 
,Nl,rt-i..M  lit  tlif  li-I'o  that  "thi-  i.lca  uiU  .-xtcn.l  nvcr  the  c.tire 
K.,n.blic  in  the  nvar  tm.ir.,"  ami  tin-  a^-.ni....  that  ••„lt,..iaulv 

we  are  humil  ma  al-ne  t..  rehabilitate  the  ni.an  who  ,.<  injur^.l 
in  uar.  iu.t  we  are  hcund  a>  well  to  rehabilitate  the  man  wIl. 
is  injured  in  inihi-try." 

The  eliininatii.n  ..t  the  c<imrul><'ry  feature  wa<  n-.t  .•.l!..we.l 
I,,   i,:i..  unnoticed  bv   tho.e   who  ihouf,du   that   m.   .u.i.ort.mt   .1 
matter  ou'.'ht  not  to  be  left  to  the  choice  of  the  ,n..n.    Wh.en  ihi. 
Miliject  wa>  broiiche.l  there  wei.  "MVen  Senator-  on  the  ll....r. 

••i..ur  Senators  on  the  floor."  at  once,  desirin-.,'  to  -peak,  eitlur 
f.ir  or  asainst  it.  The  same  ...iiernal  di-position  which  h.ul  Kd 
to  a  rejection  of  the  proviM..n  alL.wint;  cmmmtalion  of  part 
(.f  the  comiK-nsation  inclined  the  he.irts  of  manv  toward  makink^ 
it  imi.o>si;,!c  for  a  man  wlv.  needs  training  to  escape  it.     In  ihi-. 


^71 


IMS  \l:l  r:>    Sill.lill  KS    AMI    S  \ll.uKS 


I 


ca-f,  licwi'Vi-r.  il  di'l  ii"l  lirrvai!,  j/r' 'liaMy  Ini-atKO  "f  llie  lt,--ti- 
Pi..ii\  whuli  had  l)rcn  [na^cmid  tlial  IxttiT  n.-ull-.  arc  ulitaitivil 
iiikKi-  a  vduiilary   -y~U-iii. 

Thr  liiidt^tt  which  the  (Urcct..r  of  tho  I'rdiTal  P.-'ard  had  cmii- 
vtructfd — tiiuKr  the  dirricullii.>  which  he  dr-crihctl  ic  ihc  (.'M!;- 
iiiiihT— wa-  l)a^.-L■d.  The  iw  niiUi-n  d..llai>  ar.;  (h^tnhiiicd 
a-    tnll,,\v.: 

r..r  lii.it.liiiL;-  anil  c(|iii|.meiit   for  iri>triir|i..ii    -^ *-''7-"!'!n 

I  ..r  i.r.ii.iian.iii  ,,i  iii-iriKt'Tv  .nul  -al.irn-.  ..f  tcuhinu  -i-'H .-4-,>")U 

I'c.r  tr.n<l:n-  aii.l  Mtlur  t-xiiciiM.'-  .n"   .li-alik'.l    |R■r^..n>    t-ll..\vHm   \<iv      ^_^^^^^^^ 

VI  rihtil  onir.cv   -  j'-^    ' 

I",,r   timinii   III   ixistinn   iiistitiitMii-    'j'-',iw, 

I'l.r  plai'iinrnt   ami   miihtmmmii   aitrr  |)hu<-mt.-iit    4.-.ii-«i 

)nr  studio.  iint-tiKali..n-.  rLii..rt>  ami  pn-iiaration  ^.f  >|Knial  .nurM's     __^^^^^ 

of    in^trui'tioii     ,■  ■  ■  ■  '  ■, i' ■"' 

l\,r     nii-.-oHaiu-oiH     c-.inIiii,>;iMKH.'-,     UKiuihiiK'     iiio  liaiiual     a|iiiliaiins 

,KT.1.<1    for    Miocial    ,a-i'.    ',^'^^^^^ 

l",.r    ailininislratnt-   e\|irn«i'-.    -     ■ 

Ahh-iiuh  tlii-  hud.ijct  wa~  allnwed  t<i  stand  a-  it  had  hrcii 
inln.ihuxal.  tlic  fatnihar  ci miiilaint  \va>.  hraid  that  tne  httlc  •if 
the  iiii.iu-v  wa'^  (k>liiu'd  f.ii-  the  soldier  and  tun  much  for  tlie 
salaries  mI"  "clerks,  a-sistants,  specialists,  teachers,  .nnd  the  multi- 
tude ni  iiara-ite.-  that  li:ui.i,'  anmnd"  the  deiiartmeiits  of  the 
l;(  .\  eniiiKiil. 

A  cl.m-e  anlhorizin.i,'  tlie  l)i'aru  "to  receive  such  sifts  and 
d'lnatii.ns  frimi  mther  puhlic  or  i)rivate  sources  as  may  be  ofiered 
luicniulitionally"  limn.uht  tiie  S'..cialist  reproentative  fmm  \ew 
"Sork  City  V>  his  feet:  "The  resefvoir  of  the  conscience  of  the 
ii.aiinn  .  .  .  -hould  ni't  he  re])leni-hed  throtr^li  private  charity." 
There  were  not  many,  liowever.  wlio  felt  such  scruples. 

The  word  "reliahilitation"  was  not  altoj,'ether  acceptable  in 
tither  liMu^e.  One  cf  the  Senators  ohjicled  U>  it  on  the  .sjiniund 
tliat  "y(i>i  can't  rehabilitate  a  man  into  ■«,  ,iiiethin,<^  that  he  h.is 
not  po^-es-ed  at  sunie  time  previa 'U-ly,"  and  sut^.i^ested  that 
"trainini,'"  ninre  nearlv  expre-setl  the  intention  of  the  measure. 
Member-  (  f  the  ll-u-e.  aKo.  thoui^lit  that  "trainin.i:"  wa<  the 
bettv  word.  "There  iia-  been  a  -Imiii:  tendency  in  wriunu' 
^(.me  nf  thi-  leoi-latiMU  to  u-e  the  laroe-t  w  ni-  ]>os,ible  ti  >  be 
used,      'r.ehabibtatii'ir    i-   rolled   .anmnd   under    the   tims^ues   of 


Tin:   iMri'.i)  sr\ri:s 


375 


the  'liitrli-l)rn\\>-"  wh"  >l:irtcil  llii- 


it  tliLTC  i-  \vi  particular 


bl'UM'    111    UM 


iin.'an>  traiiiiiu 


mi:  that  weird  all  tliruuj^h  it.  aiul  it  il'-f-  ii"t  nuan 

11  the  title,  hut 
1    I   think   the   shorter  wi.rd   really  (.ii,i;lit   t.> 


'rchahililaliii};'  excej)!  inrliap-  in  the  l)e.i;iniiiii^ 


am 


he  used."     Such  ci.uiisel-  "t   simplicity,  uufnrtuna 


telv, 


llMt 


ire\  ai 


and   tile 


It   in  it-  linal   l"rm   i- 


>|irinkled   tliiekl 


\     u  It 


"cuur>e>  of  vc'catinnal  rehahililaliuii"  and.  what  i>  wcr.-e.  "voca- 
tidiKiUy   rehahihtated   perxai.-." 

In  the  Ihii-e  there  wa>  ^^reat  intere-t  in  the  hill,  hut  imi  niueh 
dehate.  Meiiiher>  ..1  the  1  h  .u>e  wlm  had  recently  returned  tn.m 
tiieir  trii)  t.  >  luimpe  were  ahle  t^  tell  <>i  thin.u'-  they  had  ^eeii 
in  the  lin>pital-  over  there:  li^w  a  dncti/r  hrdu-lil  in  a  wouiuk  d 
s<.ldier  and  said  In  him.  "11.,  lure  i>  a  cn>wd  ol  American 
Ciiiii,'rt.s>inen;  1  want  yn  i"  walk  dnwn  thnmjih  the  >linp  and 
see  if  thev  can  tell  which  ><{  y.air  leijs  is  wiM.dcii."  and  h^w  s.Miie 
of  them  Slid  it  was  the  left,  and  .-nnie  the  ri,i,dit.  hut  it  turned 
out  tlK.t  hnth  were.  The  Can:uliaii  iiKitinii  picture  tilni  was 
shown  in  the  Ih.use  OlTice  liuildini:  one  evening;  while  the  hill 
was  under  ■.in>ideratiun.  There  was  j,'enuine  entliu>ia>m  nver 
the  idea  of  re-torin^  disahled  men  to  usefulness  and  happiness, 
and  .genuine  satisfaction  in  "the  cycle  of  the  work  ot  llii>  i,'overn- 
nient  from  the  selecting  of  men  for  service  to  putting  them  hack 
into  industrial  and  social  life  after  they  shall  liave  made  their 
sacrifice." 

Some  time  was  spent  in  a  discussion  of  the  exact  meaning  of 
the  word  "vocation."  to  determine  whether  or  not  the  hill 
could  he  interpreted  to  cover  training  for  a  profession  as  well 
a<  for  agriculture  or  industry.  .\  decision  cf  the  Supreme  Court 
of  Xehraska  was  citeil.  in  which  "vocation"  is  dehned  as  ",in 
empli'vinent,  occupation,  calling,  tr.ide.  including  profes>inns  as 
well  as  mechanical  occupations."  The  consensus  of  opinion  was 
that  while  "vocation"  does  have  such  a  meaning,  "voeational" 
in  connection  with  "education"  is  more  restricted,  in  common 
usage,  and  is  limited  to  "all  matters  of  Inisiness  and  all  matters 
that  ajiplv  t"  manual  occnpritious  ..f  anv  kind."  This  did  iv 't 
prevent    >onie   memhers    from    feeling   that    the   heiietits   of    the 


'! 


i    1 


,^7l)  lil>AI;i.i;ii    Mil.i.Ii  i;s    AM)    >-\ll.nKS 

iiua-uri'  -Iv'tilil  c-xlcnd  I"  stucli,'iu>  nf  law,  thcnln;;)-.  nicilifi!u-. 
riuiin-tr>.  aiul  >n  en.  "I  think  thai  a  ycun.!;  man  rL-turiicd  Iniin 
thi-  war  with  lii>  arm  ^hi 't  nil,  cr  with  thr  l'>"  ..|"  a  K--,  nr  nUur- 
wi-c  cripiik-il,  whi.  tL-el^  tiiat  In.'  i>  callal  iiixm  Id  preach,  Du.s^'hi 
tM  i  ;■  aiilrd  hv  the  ,i;i.viTnmi-nt  in  tliat  work."  Tliey  w  uM 
"make  >uch  jireaeher-  a-  the  \\i.rM  ha-  never  --een  i.r  heard  he- 
fore,"  and  tliev  w  add  make  c'lnally  >niierinr  (b.et'.r-  and  hiwyers 
and  Md).  ii.l  teaeher.-.  It  wa-  prechcted  that  -ueh  nun  w.  .\dd 
have  11"  (hUienlty  in  .tjettin^'  free  tuition  in  any  profe-niial 
Mho.il  in  the  United  Stale-,  and  that  it  \va>  not  neee>siry  to 
m.idily  the  hill  to  provide  for  them. 

With  the  iia-in.L;  I'f  thi-  act  Sectii'ii  304  of  tlie  act  of  ( )etoher 
(1.  1''17,  wa>  repealed,  and  the  theory  of  compul-ory  reeducation 
which  it  emmciated  wa>  ahandoned. 

Mr.  Kidiier.  the  voe.ation.al  ^ecretary  (if  the  Inv.alided  Soldiers' 
C'(immi"iiin  of  I'anada.  who  had  heen  of  L,M-eat  ^ervice  in  the 
luarinu-  hi  fore  the  committee  and  in  ad\i>in,L;  iho>e  who  were 
re-pon-ihle  for  the  f<irni  our  le,i;i>!.aion  -h' iuld  take,  ha-  heen 
liian^d  to  the  I'eileral  Hoard  hy  the  Canadian  Coxernment  t.. 
a--i-t   in  i  r,i;a.iizin;_;  lair  -y>tem. 


Tin;  Ki  1'  (.j;(i--s  iNsriTfT.i-:  lou  (.'KU'ri.r.:'  axu  nisAin.Kn  Mr.x 

It  i-  due  to  private  intere-t,  nd  In  .LTovernment  action,  that 
dure  is  alreadv  in  operation  in  New  Yi'rk  City  an  i:i-titmion 
f.r  the  reeilucation  .and  reh.ahilitation  of  disd)led  men.  In  May, 
I'd/",  Mr.  Jeremiah  Milhank  of  New  'S'.irk,  who  had  heen  i<-r 
vciUie  time  iilenlilied  with  the  (diarity  Organization  Society  <'t 
the  eitv.  decided  Up' ill  an  iii>tilution  for  this  inirpnse  a-  the 
ohieci  to  which  he  w<  iuld  like  to  devote  a  part  of  hi>  contrihution 
to  the  work  of  the  war.  lie  offered  the  sum  of  S.-0,000  to  the 
American  Red  Cro--,  for  the  foundation  of  .-uch  an  in>tilution, 
to>;ither  with  the  ii-e  «if  the  upper  floors  of  the  huildim,'  at  the 
corner  of  I'ciurth  Avenui'  .and  Twenty-third  Street. 

I'endim:  final  arranL,'ements  with  the  Red  Cio^^s,  and  while 
tile  hmlditii;  wa-  hein^;  put  in  ord.cr,  the  wi'rk  wa<  carried  on  m 


1  Hi;    i   MIKD    SlAir.S 


0/  / 


the  offices  ..f  tlK-  New  York  Sdi.-I  -i  l'hilantlir..py.  which  cmi- 
iriliutcd  alM'  a  con^ilk•rahlL■  aniwuni  d'  -ir\  ice  ;uul  sui.phis 
thn.imh  the  sunitiKr.  llxpcn^os  of  the  prchminary  inve~ii,ua- 
tion>,  except  for  the>e  item-  were  met  by  Mr.  Milhank,  willx'tit 
encroachin,^  upon  the  amuiint  whicli  he  hail  tafered  to  tlie  Ke.l 

The  prehminary  investisatinns  inchided  a  study  oi  over  three 
hundred   recently  crippled  men   in   tlie   City  of    New    \'..rk.    ni 
erder  to  find  .'Ut  hcw  men  wh.>  are  crij-pled  in  every-day  hie 
readjust  themselves,  what  resources  are  available  f(ir  them  and 
what  thev  most  need  that  is  n.  ^t  available.     Tlie  result,  of  tliis 
>lu.lv  have  been  K'iven  in  Chapter   HI.     Another  inquiry  which 
it  was  (.l)viou>ly  de>irable  u,  make  was  a  study  of  the  metlu'ds 
which  have  been  adopted  by  the  belli.i-erent  cnuntries.     l"cr  lhi> 
puri".se  personal  inve?ti.uation  was  made  of  the  work  in  Canada 
and  (ireat  I'.ritain,  and  arrangements  were  made  with  Mr.  D'.u,!,'- 
las   C.    McMurtrie   for   the   prejjaration   of   a   series  of   reports 
from  documentary  sources  o„  the  ^ystenls  of  the  principal  conn- 
trie-.     With  .Mr.  McMurtrieV  a>M>tance,  al>o.  the  colleeti<in  o-t 
a  special  library  was  bei,'un.     Dr.  I.  M.   Rubinow  was  en-au'ed 
to  make  an  er-limate,  in  --   far  as  that  wa<  l.o^^il)le   from  the 
meaner  data  available,  of  the  number  of  disal)led  men  wh..  mi.ulit 
be  expected  in  an  army  of  a  s^dven  >ize.     Conferences  were  held 
with  experts  in  vocational  education  and  officials  of  trade  unions 
and  correspondence  w;is  initiated  with  a  lar-e  miml)er  of  indi- 
viduals who   are  intere-ted  in  this  subject   from  one  ani,de  "r 
another.     For  advice  in  plannin.ij;  f'  r  trade  classes,  the  services 
of  Mr.  Charles  II.  Winslow  were  secured,  and  a  tentative  -cheme 
w;i>  mapped  i>ut  for  the  use  of  the  buildinj;  which  was  to  be  at  the 
di>povd  of  the  In-titute.  includin-  clas^e^  in  maclnne-liop  ^.rac- 
tice.   monotype   operatint,'.   photoi,'raphy  and   lathe   work.      '1  he 
experience  <if  all  the  employment  bureaus  in  the  city  which  had 
paid  attention  to  the  problems  of  cripples  was  examined    ( -ee 
pat;e  62)   and   visits   were  made   to  a  considerable  number   of 
tmplover>  in   a  variety  of  .,ccu]iations,   to   discover  what    tluir 
attitude  was  likely  to  be  in  re-ard  to  empb.yin^'  di-abled  -.ldier>. 


:!» 


378  iiis\i:;.i   I  >(.:.:'ii;.'S   anh  s.\ii.(ii;s 

Tlaii^  u.Tc  un.Kr  i-n-i.Krali.  .n  a!-,  l-r  extrusive  (.-ducali.  .nal 
l.rnpa-aiKla.  iiulu.hu.;  Mil.-laniial  luililiralu  .n-,  iiKxiKii-is  c  cir- 
cii!,:--,  K-cturi-,  aii.l  an  ix'.iilni  at  llif  In-liliili'  ..|  pr,  ..iliclK- 
ai.pliaiK^^.  A-  'MR'  fi'alttrc  I'f  tlii-  ]iul)liiity.  a  lar.L,'c  nmnlKr  -i 
IrttiT-  ua-  ci'lK-iUil  lr..in  indix  idnal  (.■riiipie-.  iK-i'nlnni;  ilii-ir 
|Ki-  iial  (  Niirriciua.'-  ill  .  .x  rrc.  ■iiiill^  tlK-ir  liaii.licaii ;  and  il  \va- 
|,lannrd  m  imlilidi  ilu -c— cla^itKd  accnrdiii.i;  {<<  i!k-  nature  -I 
tla-  i]iiin-\— in  attrai'liM-  liltK-  l)'M.k--  wliith  cniild  !)c  di-triluitcd 
t..  injnia.l  nK'ii  winlc  in  iIk-  h—pital  l'"r  the  purpi-c  ..f  ioumu,:,' 
llnir   \)''\n-  and   anil)iti"n. 

In  SrptvnihiT  tile  In-tiinle  \va-  ti  irtiinate  in  securinj,'  the  serv- 
iia-  ''1"  -Mr.  I).  .11-1.1-  (.'.  .McMunrie,  wli. .  liad  I'.r  a  iminlier  .^f 
year-  lieen  identified  with  nr;^ani/.ali- 'n-  inr  the  welfare  "f  erip- 
plr-  in  thi-  eilv  and  had  made  it  hi-  aveatii'ii  t"  kti'iw  ahimt 
all  the  wirk  for  cripiile-  whieh  wa-  heini;  d^iie  anywhere  in  the 
wcrld.  L'nder  Mr.  .Mc.Murtrie'-  leader-hip  the  plan-  which  had 
lueii  laid  in  the  -nintner — and  with  which  he  had  heen  in  ti.iich 

liavr  Inen  viK'Ti'ti-lv  developed,  and  new  activities  are  added 

ahnii-t  frnui  dav  U>  day.  1  )iirin,Lr  the  stunnier  df  I'US,  f^.r  ex- 
ample, a  tnimin;,'  cla-s  f^r  direct-r-  of  trainin,<  f^r  di-ahled 
-.  ildier-.  incliidin,^'  a  fmir  week-'  t.air  in  (.'an.ida,  wa-  conducted 
in  coiiperati'iii  with  the  I'eder.al   Hoard. 

The  In-titnte  occnpie-  the  upjier  tloc.rs  of  the  Imihlin.i,'  at  oil 
1".  iurth  .\  venue,  the  nortliwe-t  corner  of  Twenty-third  Street, 
which  wa-  oi-.:inally  hiiilt  for  tlie  ("olle.ue  I'f  I'liy-ician-  and 
Sur,i,'eon-  of  Lohmihia  I'niver-ity  and  occu[)ied  hy  it  durin.L;  the 
Year-  when  some  of  the  oriliopeilic  -peciali-ts  of  tod.iy  were 
iakini;  their  medical  Courses.  The  Imildini,'  has  many  attractive 
features  and  is  in  many  respects  well  adai)ted  to  the  u-es  whicli 
it  i-  now  servini,'.  The  work  of  the  Institute  is  under  the  direc- 
tion ;■  a  committee  of  the  War  Council  of  the  Aniericaii  i\ed 
Cro--.  and  is  a  nati.iual  activity  in  the  Department  of  Military 
Relief.  Thecomnnitee  i- coinpo>ed  of :  Lieutenant  (."olonel  (.'.  H. 
Connor,  chainna;! ;  len-niiah  Milliank.  vice  chairman:  Major 
SidiHv  r.nrnap.  I'.  S.  R. ;  Hr.  Richard  M.  I'earce;  and  Douglas 
L".   .Mc.Murlne. 


Till-:    I  Ml  I".!'    SI  \11'. 


In  view   of  the  i 


(IcIU-rr    ctui 


ractiT  el"   thi-   in-titiitimi   in   tlie 


United  State- 


and 


tl 


R-   nnii-iKil   npl 


irtuinlies  w 


Inch   it   iia-  had 


in  certain  re>iK-ct>  it>  w.irk  i-  m"  special  interest.  It  can  hot  he 
d,->cri!)cd  hy  tin^tin;,'  In.ni  a  pm^in'Cin-  i.rei)ar.d  hy  the  (hrectnr, 
i--ued  in  Mav,  1«>1S,  hefure  the  [la-ai^e  of  tlie  \Ocational  Ke- 
hahihiatinn  Act: 

Wliile  the  c<tal.lislimcm  of  the  Institute  wr\>  inspired  by  a  (!c-ire  to 
tmild  up  reediK-atinnal  laeilities  which  lu.^ht  he  oi  vahie  u  tlie  eripplcd 
.ohlier^  aiul  ^ail..r^  ,,i  the  AnuTuan  l-ree>.  it  ua^  felt  that  the  pr..Mein  of 
the  eripple.l  man  was  a  hr.sul  ..ne,  a.i.l  m  need  oi  .itteiit...n  wnh-^ut  ,|-.rim- 
iiiation  ill  heiielits  hetweeii  ciMliaii  and  iMihtar>  <iihjeetv  It  wa~  lurtlier 
felt  that  the  milv  soiiiul  preparation  to  deal  intelliKeiitly  w.!h  the  rehahilita- 
ti-n  .if  eripple.l 'men  at  a  futnre  date  wa~  acf.ial  experience  in  the  rehalc.h- 
tati'.n  of  cri|M>le.l  men  nndertaken  at  the  pre-e'it  nv.nient. 

.  It  i^  planne.l  that  the  work  ..f  the  Institute  in  the  v..cati,.nal  reha- 
bnitati..n  ..f  eripple.l  men  shall  he  permanent,  f-r  it  mu-t  he  home  in  mind 
that  the  pr..blem  of  the  industrial  cripple  is  greater,  numerically  considered, 
than  that  of  the  eripple.l  soldier. 

The  Institute  has  no  olVicial  arrani;ement  with  the  na'i..nal  authorities 
relative  to  the  utilizati.m  of  its  facilities  in  the  reciistriiction  of  war  cr.p- 
ph  ..  .  The  present  etT..rt  is  solely  t.i  make  our  facilities  worth  olTering, 
at  a  time  when  other  plans  exist  on  paper  al.me. 

filurJlu'nal  P,-/-."-' '"■■"'  •  ■  ■  The  canilidate  ior  training  is  interviewed 
hy  two  or  more  persons  who  assess  his  phy-ical  disahihty,  inquire  into  his 
c.'lucational  aciuirements  and  w..rk  history,  and  en.!eav..r  t..  ascertain  his 
tastes  an.l  apti'udes.  It  is  the  policy  of  the  e.hicati.mal  dei.artment  to  have 
the  counsel  and  advice  of  memhers  ..f  the  staff  and  .4hers  who  have  been 
similarly  hanihcappe.l  an.l  wh.,  kn.,w  from  experience  the  physical  limitations 
of  that  particular  form  of  disahlen-ent. 

The  occupati..ns  to  be  taus^ht  disable.l  men  are  beiiii;  selected  on  various 
c.nsi.ierati.ins:  (U  Its  suitahilitv  f..r  han.licappe.l  persons:  (2)  the  length 
of  time  re.iuired  for  training;  (i)  the  stan.Iard  ..f  wages  in  the  indust-y; 
(4)  the  demand  for  workers  and  the  prospects  of  empl..ym.?nt ;  (j)  the  atti- 
tude of  the  trade  toward  apprentices. 

In  the  case  of  disabled  soldiers,  their  maintenance  will  be  supplied 
bv  the  government.  But  in  ..ther  cases  the  Institute  will  have  to  sn,,ply  a 
minimum  maintenance  to  the  m.in  during  his  period  of  training.  In  necessi- 
tous cases,  this  is  supplied  from  a  special  fun.l  m  the  f..rm  of  a  loan  witlvnit 
interest.  There  is  no  obligati..n  t.i  repay  this  b.an  unless  the  training  im- 
proves the  man's  earning  p.iwer.  in  which  ease  he  is  expected  t.)  pay  back 
the  bian  in  instalments  pr.ip.-rtioned  to  the  increase  in  his  wages.  It  is 
thought  important  t..  make  this  advance  in  the  f.)rm  of  a  loan  so  as  to 
conserve,  to  the  greatest  possible  degree,  the  man's  self-respect,  and  to 
obviate  the  idea  of  charity. 


A 


'1 


3S0 


\>\-  \r.i  i:ii  viu.iiii;us  anh  ^aii.uks 


,lonc      In  -.Hi.  ca^c-,  ulu„  a  ,..ai.  -  «  Tk  i-r......  t,.  U  .■■   o.......rc.al  ^al,.o. 

he  ^s.ll  mc.sc  >r,-.l..  vr  ^\n■  w.^rk  d^..  ctlar  a-  an  M,-.-.  t..  1.;-  n.a.ntc.a.Ke 
;.„,  ,,,,,,  ,,r   „.   ,1.0    i..un  >.f   ,„ru:,:ary   K^'M-      ^^ '^«"   ■'   '"^'"    ^■'""■■IcU-   ,hc 
oi.rc   '  f  trai..in'j.  lie   will   rnli.  r  1.-  lakn.  ...i  a-  a  w>.rk.r  anil  lui.l   wa^cs 

)^.'r   Mnt   t.i   ^   nil'   -!..p  and   litacl   in   emi'N>  nit-nt. 

l-(,ur  tra.K-  li:ivc  alrc.-uly  I.cvn  (Ucidr.l  up-n,  (.•.luipnunt  in- 
stallc.l,  and  in~inicu-n  I.iLjun:  iIk-  nian.uacuiiv  of  anilicial  limbs, 
cxyaatvl.iK-  ud.lmK.  incclianical  .Iralliii-.  ami  Mpcrali.-n  (.f 
tlic  .iionnivpc  caM.r.  Ani-u},'  the  ntlur  tra.k-  which  au'  under 
conM.kT;-ion  arc  (Kntal  nurliaiiics  am..in..hik-  rq.air.  plmtn- 
graphic  lvchni.|uc.  and  cainncrcial  irainin-  f-r  otike  employment. 

l>,ri>l>rcrt  ,J  /•■■.■;,/  Il'"'-I..  An  imi-rtant  feature  in  tlie  work  of  a 
reeducat^M.al  <<:h.uA  is  KCttin^'  in  t.  .ul.  with  i,rM„.t>-t,ve  pupils  at  the  earl.ct 
t„...ilJe  -late  .  .  The  pr.nc.pal  M<\  art.vilv  at  l.re-e..t  is  pers.ste.it  N.-.tini; 
!,f  tl'c  citv  h.M.itaN  hv  a  ^unal  «..rker  .  xp.rien«-e.l  in  dcahn.L;  with  or.i^les. 
Thi^  w.Tker  ^'et<  i.i  Piucl.  ...;h  n.ain.rd  n.u,  i.n...edialrl:,  alter  amputat..  n 
I,,s  I.e..  perfornied.  K'ain.  their  frie...:d.^i,  a.M  c....]de,.ce,  >t.n,ula.e-  the.r 
cmraLie.  and   pla..5  with   thvi.i  their   future  pmKram  of   training  .T   inii.,oy- 

\n..ther  acti^itv  nf  this  departnent  is  the  ou.duct  ot  a  scr.e?  of  par.ie- 
f,  r  ,.rj,,,,lcs-the  ohjcct  of  which  is  t.,  hearte..  an,!  e.imnrage  the  handicapped 
„„..  wlp.  arc  loM.iu  out  l:v  hringi...,'  them  in  touch  with  the  crippk>  who 
live  o\erco„,e  iheir  ol.tacies.  The  f,r-t  yatl.eri.ii;  of  this  sort  was  nothiim' 
.'■nrt  ..f  inoarini;  <  >ver  two  hun.ired  cripples  were  invited,  and  over  seventy- 
l-'ve  ca,Tie.  althou.h  the  evening'  wa-  o„e  of  the  colde-t  of  the  w;nter.  .  .  . 
•ihe  i.ilh.e.ice  of  the  nuetin:,-  wa<  retkvted  ini.uediately  m  an  u.crea-e  o 
.,,,,,i;,. ,.■..,-  t.i  the  empl^Miie.it  hureau  f.  r  work  and,  to  the  educat.oual 
!lepanr,e,-.t  f.^r  a.lmis^ion  t,.  the  in.ln-.rial  cia--es.  The  experiment  vvas  a 
vi>id.   demonstration  tliat   no  one  ca.i  enc.a.rai;e  a  cr.pple   so  etleci.vely   a- 

an.'ther  cripi'lc.  ,  _ 

Tie  -ecnd  n.eelii.LT  wa=  .  .  .  even  ,:i.  Te  m-p.r.t...'-'.  It  wa^^  addrc-ed  1> 
two  men  on,-  ,-1  w-li,.m  lia-  h.^t  I-  th  aims,  the  ,.ther  bckin.er  ,M,e  arm  .m.! 
l,,.h  Ir^s  There  were  ^h.^wn  f,  T  ti.e  first  time  three  m,,v;n<  picture-, 
,',I„m,,rand  ph.  ,t.  uraphe,!  !y  Captai..  Athnr  Sa...uel>,  ,.f  the  Suree-n 
Ge-er.irs  ,.mce  K,uh  ilhi-tr,-,te,l  1..  ,w  ser^.n-ly  han.licappe,!  cripple-  ..'er- 
c  .me  their  ,.l.-iacl.-.  r.etweei,  pictures  there  were  sh,-irt  talks  i,.  the 
crii'idcl   ,i.i,lience   hv  crijiplcl  sj.eakers.  ... 

■Hie-  -cripi'le  ii,.nies"  are  an  a-ured  success  and  will  he  continue, 1  as  a 
oiTiiianent  iii-titi.t.,'n 

rw/.vm.'.f  !\-t:''-l'i:r<:t.  .  ■  ■  One  of  the  c„cc,-sful  efT.irts  (alrea,;'.  m 
cxis-'eu'cei  wa-  a  :  in.ill  empl,,vniei.I  hureau  f.-r  cripple-  which  was  e-stahr-hed 
hv  tl,e'  l-e,!erati.^n  of   .\ss.>ciati.'n    f,,r  Cripples    in  Ce".,pe.-ation   with    Uud-jll 


■  =,  < 


111.    I    Mil,.' 


A  1  ES 


381 


,-„.  ;,p  \t  the  time  the  In^ftuu-  «a^  e-tahh^hcMl,  tb.K  l-urcaU  ha.l  hcc,  ,n 
„.;r;.t„.„  a  h.tle  over  a  >ear  A.  u,  «.>rk.  h.n^cver.  le.l  .hrec.ly  a.>n«  the 
1,;  .  ,„•  the  reeducat.nnal  ,,r,,Krain  aii.l  a-  the  hureai.  ^^as  handuapi.e,!  h>  la.k 
,,[  faciluio,  it  was  talsen  o^er  hy  th.  ln-tuu<c.  '  ..i,  early  expenetice 
,,,-^.ve.l  a  .i.leiKlu!  {..undatioi,  .m,  wluJi  M  ha-e  the  more  extensive  act.vit.e, 
i!..w  miller  (.perati"ii. 

r-xpeneiKe  of  tlu-  f.r-t  three  m-nllis  has  clearly  shuu.i  that  there  are 
a  L^reat  matiy  erMM'lc<l  men  ,...t  of  v.^rk  vvl...  are  aiiN..a.s  tor  a.lvue  and 
en.MlovmeiU.  Two  hiin.Ire.l  aii.l  twent>  eripi.k-,  applsini:  for  uork.  ha\c 
I.en  re^.-istered  .lur.u-  this  three-n.outh  perrM.  The-e  met,  liave  heen  re- 
ferre.l  to  .i"  ,.o-itions  arM  1J.5  iila>  eiiuiit-  have  heen  delimtely  made.  Ihe 
a;n,  is  to  -ee.ire  i^osition-  ulrch  v.  ill  he  permanent  an.l  eonstruetue,  rather 
than  merel.    to  place  laree  innnhers  ,,f  men. 

\lter  a  cripple  has  heen  pla.ed.  there  is  made  a  real  ettort  to  keep  Ml 
tonch  with  him.  Occasionall)  his  h-me  is  vi-iied  and,  m  some  ca-es.  the 
en,plovcr  is  interviewed  after  the  man  has  l„en  emph.yed  ahout  a  month. 
One  evenins  ..tiice  hour  is  hcM  each  week  aiul  the  most  etTective  toU..w-r.p 
«ork  is  .lone  at  that  time.  .\t  a  recent  evenin-,'  mfice  hour  thirteen  men 
called  t..  report  liow  thev  were  yettim;  aloni;  at  their  johs. 

There  is  heinR  made  an  indns-rial  survey  in  order  to  discover  what  are 
the  lest  opiiorttinities  for  cripides  in  the  ind.isin.d  held.  ...  In  each  mdns- 
trv  the  field  worker  visits  the  manufacturers'  a-sociati..n.  the  trade  union 
secretarv.  the  trade  journal  editor,  and  a  nnnilar  ot  typical  factories  I  he 
facts  gamed  in  these  investij;ations  are  chr.ked  or  neutralized  _h^  the 
experiences  in  these  trades  of  the  crippled  workers,  car.trl  rec  .r.l  o,  which 
is  also  kept  .  .  Some  important  responsihditir,  ,ii  tin-  u,.rk  ha.c  l->n 
assumed  hy  the  Committee  of  the  .\ssociation  of  ColIcKiate  .\lum,,=c.  winch 
is  working  with  the  Ked  Cross  Institute.  ... 

Tlu-  Library.  The  present  lihrary  is  made  ni.  ..f  the  private  collection 
of  literature  concerning  cripples  gathered  .luring  the  la't  eight  years  l,y 
Douglas  C.  McMurtrie  an.l  hy  additions  of  the  later  material  which  have 
beeiracrpiired  hv  the  Institute  since  its  estahli  hment.  The  collection  con- 
tains evcrv  item  relating  to  cripples  which  it  has  been  possible  to  oMain 
either  hv  purchase,  gift  or  exchange  during  tlie  last  eight  years,  and  e-..ry 
care  has  heen  expended  to  m.ake  it  as  com,-hte  as  possd.le.  It  can  s.„e  y 
be  said  that  the  jiresent  lihrarv  constitutes  the  largest  collection  in  the  world 

dealing   with   this   subject It   consists   of   ai.proximately   3.5iVl   separate 

bonks,  pampnlets.  reports  and  articles  in  periodicals,  ... 

There  has  .  been  prepared  a  bibliography  of  the  war  cripple  and  s,:p- 
plements  listing  the  current  publications  will  be  issued  at  fre.|uent  intervals. 
Over  1.600  items  relating  to  the  rehahilitatinn  of  disabled  s,,1diers  and  sailors 
have  alreailv  been  indexed. 

Rcs.'urih  Dcf.utmcnt.  .  .  .  The  first  necessity  was  f.  barn  the  expenences 
of  others  .  .  .  The  first  effort  was  to  loc.atr  all  the  centers  on  the  comi- 
nent.    in    Creat    I'.rilain    and    Canada,   at    whi.'.i    reeducat.onal    work    was    in 

1  Sec  above,  page  04. 


:a' 


m^im^i^^M&,i^*;>:i:^^ss^^^L- 


-'i^' 


3SJ 


M.-\i;i.,.,i    >n;.iilllv.>    AMI   s\ll.(ii;> 


|,r,...T,--  (  rr,M""'li"'^  »■'''  '''>■  ■"'''■''-  <lir.,t.ii.  tins  u.  rk  a.i^  mii.u- 
,\uiU-\y  ,r.nint..l.  .^^r:  .,v,,il..l.U  it.  i»  ..i  pruU.M  MUtur  «..-  oVx.U<\.  ..-hI 
|.h.it"LT.i|.li-  .111(1  illu-tr,iii\r  m.itiTi.il  olii.um-'l. 

11,0   ,„Ni   niMM-   u.,~  tn   Mii.h    t!u'  tn.iUTi.iU   ~-  t^atlicrcl \ni..i,K  llic 

r,,„,,t-    ,ilu-...l>    |,r.T.,nil    .iiul    <--v.y\    ..r.     |mhlu..l ~    .k-cnliniL;    work    in 

t  .,i,.,.l.i.    1.1' .It    r.rn.iin.    .\'>-.\    /i.il.in.l,    (  a-rni.iin    an. I    It.ily 

/■„/,;,,  /  ,,'„,,,(„.„.  Ill  t!;i-  r.h.il.il.l.iti.H  ..1  .li-iiMol  nun.  an  al.-..lutc  t-cn- 
,,  ,-  i,,.,|„rati..n  ..ii  tlu-  ,..irt  .t  the  i.nl.lu-.  .  .  I  Ik-  InMitntv  has  aac|.t..l 
Its  -lMrr..l   r.s,„.nsihihlv   ni  thi-  n.M  .unl  lia-  illan^;urat^•.l  i-.hi  ati   lul  <-ti  .rt 

thr..uwh  a   varutv   ..l    ch.uuKl- \   iio\s   sitmo    t..  the   .lailv    iTt-,   -cut 

,,nt  ,ih..nt  ..iKt  a  u.-.k.  h...  l.icn  inM.lnt,.|.  ami  it  h,„  l.ien  l..nn,!  th.it  the 
tnalrn.il  h.as  wr^  ■^.•niralK  hoii  ntili/<M.  .  .  .  '1  li>  ri-  ar,-  al-.  m  nt  ..r.t  t.  a 
-|.,>m1   liM   ..I   tMit..ri.il   uril<r~.   -ni:.^( -ti.  ii..   a-  t.   ...ninuiit   «lii.!i    w.  nl.l   he 

hell. ml  t..  the  cause  .,1   tlu    ,r;i.i.le \   n  late.l  ..ctiwty   has  ,,,n-i-te,l   ni 

^sIltn:^;  -letters  t..  the  e(ht..r'  |.nri...se.!  i.T  puhheali.  m  m  the  .laily  ]  re-s 
tlir..ni:h.  nt  the  c  iititry.  ...  .        ,  , 

\rtules  (f..r  i.en.Mlieals  i  (.n  any  partuiilar  phase  of  recdiieational  worK 
f.T  eniii.les  are  prep.ire.l  .^n  reipu-st  ...  In  an  elt..rt  tn  reach  ihrectly  the 
«,.rkers  ai»l  el^l.l.■^ers  in  as  nianv  iiulustries  as  p.,ssihle,  there  have  heen 
prep.ireil  t.T  the  tra-le  i..nri...l-.  a  series  ,.l  articles.  .  .  .  The  Institute  has 
;;athere,l  an  e.xtetisue  c..llecti..ii  .f  ph..t..^raphs  ilhistralinR  rec.lticational 
«..rk  m  all  the  helhuercnt  countries  This  n..w  niimhers  ,,ver  three  hundreJ 
suhlects  .  .  .  l"r..iii  the  ni.  .st  interesting  snl.ject'  m  the  ph.'t.  .urapbic  cl- 
lecti.n  ha\c  heen  made  sets  ..f  lantern  shdes.  .  .  .  The  Institute  is  al-i 
l,„il,hn>;  np  a  dllectL^n  ct  m..vnm  picture  hints  illustrating  tlie  work  ot 
rie.lucati..nal   centers   in   other   cmntries.   or    slfwinK   siiccessfnl   cripples    ni 

acti.'n. 

With  interest  in  reconstriicti..n  w.rk  tirowiuR  apace,  the  demanil  Ir 
spckers  t..  discuss  ihe  snhiect  het.ire  ..nventions  and  iTieetnins  (,t  one  typ^- 
,  r  aiL.ther  has  heen  fre.pient  .  .  .  lafjiaKernents  have  heer,  filled  in  !',..stoii. 
(.liicaK".  rhiladelphia.  Neu  lla\en  and  I'rovidcnce.  in  additfii  t..  niinier..iis 
ap"ointim-tits  in  New  V.irk  and  vicinit>.  In  order  to  take  the  initiatue  n 
arranj;inK  f.T  discussion  of  reeducation  f..r  crippled  and  disaMed  rmn  l-ef-  re 
a  lartrer  numher.  of  au.liences.  there  is  l.eiuK  ..rpanized.  in  co.'perati.  n  with 
the  .\ssociatu.n  of  (■..llei;iatc  .\Uiniii.c.  a  speakers'  bureau.  X.ilunteers  will 
he  recrui'ed.  Tlux  will  he  trained  in  a  study  curse  on  rehahilitali  .i  \v..rk 
hel'.re  1  eiiii;  assimied  t..  speaking;  cni;a(;einent5. 

Tlu'  pr(.>iHCtus  (.nds  willi  tlie  statt-nicnt  tliat  its  principal  ptir- 
p.iM'  i>  "to  iiitiTpnt  tlK-  problem  of  the  military  and  industrial 
crip]>le  a-  we  liave  seen  it.  to  indicate  li<nv  some  of  the  prelimi- 
nary (|tustion>  have  heen  decided,  and  to  describe  the  methods 
and  manner  <.f  attack  on  the  citadel  of  our  intention." 


y;^^ 


\y-  -JKi-    ^^|9ii^fg^?T?t.c>J||i^i>'^^^ 


I  in:   I  M  1  i.:i  - 1  ai  i.> 


.^Si 


rm.  1  li)Mi;  Skkvh  i;  m    i  in. 


Am  I  KK  \N   Ki  I'  t  i<ii>s 


riu'  l'".iif,'li>li  li'iir  rnisiriis  (..tzrili-.  c.  •nimciiliiiK  ' 'U  "nr  \\ - 
liui  "f   financial   |iri.vi>ion~   f.  t  tlir   -i.lilKr>  and   siil'T^   in   llu- 
lnc'Ciit    war  and   tluir    faniilii-.   iia-   "cni    w^rd   ni    iTitui-in." 
••IImwimt  jicrfcct  till-  inailiiiury  may  In,  it  i^  aim. .-I  iiK^iuiiv- 
;!l)k-  tlial  it  mav  n^.t  break  d^wn  in  rirtain  individual  la^r-.  and 
thai  it  may  he  tduiul  iucc»aiy  tn  liavo  M.mc  >clKnic  i'<r  advaiK- 
ini,'  mcney  U>  wive>  or  tn  divchar},'al  nun  vlvnld  thi>  occur." 
and  til  niict  other  needs  which  can  ma  well  I>e  covered   m  the 
j^ovc-nnieiuV  provision-.     Sucii  an  agency  e\i>ts  in  liie  Anur- 
inm  Red  t>o<-,  with  it>  J_'.aX),000  menihers.  its  3/^00  chaj-ters 
and  their   13.000  hr.inche-,  which  through  its  "Home  Service" 
is  ort;anized  to  supiileiuent  the  olTicial  provisions  for  the  families 
(.f  the  men   in  the   service — not   merely  by  meeting  temporary 
financial  needs,  such  a-  our  luiKlish  critic  fore-aw.  hut  hy  stand- 
iiij,'  readv  to  act  as  friend  or  ad\i-er  m  any  of  the  dihiculties  and 
periilexities  which  may  arise  during'  the  ahsence  (»f  the  hu>hand 
or  son  or  father,  whenever  a  desire  for  such  service  is  indicated. 
This  relation  lietween  the  K^■^\  Cr'--  am'  the  faniilii>  of  the 
soldiers  and  sailors  will  not  cea>e  ahru[)tly  upon  the  man's  dis- 
chart^e    from    the    service,    writes    tiie    director    },'eiieral    of    tin- 
Department   of   Civilian   Relief.'    hut    will   continue   until   he   is 
"ade(iuately    reestahlished    in    civilian    life."      A    hundred    pajje 
pamiihlet  has  been  published  by  the  Red  Cro-s  in  order  to  j;ive 
to   Home   Service  workers  information  alx.ut  the  pro.uram  of 
the  fjovernmeiit  for  the  care  of  (h>al)led  men.  about  the  needs 
of  those  disabled  in  different  ways,  ruid  to  define  the  ways  in 
which  the  Red  Cross  may  Mii)plement  the  work  of  the  f;overn- 
ment.     In  this  pamphlet  the  duties  of  Home  Service  in  relation 
to  the  rehabilitation  of  disabled  soldier.s  and  sailors  is  summarized 
as  follows: 

(ll   To  l.riiiK  solidly  hehind  the  disabled  m.in  at  all  stapes  of  the  rccoii- 
structioii  process  the  moral  supiKiH  of  his   family,  remembering  that  he  is 

I  \V.  Trank  Persons,  in  the  Foreword  to  Ilomi-  Si-rvice  and  the  DisahU-d 
Soldier  or  Sailor,  by  Curtis  E   Lakeman.    rublicatiun  A.  K.  C.  210. 


r.^%;M^.d^4^M'Mt'S^mSi^^f^^^J^MmS^^^ 


,vS-l 


iii>\iii.i:i> 


.nn.iis  AMI  s.\n.<ii;"< 


,it    this    tunc    jiiM    ;i~    imi.  Ii    ui    ilii-    mtskc   'if    hi>.    C' 


urs    a-    when    at    ilic 


II    111. 


.Ji  Ti.  a~-iM  tnc  nun,  tlir..nKli  tlic  o.niprlcnt  Icwal  -crM.i-  at  ih.  wni- 
nian.l  ..f  tin-  llnme  ScrvKC  Scai-ii.  V.  ^.Hiiri-  llu-  l.au'dls  mI  the  War  Ki-k 
li,-.uanci'    Law,    aiul    ts|H-ciallv    tlic    provisi-ns    fr    innii,en-ali..n    an.l    u- 

(.;.  T..  viryi'  uiinii  .lisablcil  men,  a^  .iii|.Mrtiniily  prc-cntv  tlic  wi^d-m  and 
„e,i—.t\    .if   t..kniL;  fnll  advaiitaKC  of  tlic  K-^^^nm■In^   plan^    l-r  tlie.r   c  arr 

and   iraiinnK-  ■    ,    ■  i 

i4i  1  .  cncuraKc  tlicni  in  tlic  early  and  cnucal  stages  -it  their  vocational 
iraiiMiiy  and  of  tli.-ir  rnurn  to  eniijloyniiiit.  when  the  strii«>;le  to  o\ercome 
tlie  nunt.d  and  plu^ifal  haiidieaii  i>  nvi^t  aiiite. 

(5 1  To  hill.  I'niik'  ahout  a  r.av.nal.lc  and  sympathetic  attitude  mi  the 
l.art  of  emplovers.  which  -liall  i;.ve  every  handicapi.ed  man  a  real  chance, 
while  avoid, nv;  llie  danger  of  tempting  him  to  fnrec;o  the  necessary  tramnVs' 
for  the   si.ecious  attraction   of   an   mimediate.   temporary    or   perhai.-   un-uit- 

al.le  joh.  , 

If,l  To  mold  pnhhc  opinion  so  that  it  will  discountenance  trivial  an.l 
deinorali^-inK  entertainment  .md  hcr..-worship,  and  maintain  a  coii-truane 
attitnde  which,  while  demaiuhnK  a  s.|uarc  deal  for  the  returned  s,, Idler,  shall 
expect   from  him  everv  reasonahle  effort  to  in-nre  his  self-support, 

(Ti  To  suiiplv  information,  encouragement,  leKal.  medical,  and  husme^s 
advice,  ami  other  service,  when  acceptahle  and  nece-sary,  in  like  manner  as 
is  uuw  hcmg  done  for  the  families  of  men  at  the  front. 


""»^:i 


PART    IV      rilE    NEW    I'RtKiRAM 

CHAPTER    IX 
General  Characteristics 

Frnni  the  viry  l)C^;innin^;  "t  ihc  i)ri-.int  war  it  was  cvkKiU 
tliat  tlk-  mctliixN  ni  tla-  i)a>l  in  pnA  i.lin;,'  i<>r  (ti-ahlf.!  imn  wiiM 
not  he  tclcral.k'.  I-'.vni  if  tluro  lia.l  Ikxii  mm  chanur  in  i)u1ilic 
.■imiinn  al).'Ut  lian.liia|.i>c.l  imnilK-rs  "i  -ociity  in  K^-mral.  tlic 
cnnrniniis  nunilaTs  nf  y,.un>,'  anil  ahk'-lindiiil  inni  wlm  wire 
stulilonly  niainiid  in  one  way  ..r  anotht-r  crcatid  a  situatinn 
which  fornicr  iilca^  and  t' .rnR-r  wasteful  nietlm.Is  were  iiia.le- 
([uate  V<  meet.  We  c<.ul.l  not  alforil  tu  l->e  >u  nuiih  man 
l,<,wer,  anil  we  culil  n<.t  afford  to  carry  the  l)urden  ..f  y-  much 

deiHiidence. 

A  i)ension.  even  if  K^'nemus,  would  do  notliinj,'  toward  replac- 
ing' tlie  serious  loss  of  lahor  power.  1"o  provide  ••honvs"  in 
sufficient  (luantity  to  house  the  invalided  sol.liers  anil  sailors  of 
the  present  w.ir  would  he  ditficult.  even  if  it  had  ii  .t  come  to  he 
considered,  as  Dr.  I'.ourrillon  expresses  it.  "profoundly  inmioral" 
t"  doom  men  in  the  prime  of  life  or  the  very  dawn  of  maturity 
to  a  life  of  inaction.  To  leave  so  man\  men  to  j,'et  a  livins:  for 
the  nixt  forty  or  fifty  years  hy  he},'«inK'  "U  the  puhlic  streets 
was  out  of  the  cpiestion.  The  development  of  the  system  of 
compensation  for  industrial  accidents,  moreover,  and  the  experi- 
ments of  social  economy  here  and  there  in  trying  to  meet  the 
needs  of  different  classes  of  physically  handicapped  pers..ns  in 
civil  life,  together  with  tlie  prowinfj  ])opularity  of  the  ideas  of 
"conservation"  and  "efficiency"  applied  to  all  sorts  of  human 
relations,  had  all  c<.ntrihuted  to  prepare  the  puhlic  mind  for  a 
radically  new  attitude  toward  the  men  whu  should  he  disabled 
in  the  present  war. 

385 


¥ 


m 


Pp;f£^i'Ji^^gffiBM^^JIft^2Aii|.'r 


•i^; 


.^S(  p 


lp|>  m:m  II    ^iil.lill  l<>    \Mi    ^-  \ll  "I'"-' 


I  ..ii'inii-  r.n-iilitali'ili-,  inilil.iry  iini--il\.  ain!  Immanily 
onilpiiu'l  1"  .l.\.|..i.  .1  iiru  i.K.il.  Il  i-..ti-i-l^,  111  lu.p  u..r.U.  -'t 
llii'  i-..ini.Kt.M  i".--!!.!!-  [ilivMial  riM-r.iti'.n  .  l'  iviiv  man  wli.. 
1.  Mp.nii.l.  .1  p  r  -III.  kill  liv  il'lii.  "  111  lli<-  -t  n  i>>'.  aii.l  lii>  *"iiiiiliH-t 
|„,-m1i1c  rir-lalili-liin.iil  in  iip.nnal  1 1\  il  lit\'  as  a  pnidiurr  an.l 
,.  Mtnlpiil.r  lallur  than  a-  a  lulpK--  ami  iiara-ilu  .K  p.  inli  ill. 
I  In-  I-  n.  I  t-  -a\  llial  all  call  lir  •■  r.-l<T(.l  ami  -■  ii  >-lalpli-linl. 
•|lur>  1-  II.'  advaiUai;*'  in  Mnikm;;  lliv  lau  llial  a  I'lTtaiii  iiiiniKiT 
will  111  i.lis-ual  wifik-,  I. if  uli.'nt  in-niiainiit  iai\-  iiiiiM  \<v  prc- 
M.lf.l.  Imi  till-  I-  a  iilaliMly  -iiiaM  iiuinlKr  i.|  .ill  llir  di-aMnl. 

ill  i\.i\  .111  .it  till-  i.iiiiitrii-  iAtiii-i\<.ty  iMi;;a;;iil  in  tin.-  war, 
till'  |.i.  ui-iii>  wliuli  li-i-  ''<''i>  i\"l\<'l  '"'■  ill''  ''•"■^'  "'  '''*■"■  '''" 
aiiliil  111.11  ha-  lux  11  ha-i-.l  "M  tin-  i.Kal.  I'.aili  iialLHi  ha-  i;.  nu- 
at  till'  1.M-IIU--  ill  11-  "wn  iharaitiri-tic  \va\.  ami  in  vat  h  cmiitry 
ihr  ilorLi'iiniii  ha-  lii'fii  nilliuniiil  hy  I'xi-tmi,'  in-titnti.iii-.  l,y 
t\i-liiiu  iiiijmhri-  ami  tiailili.  .n-  a-  t.i  tlu'  iir.ipir  -plicri'  li.r 
Kui-I.ii.  II  an.l  -tati'  aiti\it\  ami  a-  t..  tin-  iii.-t  vlliitiv.-  am! 
-uitahli-  wax  "i  aii'.  .nipli-hin'^  n-nlt-.  ami  hy  n  .iii]n.'tiiic  ilfiiiamls 
,,i"  tin-  war  .11  till'  linamial  n-.'inii-  ami  iTiati\i'  tli.m.ulil  i<{ 
thr  nati.n.  \\  lull-  laiii  iiali.'ii  ha-  -Imwii  a  ilv-irr  t.  •  pr.itil  liy 
iIk'  i\|irnvmr  I'l'  ..ilnr-.  tlicrc  -riin-  t..  li.ivi'  luni  liltl  ■  (.ntri-hl 
ii.ii\  111,^.  'I'lii'  pr.  ■liUm  ,-iini'-  t.'  havi-  luiii  ri-.!,'anlt  .1  a-  t".  ■  lar,i,'i.- 
ami  t.i.  -i-ri.  m-  t..  pirinit  tin.'  ail.'pli.'ii  "f  -cr.  niil-haml  iiloa-  ami 
niiili.  .1-  null—  tiny  wire  pr.ivcil  tn  ln'  ap]lii-aliK'  t.'  tin-  h.iiiu' 
-iniati.'ii  'Ihi'  pr.ililiin  ii-flt".  In  .wia  cr.  iia-  j,'ivin  ri-i'  t<i  the 
>aiiK-  iim-li.'ii-  ami  i.-.  iii-iiU'rati. 'ii-  in  i-viry  c.  .-.intry,  am!  tin- 
n -iiltiii;^'  pr.  ■-ram-  arc  >lrikin,i;ly  -imilar  in  their  .--i-nlial  Ica- 
tnrr-.  TIktc  arc  iiltc  -imilaritio  than  'ilt'crcncc-.  It  may  he 
saiil.  ill  tact,  that  there  i-  n<iw  ";i"  prni;rani,  wln-c  main  ..ntlino 
i-  \i-ili!c  ill  all  the  helli^'ercnl  C'inntrics. 

Ueiluceil  t..  li.we-t  terms,  the  clement-  ill  the  ii.w  pr.  .,i;rani 
tcr  ih-ahled  men  arc  three:  (  1  I  medical  and  -iir.i;ical  ircatmeiit, 
inchidmt,'  liiiicti. 'iial  reediicati.  m  and  pn.vi-i.ni  nt  the  dcsiralile 
pr.'sthc-i- ;  I -' I  a  mnmv  pavmcnt — pen-i..n  .t  "cdniiicnsalinn," 
a-  V..1I  ]. refer — n-iiallv  in  the  I.irm  of  an  aiMUiity  t'T  lite,  in 
recmiiti.'!!  I'f  the   -.icrilice  of  lic.illh  ..r  limb  which  ha-  been 


n^^^ 


:^*.'.s  ;^^tJi^^ -J' *5'?'^-s\^.;^i-- ""-■^•^  *;^-^s^k|^ 


I.IM  K  \l.     I    II  \K  \i    I  I  KIM  1> 


.\X7 


in.i.li'  in  the  -iTviri';  ;iiiil  (,.<)  ;i-mM.iiih'  m  n  Minima;  ;m  hkI' 
imiiliiit  ]M.~iii"ii  111  -'.II. il  "f  iii.iw'iiiu  liii.  imluiliii:.;  iiitiit.il 
;iii<l  moral  jin  iiaratinii,  niiliuatii 'ii  l"r  tariiiiiu  a  Iimiiu.  il  lufi-- 
>arv.  ami  lulp  in  liiiiimi,'  i  iiipli.ynHiit  it  in  iuiMiniiii;  an  ituU- 
lniiiU'iil  iii^prul'T  ..|  a  Im-itU"  ■  T  a  laiin  i  h<-  In -i  p.iil  "i 
till'  pr";;raiH  alt'iit>  all  wli"  arc  injiinil  in  any  way.  llic-c  wIm 
riiMvti  intirilv  a-  w.ll  ,i-  tln.M-  \\li<.  .in-  i«Tni:iinnily  incapaii- 
tatid;  tlic  mcikI.  tli'-i'  wIimsi^  injuru-  rrMih  m  a  -iniili.d 
<k-j;rn.'  "l'  iKTinaiUT.t  di-aiiility ;  tin-  ihirtl,  niily  iIh'-c  \\1i"m- 
lurniaiuiit  di^.ilnlity  i>  "I  ^nih  a  iKi;rn  and  ii.iinrc  as  li>  niaki- 
nnauKil  ri-uniiili"ii  i.t   ii'Tinal  liu-  ditlU-nll. 

In  tlK..r\  llnTi-  i-  iiiiliiini;  in  w  in  tlu  tir-l  '.r  tlii'  siioiid  •'! 
tin-c  >.k-nuni>.  The  suk  and  W'lmdol  "i  tin-  war  have  an 
iinnRii-r  ad\.inta^;i'  nvcr  ilin-c  I't  ntlur  war-,  iml  n.'l  hocan-r 
it  i>  a  new  idr.i  tliat  tiny  -li..nld  li.nc  tlu-  Ik-I  tr.atnunt  av.iil- 
;.liK  :  il  i-  liccanM.-  tin-  In-t  a\.iil.i!iK-  i-  intiniit.-ly  iuitir  tlian  il 
c\ir  was  iH-li.ro.  Tin-  idi.i  "I  a  gratuity  nr  ,i  |Htision  I'rnni  .i 
^ratifnl  cnntry  a-  .a  token  i.i  .iiiiirniation  i..  iIi.im-  wli"  uive 
lualtli  IT  linil)  in  lur  sir\  ice  is  n.  a  luw  ;  iiily  the  ann.nnt  iinw 
deemed  apiin  ipri.ite.  and  tlu  ha-is  ,.|i  which  th.it  anii.nnt  sh.dl 
he  determiiud.  'I'lie  reallv  new  element  is  in  the  f^'riural  accept - 
aiice  I'f  the  iile.i  that  a  m.in,  .  viii  thiin).:h  lame  or  hhnd  or  deal 
(.r  hnrdeiied  with  a  r.icin^  luarl  or  sc.iritied  hmi;  tissue,  may 
^(ill — ,  ,r,ii„arilv — lead  a  produciive  lite  and  he  a  contrihntinu 
memher  ot  s,  ,cielv.  i'^ell  this  i>  not  ;in  ah-ohitelv  luw  idea, 
for  ihere  have  ahvays  heeii  inili\  idnals  wlio  hehe\ed  it:  hnt  it 
lias  oiilv  now  hecoine  iiicor])iiraled  in  national  policies. 

Some  enthusiastic  prophets  of  the  new  doetriiu'  l;o  to  such 
len.ullis  ;i<  to  scfiii  to  iiiiimate  that  il  is  a  real  disadvantage  to 
have  the  full  complement  of  corporal  memhers  and  siu^c^.  th.it 
a  man's  lifu  oiilv  he^'iiis  to  re.ich  par  vahie  when  he  has  s,,nie 
disahlini:  accident.  Such  exa,i,'Keration  is  a  n.itur.il  incident  to 
the  ])rop;iKation  of  a  new  idea,  and  even  the  e.\a,i,'t;eration  has 
its  foundation  of  truth.  It  is  true  thai  the  misfortune  may  he 
made  ,in  occasion  for  developing'  l.iteiit  i>owers,  formerly  iuiiored 
or  not  even  su-pecled.  hut  capalile  of  lifiiui;  the  whole  individual 


i'l 


is\i!i.i:i)  Sill. nil. i:s  AMI  sMi.ous 


t^.  a  lii^hcr  plain-.     .\'-^t  -f  u^  K''  llirnu,i;li  life  content  with  only 
a  MiiK-rtRial  cuUivat.-n  -I  -ur  capaciiK'^.  -r  at  lii-t  an  mten-ive 
cultivati..n  in  -.nlv  a  leu   ^i.-In  accnlin^  as  the  circuni>tance> 
.urrnun.l.n-  n^  Mipi^ly  .una.K  and  incentives.     The  Inunan  ni.h- 
vidual  ha-  so  varied  an  a--nrtnient  <>l  endnwments  and  ni-dern 
Imnian  sncielv  can  utdi/.e  >neh  fragments  ,,t  ability,  that  ahnust 
cservnne  lia-'  reserve   pn.MlalilK-  ni.-n   which   V  <lraw.      I'.ven 
••halt-men,"  much  more  three-. luartrr  nun  and  ninety  per  cent 
nun.  can  he  a>  u-elnl  a-  thev  u.-re  uhen  ihev  were  \vh..lf.  and 
,.,nk-  can  he  ni.  .re  n-etnl  than  they  were.      It  niu>t  nece-~anly 
]„■.  hn\scver.  hy  the  exercise  ni  a  lar.^er  prnp,.rii.in  ..f  tlie  l-tal 
p,.\ver>  which  ninain  tn  thein,  and  that   i>  V'  -ay.  hy  j^reatu 
t'flnrt.     To  claim  that  phy-ical  disability  has  po-itive  advanta-es 
.Axr  inte-ritv  and  health  nf  h.  .dy  wuuld  be  chimerical;  but  n 
is  certain,  nn  the  nthcr  h.ind.  that  it  need  n.  .t  mean  di-a-ter  in 
a-  m.-my  ca>es  a-  it  ha-  hitlurtc  and  that  it  may  be  made  the 
'.,cca-ion   tor  tapping;  the  re-erve>  of  will  and  enerj^y  which  lie 
below  the   -urf.ace.   ready   for  such  an  enier.yency.  an.l   for   the 
tr,-,n-fer  ..f  activitv.  in  m.any  ca-e-.  to  powi-rs  of  a  hi.ulKT  ynide 
than  tho-e  up.  ■!!  which  reliance  ha-  previously  been  phiced   f.T 
ihe  needs  of  lite. 

It   i-  n..iiceable  that   in  all   the   cuntries  ..f   the   Allies  this 

matter  .-f  pr..\  idin.t;  f..r  the  -..Idier-  and  -aiL.rs  disabled  in  the 

uar  ha-   received  an  amount  <if  attention   jm  .porti. -nate   t.i   ns 

<:ravity,  in  le.u'i-lative  conncil^.  in  jiublic  di-cn--i..n.  and  in  jirivate 

];hila   •-hn.pic  el'f..rt.      It  has  enlisted  nien  of  n..tahle  .ability,  at 

a.  time  when  the  demand   f.ir  ability  was  tar  in  exce^s  of  the 

available    supply.      There   h.is   been   ;in    unu-ual   di-p..-ition    t.) 

examine  n..t  ..nly  the  experience  ..f  other  countrie-  but  also  the 

w..rkin,u  of  mea-ures  ad.'pte.l  .it  lioine.  t..  treat  them  as  tentati-  ., 

to  be  m.Hlitied  and  amplilied  a-  found  de>irable.     Thi-  admirable 

attitude,  -timulated  n.>  d..ul)t  by  .i;reat  freed. mi  of  criticism  <.n 

the  part  of  the  many  ]ier-..n>  directly  cncerned  .and  ..thers  im- 

per-.mrdly  intere-ted.  ha-  re-nlted  in  such  k;.leido-co[iic  chanj^es 

vi  organization  in  nio-t  .1   the  cuntrie-  that  it  is  not  .an  ea-v 

matter   to   udl   their   hi-torv.      I-:verywhere   the   devel.iiiineiit   uf 


■  I 


CillM.KAl.    I  llARAlTKinSril  S 


389 


iiKHMirc^  aii.l  tlKM.rii-  ha-  h^in  cliaraairizLd  by  an  uiuiMially 
hr.ail  an.l  (li>iiUcr<.-tol  p-int  i>i  xicw.  IMiysiciaiiN  lct;islat.  ts, 
chu-atcr-.  -cial  wnrkir-,  nun  -t  atTair^.  liavo  all  hkuK'  tluir 
coiitrilmlinn  and  liavr  learned  imm  ..nc  another.  While  each 
l,rMl\.vM<inal  t,"'""!'  l'^'"  nainrally  been  tinaci..n>  of  its  i.wn  c.  ^n- 
vicni'n>,  there  ha-  heen  n(.  more  int<  .lenmce  than  is  easily  Coni- 
l.rehenMl)le,  and  the  re~nltin,t,'  pn.-rani  i>  the  richer  fnr  the 
conthciin-  elenient>  when   they  are   reduced   t"   harmony. 

An    a>t.  ini-hin-    anmnnt    "f    '•literainre"    has    -prnn^'    nj)    to 
cxi)re>-.  and  spread  the  new   idea-  an.l  to  de-crihe  the  new  in-ti- 
tntinns  and  the  new  law>.     Mn-t  of  it  center>  ahout  the  i.rohlenis 
of  cripiile-.  for  reason-  which  have  heen  indicated  in  a  previons 
chapter:  he'-anse  ihev  are  the  nio-t  nunieron-  i^roui.  of  the  di>- 
ahled:  hecan<e  the\    are  the  tn..-t  c-n-pinion^  type,  so  that  the 
iiintiW  i-  a  .-ort  of  symliol  of  all  the  other  di-ahled  soldiers;  and 
hecan>e  there  i-  more  n-velty  m  the  pro.i^'ram  for  cripples  than 
in  that  for  blind  or  deaf  or  tnherculon>  or  nenra-lhenic.     A  hih- 
lio,i,'r.;ihv  on  the  war  cripple  alone,  pnhli-hed  in  January,  1'»1S.' 
contains  about  a  thousand  title-.  althot:t,di  no  ref-.Tcuces  on  tiie 
stibject  of  pensions  are  inclu<Ud.  and  none   which  are   strictly 
medical   in  character.      I'.ven  allowin-   for  a  lar-e  aniouiU   of 
dnplicition  in  the  way  of  article-  rei.rinted  in  seceral  places  and 
in   translations   this   repre-ent>  an   exceptionally    rapid   develop- 
ment.    Probably  the  hulk  ha-  been  doubled  by  this  time,  and  if 
to  book.-  and  articles  on  war  crijiple-  were  added  tho-e  de.ahn.i,' 
with  other  forms  of  di-ability  incurred  in  the  iire-ent  war  and 
with  the  general  .subject  of  pension  le,i;i-lation  and  admini.-tration 
it  would  be  still  further  increa-ed.     S.^me  of  the  mo-t  interesting: 
di-cu-ion  is  hidden  away  in  lej;islative  debates.     Several  special 
periodicals  have   already   been   c>t;d>h-hed,    devoted   entirely   to 
the  problems  of  disabled  s<.ldiers  and  sailors,  and  an  international 
inference  of  all  the  Allied  nation-  ha-  been  or.t;anizcd,  which 
h.is  held  two  annual  se->ii'ns  and  now  maintains  a  permanent 
committee  with  headiiuarters  in  Pans. 

1  PiiMications  of  the  Kcd  Cruss  Institute  for  Crippled  and  UisaUcd  Men, 
.^erics  1,  Nl>.  1. 


390 


i)is.\i!i.i:ii  ?OLi)ii:us  and  sailors 


W'liili'  tlic  svstvm^  whicli  liavc  hein  adopted  by  the  principrd 
ci'iinlrics  li:ive  so  much  in  Cdiiiiivni  tliat  we  are  justified  in  re- 
ferrin.i;  U>  :i  universal  pro<;ram,  this  essential  uniformity  lia>  ma 
hien  riailu'd  withnut  much  (Hlfirence  of  opinion  alonj,^  the  way 
on  many  (luestions,  and  even  now  the  different  countries  show 
inlen-linj,^  variation  in  details.  The  <iuestion  as  to  how  much 
of  the  rt>-p<in-ilii!ity  for  the  new  profjram  >hoidd  be  assumed  by 
the  national  K"vernment,  and  how  the  re>iionsibility  the  .i^overn- 
ment  does  assume  should  be  divided  I)etween  its  military  and 
civilian  arms;  the  point  at  whicli  compul-ion  over  the  individual 
uian  slnuld  cease;  the  projuT  basis  for  jiensions;  the  relation  of 
di>ablei:  men  to  normal  workmen  in  the  lalior  market;  to  say 
nothing  of  tiie  multitude  of  technical  and  administrative  prol)- 
lems  connected  with  pr.  he>i>.  functional  reedu  .  ion,  and  edu- 
cation for  a  new  occupation,  have  l.'een  tiie  occasion  of  vigorous 
argument  i!i  every  country. 


M 


CHAPTER    X 

Physical  Restoration 

Tlic  first  iii.-iiii  ilivisii'ii  "1  tin.-  program  fnr  tlic  care  ..f  di-alik-tl 
iiKii  can  lie  ade(iiiately  iliscus>cil  only  by  phyMciaii^  run!  sani- 
tarians Init  it  is  at  least  appropriate  in  a  stiuly  ir-m  the  >'.cial 
p<.int  of  view  to  recoj,'nize  the  place  whicii  it  occupies  in  the 
;,Hiieral  scheme  and  the  aspects  of  intere.-t  to  the  lay  pnl.lic. 

To  exa^K'^Taie  the  importance  of  the  medical  and  -ur.yical 
treatment  wliicl  is  supplied  for  the  sick  and  woimded  i>  hardly 
possible.  I'n-  the  or,<;anization  of  the  service  and  upon  the 
skill  and  judgment  of  the  individual  physicians  and  Mirgeons. 
more  than  on  any  other  one  factor,  depend  the  proportion  of 
fatalities  and  the  condition  in  which  lln^se  who  survive  will 
S])end  the  rest  of  their  lives.  No  amuunt  of  "reeducation"  or 
sympathetic  encouragement  and  as>istance  in  finding  a  new  niche 
in  life  can  compensate  for  an  unnecessarily  stiffened  knee  or 
elbow  or  for  the  los^  of  an  eye  or  a  hand  that  might  liave  been 

saved. 

One  has  only  to  spend  a  few  hours  with  the  current  hies  oi 
the  medical  journals — if  imal)le  to  follow  the  doctors  and  see 
what  they  are  doing — to  realize  the  resixmsibility  whicii  rests 
upon  the  tnedical  profession,  individually  and  collectively,  for 
the  future  welfare  of  the  men  in  our  armed  forces.  The  endur- 
aticc  and  devotion  shown  by  surgeons  in  dressing-stations  at 
the  front,  where  they  operate  on  one  hicssc  after  another.  i>ften 
under  conditions  which  seem  intolerable,  have  become  well 
known.  The  less  picturesnue  but  ecjual  devotion  and  tlie  patience 
of  those  who  are  in  the  ho..pitals  at  the  rear  and  in  the  institu- 
tions for  long  continued  treatment  and  convalescence,  are  no  le>s 
deserving  of  appreciation.  The  most  impressive  n<He  in  the 
discussions  by  medical   men  themselves,   however,   is  not  cuin- 

391 


3')i 


i)i>Aia.i;ii  s(ii.iin;KS  a.nh  saii.cjks 


iiundati.'ii  of  s.-icril'icc-  hut  iti>i-t(.'iicc  on  tlu-  iK'l'I  for  iiuick 
■iciiuii  ,mil  Mirc  jiul;;iiKiit.  Aj^aiii  aiul  a.L,'aiii,  in  ciK'  kiml  "f 
injiivy  aiiir  aiU'tlicT.  llin>o  wli"  haw  had  lAiioriiMici'  with  many 
ca-rs  whether  at  the  In'iil  <m-  in  the  rear  where  the  ecn-eiiuence-^ 
..f  (lehiy  liee.iiiie  apiiareiit.  einiih.i- ize  the  iiiip.  irtance  "i  "ini- 
nieihale"  (^r  "prninpl"  <t  "early"  appheati^^ii  .'t  th.i-  triatnieiit 
cr  that,  if  tiie  u^e  '<i  the  nieiiiher  i-  t"  he  sived.  if  a  dej^ree  "i 
\iMiiil  i>  t'i  he  kept,  if  death  f  r.  .in  illfecli'^n  i-  t"  lie  prevented, 
and  >M  (in.  DeeiMi^n-  niu-t  he  made  under  ,L,Teat  iire—ure.  and 
fre(punlly  the  n  .n-ei|Ueiue-  d  a  mistake  are  irreparahle. 

In  ihe  n:ain,  re-p(  .n~ihiht\    i"\-  the  ]ihy-ie:d  treatment  cf  men 
di~ahled    in    the    war    ha-   heen   a"nnud    in    all   e.  ■unirie-   hy    the 
n.-ilicnal    -.Aernnienl    .and    enlni-ted    by    the    -.  .vernnunl    U<    the 
niilitar\-   authorities.       I'liy-ieal    care   until    diseharj;e    frnm    the 
arniv  ■  .r  na\  v  i-  "i  ^■"\u■>'■  everywhere  in  tlie  hand-  "f  the  army 
and    n.avv.      The   i"iint   al    whieh   discharue    take-   place    varie-. 
TheMreticaliv  everywiiere  the  i.hject   i-   I"   re>tc  ^re  the  .-iek  and 
wcmided  t(.  the  ri.L;luin^;  line,  "V  tM  >uhsidiary  -ervice  sniiu-whert 
in  the  military  ( iri,'ani/.;itic 'U,  hut  standards  as  t"  the  dei;ree  of 
Illness  re(|uired  f •  t  active  diUy  and  as  \.<>  the  e.Kteiit  t"  which  par- 
li.ilh-  c'lis.ililed  men  can  he  utili/.ed  in  -uhsidiary  way-  s^ini-  t<. 
vary  in  the  dit'ferent  cmmtries  and  even  in  the  same  c  nmtry  with 
chan-es  ill  the  dem.inds  of  the  situation,     h'.verywhere,  also,  the 
desire  is  to  .irive  even  those  who  will  not  lie  of  any  further  assist- 
ance  ;inv where    in    the    niilit.iry   or.i;,ani/ation    the    l)Cst    possible 
care  and  to  diseh,irt,'e  them  only  when  tliey  have  heen  restored 
to  their  maxinunn  of  physical  efficiency.      In  practice,  however, 
it  !l,is  been    found  necess.iry  to  compromise  between   this  desire 
and   tile  e.xi^encies  of   nnlitary  necessity,   and   while   in  ^'eiieral 
the  desire  is  much  more  nearly  fulfilled  than  it  wa-  at  the  hetrin- 
iiinir  of  the  war  it  is  nowhere  litendly  realized.      Men  suffering 
from  disabilities  re(|uirin.i;  "prolontjed"  tre.itnient,  such  as  iieu- 
rastiieiiia  and  tuberculosis,  as  well  as  those  who  a-'e  incurable,  arc 
usually  discharj^ed  when  their  condition  has  reached  a  "definitive" 
stau'e,  but  the  I'liited  St.ites  army  offici.iis  have  announced  their 
intention  to  care   for  them  until  cured,   or  as  nearly  cured  as 


t 

h 


I'ln .si<  Ai.  Ki-.su)K.\rii).\ 


393 


the  nature  "i  tlie  tli>aliility  piTmits,  and  is  providing'  "ample 
lacilitie>."  ni  the  judgment  nf  the  .National  Tuherculn-is  Assu- 
eiaticn,  fur  ~anat<iriiini  treatment  "t  lhn>e  whn  may  develop 
tuhercuii'sis.  Tiie  disulvantau'e  ni  ci>iitintud  military  ci'iurnl  in 
>"me  t\pes  I't  ea^es  lia>  al-"  lieen  a  factor  in  «"me  cmin'.rie^  in 
nt' ilihin^  the  ri^id  aiiplieaticn  <>i  the  thi-Ty  that  un  nnv  shall 
he  ili~char,!;ed  wiiile  >till  in  need  i>t  medual  treatment.  I'^r 
thn>e  A  lid  need  further  treatment  after  di-cliarjje,  the  natif^n 
aK"  reei'j,'nize>  re>[)i'n>ihility,  hut  sticli  treatment  i>  provided 
ihr.  •ni,di  eiviliai;  deii;irtni.nt>  of  the  ,L;overnment — either  new 
one-  created  f^r  tlie  purpo-e,  or  else  lho~e  which  hefore  the 
war  met  tiii>  rojH  lu-ihility   for  die  civilian  pii]nilation. 

I'. 'lic\-  a-  to  di>ciiar,i,'e — the  interpretation  of  >uch  terms  as 
■"cured"  "r  "incurahle"  or  "i)roIon>;ed'" — not  only  varies  in  ditfer- 
etit  ci'untrie>.  hut  is  of  necessity  e\ery where  nU're  or  le»  \ariahle 
a;  (litTereiU  peri"d>.  accordin.i,'  as  the  pre>-ure  for  -pace  for 
le  ea-e>  in  the  lio>pit,-d>  \arie-  with  the  military  operations. 
}'uncii"nal  reeducation  for  the  amputated  and  the  lame,  as 
Well  a>  the  corre-iioiKJint,'  trainins;  needed  !i\'  the  hlind  and  the 
deaf  and  hy  ner\du>  cases  which  do  not  reipiire  t^o  I<in,i,'  ;' 
C'  r.r-e  ■■'{  treatment,  is  included  in  the  ohli,i;;ition  of  the  militarv 
aulliorities  and  i>  provided  hefore  di>char^^e.  The  provision  of 
aiiv  artificial  appliances  which  are  needed  also  takes  place  before 
di-cliar,i,'e.  under  the  supervision  of  the  military  authorities,  and 
i-  a  ciiar,t,'e  on  the  nation.  Civilian  hranciie-  of  th^'  <,n,vernment 
are  sometimes  associated  with  the  military  in  tlii>  service,  as  in 
Kiifjlaiu',  where  the  expense  of  the  apparatus  and  of  the  main- 
tenance of  the  men  while  in  the  fitting;  ho-pital-  i-  home  hy  'he 
I'en-ioiis  I)e|)artment. 

Two  siihjects  <if  special  intere-t  in  connection  with  the  physical 
treatment  of  disabled  men  are  pro>tlie>i--  and  functional  reeduca- 
ti"ii.  lioth  have  received  a  ,t,Te,it  development  during'  the  present 
war  and  lia\e  attracted  much  attention  from  the  (.general  public 
because  of  their  importance  in  the  re>ioration  of  the  men  who 
lose  a  iiieiiiljer  ^r  the  u-e  of  any  [lart  "f  the  body. 


"k:'^'^ 


■^^^^^^:l'j'*^-7Z^yf!^_,  -  _.^,M . 


3'»4 


nis  \i:;.i;!i 


.iiii:n-;    \Mi  .■^aii.dk.- 


Ariil'iriril  lii;~  atnl  ann~  aiiil  i-\i'-  witc  u^cil  In-t^ri.'  the  iirc-riU 

\\;,r.  liiii iraii.m-  :i~  it  n^w   -triu tliiTi.'  liail  lifcii  link-  I'l'llal)- 

(iralU'ii  iK-twirii  anat"iiii-l  ami  >urL,'ci'n  and  llic  tnaiiulacluriT-  dl 
Midi  ainiliaiin-,'  'I'liv-  iin'^rc--  which  had  ht-cn  niatk-  wa-  raihrr 
thr  ruMih  ''i  C''iiinui-i::.l  r.  ii;i|irtitiMii  than  "f  i!k'  ajii-Hcati' 'ti  "I 
SiiinliriC  kll..\\li'(l-\'.  Thr  hr-t  lll^drl-  cf  Hlllh--  liad  hi-(.'tl  cK- 
vtliiiKil  in  AiiuTua.  ]i.-~i!''  ht-eaii-i'  "t  the  dniiaiid  iiaatrd  hy 
tlir  CiMl  War.  am!  in  I  Kiiniark  and  (ainiain.  !-.nL;land  and 
France-  rchcd  !ar-cl\  "ii  iiiii."rtati"n-.  Itahaii  ]><'\-  praynl  to 
the  Madnnna  f^r  "an  AnK-rican  le.;,',"  and  it  may  he  retiieiiiliered 
that  niic  "i  Maidial  J^lire'-  aide-.  ■ 'ii  hi-  vi^it  U>  the  I'liited 
State-,  liked  t"  claim  that  he  \va-  "i>art  Aniericnn."  becau-e  "f 

lii.  u 1^11  lei;.     TIk-  w  rid'-  -upply  wa-  di-lre-;n.ulv  ina.ie.|nale 

fi.r  the  siluali'Mi  crea'ed,  hy  the  war.  .and  the  nniiiher  mI  men 
will,  ii.id  iiieii  faiiied  ill  I'le  tr.ide  wa-  e(|iiaily  imt  ..f  i)n>i>i -rtM  .n 
V:  tile  iieeil.  American  wrkmeii  -cattered  t'l  ( "an.ada  and  t"  tiie 
lie!ii,t,'erent  cnntrie-  •■;  i'.nr.  iiie.  and  the  output  ■■f  .\mericau 
facl'a-ie-  v,,a-  at   .a  p'-ern'm-; 

It  wa-  aire.idv  cii-1  T.iary  in  nvi-t  cnuntrics  for  tiie  nation  to 
s-uppiv  wh.itever  appar.itu-  wa-  needed  liy  ;i  disaiiied  -ojdier, 
wluther  pro-thetic  or  orili' ipedic,  and  to  replace  it  and  keej)  it 
in  order  for  tiie  re-t  of  iii-  life.  TIr'  numiier  of  sucii  ca-es.  how- 
ever, iiaii  not  iieeii  iari;e  enou,i;li  to  call  forth  special  attention, 
and  it  wa-  done  for  tiie  m<.-t  part  in  a  perfunctory  manner.  In 
our  own  counirv  tiie  \eleran-  had  neirl\-  aiw.ays  taken  ad\anta,^e 
of  tile  priviie-e  wiiicii  they  enjoy  to  commute  their  cl.iim  into 
a.  nioiie\  |>a\nieiit.  i'r.  .in  tlie  very  lie,i;inii'".i-'  "t  tlii-'  pre-eiit  war 
it  wa-  oh'.iou-  tliat  tlie  exi-tinir  metli'.d-  would  not  he  -ati.-fac- 
l..rv.  Tiie  numli'  ..f  .amputation-  made  it  necessary  that  more 
].aiii-  -liould  lie  taken  to  in-ure  .i^o.  .d  re-tdts  and  tiie  l)est  expendi- 

1  \n  iiiHTi'-tiiii.'  -t.iUitu'ii!  ..!'  tin-  i-..ii.liti..n-  in  the  trade  t.efi.rc  tlie  w.ir. 
l,.i;cihtr  with  ,1  full  (li-i',i--i'.n  ..t  tlie  i.riiu'iple-  iM\..lveil  in  the  c..nstriK-ti..n 
,.l  .irl.r.eial  ku-  anil  ilt-oriiiti  .r,~  .f  I'reiuh  a!-<!  Anurican  type<.  i-  o-ntaineil 
ill  l'iiii.irl>-s  ■■!'  I'.sini  .!••  /  L',n,sliu.lini  .■{  .Irliti.i'il  Li->IS,  hy  (  aptrim 
I'liili).  WilM.n.  V  S.  K,  SiTie-  II.  N'l  -'.  "f  the  riil.licati..ns  of  the  Red 
t  i..>,   lii>tuiite    i'..r   (^'r-.t.i.li.l    ami    Pi-aMeil    Men, 


.    ..-<-***    /zr^rWiVi-  .'.7,    ■ 


I'llVSh  AL    Ul.^lUKAl  luN 


ti'.rc  nf  tlu-  larjii'  >uiiis  ni  uv>iiL-y  inv^  ■Kcd.  Rcipi.ti^ihility  tnr 
M-kitiiii;-  the  appriratu^  was  placwl  wIhtc  it  naHirall\-  Ih'Imiil;- — 
I'll  tliL-  i.rilii'piclic  ^iir^^'i'i'iiN  wli'i  liail  tin-  tiicii  uiuKr  cari- — ami 
tlKV  were  thus  forccil  to  >iuily  tin-  ~iil)ji.cl  a>  tlu-y  lU'Vir  bad 
il"iU'  hft'i'-f.  'I'lu-  I'liiharra-^iiii;  -cai\'il\  "f  ai'iiaraln-  di  tlii' 
market  \\a>  pirliaji^  ni4  an  iinniiM,'<l  r\il,  ti'f  it  alli'Wnl  irrcili'iii 
ct'  i-hi'iri'  and  ^tininlalcd  tin-  pn'duciii'n  ni  m\n--\<.t\  uhxM-. 

Tlic  rcMilt  lia>  tnHii  that  "i)r<'sllkM-" — a  luntcr  \v.  .rd  nii.u'lit 
Iir  "pri'^tliitio" — \\A-  l)t.Hii  traii>tnriiu-(l  and  il(.'\  att-d  intu  a 
(Kliartmcnt  i.f  snr.uiry,  witli  ^Toat  advanta.i,'!.-  i<<  all  who  may 
in  tlk-  t'uturf  ntvd  it-  s(.Tvii\'~.  Tlif  sii^Miiticanre  "i  this  tran— 
fi'rniaiii'ti  i-  ixprc—rtl  as  I'nllnws  by  Captain  Wil^'Hi,  in  the 
pulilicatii in  almvc  roiirrid  t'»: 

^r>.^tllc■^i-.  in  lis  kKitiiiiatc  dc-irc  to  secure  tlic  maxirmiin  ofTirlriu-v  from 
an  ani|iutaU"ii  stiiniii,  is  cniiceriieil  with  ever>tliiiik'  tliat  i-  j;niii,L'  t.i  lia\c  any 
intliiciKe  iipi'ti  this  reMilt.  It.  tlieret..re,  is  inmirneil  tirM  nt  all  with  llie 
auiinitati'iti  itM'lf.  with  «iviii>;  the  siirm'on  the  knowleMiie  •  l'  what  the  I'lttt-r 
tit  an  artificial  limh  re(|uires  of  a  stiinip.  so  tliat  the  coinliineil  elVorts  of 
?iirs;eor.  and  fitter  may  ohtain  hetter  re-nlts  than  they  ha\e  liecn  ahle  to 
olilain  in  the  pa-t  workini;  separately,  i'ollowint;  the  amputation,  prosthesis 
is  C01K1.TIU1I  with  the  after-treatment  in  onlcr  to  prevent  all  com|ilications 
or  ileformities  that  will  tend  to  decrease  functional  c!nciency  ll  is  c^ 'ii- 
ccriied  with  all  apparatus  which  iiv  any  way  will  hasten  the  completion  ,,f  the 
]ieri..d  of  treatment.  It  is  concerned  with  research  into  the  fuiniiiiiis  whicli 
must  lie  reiilaced  so  that  it  in.iy  provide  the  most  ciTicient  siiljstit\ites.  It  is 
Concerned  with  the  profc^sinn  tliat  the  maimed  man  is  (..oiny  lo  fol|,,w  in 
order  that  he  may  have  the  apparatus  which  will  Inst  serve  his  needs.  It 
is  c.>iiccrned  wrth  the  perfection  and  invention  of  f..rms  nf  ajiparatus  which 
may  render  letter  service  than  the  old.  and  their  proper  fttiiii,'.  In  short, 
it  can  not  he  indilTerent  to  anything  that  will  have  a  hearing  upon  the  future 
Usefulness  of  the  maimed. 

Withcnit  .sjoinp  into  the  fascinating^  technical  qticstlnns  ontside 
tlu-  tkld  nf  siicial  cciiiKunv — iif  tile  treatment  wliieli  the  ■stnmp 
needs  tn  prepare  it  fnr  the  hi.i^hesl  pns>ihk-  decree  of  use;  the 
atlvatilat^es  of  different  tyjie.-  of  appliance-;  the  differences  in  the 
demand-  of  the  upper  and  lower  limhs  and  of  amimtations  o* 
either  arms  or  le.tjs  at  ilifferent  jioints;  tlic  (|iialities  required  in 
pro\i-ional  appliances  and  at  what  moiiunt  they  -hoiild  he  ])re- 
tcribed;  when  the  injured  limb  i-  ready  for  it-  "detmilive"  ap- 


mMBk 


3"  »> 


msMi 


l.Kli    Scil.HlKKS    AMI    SAII.OK.S 


,i,,„,.,.  .,,,,1  ,.,  ,,„_wo  niav  at  Ua~i  nmicc  tho  cuiiclii-i.m^  roachod 

■a'tlK'lnUT-AllK.l   Ini.lVmKc   in    l"i7    (I.y    I)r>.    Uutfd   ami 

,„.„nl..M.  i.luMnan.  in  chut   .  t   tlu'  (Vnin-s  .r.\,,,,arcMllauc  of 

l',n>  an.l  H-rdcaux  I  tliat  tin-  uiiliiy  .>t  an  artiticial  Innh  .Iq.omls 

,„',  ••;,  Mi-u-.l  l;u-i..r-  nilKf.-m  in  the  nalUR'  of  the  >inini..  in  the 

.,,,,aratu-,  an>l  in  the  diaraaer  <'i  the  in.liviilnal."  an,l  thai  it  is 

,,,  ,iu-  nin,..-t  ,n,i...ri;nuv  that  each  ca>e  -hnuM  receiNe  nuhvuh.al 

^[\u]\    ''t    11-  c  ■n<hti"n  aii.l   it-  need-. 

1„;  ,,,1,,  .„  .  .1  new  ni.  .Kl- -t  artihcia!  hnih- ha- heen  enoutraue.l 

en--i"n,  a-  well  a-  hy  the  -tiniu- 


i\    I'll/.e-  .1 


11(1  e\lniiiti"n-  and  d.-cn--!" 


]„.   ,,1    the    -itiiati-n,   an<l   thei.-   nuniher   i-   nnc  .nnte.l— "a   new 
,,ne  evevv  .lav,"   -as-   Dr.   I'l-ea.      S-.nie  nt    the  ni.-t  practical 
i,K,n.  iKLx'e  cnie  tP.ni  .li-al.le,l  -.Mur-  lluin-eives  iiea-anl-  and 
w.^iknieii.  n.  l.ihlv  the  -Keller  ana"  in  <  .erniany.     The  tendency 
i.  t-war.l  lasMrin-  -iinplicity  -f  c  .n-tnictic.n.  and  tcwanl  ch..n^- 
in-  nlihtv    in   i,reterence   f-  anH'^i'ance   when   they   c-nthet,   as 
thrv    ireMuemlv  d...      C-nililicated  ai.iaratn>  i^  in-re  expenMvc 
i„  J.K-  hr-t  place;  it  i-  in-re  hkelv  t-  ..'t  cnl  ..f  ..rder  a-d  t<. 
!„.  diflicnll  t-  repair;  and  i-  n-t   tav-red  hv  the  men  theni-clves 
bcean-e  ihev  Inid  it  di-c  aini-in-      "Never  lia\e  I  heen  -<  >  pain- 
fully c-n-ci-u-  '■{  my  intinnliy  a-  in  trym-  this  arm."  -aid  one 
wh-  had    received   :i' miieh   a.iverti-ed   machine  nf    >prin,--   and 
jniiii-.     The  c.mfnrt  -f  Imvin-  a  n.  rmal  ;ippearancc  is  n^t  di-- 
reuarded   l-v  anv  me;>n-,  and  the   i.le;d  pr..>thc>i>  is  considered 
l.Thr  <.ne  wlncli  repl;ice-  hoih  "form  :md   function"  of  the  lo>t 
member,  hut  when  it  i-  nece-ary  to  make  a  clioice  looks  mu-t 
l,e  >acriliced  to  ,i  ^;o,  „1  functi..nal  re-ult.     Thus  we  find  eiilar-ed 
...K-  fo,"  ea-e  in  walkin-  on  plowed  '^u^uuA:  and  the  "hras  de 


p;ira 


,U'  or  •■Snndav  arm"  ha-  fallen  into  di.-favor  except  a-  a 
iuMirv  for  dre-  occa-ion-  ..r  for  the  u-e  of  salesmen  .t  of 
UK-n  in  other  ..ccnpatiou-  where  ai-pearance  is  an  important 
,-;u'tor  in  economic  elhciencv.  while  in  its  stead  some  contrivance 
t,.  uhich  to,T  ,.f  diliVrent  kind-  mav  he  attached  is  more  popu- 
lar, or  ditt'ereiit  Ciiurivances.  a.kipied  to  different  occupations. 
(  ihicial  Italv  -eem-  to  he  an  exception  to  this  common  tendency. 
f,,r  ii  i-  reported  that  the  linih-  -upphed  by  the  War  Depart- 


':'.^j3tz-  ;r,   "■.-^;jLvr7n^f''^^J 


fi 


^! 


rm  >ii  \i.  ki.sHiK  \ri(i\ 


307 


nunt  arc  of  llu'  "i-tlutic"  variety.  :in<l  tli.it  tin-  |)r(>\  iiliiiK  "f 
;ilil)liaiuf>  iHfdiil  fc  r  wrk  i-  1>  ti  t"  tlu'  -ili'.nls  ,.t  ni'iliKation. 
AiiiithiT  triiikiu-v  whii-li  i-  iTticialili.'  atiiciiK  tlioc  who  !ia\  e 
had  till'  iiidsi  ixinTiiiuH'.  i-  c.irc  in  imt  i-x.-ii^Kiratini,'  what  may 
he  fxiiecti-d.  N"  artilicial  ^n!i-litiuc  cm  \k-  ;i>  >-ati-faitiiry  a> 
tlie  uriKinal  iiuiiihir,  .•iiul  I'lily  di!-illii-inii  anil  diM-i'iira,mnuiit 
.-in.'  ill  store  i"r  the  ni.in  wlm  espect-  nn're  th.aii  is  rc;i-oiialilc. 
or  win  I  expects  aiiv  ;,'c  "'d  re-iilt  without  ell'Tt  i 'ti  hi^  own  ]iart. 
Miinv  siirj,'eon>  and  ediieat^r-.  leel.  with  Dr.  I'^nrrilloii.  that 
more  is  to  he  j,'.iiiud  hy  de\e!"iiin,c  "tlur  nieiiihers.  and  esj^e- 
fiallv  hv  slinnilatinj,'  and  devel' ■piiii,'  the  mental  laenlliis,  tlian  hy 
exiaiidini,'  et'l'ort  in  tryiiii,'  t"  rejilaee  hy  .in  artitiei.il  dexiee  the 
]i;irt  of  the  hoilv  which  ha-  heeii  I'-t.  S^nie  i," '  -"  'ar  in  their 
indilTerence  to  artiticial  linih-  a~  m 't  ti'  in-i-t  on  the  u-e  <■!  the 
".apiiareils  de  trav.ail"  t"  lit  ;i  m.in  f^^r  hi-  "Id  ■  iCiaipati' 'ii. 
.MM.  de  Paeuw,  X\n-.  I'ia-ei|ue  .and  Alirm.an  were  in  acciaal  on 
this  point  at  the  Inter-. Mlicd  (.'■iiiereiice.  "Ah!"  >aid  .M.  de 
I'aeuw,  "si  Ti'ii  piiUNait  .att.ailur  nn  mecaniciiii  .a  la  persciiiie  de 
ch.acnn  des  'appari-ille-.'  la  eli'--e  -er.iit  admi--ihle." 

.\riii"icial  eves  are  perhaps  ni"i-(,-  iiupMii.iiit  in  the  eci.m.inic 
restoration  of  tho>e  wh"  need  them  than  ,arr  limh-.  t^r  ahhonuh 
ihev  can  not  he  SHvpccted  ■'!  n-icriu','  function  tli-\  tl' >  ciurih- 
ute  },'reatlv  to  availaliilit\-  in  the  lahcr  m.irket  and  to  pe.ace  of 
mind.  It  is  said  that  rem.arkalile  pri'L;re--  h.i-  luen  .achieved  in 
m,akin,tr  them  heautiful  and  liirlike.  l-".mpha-i-  i-  place.'  on  the 
imiiorlanee  of  supplyin.i,'  them  promptly,  if  the  hi-t  results  .are 
to  he  secured.  ])hv-ic.ally  and  p-ycliolo-ically.  a-  i-  ei|ually  the 
case  with  artilici.al  iimh-. 

Pr<jsthesis  of  the  jaw  and  iio-e  an<l  other  parts  of  the  head 
i-  al-o  a  most  imiiort.aiit  deji.artmeiit  of  the  sur>,'eon's  aork  for 
the  so!(hers  of  this  w.ar.  hut  it  is  .a  suhject  on  which  a  l.aym.an 
must  feel  even  more  diflidence.  The  marvelous  results  that  are 
heini,'  secured  hy  sur^'eon-  aii<l  scul])tors  in  cooper.ation  in  re-tor- 
ini;  features  must  al-o  he  mentioned,  for  it  makes  it  jM.-si  'v  for 
those  who  .are  horrihly  disli^ured  to  live  in  the  wor'id  without 
the   e\v    present   cousciou-ness   that    they    present    a    repulsive 


398 


Ii|v  \|;|  I  I)    SOMUKKS    ASH    ^MI-UKS 


ai-iK-aniiuT  t-  ih.  ir  l\ll..w-..  Ki -l-rali-n  -1  the  .Mrri-r  lar  ••I 
tartiU'i;.',  vslKii  thai  ha>  h.-i'ii  .k-ir.  >..l.  i-  "in-  n|  t!u'  ^uuyU- 
.■„ul  .a-v  .Ulailv  'I'lu'  /./.-..r  KaM-  the-  h.-pilal,  -ax~  Dr. 
(luuaniu-  -I  l.ynti-,  takuiL;  with  linn  ihi'  iilmU'I  -i  lii^  i.ir  aii.l 
a  jar  ..|  Jia-tr,  lintcil  \n  niatih  lii-  i.  .nii.K  \i. -n.  an>l  \w  »an  make 
him-ill  a  in-w  rat  whcncvir  lie  nmU  ^nr.  wliH'li  will  hr  n>iiallv 
ah' ail  r\ir\-  ei.t^ht  <la\-. 

(  1.,m1v  o.niurud   with  pn-llu-i-.  th-ii'^h  n-l   Mrlnlv  a  i^art 
,,1    ii,  are  the  ni..ilitu-ali..ii~  o|   ..nlmary  t.-N  and   lurniinre  t^. 

iiclapt  tlK-iii  t"  thr  lur.l-  ■■!  cripph lurial  eliair-  l-r  o.hhliT^ 

wlm  lia\i  "iilv  eiu'  111,'.  -iHiial  lyiicw  rite  r-  an.l  aiil.ani.hilr  wluel- 
|,.r  (Mu-ariiKd  nicti,  an.l  ->■  nii.  Siuh  nivalin,  iii-  are  n-ilul  i..r 
l,(.'r-nn>  uh'i  ean  \\"vk  iinK  iieiuletitlv ,  hnt  l..r  the  ;.;reai  ina", 
wlin  mu-t  adapt  theni-i!\r-.  t..  Maiulardi/.ed  inaehme--  and  t.-N 
if  they  are  l-  eciiiiRle  -iieee-tulle  and  pernianentlv  wiih  the 
ahle-h(.died,  there  i-  Ill-re  li-lie  in  the  elT-rt-  wliuii  tit  tlie  liaildi- 
eajiiml  man  t^.r  the  tiM,|  than  in  th-M-  uhieli  iih.<lily  the  t...^!  to 
meet  the  man'-  nnxlitied  eapaeity. 

In  all  the  lulliKerent  ciauitrie~,  a-  ha-  heeii  -ai.l.  pr— tliclie 
aiii.haiua-  are  -iipphed  het'..re  di-char-e  In.m  the  army  .^r  navy, 
un.ler  the  direetiini  -t  the  -ur,t;e(.n-  wlv  ha\e  had  ehar-e  ft 
tile  treainunt.  Sometime-  the  men  wlio  liava^  lo-t  liiiih-  are 
cntu-eiltralrd  in  -peeial  renter-  for  thi-  ]im-po->-,  when  tliey  are 
nearly  read\  to  he  titted.  as  in  the  ("entrr-  d'Aiipareilla.Ui.-  in 
Iraiua  and'lhe  -o-calkd  ••limhlr-  lio-pital-"'  in  iMi.i^land.  The 
cxpeii-e  i-  everywhere  met  from  the  national  exeheqiier,  hut 
-ometime-  ihrouf^h  the  driiartnienl  in  chari^f  of  i)rn>ion,  rather 
than  throu-h  the  War  Department  and  the  Navy.  The  eoin- 
niereial  -npplv  of  appliaiiee<  ai  all  eounirie-  i-  -ni>iileineiiud  hy 
tJK-  mannfaeture  of  them  on  a  more  or  le--  exten-ive  -eale  m 
the  uork-h-p-  eonneeted  with  thv  lio-pital-,  and  for  the  lUl-ian- 
the  uoveninniu  faetories  are  the  - 'le  -oiiree  of  -npply.  Tlure 
i-  more  or  le--  attempt  made  to  tiaeh  the  wearers  of  aniticial 
limlK  how  to  keep  them  in  ord>  r  and  to  rejiair  them,  the  nio-t 

■■  Tli..vi"li  !lic  1-..-iiila!-   nn  'l"iilii  lia\c  :i>^  ni.iiiv  "liiiil'-"  a-  a  Iii.-pltal  .t.H- 
nanlv  ha-,  aiul  the  patunl-  in  ihiin  haiiii'K    ar,    rarely  ••hiiihlc--,     hra   L  r  tlie^ 
^l.'^t''lan  lackiiiL;  <.iil>   .'lie  liml'.  .r  at  uv.-\  \\\''  nr  llircc. 


fM' 


*J'b»  .£* 


l-mrj~| 


l\\\  sic   \i.    |;i>i(]|;  \  rioy 


599 


t!ii.riiiiL;Ii  ilTiift  tl;.il  lia-  i.-i.nK'  !■■  ■  i;r  .ittiiiti' 'ii  luitij,'  lliat  nf 
1  ir,  Spii/\,  I'l'  \  iciiii.i.  \\U"  ri'iniiri'-  a  I'ur  wtik-  aiiin*  ntiii^liiii 
jiiiil  a  Cirtiticalt.'  "t  iiri'tiiiiiux'  luiirr  lu-  will  ~iL;ii  a  (ii-iliarj;*,' 
for  -mil  nun. 

Ill  -lutv  <  I  ail  lilc  cti'i'n-  tliat  liavr  Imll  liKulc  ti  i  lii"(llU'r  an 
;iilii|uali  aiul  >ati>lai.l"r\-  -iiiiply.  ami  in  -^iMti.'  nt  tlii'  j^Tcat  pni),'- 
fi --  wlmli  ciilaiiiK-  lia-  iiciii  niailv  niKkr  j^riat  lianduaii-.  it  is 
tiiil" '--iliii'  til  i\a<U'  till  rc'iuln-i"n  iliat  llu'  ii|niiiiiu-nl  "t  niaiiy 
li  till'  nun  «li"  liaNi'  alrca<l\  luni  <li-i'liar'.^i'il  Ka\(.'-  nimli  to 
I  ••  (K-iiT(l,  anil  that  i\in  ii"U  in  nian\  I'laco-  tin.'  [irdJiictii  iii  is 
111 4  in  [III .[II  ii'iii'ii  til  llu'  (iciii.iml-. 

I'iNCI  l()\  \l.    Kl  ri'l   I    \  I  KiN 

l"nmliiinal  n.c(liuatii  iii  i-  tin-  term  i.in|ili 'Mil  tn  df-crihc  tlu- 
nil  an-  i'V  wliii'li  tin-  u-c  nl  a  nunihir  i-  rc-turcd  uiu-ii  it  lias 
Imn  1"~1  tliriiiiL;li  ili-i-.i-c  nr  injury.  (  inlinarily  it  rittr--  to 
tniictii'iial  ini]ii.tiiici'.  -mil  a>  |iaral\  -i-,  ankxlu-i-.  >>r  atri  'plis'.  iliU' 

til    -iiIlK'    illiurv    III    lUTM'    I  If    IUT\  I-    CMltlT    < 'f    tlHI-rlr    nr    1)1 'llf    I  If 

irmliiii.  ami  imt  tn  In--  "i  n-c  tlin.ntili  in--  of  niftiihiT  it-fit. 
A  lon-iiKTahlc  amount  of  fnmiional  roiihicatioii  i-  r<.'i|niri.il, 
liiiwi'MT,  in  ca-i'-  of  anijintation,  ami  tlRn-  -cuni-  im  iin|iroiiri(.-ty 
in  making;  tin-  term  covir  that,  .a-  -oiiic  writir-  -t.'cin  to  d...  It 
iiu-hidr-  tlic  n-c  of  nui'lianiial  a]>|i,ir.itn-  di.\i-i(l  to  [iroNoke 
di--iri.'d  niovriin'iit-.  tli-ciricity.  nia— a.!.;o.  ln't  air,  tlRTa[K'ntic 
,L;\nina-tit-.  and  hath-.  'I'Iil-  ca-c-  in  wliiili  it  i-  an  i'--i'iitial 
[lart  of  the  trcatiiK'iU  arc  very  tuiiikri.n-.  iiu'lndiiiL;  a-  tlu-y  do 
tile  ver\  larj,'c  j^Toiip  "f  cri|iiili.il  comlition-  dm-  to  trai'tiiic-  ami 
to  woiiml-  aiH'oiiiiianied  1)\-  i-\ifn-i\e  -c'|i-is  ami  re-nltin.L;  in 
j^rcat  de-tniction  of  the  >oft  ii--ue-  and  enornioii-  ni;i--e-  of 
-car  tis.-ne,  as  well  as  to  rlieuniati-in,  [laraly-i-,  ami  iut\oii>  di— 
order-:  and  al-o  the  deafened  and  hlimled.  who  niii-t  he  t.'itii^hl 
re-[ieeti\elv  to  hear  by  si),'ht  ami  to  -ee  hy  the  sense  of  toucli, 
to  ni.ike  their  reinainins  sen-es  do  the  work  of  the  full  nnniher. 
A  L^ne-s.  without  any  stati-tical  fonndation.  would  he  that  at 
lea-t  three-fourth-  of  all  who  are  injured  in  the  i)re-enl  war 
are   candidates    for   soiiie   degree   of    functional    leediicalioii   or 


H 


*v^  -T^'mrr  ^v 


400 


|,|>  Mil  I  h    ^M|  l,\\  KS     Wli    >  MI.HKS 


r..t.l;ii.i;iti-ii.  IV-ImMv  111.'  ur.Mt  iimjr.ntv  ..|  lli.'-i'  uli-  rifrivc 
it  un.l.  r  I..w.r:J.l.'  ...ii.lUhH>  arc  o.iniiKt.!>  ix-l-rnl,  and  tnaliv 
c  I   ill.    n  -I  i;nall\   iiniir' .\  cil. ' 

laK.  i.r'.-lln-i',  tuiiclii 'nal  ni  .liuaii. -r.  i-  n-t  iiilir.ly  lU'W. 
r„-lo|-.-  Ihr  \^ar  It  \\a>  iim-I  i..  a  liniit.M  i-M.iit  l.y  a  l\-u  -jKrial- 
j,,,  ,,|„1  ,11  a  i,\\  .iitli-|K(lu-  iii-iituli.r|i-  ,,n.l  -aiial'.rmin-.  luit 
(■..tni.araiiM  Iv  t' w  ■■I  tin-  in.liv  iilu;iU  wh"  \\>'\\h\  iiaM-  [T' 'tilcl 
|,y  it  wrir  -..  |.  .riniiali  a-  1"  lia\>-  llir  a>l\  aiilai;r  "I  it-  ^  ■'^^' 
l,r..-ilit-i-.  al-".  i!  Ill-  liul  a  i^lini.  .m,  iial  .1.  \  ,|.  .piii>tu  iltinn;^' 
til,  v.ar.  <|>i-nal  iii-;mui.ii-  il>\'  U'l  1..  11  ar.  ti-u  an  mil"  .rlatil 
|,,,,1  .^1  llu-  -\-l,iii  III  i\ir\  c  iillllrv.  It  ha-  lici'^llic  Ci  .liini' 'Illy 
;^\;,,iaMr  !■  r  all  llu  — Mui-  aiul  -ail'  r-  wli-  lui'l  H.  in-t>ail  -l 
liriiiu  IiiiiUmI  a-  l-niurly  I-  a  lew  l-rtnnal>  iiuliv  idual-  wli" 
l^ait^'""!  I"  '■•ill  i'll"  ll'''  l':""l~  ">  I'li^^'"^'  l'li\-H-ian-  uh"  lia<l 
,ii-i,K    a    . iii.lv    -i    It    ..r   "I    llu-    t\\v    iii-titiili.  .n-    wlurc    it    wa^ 

]iiac  III  I  il 

In  Iraiiii-.  in  tlir  lali. 'ran  >rii->  "i  1  )r.  JnK-  Aniar.  at  tlir  ("-n- 
sirv  it.arr  dr-  An-  tl   Miiicr-.   l'.  iriiifrlv  ilr\..|ril  t"  an  aiial>-i> 


.1   till'  I'Ti  ii('--i-  m  ill 


tti-niil  imhi-lru-  and  llu.'  inUTi-t-  I't    m- 


juMil  u-iknun.  l-!it  n  w  tin-  I  .al"  rat.  rv  |.  t  I'r. -ilii-i-  umliT 
tin-  Ariiiv  Miiliial  Sir\  iii'.  I'muti.'nal  ri'i  iliuati.  .n  i-  triatii!  a- 
nn  I'xat't  -luiin'.  1  >r.  Aniar  i.  .lu'iiM-  I'l'  tin.'  iinliviiliial  a-  a 
"in. 'ti'iir  luiniain."  wli.'-i'  ]i.  .wit  can  lu'  nua-iirnl  i-xai'tly  li>' 
niai'liiiK-  wIikIi  rii.'nl  llir  -ircn.ulh  ami  rai'iilitv  .'I  the  ditli't-i-nt 
iKiiU'tilarv  ni.'Viinrnt-.  I'.aih  man  uli"  i-  -I'lit  t..  him  f.^r 
cxamlnati.  II  i-  analv/rd  tli.  .r.  .n-lily  and  a  ■■tuhi.'  d'aptiUuK'"  i> 
drawn  up  whiili  indiiaU'-  lii^  cajiacity  l..r  \v..rk  and  tin-  kind  "l 
w.irk  f.  r  whiili  hr  i-  liilnl  plis -i.  i  .-icall) .  I''.\rrci-c^  are  prc- 
M-riluil  "11  iIk'  mailiiiu-  ill  till.'  lain  .rat.  a-v.  and  tlu'  pr.  i,L;rr--  "I 
ill','  paiinit  i-  li-l..l  h\  piri.  dical  (.'.\aniinati.  .n-.  Dr.  Amar  lia- 
'_;i\iii  -priial  alU'iiti.in  al-..  I.,  tin.'  rdncali. 'ii  I'f  tin.-  tactile  and 
mtiMiilar  -^  n-iliihtii-  .■!  the  -tump,  in  ..rdcr  ti.  prepare  it  t.ir 
i^-ettiiiL;  the  lu.'-l  ii-e   t'r.'in  an  artitieial  linih.      Hi-  teachin.U  ha- 

1  M,  r.itt.,r.l.  Ml  l..\<  I:.-. 'Us  ./,■  l<!,-Si\-s.  im:4u  M.  .ludi'-  ~t:iti-tio-  f.T  thri-,' 
„i,,,,tl..  .,1  I'/l-  .^t  ..!].■  ..I  ill.-  l"t<-n.li  ii-nliT^  uliitli  Hi.liciite  I'.i.i!  "'•I'l'  I'^'ar- 
t'lttl'-  "i  the  1  1.7.1  i.i^cs  trLali.d  .luring  tliat  jierii"!  were  citlur  curd  ..r  \ery 
^really  imiifviil. 


..*v;^'  -•*'«ii'v>  3  ....•"  /I, 


'^    ■  -1 


,•»*.  %     ^> 


rilVSHAI.    HI  >|iiH  \  1  liiN 


K)l 


hid  n  trrcat  infliuTico  on  tlic  work  lliioiii,'lioiit  l'r:mci'  .iml  lialv. 
h  1^  t"  I  )r.  .'.mar's  i.|)»iT\atioii>  that  we  'Wr  tlic  litM|ii<Miilv 
I  itnl  tiKii'i's  lliat  ii-lil\-  i>ir  laiit  "i  the  iinilil.-s-  i.m  It  ptii  m 
Kiiiiliiii'ii  t"  earn  a  lismj;.  ^ixly-l'iM-  [u  r  ml  iimKr  ordiii.uv 
ioii<liiion>  I'l   l,il)or, 

'I'lu'  apiiaraiU'  uliiili  \va>  \\^ri\  in  I'liiictional  rd'ilMcaiion  Kc- 
lorc  the  war  wa^  esiHll^ue  ami  ilalu  Tali'  anil  ihcrf  \\a>  n"t 
niiKh  of  II  to  he  hail.  SiirL;>oii>  i  \  ii  \  w  hen-,  tlnri-torc,  wirr 
lorciil  to  (|i\i>i'  -.tih-tiintrs  whuh  fwW  ho  ii'adi-  i|u:iklv  an. 
(luaiih.  ami  it  \va-  -ioti  i..nnd  that  <i|nalK  i^oinl  rc-nlt-  could 
irciiuiPtK  In'  -(.■curcil  with  \rr\  iiidmuniary  iKviia-^.  loii^i-lin.i; 
of  a  N|iliiit  or  two  and  a  fiw  (■■nl-  ami  wiiulit^  or  i>ullr\~.  it 
ua-  found,  furtluriii.  .re.  that  tin  kind  ■•[  ,iii|i,ir.itu~  whuh  i- 
nio-t  (.  tliiti\i-  i-  ih.it  whuh  ikni.imN  initi.iiiM-  on  tin.-  jLiit  of 
the  ]i.itkiit.  "'lakitu;"  i'h\  ~ioiluraii\  i-  ma  likr  takin.:;  <|ninMH'; 
iIr-  Imu'it  (K-].emN  l.ir-ily  on  tin  .iliiliidi'  ot  the  ii.itiiiit.  1  he 
tiiuleiKv  h.i-  heiii.  thrrelorr.  to  -.nhordinatr  :i|piiar.itu-.  and  in 
>o  f;ir  a^  it  i-  ll-id  t"  e\lKit  of  It  o|il\  ,1  p,i--i\e  role,  merely 
direeiiiif;  effort  wlmli  i-  iii.ide  hy  thi'  in.iii  himself.  In  ( lermany 
j,'reat  reliaiue  i-  iil.ieed  ou  LrMiina-tie  ilnIN  whieh  are  directed 
hv  a  niilitar\'  oflicer  with  miht.ny  f>.rin>  of  comiii.ind,  which  i.-< 
coiiviiK-red  the  «tiniiiln-  nio-t  hkily  t"  ixiiie  la-pon^e. 

.\  further  e\teii-ion  ..f  tin-  -aiiie  iiriuciple  of  the  -nperior 
\-;iliie  ot   acti\e  mo\riiuiit-  ha-  t.iken   pl.ice   in   the  utilization  i.f 


Work    in   place   "I. 


dihtii.n    to.   '.^M  t,iii;i..iji-,   atid    niecano- 


thera|iv.  "llecNide  occuiiati'  n- "  .uhl  "curili'e  \\'  :',.  .lOp-.' 
Mlli|il\  ,111  eknu'it  of  iiitcre-t  which  ha-  a  ,L;reat  llKT.a|ieiitic  \alne. 
.\  man  who  i-  unahle  to  cl  i-e  hi-  ham!  around  the  h.ar-  of  ;iti 
exerci-iii,L;-niachine  titul^  it  iM.--ihle  to  i;r.i-p  .a  tool  with  which 
he  is  trsint;  to  make  -omethiiiL:.  "'  'ecnpation.d  iher.apy"  lietore 
the  war  had  heeii  applied  ehietiy  t'  the  in-.me  .ami  to  ner\ous 
c.i-e-.  ;ind  c-n-i-ted  elnetly  m  jii'ttery.  he.id-work.  wea\  iiii;.  .and 
other  "cr.ift-."  A-  iiow  under-to,.d — for  e:;ample.  in  the  "cura- 
tive work-hop-"  c-tahli-lied  hy  ('ol.,nel  Sir  Rohert  Jom-  in  the 
orthopedic  ho-]iit.il-  in  I'.nuilaiid — ihr  h-l  iiiilui'ie-  iii"t',r  nuch.iP- 
ics,  vicctric.d   eiiL:ineerinu'.   w..od   and   iiieial    w.irk.    tyjiew  ritin.i,', 


40.' 


iii.-\i:i.i;ii  Mii.iiii  i;s    \Mi   -  Ml. UK'S 


],i.iiliry  rai-in.L,'.  v>  i^ctahlr  ,L;:inKiiin,i,'.  ami  a  variiiy  «-'f  ta-ks 
al,.  Ill  ilu-  Inul.hiiu^  aihl  '^r-uinN.  ami  it  i-  iirc-crilK.-il  Inr  i.aliiin> 
uli,..t   ,li-al.i!it\    :-  diK'  I"  a  .uriat  \ariity  -I   cau~c>. 

rill-  u^ik  i-  11. 'l  iiiUiuKd  I-  l)i.-  "M'Cau.'iial  rirdtK-ali-'n." 
The  iiiilitarx  UKiliial  i  .rfHTr-  lia\i'  jcal-iidy  .i,'uar(lc.l  a,L;ainM 
iiur.  iulniirnt  Kv  ilic  \  <  .(V.li'.inl  (.•.hu-ati.r-  lirl-rc  iIk-  iiian'- 
l,li\-u-i!  la-t.rati'.ti  w  o .iiipkt^-.  WliiTi'vcr  niaiiual  training  nr 
i:i-luu!i'  11  m  araii.iniL'  Mibjvcl-  '<r  wi'rk  at  a  trade  i>  |iru\  idi-d 
!..r  nun  \ni>":r  (li-cliari;!',  it  i.-  uiuUt  tla-  cntn.!  of  the  military 
,iu''  ''i--  and  ir-  ciiii-iden-d  priinarily  an  I'lcim-nt  in  the  iiirdu-al 
,r^.  I.      It  is  prr-crihed   i'>v  a   man  like  any  I'ther   form  <if 

.•  rii>e  with,  refirrma-  t"  hi-  iiliv-ical  laeds  am!  nc^t  with  any 
r  ,  -(I  t"  lii-  .iiciiiiati'.n  in  the  lutiire.  If  here  and  theie  m 
I  ,1  ea-e-  it  •.iini-  "lit  t"  aim.nnl  \.<<  training:  f^r  a  new  .'Ccu- 

|iatii',i  l>v  wliieh  a  man  mav  earn  a  liviii,!^'  after  discharge,  no 
.  ne  eaii  e.  .niiila'i.  pr.  iviiled  it  iia-  heeii  the  lie-t  thin.LT  t' ^r  his 
j.iu-ieal  re-t"rati.in  as  well.  In  Canada  what  ajipear-  ti>  he  a 
hanmni"!!-  em  ,rdiiiatii'n  has  heen  established  between  the  mili- 
tarv  medieal  anthcritie-  and  the  voeatimial  -  ii'ieers  re-pc'iiMble 
f.T  the  ee<.miiiie  cntlnok  "I  the  patients,  whereby  the  latter 
have  cbaru'e  <•{  the  teaehiii.i:  that  i-  ,!,dven  and  can  infliiena-  the 
a>-ii:iiniei't-  "i  the  men  within  limits.  .\  .-imilar  cncrdinatii  .ii 
is  ci'ii  uiiplated  in  the  United  States. 

Tlurai^titie  Meeupaticn-.  if  bn-ine-s  ability  i-  ci'ml)ined 
with  ;iiedical  kimwled.i^e  in  the  adniiiii'-tration,  .nay  be  made  Ut 
e.  iitnbute  >iib-tantiallv  {"  the  e\peii-e  ni  ruiitiiiij(  the  institution. 
ihcuKh  "i  course  it  wi>uld  be  dani;eri>U'-  t^  make  that  cbject  tno 
prciiiinent.  Tl'.e  niiiiiinn  has  been  e\pre--ed  that  work  which 
\vA>  an  immediate  ntilitv  has  an  advantai,'e  fmm  the  therapeutic 
p.  lint  ,,f  view,  for  the  men  are  m.  ire  interested  in  makinj;  s])Iints 
,.:id  oiher  thiiit;-  U<  lie  ti>eil  for  their  fellow  patients  than  in 
uiiv  I'ther  kind  of  octupatinn. 


CHAPTER    XI 
Financial  Indemnities 

rcn>ii"'n  ?V:^tcnis  for  iIk'  arnu  aud  navy  have  hccn  -o  radically 
nii'ilit'icd  during'  tlu'  iirt^ciu  war — v\ci']it  in  (irrniany — tlial 
tJK'v  ni'W  hiar  little  rL-i'nihlancr  tn  thi'^e  in  t'crci-  in  1''14.  Xni 
<  iilv  lia>  the  general  >cale  of  |ia\nieiu-  been  ,i;reall\  increa'^ed, 
Imt  luw  princijiles  have  heen  hrim^hi  Inrward  and  in  M>nie 
iiica-ure  ailiijited   fur  determining'  the  anionnt  to  he   paid. 

Tile  >y-tems  exi^-lin.iLj  at  the  hej^'inninc  of  the  war  had  heen 
framed  to  meet  the  rieetis  of  a  [jrofe^icnal  army,  some  of  them, 
moreover,  many  years  ago.  Though  differing  in  details  tiiey 
Iiave  a  general  reseiiihlaiice.  In  the  intere>t  of  di>ei|iline  and 
to  in>nre  strength  in  the  e>-ential  fr.amework  of  the  army  hy 
making  the  position  <if  officer  attractive  to  men  of  capacity.  ;i 
sharp  distinction  was  made  IieP.veen  otTicers  and  enli'-ted  men. 
To  encourage  stahilitv  of  personnel  thr(iUghout  the  whole  organi- 
zation, the  element  of  Kiigth  of  ser\ice  w;is  taken  into  accotint. 
A  retirement  [)ension.  at  the  end  of  twenty-five  or  thirty  years 
of  >ervice,  proportioned  to  the  p.iy  received  at  retirement,  was 
tlie  tv]>e  of  pension.  Death  and  (Ii>ahility  were  treated  as  \;iria- 
tii'iis  from  this  normal  mode  of  terminating  relations  with  the 
military  organization — premature  retirement.  ;is  it  were — hut 
th.e  ideas  of  rei)aration  for  injury  receiwd  in  service  and  of 
nssi-tance  hecanse  of  need  had  entered  in  to  modify  this  funda- 
mental conception. 

Tensions  for  disability,  then,  were  nsually  determined  pri- 
marily hy  tlio  rank  of  the  man.  or  hy  his  pay,  which  corres])rinds 
to  rank,  with  modifications  for  length  of  service  and  particiiKition 
in  campaigns.  They  were  gener.aily  higher  than  the  retirement 
pay  for  tlie  same  rank,  in  recognition  of  the  injury  wliich  had 
been  incurred.     If  tiiey  were  com])Uted  on  the  retirement  pay  as 

4li,i 


404 


i,|v\::i.i;;i  vmi.i>ii.:'>  am-  ^All.(ll;s 


.,  w,,,    •,-  i,i   Italv  an.l   l--rancc.  a  crrtain  iRrccntai;c  ..f  U  wa> 
;,,,,,,l.'ulul.  ,n  (KTUMuy  a,.l  Austria  ih.  ul.a  of  o.npcn^at.  .n 
^^H^  ..x,,r>-ol  l>v  a   -nmulati.  .n   h-nu^"   -r  an   '•mjury   l.nnu- 
„U,,,1  „.  ilK-  i.-n'ion,     Th.  .l.^r..  nf  injury  M.-lanu.Uva.  t:,k.n 
i,u,,  aro.uni  .ithcr  >n  vW-  i.^n-i^n  or  thu  Uonu^  .t  ,n  l.oth.      1  he 
ratin.^  of  u^n^n^-  was  .Ion.  rou.hly.  and  with  n-.cr.nc.  to  tho 
,!f.ct  on  rhKirn.v  in  mihiary  service  rather  than  .n  e,v,l    .te. 
In    It.-lv   aii.l    Au-tria   there  were   on'v   three   cate-orus   a.nd    .n 
(iern'.anv  onlv  a  distinction  hetween  "major"  and  "nnn..r     ntt.ti- 
l.ai,,n.   ■    An~lria^   thrve  cla-~e>   were:    I.   hhn<hu->   or   lo<>   ol 
uv..  nieinhrr-  11.  L-  of  hand  ..r  f.H,t -.r  an  equivalent  mtirniity; 
111    anv  otluT  injnrv  incapncitatins  for  military  >ervice.      1  he 
.l...ree  of  incai.acitv  xvhich  wa^  coUMderecl  sufficient  to  entitle  t.) 
.,  pension  varied  from  ten  per  cent  in  (.ermany  t..  >ixty  per  cent 
in    l-rance.   hut    L;ratnitie<   were    >omeume>   availahle    tor   k-^er 
d>-rees    under  certain  circumstances.     In  lut.i^land  the  "charac- 
ter" of  a  man  ua^  taken  into  account,  and  al-o  "any  pectiliar 
circ.tm^tance^  atten.lin-.'  his  conduct  at  the  time  the  wound  was 
received."     KecoK.nt.on  of  need  as  a  lei;itimatc   lactor   m   .,e- 
tertninin^  the  aniotmt  of  the  pension  is  seen  m  the  "priv.le5,a'd 
petiMons  of  Italv,  hv  which  the  normal  am..unt  for  the  lo%\er 
..rades  is  increa^al  hv  one-ilfth  tip  to  a  certain  maximum.     Lx- 
cept   in   Canada,   the  Ikims  of  award  wa<  purelv    i.ersonal;  the 
numlKT  of  dependents  was  not  considered.     This  was  a  surviva 
f,.,,n,  the  davs  when  armies  were  largely  celihate.     In  the  I  mted 
s,.„.s     uhile   the   retirement    M-tem    for   the   re-ular   estahhsh- 
nu-nt  conformed  to  the  prevailin-  type,  the  principle  .d  compeu- 
.,iion    f-r   .lisahilitv  ha.l  Ion-  heen   reco,i,'ni/.cd   in   the   <;e'i^T.d 
p.nsi,,n  laws,  and  r.ates  h.ul  been  fixed  l.y  law  from  time  to  tune 
f,,-  certain  s,,eciiud  injurie.  without  reference  to  the  rank  ot  the 
ni.m  or  the  len-th  of  his  service.     This  is  the  oniv  mstance  we 
h.nve     found     anion-     the     helli.t;erent>     in     which     rank     was 

'  'Tn^uei'iei-.-il.  therefore,  tliouuh  it  i>  impossihle  to  make  a  com- 
prehensive statement,  in  view  ..f  tiie  j^reat  n,aze  ot  comj.hcated 
detail  which  the>e  laws  present,  ar-l  difficult  even  to  make  any 


1  IXANil  \1.    INhl.M  \  I  !  li;S 


405 


L;\'iUT.ili/.atii 'ti  to  which  there  iiki\  ii' 4  haw  hecn  an  «.  xcijitii 'ii, 
it  ii:a\-  he  -aid  that  the  ]  '  aihii'^'  (h-ahiliiy  ]kii-1"H  at  tlie  '  mt- 
hreak  I't  the  iire>eiit  war  a-  ha-ed  ^n  military  rank,  cliu'ree  cf 
iiica[iaeity.  :iiiil  leii.L,'th  "t  -erviee.  aial  that  the  amount  I^r  t"tal 
(h-ahility  \va-  ii.  .where  -tilVieieiit  t"  maintain  a  family  at  a  ii'irmal 
>tandar(l  of  Hxin,,'.  while  in  lU'i-t  c^iintrie-  it  \\a-  ,-■  >  ,-mall — w  hat- 
ex  er  the  thecry  hack  "t  it — a>  t"  he  hitle  nuire  in  fact  than  an 
"hi 'mrarinm."  In  several  enimtrio  the  iiV'ney  payment  ti'  par- 
tialh-  (h-ahled  men  wa-  ^lll>]]lemeIlted  hy  a  claim  t^  ci\  il  emiil'V- 
ment  h\-  the  j,'i  i\ernment,  cr  t'l  prelereiice  at  lea-t  in  lillin;;  many 
|.i-itii'n>.  Awards  of  iien-ii.n>  and  their  admini.-tratii 'ii,  excejil 
fiir  the  ,L;aural  iien-iiiU  law-  in  ih';  United  Slate-,  were  in  the 
hand-  '<i  the  militar_\-  and  na\al  aiith' iritie-. 

A  sv-teni  which  is  -uitalile  en"U,i;h  fir  an  '"arniee  de  metier"  is 
iiiit  nece->arilv  appri 'iiriatc  l^r  a  "natiiiii  in  arm>."  As  the  mili- 
tar\-  I  ir^anizalii  III  ex]ianded  tn  include  [iracticaily  the  whule  ahle 
iicidicd  male  jh  iimialii  iii  between  ei,!,'hteen  and  fMrty-fi\e  nr  fifty 
\ears  (if  aj,'e,  the  natinns  were  faced  with  the  necessity  nf  making,' 
new  jirnvisinns — first  f^r  the  de])endents  I'f  the  men  i  in  active 
service,  and  then  fur  the  survivors  (if  tlKise  wlin  sh"iild  he  killed 
and  fiT  tiiose  will)  sIkiuUI  be  di^abie(l.  In  sdiiie  Cdimtries  the 
revisiiiii  has  been  more  thrir(in<,di  and  more  con-i-tent  than  in 
others,  but  (iermany,  whose  intricate  and  carefully  jdaiiiied  sys- 
tem had  been  established  only  a  few  years  before  the  bei^innin.ij 
of  the  war,  is  the  only  one  of  the  more  important  countrie-  wliich 
has  not  ni.ade  radical  change?;  and  in  (iermany  there  have  been 
such  loud  demands  for  revision  that  it  is  reported  to  be  promised 
after  the  war  is  over,  fireat  Piritain  and  Canada  ha\e  both  ar- 
rived ,!,'radually  at  tlieir  present  systems,  by  -everal  staj;es,  feelinp 
their  wav  in  characteristic  Anj^lo-Saxon  fa>hion;  France,  on  the 
other  hand,  has  put  up  with  her  anti(|uated  laws  of  1.S31  until 
she  could  consiiler  to  her  satisfaction  all  aspects  of  the  theoretical 
(|uestions  involved,  as  well  as  the  practical  consequences  of  a 
measure  bound  to  affect  the  nation  so  [irofoundiy  for  so  many 
vears,  and  is  only  now  (1918)  taking  the  final  steps  in  deciding 
up'  III  her  new  system. 


4or) 


m>  Mil.l.i)   Mii.iui  l;.>   AMI   s\li.i'i;s 


l'cii-ion>  lor  (li>a!.ility.  in  \\w  now  -y-tcni-  >■{  finaiu-ial  ppivi- 
si,,ns  fnr  tlu'  lu^-nil.  r^  -1  tlio  nuluarv  aiul  naval  l->,v  ui-auc.l 
i„  the  pn-riit  war  aiul  tlu'ir  lauii!u>  an.l  iUi.i-n,lcnl^.  >htlrr  In.ni 
tl„,,c  whi.li  llKV  Mii.cr>alf  net  ..nly  in  ani-niU  Init  in  ilir  tii-i- 
(lanuiital  i-rinciplr  ..n  which  they  are  Imilt— which,  for  ,lial  i.:a!- 
l,r.  1-  uhat  .1,-urininc-  iIk-  am.  ..int.  Thr  >  .hj. ^ t  n. .w  i-  I-  >  naMr 
thi-  (h-ahlol  man  m  maintain  a  niininuim  ^lainlanl  -I  hvtnu.  aiul 
that  nnt  nivrclv  t-r  himself  ].ut  fnr  hi^  family.  Thu  m-uvc  i> 
acomhmati.mof  ain-rrciation.  niiarati-n.  ami  ~odal  >k'frii-v. 

\  ha.u-  allowan.T  fnr  tlu-  -.Idur  wh..  i-  "I.  .tally"  au.i  l^Tma- 
nenllv  iiu-aiKu-itatMl  i>  .K-n.lol  up-n,  an.l  m  that  is  a.Mol  .m 
iiiluw'amx-  for  t;uh  .U-i.inamt   for  wlwin  he  i>  reco-ni/.ol  to  l,o 


rc-poiisihU-,  sc.inrtinu---  a~  a  part  ol  the  pel 


i^iliK 


]iaiil  to  t 


u-  man. 


s,.metinies  as  :i  contnniation  of  the  'Veparation  allowame-"  paid 
to  the  ,1epen<lents  themselves.     The  •'.lepen.lents"  reCKni/e.l  l..r 
this  purpose  mav  he  onlv  ehildren.  as  in  Creat   l!ritain.  ..r  mav 
inchule   wives,    parents   aiul    grandparents,    stepchildren,    .u'rand- 
children,  1)rothers,  and  si^t^rs.     In  cas,.  ,.f  wife  and  ehildren  tin- 
der workin;^  :i.i;e,  dei-endence  is  assumed  ;  when  ascendants  or  bi- 
lateral relatives  are  recot,Mii/.e<l,  their  dei)endence  <.n  the  disahled 
man  and   their  lur.l  <.f   assi-tance  must   ordinarily  he  dem..ii- 
strated,  llion.udi  Australia,  with  a  iM.unliful  Kesture  ajipropriate  to 
iKT  alnlndance.  does  iM  raise  the  .[uestion  of  need  with  reference 
to  either  parents  ,,r  -randparents.     In  Italy  and  1- ranee  parents 
and  hrothers  and  sisters  may  henetlt  only  when  there  is  no  .vite 
'.T  child.     The  disposition  is  toward  liherality  in  the  definition  of 
drpendents— 1<.    reco^ii/.e    "unmarried    wives"    and    illeijitimate 
children,  for  example,  on  the  same  terms  as  those  who  have  con- 
ventional le};al  claims.     In  some  countries  a  maximum  is  fixed 
t,,r  any  one  lu.usehold ;  in  a  few  there  is  no  snch  maximum,  and 
the  total  .i;oes  on  iivcreasin,!;  for  e\ery  additional  child,  no  nutter 
h..w  main-  there  may  he.     It  is  common  to  allow  more  for  the 
••first"  child  than  f(.r  the  "second"  or  'third,"  and  when  a  max- 
imum is  sot  it  is  apt  t..  he  the  amount  contemplated  for  a  familv 
,,f  three  children.     An  .additional  allowance,  i.m-m.L:  from  K-s 
than  .a  dollar  to  five  or  six  d.  .liars  ,ht  week,  is  -enerally  pp.vided 


1  IN  \.\c  lAI,    lMii;MM  I  ii: 


407 


it  tin-  maii'^  C(.iuliti"ii  i-  -lui  ;i^  t"  i-ci|iiir>.'  C'lii-tant  ixT>"nal 
.•lUiiKlaiK'c.  Ill  .\u>tralia  ilii-  i-  ,L;iviii  only  if  lio  lias  iv<  wile  it 
il  -1k'  i-  luTsclt  ail  iinaliil,  and  llu-  siiiK'  thiii.u  i-  iiniili.d  in  tho 
Iri-mii  law  liv  the  [ilira-i'  "atUMuIanci.'  i>\  a  tliiril  ikt^'Ii."  i  ii\at 
r.iitaiii  say>  a  "scci'iul  |n-r>nii."  In  m'IIU'  cnnlric-.  K'H^tii  "I 
■•(■r\  ii\-  -till  (.•iiti.T>  intc  llie  ci  iiiiiiulalii 'ii,  i.mt  and  ali"\c  t!u-  iiiiii- 
iiiuiiii  istalilislu'd  fur  all. 

'riic  I'll]  i,'radatii>n>  accurdinj,'  td  rank  liavc  xv'i  hi-cn  ahaii- 
(Ii'iicd,  and  the  I'nited  State-  i-  still  the  only  -tate.  ani'.nu  the 
lirineipal  helli^'ereiit-,  wliieli  make-  nn  di-tiiictinn  lietween  «>tticers 
I'.iul  men.  The  inerea-e-,  ImweNer.  have  in  <,'eneral  been  u''' eater 
in  the  ca-e  uf  priwite-,  wliieli  I'perate-  V'  ni.ake  the  di-lnieti^'ii 
le--  marked  than  it  \va-  hefi^re.  hi  a  pr^fe— ii 'iial  army  xariatimi 
arcnrdiiii;  t(i  rank  i>r  pay  is  only  a  con-i-teiu  apjilieation  <'f  the 
prineiiile  of  the  standard  of  livini,',  a  ron<,rh  attempt  to  make  the 
pension  ])ro\ide  not  merely  for  a  minimum  standard,  hut  for  an 
aiiiiroacli  at  least  to  the  actual  former  standard  of  the  indi\idual, 
and  of  hi-  faniilv.  if  he  had  one  which  he  maintained  on  hi-  army 
pav.  In  armies  like  the  present,  however,  made  ii[)  of  nuii  from 
everv  i  iCCUiKition  and  tirade  of  income  iii  civil  life,  in  wliich  a 
niillioiKiire  h.inker  may  he — even  if  he  r.irely  is — a  priv,ite  under 
his  former  chauffeur  or  olTice  hoy,  military  r.ank  is  no  indication 
of  former  standard  of  livin.i;,  ant!  to  ju-tify  the  procech're  hy 
such  an  arj^unient  would  he  specious  in  the  extreme.  I'rohahly 
the  ]irincii)le  has  lieen  retained  in  the  countries  where  it  had  been 
e-talili-hed  not  S(  much  as  the  result  of  .any  rea-otiiiiLj  about  it  a- 
tlinai,L;li  conservatism  and  a  feelin.<,f  tli.at  it  is  .after  all  apjirojiriale 
to  make  a  difference  e\en  if  it  m.iy  be  incon-i-teiu  with  the  main 
theor\- ;  just  ;is  in  the  I'nited  St.ate-  the  proposal  to  introduce  it. 
ur;,'e(l  on  theoretical  grounds  by  those  who  wished  to  incre;i-e  the 
su])erficial  resenibl.'Hice  to  workmen's  compensation,  wa-  indii;- 
naiuK-  -]>urned  bv  ("onu'ress  as  '"obnoxious." 

The  I'reiuh,  however,  justify  it  on  t,'rouiuls  of  ])rinciple.  In 
considering;  tlie  fund.anieiital  (|ueslion  a-  to  wilellier  the  new  -v-- 
tem  should  di-tin<,niisli  between  llie  j>rofe--ional-  and  the  iion- 


40S 


lil>\l;l.l.li    >n|,h:i  l:^    AMI    >\ll.i'l; 


riii-i  'iKil  a>  1'  'll'  '\^^  '■ 

L„rs,,.,e   -U-ux    ^..1.1...-   ,..n.l.,n,    fr:,,,.^.   v:n   W   m-m.   .l.u>.   n^uU   ont    k 

^,:„n,l>n .ruulu ur  1.  .  1. ;,  .U-  ......nlV  .,..,.„ hn.  r..- 

^"„!    ,„      ,.-..,.    .1,     1:,    .!...■.>-    n.n.n.,1,.      1  .a    ^al.■nr    .pn    ->Tt    .I.    la-.    aM 


:e    ■  ,aK!,M'Un..   ,1,.-   u,lM:r.   de.   la   MC  .n.U^   nu.   >n,a,ncnu.m   la    va^^^^^^ 

i-',\„i,a,  nnl.a-..       ,■„,.   ,l.a  ,■,„„.,■.,-.    UV^la-i.a,,  U-llc.,u  .lU-   e-,    .K-,.u,s 

,„,,,„„  ,|-,.„r..  ,|„t>rc.,aa,a,.=,  ,,..■  l-  -rfan  .In  en,.!.,  r.puu-  o  .rr.-,..n.lu. 
',  ,•„„.„, r.a.ua.  ,lu  M.r^u.■  rMaln.  ,i  ,au.  .,■.:-■  >'-  n.l.-  .  MUuu.vnt  a  .  a,.,.luia.r, 
,„    laa.u,;..,   a   t^a.l..   U-    M>-..n„-    •!.■    la   uu.rrc    actuvll. 

In  ..tlur  w.^nU.  tliat  i-  ll:'  ":,v  ihrv  iVvl  ;.1.-nl  il— thai  the 
rniw  .t  thr  luti-nal  annv  h.  t.  tc  tlic  mmiv  i-  thr  Mii.miR-  cn- 
M.KTati..,.  ;n,.!  th;,l  ,vo.,.i-'.--  ^h..uKl  h-  ,.p  .p.  Tt.  aual  f  the 
.,,-vicv  nn.l.nal  ,n  thr  u.r.  a-  reprr^^nlol  hv  the  ni.htarv  rank 
•  aiuno!,  raih.r  than  hv  th.  value  -t  thr  in.hxi.h.al  a^  a  eiv.hati. 
If  ,1h  l-mK-li  /.7.'  a~  ilie  AMieriean-  ,1...  tlu-v  wn„l,l  n- ■  .l-nht  h.- 
..,1,K.  ,,,  ju^liiv  that  i...-Ui..n  Willi  rnual  rlaritv.  The  -entnuent  .^ 
:,  l,,uv  .au-.  it  iiiu^t  l.e  a.hniite.l,  aiul  i^erhaiw  it  i-  tluo  partly  h> 
\\w  i-\alta,ti"ii  "f  the  time-. 

\  .U-^hv  IM  Uttarainee  t-  the  liieti  .li-aMe.i  in  the  war  n.  .t 
„urelv  a  n„nm,uni  Man^lanl.  hm  >■  .nu  tlntii,'  appn  .adiiii-  that 
xvhieli  thev  ha.l  luar,  ahl.  t^.  .raimain  \.v  their  .>wn  dl-rt-  luK.re 
ihcv  left  tluir  laet.  rx  •  •v  NVM-k-h-p  -r  niu,e  - -r  tarn,  ..r  clhee 
,-,„.  the  war  uhuh  lia-  .l.-tr..ve,l  their  ihuv.m-.  <e.'ins  t-  in..v, 
,,,  „-  l„,th  natural  an.1  h.^ieal  itt  thr  preM'tit  eircuni>tanee~.  It 
1,,.  haunt. al  Ctvat  i'.mani^  K-i-lat..-  ihr.  ..t^h.  .ut  then"  cn- 
si,K.ratl-n  -t  thi-  ,,r..hleni  ,au,l  ha>  heen  v.rv  tr.  .tihle-nne  V> 
llu'in  \tt.r  chei.lin-  tha.t  it  wa~  nenher  -uitahle  n..r  praetieahle 
,-,„-  tlu-  Mate  t..  trv  t..  n,.  ,t  in.liM.h.al  .hlurcnec-  m  it-  penMor. 
'  111  It-  Fipt-  '■'■  MiliiiiiUr.!  l.y  M.  .U'an  Komioii. 


I1N.\V>  I  \1.    INIH.MM  I  US 


;0'» 


>\^tcm,  tlk'V  irt;uc(l  a  ^pi'tial  mu.i-i-' 'iViiMtl  In.cly.  ilir  MaliU'iry 
(  '  nmiiitiT.  \sliich  \\a>  cliar^^d  with  the  ihily  "I  inakiii;,'  -u|iiiK- 
iiii-iiiai'v  pfi  i\  i-ii '11  in  ca-i-  I'l  -[n-i-ial  lunl  ,i!iil  hanl-hiii.  I  In: 
idea  -till  >iir\i\i.>.  tlii'tiuli  tin-  "-]iri.-ial  1iim1\"  lia-  lurii  a!i'  li-licd, 
in  iliv  "-ijci'ia!  i;ranl>"  <■{  t'liu  ijit-uiU  inii-i'iii  -rlunii-.  and  al-o 
in  till'  "altirnati'.  c  juii-i. 'ii."  wlinii  all  'W-  inTwar  ranuni,'- 
I"  I'c  made  the  ha-i-  I'l  award  "i  thr  iifn>i"n.  \\\<  t"  a  tuaxiinnin 
I't  M.\\iU\-li\  I.-  -hilliii.u;--  inT  week,  it'  tlu-  di-ahlcd  man  tan  I'I'm\c 
thai  tlu'  -mn  >■{  tlic  ji'Iimimi  ti'  whuh  hi-  dri;i\i.-  "I  di-alidny 
mtitli.-  him.  phi.-  the  all  .\\aiu\-  t'.r  hi-  chililrcn.  pin-  the 
a\i.ra?r  iarmiii,'>  which  he  i-  capalik-  I't  earning;,  ciitiu^  t"  Ir-s 
tJKiii  Ins  earning;-  hei'i'ia-  the  war.  Tlii-  in\"he-  the  dehealc 
cper.-itii'ii  111'  e-tiinatiiiL;  ine'ime.  imt  niily  ;ii  pre-eiit.  Inil  al-"  in 
the  pa-t,  and  al-"  I'l'  deeidilii;"  wh.it  are  the  ■■a\era,:,'e  f;irniii,L;s 
which  he  i-  capahle  ■  :'  earnini,'."  wliicli  l'.n;,danil  t'.  ■nml  (.-xceed- 
in,i,dv  dill'icult  and  ini-vhieM'ii-  when  -he  made  [ien-i"n-  f^r  par- 
tial di>al)ilit\-  depiiul  njinn  it. 

.\  >li^dit  ccnce--i''n  t"  the  dem.ind-  f' 'r  ci 'ii-ideraticn  nf  the 
actual  eCc'iii'mic  1"--  l"  the  individual  c;ni-ed  hy  hi-  injurie-  h.i-^ 
n\->'  heeii  made  in  ( lermany  hy  ]ir(.\i-ii.n  l'i>r  a  "-npplenientary 
alli'wance"  I'Ut  nf  a  -pecial  fund  <>i  the  Imperi.d  (  i' 'N  ernnieiu, 
.similar  in  principle  t"  the  "alternatixe  ]ien-ii'ii"  (it  l'.m;land. 
Thi-  i-  cine  "t  the  few  im  Mliticitii 'ii-  wliidi  lia\e  heeti  m.ade  ti> 
the  law-  I'f  l''Ot)  t"  meet  the  pre-eiit  -itu.itiiin,  and  it  i-  so 
hedi^eil  ahi'tit  with  limit;ili"n-  a-  t"  have  ;i  \er\'  re-iricted  aiijilica- 
lii'ii.  The  alliiwance.  which  i-  in  addiiinii  tn  the  ni'rmal  ])en-iiin, 
ma\-  iH't  exceed  fcrty  nr  fi'rty-li\e  mark-:  it  m:iv  he  ,i,'ranle(l 
(iiile  in  ca-e-  in  which  impairment  t^  the  w^rkiii'.,'  e,i])acitv  is 
at  lea-t  -vV  .■  per  cent  anil  actual  incme  i-  dimim-ui  1  hv  at 
lea-t  one-fi'tirth,  the  t' 'tal  pre>ent  inennie  tmt  aninuntins,'  to 
m- 're  than  5.000  mark-  fri'in  all  -"urce-.  iiichidiiiL;  pen-ii.n;  the 
applicant  nmst  pruxe  that  he  h.ad  a  detinite  inc"ine  fr"m  work 
hef"re  the  war,  that  he  ha-  l"-t  it  in  ci  in-ei|uence  of  hi-  injurie-, 
and  that  he  ha-  made  all  pci,--il)le  elturt-  -ince  di-char.L;e  to  j,at 
work  which  would  make  him  -elf--npportin;,^ :  tiie  aw. an]  i-  m;ide 
for  onl\-  >ix  niontli>  at  a  time.     It  i.-  re[iorted  th.at  the  ( ierman 


•no 


hi-.  \r.i  1,1    --.ii  iili  i;- 


\N!' 


.  \  1 1 J 


(„.\Hriiiiuiil  li:i>  I'l-ini-r'  •■•  ih-mm^  llir  .iitirr  ihii-i..ii  ^vM.'in 
^M  ;i~  tM  make  l^niK-r  i-ainiiii;-  an  liniu-iil  in  Uil-  lia-i~  "I  (.■liinini- 
tali'ii.  liut  umI  niitil  aiUT  iIk^  war  i~  "var. 

'I'hna-  lia-  lirrii  lUlilu  rali^'ii  in  -cxcral  c^  .iintric-  ali^iil  the 
;alvi-alaiilv  d'  takin:;  ml"  i.  iiM(lrrati"n  i1k'  (lillciaina-  ni  r"-l 
(if  liMiiu  in  (lilTncnt  1-calilir^.  i-in  e-ially  m  i-Mnnriti-n  with 
al!(iwaiua  -  n.  fainiho-  ..f  -.  .l.hiT-  in  aclivi'  Mfvicc.  Thr  iirae'tu'al 
(hrfuiiltir^  Ml  i'(|iiitahk-  ailiiiMniitit  liavi'  tiMiallv  |iia\a-nlr(l  n-< 
htTiininu  jiart  "f  thi-  i^' 'X  rrnnunt  -clunk'--,  hut  in  Italy,  wIktc 
it  i,  ail'iitid  tM  thr  ixtint  th.at  a  ditU-rcncc  i>  iiKuk'  in  the 
atii^nnt-  alk'wail  in  capital  litic-  .anil  in  "tlkT  la  >tnnniiu>,  it 
alUi't-  ilu-  (h-ahU-iI  — klur'-  mo  ■nu-  I  mm  thr  i;M\a-ninunt.  Mma- 
stiiarati"!!  all^wama'-  f-r  lii>  wife  anil  childriii  are  O'litiiinetl 
after  hi-  (li-ehar.^e  a-  a  part  I't  iii-  indemnity. 

['■■r  di-ahility  which  i-  le--  tliaii  "tctal"  or  "maxinnini"  a 
pn.]!.  irii.^n  of  the  peiiMMii  and  allowance-  i-  .^iven.  cnrropi 'iidiiii,' 
tM  the  (le^jree  cf  incajiacity.  .acci.rdin';  U>  ;i  tariff  of  injtirie-, 
SMinetimes  emholiei!  in  th-  law  and  sometime-  left  wh..lly  '.r  m 
p.art  tn  admini-trative  numi;.  l""r  >liKht  injtiries— hel(  "W  ten 
cr  twenty  per  cent  "{  tntal  incapacity,  ii-iially;  tive  per  cent  iii 
Can.ada — lump  ?>nni  tjratnities  are  j,'enerally  j;iven. 

The  princii)le  which  ha>  heeii  t,'(.nerally  adapted  fcr  ratinj: 
injnrie-  in  the  new  le,i;i>latiun  i>  the  tle.s,'ree  (if  reduction  in 
waue  carnitit;  power  in  civil  life  which  the  injury  may  he  pre- 
sumed to  effect;  not  the  deL,Tee  of  unavaiialiility  for  military 
service  wliich  it  omnote-:  and  not  the  reihiction  which  it  has 
actuallv  produci-d  in  the  particular  individual'-  ahihty  to  earn 
a  livinjr.  In  ihe  word-  of  the  I'nited  States  law.  "ratin,L,'s  sliall 
he  h.i-ed,  as  far  a-  practic.ahle,  upon  the  average  impairments 
of  earning  cap.acity  re-ultin.i;  from  such  injurie-  in  civil  occu]>a- 
tion-  ami  not  upon  the  impairment  <if  earnin,!,'  capacity  in  each 
individual  ca-e.  -o  tha'  there  -li.all  he  no  reiUictioii  in  the  rate 
of  compcn-ation  for  individual  success  in  (i\erconiin,i:  the  handi- 
cap of  a  permanent  injury."  This  law  also  provides  that  the 
schedule  of  ratim:-  -hall  lie  adju-ted  from  time  to  time  "in 
accordance  with  actual  experience."     l-.ven  in  I'raiice,  where  the 


IIN  ANl   1  \i.     I  Mii.M  \  1  I  II 


411 


iiK.il  >i.-iiii^  t"  Ik-  I"  liiiNi.-  a  >caK'  ri'[in.'-i-ntiii^'  ilio  ali~"luli-  riihu- 
li'iii  ill  iilis^ical  ii'iwur.  vu-wiii;,'  tin.-  liuniaii  Imcly  a-  a  inailiiiH'. 
;ivailaliilil\  in  tlic  lahiT  iiiaikct  lia>  a|i]iar(.-iitly  1ri.ii  takrii  a--  the 
iiukx  til  ri'diu'tiiiii  nf  Ih.iUK'  (.■rti(.'i<.iii\-,  tdr  the  di^alnlity  taMi-. 
1  i^  ^a'll.  i-  l:a>t-(l  lari,'i-l\  ;  iii  ivxin-runir  s^aiiuil  in  llii-  ailniiiiirti'a- 
ti"ii  "I   tlu'  \\  I 'rkiiK'u'-  (  I  im[)(n>ati"n   Law. 

Tlic  I'lUtaau  ol'  War  l\i--k  lii-maiur,  wliidi  Iia--  tlir  ta-k  "l" 
iTcatiiii,'  tlii--  Miu'diik-  ill  tla-  I'liiird  Stall-,  lia-  had  an  amhiti'iu- 
C'iiKi.-]iti"ii  whitli.  if  it  can  hi-  wcrki-d  I'lil.  will  rc-ult  in  a  ni'To 
i-i|uitahK'  a|)]ilifatii'ii  of  tlu  inti-iiiinii  of  tlu-  K-^'i>lalion  than  ha- 
1)1-1-11  tried  i-Ui-wlu-rc.     Ki-ri  i^ni/.ini,'  tin-  ditfi-ri-nci.'  in  the  -ii;niti- 

caiR'e   of   the   >anu-   iiiiiir\-   under  ditfereiit   eircuin-taiui. that 

the  los-  of  ;i  tin^'er,  for  in-tance.  may  nieaii  coin|ilete  niiii  in 
hi-  old  profe>-ion  for  a  piani-t  or  a  >iiri;eon,  while  it  ha-  no 
intlueiiee  at  all  on  the  eirieieiie\'  of  a  liookkee|ier  or  a  la\\\er — 
they  intend  to  draw  u|)  a  -clu-diile  in  which  the  rmatomical 
iinture  of  the  injury  >hall  he  correlated  with  occuiiation  in  civil 
life,  and  the  percenta,i,'e  allowt-d  for  each  injur\-  will  he  on  ;i 
slidint,'  -cale.  lar;,a-r  for  the  occuiKitioiis  in  which  the  injured 
nieiiiher  i^  con-idered  essential,  -mailer  for  tho>e  in  which  it 
i-  of  little  conse(|Ue!ice,  with  an  irreducii  le  minimum  to  repre- 
:eiit  what  Mr.  Seehohm  Kowntree  called  the  '  per-oiial  incon- 
venience" (if  the  loss.  It  seem-  douhtful  whether  this  can  he 
satisfactorily  accoinplisiied.  Scieiititic  sludv  of  what  the  niini- 
mum  re(|uirements  in  the  way  of  phy-ical  e(|uipnient  are  in  aiiv 
occupation  is  so  -canty,  and  revel.itions  of  the  di-pen-;diilitv  <'f 
most  of  the  menihers  which  we  have  heen  accustoiiu-d  u>  re.i,'ard 
as  es-eiitial  are  hecomintj  so  iiuent  ;md  coinincini,',  that  it 
woukl  seem  that  such  a  scale  mu-t  iu-ce<s;irily  he  larjjelv  a  re.i,ns- 
ter  of  general  impressions  rather  than  a  me.i-ure  of  -cieiitific 
accuracy.  A  minor  eml);irras>nieiit  is  that  a  larL,a-  pro]«irtion  of 
the  hoys  in  the  National  .\rmy  had  not  as  yet  any  "occupation" 
in  civil  life.  This  has  been  met  by  deciiliiii;  to  re,t,'ard  them  as 
"-oldiers." 

I'rance  does  not  seem  to  sympathize  with  thi-  desire  that  pre- 
vails in  many  of  the  otlu-r  countries,  to  base  the  cumiiensation 


41J 


.1^  \i:i  1  ii  -(ii.i'n;;;>    wu  ^  \ii  "K,-, 


f.  ■!■  niiun.-  nnui-.l  m  llir  \\;ir  ]<av[\\  <n  ii\il  .:iniin--  liri-rc 
tlu'  u;ir.  'I'll.'  1  mull  I'-nit  <i  \k-\\  i-  -ajuv-mmI  mi  tin-  jMra- 
-r,,].]!  ;.lri-,ul\  .|M-t.,l  In  in  the  rrj-n  -I  the  .Mra-iMilMni,  iil- 
;,,-v  o.imni--i.n  ill  jti-lilu  .ui. -n  -I  m.-kni-  milit.irv  uva.l-  ilu- 
.Ii'lLTiniiiin-  l:H|..r.  TIk  uli-lr  i,Ua  ..i  n>atinu  -luli  iii.lrniiii- 
tu'>  ,.~  aiial-L;'  ii~  1"  ^■-ln|».ll-atl.'ll  !■  r  iiiiln-lrial  acihlrnt-,  |.  r 
\]':a  m;  Ilrr,  -.viii^  '."  l>c  rq.uuiiaiit  L  ■  Uir  liaiKli.  'Iluy  mxiu 
,,.  |\^1  ihal  1-  r.uar.l  -■Mur-  a-  Mil].!'  \>-  '■!  ili>  iiaii-ii  m  li- 
on.'nut  -i'  ail  i-\ini-lia/ar.l..ii-  .  .ar.|.au-n,  a-  ilu'  [.r-i"  .ii.iii  •  -t 
tlir  riiil.,1  Slal.-  l>-i-l  ili-ii  lils>.l  I"  I'ln  it.  I-  >-.|iii\alfm  I- 
,liM,liiiu  til.'  nan.  11  iiiiM  i\v..  |ian-.  iiiuiiii'.'  ilu-  .uniy  iii  \\u-  [...-i- 
,,,.|i  ..I  liinlinu-  il"iii^  ill'--  I'l'l'lnm  .'I  "tin-  iiaU'  n.''  Ihcii.  f  ••  ■. 
ilu   aiial'.-v  ,1-t-  IV  il  livar  llir  ~.ruliiiy  ..1   t!i>    aiialMiL-al   1  rcncli 


r  .,,r  1.-  .h-ci. lints  i!u  •.'avii;!.  c'l  ~t  r.':i!;'l' '.Mur  i|iii  I'-l  t^iit  .'i  l:i  f'-is 
.Id.iuur  .lu  -..U.n-  .1  .!.■  la  i-nti-  .IVci.lu!!.  >V-t  l.n  .,111  .l.ri-.L-  ^<::>\  I.- 
,,,.^T,u.  i>  i.:<b>irK-lK~,  M.i,  i.i-ut  i.rni.lrc  t  nu-  nK-iiri-  i-ur  ,..n;ur,T  W 
il.iIimT.  It  .rai.  '1'-  '"'■"■  tiu-'iiirt  l<-i;itiiiuiiifnt  li  pluiiR'  ri'M'  n-aliilil".--  I'l'iir 
U>  L\-iiU'i.l>  .!.•  la  c'tirr.  .  ,111  o-iitrairi.  Ti't.,'.  .|i"  I'-'H'  '•'  I'l'iiM-n,  -c  dis- 
tnim.r  M-iir  1'-  iiiil-'a"-'-  '""  \<r-n-,.uriU>  .la  ratr-n  ci\il  .ini  lM>ait  U- 
v.l.uri-;  I'a.  .all-;'  u\-\-  '!a;!~  la  liltM^ait  lU-  >.!-.  ;,a-  -ti  fait  m.i;-  >-<'lui  .lo 
l\-iaa-tii;  ;  it  la  iar.-r.~taiua  .!u  lait  ''W  l''  r.a'  tnanairc  .-^  mlaiit-r  ;i\  .■>■  rulce 
,!,•  .UM.ir  national,  i-  aiii'liMUt-  -ianr.lkrriini:!  Ic  pr.  iliU-ii-i-  do  la  ri'^p.ai^a- 
|!,l,l,-.  i|iu  i!c  ;.cut  l.a>  pin-  -i  rc-aalvc  p  .r  la  -nnplo  applK-ati.ai  iU-  rr^W-i 
,1,  1,,  r.-p-ii-il''lit.-  patr-nalu  .juc  |)ar  telle  ilc  la  rcM"insabilitc  ilu  service 
pill  ac  lai  K>a'aTal. 

T'lK'  -upia'iiK-  laiiMiKrali.'n,  Imwrvrr,  wliicli  liil  llv.-  cninnii-- 
^\.,u  I"  "(ji.i.l  tin-  i'K;i  ct  iniikiiii,'  any  dil'lVrriicc  ln-twcaii  tlic 
],r.  .ic-i-iial  and  the  11.  iii-iaa  .fi-i.  .iial  N.lihcr-,  wliifh  i-  an..lhcT 
wav  i'\  ixiav—iiiu  the  iilea  ..f  takiiii:  int"  aci'i.niU  eca.n.  anic 
.-tain-  hu.  Te  the  war,  \\a-  the  inqH  irlanee  ..I  the  e<  .neeiiti' ■!!  "t 
the  iiiiitN  "l"  the  iiali'  iial  army  in  the  taee  .'I  the  enemy:  "t"ii- 
lo~  frere-  d'arme-"  tmi-i  he  treated  ahke,  "-an.-  di>tincii..ii 
<l'i.riL;ine."  tn  the  end  "t   the  war. 

T..  th<i-e  wh-  d"  n.'t  -hare  thi-  view — whieh  nnd' ■tihiedly 
lia-  a  i>-etie  alhire— il  w.aild  -eein  that  the  tu.  -t  ju,,l  way  to 
decide  the  award  f"r  any  injury  received  in  the  pre-eiit  war 
Uduld   he  en  the  ha.-is  "i  the  harddiip  which   it  has  actually 


I  IN  \M  I  \;.    IMiIMM  I  II  S 


!1.^ 


wcrki'il  ill  ilu'  lifi-  "t  tlu-  iiiiliv  iihijl  fi'iucrnrit.  r.iilur  lli.iii  I'f 
iIk-  a\  tr;iL;i'  mliuli' 'ii  in  \\.i,l;o  <■. 1111111;;  ia|i.iiit\  wliuli  it  iii.iy 
la-  iiromiii'il  In  iiri'diui',  ( \  iii  it  the  ]irf~iimiitii 'ii  I'.iti  In.-  111, uli- 
t"  take  iiitn  acci'UiU  tlu-  niaii'^  ]irc\iipii»  ( iCiii|iati"ri.  N"t  "iil\ 
i>  a  (,'i\i'M  iiiMir\'  iiii'Ti-  -crii'ii^  iti  "lU'  iKHii|iati"ii  than  in  an"tlur. 
l)iU  tJK'  aliility  til  adapt  "'lu-ilt  tn  the  !(->-,  and  the  \aliu-  "t  the 
IxiUiTs  laniainiiiL,'.  dilt'iT  ^1  >  iiimli  that  e\eii  a>  lutwern  tW" 
indi\i(htal»  in  the  >aiiK-  "ccniiati"!!  an  identical  iiijiir\-  may  mean 
cniiiplite  ruin  in  niie  ca-e  and  liave  nn  ]ierinaiunt  ih-ad\anlaL;e 
in  tile  I'llier.  I".ni,'land'^  Ci'il^ei'iii^ne--  I't  all  tin-  ,i;a\e  her  an 
tinhappv  time  i.t  it  t'  r  a  yiar  "V  tW'i.  Tlu-  lir^t  re\:~ed  ]Hn>ii'n 
scheme,  ad^iitnl  in  1''15,  jiriivided  that  the  pen-i"n  I^r  ]iariial 
(li<al)ility  ^licnld  he  snch  a  smn  as  wimld  nia':e  tip  the  anii'imt 
I)ripvide<l  fur  tntal  disaiiility  when  added  to  "the  \v;ii;e<  which 
the  man  may  he  deemed  tn  he  capahle  of  earnini;,"  W  liiK' 
thenretically  >atisfyini,'  to  the  >en-e  "f  jn>tice.  tin-  ]iri'\i-i.in 
was  fnnnd  to  lie  "ali^' 'liitely  unworkahle,"  a^  indeed  -iome  j^rac- 
tieal  ]ier-i'n>  had  [iredicie<l  when  it  was  ail'pted.  It  imin'-nl 
ail  im|io>sihle  ta^k  n]"'n  the  nudical  hnard^  which  made  the 
award-,  and.  still  \\i'r-e.  it  had  all  the  deiii' ■ralizinj,'  re-nlt-  "f 
the  old  ]i(M,r  law  whicii  j,'a\e  "relii'f  in  aid  "f  wa,t,'e>."  I'ear  cf 
li'>inj,'  part  I'f  hi-  pen-imi  di-ci  iurai,'ed  a  man  fr^m  makint,' 
the  mo-t  of  hi<  ahiiitie-.  and  employer-  -aw  n^  ■  riM-^n  f^r  in- 
crea-iii','  lii<  \\a;;e-  when  the  et'fect  wculd  he  ant' .maticalK'  to 
reduce  his  pen-i"n.  Industrial  ci'iiditinns  were  -nch  that  ahiU'-t 
any  man.  mile--  \ery  hadly  crippled,  cculd  e.irn  at  le;i-t  twente- 
fi\e  -hillini;-  a  week,  which  w:i>  tlie  maximum  for  a  -in,!,de  m;in 
t"  w  hicli  his  pension,  added  t"  hi-  w.aues.  mi,t;lit  lirint,'  up  his 
income:  hut  since  if  he  w;i-  earnini;  twenty-five  ^hilliiij,'-  .a  week 
lie  tjot  no  ]iension,  he  iisu.ally  elected  to  remain  idle  ;ind  repo-e 
on  the  cl.iiin  that  hi-  injury  made  it  impo.--ihle  ii>r  him  t^  wi'rk 
at  all.  deelinin,!,'  all  propo-.il-.  ninrei'Ver,  tn  learn  to  clo  -c.methin.i; 
in  which  his  injury  woiiM  n^t  he  a  h.indicip.  The  principle 
was  ;ih:indotUHl  in  the  revi-i'in  of  1'I17,  and  in  its  place  the 
natnrv  of  the  di-.ihility.  nhjectively  and  jihy-ioli  >L,'icallv  ciiii- 
sitlered,    wa-   made    the   detennini'iL''    factor. 


414 


|,|,  M.l  11'     -1.1  I'll  I  ■-     \M1    ■-  Ml  liKS 


•|  1„.  II,  u    .clu'hili  ■   wliM  h  li..\.    I'.tii  ii.l.'ptiM   l''T  ;;r.Hliii'^  .h- 
;il,ililu-   .111    111    l;iii.  i.il    niMi  li    ni'f   drlailnl   lli.iii    tin    "1<1   ■  m -. 
;in.l   111.'  iiiniiln-r  nf  im1>  ,i;"rif>  i-  ii^m.iIIv    iiuriM-r,l   i"   .  r^lu   'T 
,,.,,,,    ,  .,  ,11  i\'..  nt\'.     'rii.\    |i.,\r  li.id  iii'.-l  laMul  i"M-blti.ili'  11 
•llu-    ,,ii.    .i.l.-i'U'l    l.y    li.iK    1-    llic    w'l^    "I    ;i   i"innn--i"ii    >i 
iiu,lic,il.   1(l;.i1,   .111.1   iHin.ui.i!   isi'irt-,    an.!   |ir'.li.iM\    t\  i'i-i-uit> 
llu'    II.   iK'M     ]."--iMr    ai'l'r'.aiil    t"    Munlilu-    jitHiiM'.ll.        ll-    t.  11 
i.itru'ii'-   M"''''^    1~-'  'li"''i'"i'   iiijiii'i'-  "'■   ,!.;i'"iil'-  "f   iiijiiru-. 
•j'Imm'    rl.i-.iri..ili..n-    -nil    -h.'W    tin-    iiilliuiKT    "I    tnicliti"ii.i! 
.,11,1  i..|i\' iili"n.il  i.Ka-  a-  t"  llu  c 'Iimmiiu  iu\'>  ct'  icrtain  iiijiiru - 
,.,,lHr   ill. ,11    Ml. mill.-   c..ii-h1.  iMli'ii   "I    tlu'   itl.fl    lli'V   attnally 
Ii;i\i-  I'll   n'.ii'.iiiir  .tViii  luv  at   tlii'   pn  Miit   tiiinv      'IIh'  l..-  "1 
t\\..  im.  t'.i-  r\,im]iK-.  "f  "t  i.nr  t.'ct  and  "lu-  li.iiid.  .ui-  ii-iia!ly 
il;i--ilicd  aiii.'iiL,'   lliv   iiijurii-.   wliiili   |iri.diur  i.  .iiiiiK'ti.-   inalnlity 
!,.!•   w.i-i-   i.iriiiii!^.   allli.'ir^li   tli.'l    i-   ."i    '''*■'   '"    \^l"^li   ""   ""'^' 
iiiUT(-i(.l  in  iri|iiil.-  w.'iild  ii'.w  mi1i-(.iiIic.     Italy  rati-  tin-  l.-s 
,,l   -IN  ..r  -r\rii  i.'i-  a-  di  III. tin;,'  .a  laiiiu-ti.  ni  <>i  titty  per  laiil  in 
lannii;;  iai>,i(itv.  and  (iriat   I'.ritaiii  pul^  llic  l<i->  <.f  tw..  tinkers 
,.t"  ciilu  r  li.iiid  at  twi'iitv  \«.r  la-iit. 

1  r.  .111  tin  luw  i>..iiit  .'I  viiw  ill  n^^anl  tn  the  pos-ihiliiic-  fi.r 
i!k'  li.iiidu.ipiKd  it  r-t-iiii-  an  aiiaclir. .nisni  V>  clinic  tn  tin-  idia  ..f 
••icLil"  IT  "100  piT  ri'iit"  ilisiliilitv.  iMi'pt  t'T  certain  iiu-nrahlo 
di-ii-r-.  nirntal  and  pliv-ical.  •"Pi.tal  di>al)lcimiu."  -.aid  Sir 
iliiirv  Xi'niiaii  in  his  npi.rt  ( .n  the  trainint;  nf  di-aliK.l  -..Idurs 
in  I'rance  in  I'U",  "ha-  alnic-t  cea-.  d  t.«  exi-l  in  Iraiua-  "  "'riurc 
are  11(1  ni(n-c  crii.pU'>,'"  exclaim-  aii"ther  i-:iij,'li-liniaii.  "Aineric.i 
may  have  si  .me  physical  cripple-  retnrned  fnnii  the  t'ri'iii," 
writ  -  the  entliii-ia-tic  directi.r  i.f  the  Red  Cri.->  In-titiite  i.  r 
(.rippled  and  Di-ahled  Men.  "hut  -he  mii-t  have  im  -"cial  "f 
eci'iU'iiiic  crijiple-  re-ultiii.i,'  In 'in  her  parlicipalicn  in  this  war 
lir  ju-tice  and  hnmanitv."  And  yet  the  pensinn  sy-tem-  still 
;i-nme  that  the  ni-rmal  etfect  nf  many  injuries  is  :i  decrea-e  nf 
;nn  f,T  cntt  in  earning  pnwer,  that  is.  ahsnhue  destnictinn  of 
all  h.'pe  I'f  ever  a;;ain  ea.ninj,'— not  to  say  a  livinj;.  hut  anythinij 
at  all!  (ireat  llritaiii  explains,  in  a  circular  issued  hy  the 
Mini-trv  if   Pen-inns,  that  "the  highest  degree  of  disablement 


«i 


I  I.N  WCIAI.    IM'4  M  M  .  II 


■H5 


tiif,iii>  tli;it  a  iiiaii"^  injuries  .ire  ^"  cri.ii  ihai  lu-  can  i  In- 
c'  I  /"(i  I, '(I  t'  I  I  am  am  1 1  mi  1^  I  li-  |n  n-i'  n  i-  tin  n  at  Ita-I  _'7  -liill- 
iii:;^  I)  |n-iin  a  wnk.  It  lu  ,,n:  -Sill  i,.iii  wliili  dtaWMi,:;  liii-. 
_'"  -IiiIIiiil;-  (<  |"iur  a  s'.iik.  ■'>  iinuli  iiu'  luihr  ("r  liini  'I'lial 
\\  ill  III 't  alUT  111-  [u  n-i'  11 

In  tin-  I'iiiImI  Slali  -  the  iKliniti'ii  <  1  "I'!. J  <li-al'iliu"  wlnili 
'ia>  luctl  a(l"|itiii  I-  "aiu  iiniiaii  mini  "t'  iiaiiil  '  ■\  ])iA\  wliuli 
riink-r-  it  iiiiiii'-^ililc  I'.r  ilic  di-aMirl  ].ir-.  n  i..  i''l|..\s  ir.iiinni- 
"ii-ly  aii\'  --iili-lani  iall\'  ^ainiiil  >  i  k  iijiaii' 'ii  "  I  In-  li-l  I'l  im- 
|iairiiuiil>  wliiili  lia\i-  Iniii  (Iceidiil  ii|i'  ii  a~  iiuiliii^'  tin--  (Kliiii- 
linii  lia>  iii't  Iniii  imlili-li' il.  Iiiit  uiiiiiii  ml"  "iir  luw  law,  in 
]nTInliialii  ill  "t  rail-  alicaih'  ^laiiiliii',^  "ii  llir  >laliiti,-  IxM'k'-,  is 
till'  |>ni\i-i"ii  I'^r  a  Mat  rati  .t  "iir  Iminlnil  iMlar-  a  ni"iilli 
"I'T  tlu-  l'i-~  I'l  liiitli  I'l-it  I'P  1m  ill  liaiul-  <  r  lii'tli  r\i  ■.  <|-  t'-r 
hici'iiiin^,'  t"lall\  liliiul  'if  lKli'k--l\  aiii!  I'll  main  iitl\  Indviililin 
Inun  laii^is  nccnrriii^  in  llu  lim-  "I  iliil\  in  llir  mtuii-  "1  llio 
riiitci!  SialfN,"' 

(irial  I'.ritain'^  I'lVicial  li-l  "i'  llu-  iiijiirii-  ulmli  arc  ^i  >  .Ufiat 
thai  a  man  .-n  allliclnl  ■"ciii  iii't  hr  i\|xi.tiil  t"  larn  am  lliiii'.^" 
i~  a^  t'nlli'W.^:  lii~~  lit'  tui.  1  .r  luirr  Imih-,  i.f  an  arm  and  an  cvi'. 
I'f  a  If),'  and  an  ivi.-,  ut  Im'IIi  liaiul-  "r  i.|'  all  lini:irs  and  tliiimlj-. 
I'l  Imlh  I'lct  ( iirii;inall\  ratid  at  <.i,vki\  pir  iiiit,  hut  traii^li  rrnl 
ti'  (.'la>>  I  in  iKXt  yi-ar'-  nvisji'ii  i.  il  a  iiaiul  ,iiid  a  l""l,  I'ltai 
jir^s  nf  !-iuht,  Inta!  i)araly-i>.  Iiiiiaiv.  ui>iiiuU  ir  iiijini('>  up 
<li-i'a~i.-  n-^ullint;  in  the  man  iHiiii,'  |n  riiianiiitlv  liidruldcn, 
whuikIs  of  nr  iiijiiriis  t'l  intirnai.  th^racii.-  ir  ahdnniinal  I'r^'an-; 
"to  the  cxtitit  of  invol\  inj,'  |KTniaiuiit  di^ahiinj,'  ilfeci-,"  or 
JackM'iiian  c])iii.psy,  viry  ^c\i-ri-  faiial  di-t'ij^nritniiit.  aiKatirnl 
cases  of  iiicurahk-  iliM-a'-o.  Mmii  ilii»  h-i  li.a\i>  con>i(k-r,d)l<.- 
scopf  for  interpn-iation  tn  tlu-  awardinj;  I'ftkiaK. 

TIk-  Italian  list  is  cvi-n  more  inclu>ivc: 

1    I  (.IS  111'  fiiiir  lirnli-,   fr.iin  i-nmpl,t(-  li  --  ti.  I'.---  .1  liaiuU  aii'l   fort  only. 

2.  Ln^s  of  throe  liml-,  from  coinplitt-  lo-^  to  lo.-s  i.f  luo  li.iiulv  ,iiiil  one 
foot. 

.V  Organic  ami  iiu-iiral'li-  ili.iiii;<-s  iii  Iii^tli  (-,(■-.  wilii  Tc'■IlltlIl^J  ali-~'ili;te 
ami  [icrmaiu-iit  1  lln(ln<--«. 

4.   Li--«  •■(  lilipir  liml.^,   from  t'  m]ilitc  !■  --  h    losv  ,,f  l,,th  li.iiirN  only. 


&:*"#■ 


416  DlSAlil.KU    SOI.UIKK       AM)    SAILOUS 

5  rrrmanrnt.  incuraMr  an.l  scri.u.s  d.anscs  of  niciUal  faculties  lo  tl>c 
p,,i,Vt  ..f  r.n.kTUiK  the  it.livMlual  t.. tally  incai.able  of  any  prM.tahlc  work, 
or  (laiiKiTous  to  liimsclf  or  oiIrts. 

6  U'sioiis  of  the  central  i«rvo„.  .y.tcm  (hram  anM  spmal  tnarr.  w,  «,th 
pern,a,unt  .-on.cq.Knces  serious  en.,u«h  to  cause,  either  stu^ly  .,r  t^ ...ether. 
,,rof,,uM.l    and    irrei>aral>le    disturl.ance   to    the    functions    most    necessary    to 

urv'.iinc  anil  social  life.  ■  -    i       i  ■   i     i 

-    l,,.s  of  !,..th  l.,wer  limhs  ( (li^articiilali..n  ..r  amputati.m  ..t  the  thmho, 
H,  Loss  of  tw..  liml.s.  uiM.er  an.l   L.wer  on  the  same   sMe    ( .li-artuulat;..n 

or  amputation  of  the  arm  and  thiKh>. 

9   Organic   a-.i   incurable   change   in   one  eye.  producm^   its   al.s.nute   and 

permanent   l.ln  ..ness,  with   the  visual  acutene.s  of  the  other  eye  reduce.l   t.. 

the   p..wer   t..   cunt   the    fm^ers   at    the   distance   of    ordmary    .l„.r,-d,~tance 

""i'a  L..SS  n!  an  upper  and  Liwer  limb,  n..t  on  the  same  side  ( disarticu!ati..n 
or  amputation  of  arm  and  thiKhl. 

11.  Total  loss  of  one  hand  and  two  feet. 

1'    T..tal  loss  of  ..ne  hand  and  one  foot.  ^ 

13.  T..tal  1..SS  of  all  the  finders  of  two  hands,  or  total  I'^ss  of  two  thumoi 
and  six  or  seven  hiiKers. 

14    Total  loss  of  one  thumb  and  eight  other  fmsers. 

1?'.  Total  In-s  ,,f  f-.vc  fniK'ers  of  one  hand  and  of  the  l^rst  two  ,if  the  other. 

16.  Total  loss  of  both  feet. 

17  Ml  other  orKanic  or  functional  infirmities  and  le^.-ns  serums  and  per- 
manent t..  the  poim  ..f  determiniuK  absolute  incapacity   t..r  profitable   w..r+:. 

With   iiKinv  nf   these   r;Uiiii;s  no  one   would  he  (h.^-ed   to 
qnarrel.      In  Kener.-d  those  which  do  not   corre-jiond   with   the 
jire-ent  con-en^n^  of  dehherate  jnd.cnient   (and  the  same  wi.uld 
1,0  trne  in  the  -dher  calei^ories  as  well  as  in  the  hi.t,'hest  sr-'up^ 
are  the  "nuitilations"— the  lo^s  of  a  linih  or  an  eye.     Thi-  is 
a   verv    interesiini:   ,.^yeliolooical    sitti.-uion.    for   the   same   men 
v.ho  with  one  hreath  provide-  facilities  for  "reeducation"  oi  the 
seriou^lv  di-abled,  ■  .n  the  Kroimd  that  they  can  he  rer-tored  to 
self-uiiiiort.  uitli  the  ne.xl— or  the  <.ne  in>t  hefore,  more  i.roli- 
;,l,ly_,,lace   them    in   the   .^niup  of   "totally   and   permanently"' 
ineap;iciialed    for   wa^e  e.armn-.      I'.ither   tlif   new   doctrine   of 
restoration  i<  not  ei'lectively  ace  ,-ted.  or  there  are  complicatin.ir 
o.nMdrnitiotis.      N..   (L.til.t    it    w.  .nld    seetn    ri-kv   to   le,s,M>lators 
who   fn-l  that   thov  h..ld   in  their  hatid-  the   future  of  the  men 
disdiled  in  thi^  war  to  tru;-t  evervlliin.t;  to  >nch  a  new  to,.l  as 
"reeducation."     Cert.iinly  it  would  seem  cruel  to  the-  ptihlic.     It 


K^SSSTTaawiff^- 


FINANCIAL    INUKMM  I  IKS 


417 


is  n  tlirilliiiR  idea,  of  course,  rind  tlioc  stories  of  what  individual 
cripples  have  acconipiisiied  are  very  ins[)irin>;.  hut  to  i)e  on  the 
-■H'  side  we  will  not  a->ume  that  all  can  do  as  much.  Then. 
Inn,  there  is  the  feelin;:  of  compassion  that  will  i)ersist  fdr  an\- 
visihle  mutilation  "f  the  human  hmly,  even  if  it  is  proved  to 
the  intellect  that  the  portion  of  the  hody  which  has  hi-en  lo-t 
is  of  no  economic  im()ortance.  The  pension  >,'ives  an  opportunit\- 
to  tile  n.'ition  to  expre^>  that  comp.ission.  Sf)  we  h.ave  this 
paradoxical  situation:  we  ])rovide  pensions  f<ir  these  men  on' 
the  assumption  that  they  will  never  again  he  ahle  to  earn  any- 
thin>^;  and  we  provide  instruction  for  them  which  we  assure 
them  will  enalile  them  to  hecome  self-supportinj;: — and  we  even 
penalize  them  as  far  as  we  dare  if  they  declint'  the  instruction. 

Several  countries  have  provided  for  the  capitalization  of  tin- 
pet. sion,  or  part  of  it,  in  cases  of  disahility  helow  a  certain 
decree  of  severity,  when  the  applicant  can  convince  the  authori- 
ties that  it  would  he  to  his  perm.anent  .advantajje  to  have  a  lum|) 
sum  for  investment.  To  acf|uire  Land,  make  improvetnent-  on 
land  already  owned,  huy  stock,  or  set  up  in  husiness,  are  tlie 
Usual  purposes  for  which  commutation  is  f.avored.  Evidence  of 
ahility  to  succeed  in  the  ;)roposed  enterprise  is  reijuired.  l'>|ie- 
cially  in  the  case  of  those  who  aspire  to  agricultural  proi)ertv, 
the  plans  must  give  promise  of  success,  and  the  man  must 
demonstrate  fitness  for  the  undertaking,  through  experience  o|- 
hecause  of  special  training.  The  United  States  considered  .a 
[>ropos,il  to  ;dlow  limited  conunutation,  with  safeguards,  Imt 
decided  .against  it,  on  the  groimd  that  the  ninnev  would  cert.ainlv 
he  wasted  in  nii;e  cases  out  of  ten.  and  "our  bovs"  must  he  pro- 
tected against  tiieir  own  improvidence  .and  the  wiles  of  tiio^c 
who  would  take  .advantage  of  them. 

Revision  of  the  award  is  allowed  in  f.ome  of  the  laws,  in  order 
that  changes  in  the  degree  of  disahility  in  either  direction  ni.iv 
he  followed  hy  appropriate  modifications  of  the  amount  of  the 
l)ension:  in  order,  that  is,  that  the  permanent  award  mav  eorre- 
s[)ond  with  the  intention  of  the  l.iw.  I-V.ince  grants  permanent 
pensions  only  for  "une  mutil.ation  irremediable  ou  une  suppres- 


■y 


41.S 


i)is.\i;i.i:ii  Sdi.miiis  ami  saii.uks 


M..I)  (!'.  r.iu'.inc":  t^r  .tlur  ikii-i.  .„ililc  injurir-  the  .uraiit  ;> 
'•iTih  uahle"  i-viTv  twi'  vtar-  iiiitil  a  iicniiaiK-nt  cc  .nililini]  i> 
la ached.  Ill  Canada  cviry  ca-e  i-  miI.kcI  t-  ia-\  iew  autumali- 
(  .lly  at  tlu'  iiiil  of  tlic  i'wA  year,  cxiai.t  in  lln-e  ca -os  in  wlneh 
ilie  (iwaiiilitv   was  i.l)vi(.n-ly  iKinianeni.   and   in   its   linal    l"i>rni, 

,il    tlu-   time  <•!    the   i.rininal   award tu  !i   a-   aniimtaticn    ra-es, 

jTe-iinialilv.  In  the  I'nited  States  the  Imreaii  in  ehar,u'e  may  at 
an\  time  review  an  award,  euher  cii  it-  own  ni'.lion  cr  <.n 
ai^ihe.ition.  Allnwaiices  for  dependent-  are  a-  a  matter  of 
conr-e  revi.-ed  as  cliilchen  come  of  a,i,'e  or  a-  death-  or  liirths 
cli;;n.u'e  the  inimhcr  entitled  to  he  included.  .Mo-t  counine-,  on 
the  otlier  hand,  expre-.-ly  provide,  a-  a  re-tilt  of  -ad  experience. 
that  no  revi-ioii  niav  he  made  in  con-e(|uence  ot  an  iticrea-e  in 
individual  earnini,'  power;  tliat,  as  Canada  put-  it,  "no  deduction 
-jiall  he  made  from  the  .amount  aw.arded  to  ;iny  pen-ioner  owini; 
to  his  liavin,Lr  undertaken  work  or  perfected  him-elf  in  some- 
form  of   industry." 

'ri;e  I'niteil  St.ate-  chooses  to  call  lur  pen-ion  -y^tem  "com- 
pen-.ition."  thoui;h  it  doe<  not  dilfer  in  .uvneral  princijiles  fri'in 
the  '"pen-ion"  sv-tems  of  her  ;dlie-.  t'xcept  in  di-re,i;.ardin;;  diher- 
cnce-  of  rank,  in  which  rc.-pe't,  siiic<-  pa\  corre-poud-  with  r.ink, 
it  differ-  al-o  from  compen-.ation  -\-teni-;  .and  ahhou,s;h  it  doc- 
ilitVer  from  coinpen-ation  for  indu-trial  accident-  in  this  very 
disregard  for  the  rate  of  pay.  .and  al-o  \v.  taking  into  coii-idera- 
tion  the  compo-itioii  of  the  famil\'  ilependeiu  on  the  heneliciary. 
Tile  I'nited  State-,  however,  .altliou.^h  it-  "coinpen-.ation"  -y-- 
teiii  i-  le--  novel  than  ha-  heen  cl.iimeil.  has  introduced  :i 
law  element  into  the  -ituatioii  hy  its  -\-teni  of  -tate  .aided 
volunt.arv  in-ur,ance  a,i;ain>t  de.ith  and  coinjilete  disahility.  W'liilf 
tlii-  i-  not  strieilv  a  |i.arl  of  the  pen-ion  pl.in.  it  modili(.s  the 
tinanci.al  outlook  of  the  soldier  alnio-i  a-  much  as  if  it  were  r. 
provi^ion  which  went  into  elfect  without  .any  action  on  his 
p.irt.  -ince  the  term-  have  heen  made  so  .attraciiie  that  nio-t  of 
ll'.e  men  who  are  eli,i;ihle — over  ninety  jier  cent — hax'e  t.aken  out 
the  iii-urance.  .and  that   too   fur  about  eiiihly-rive  per  cent,  on 


'r.-.m  'm:m'-m--w^^^<^ 


1  INAM  l.\L    lMii;.\I.M  I  ii;s 


419 


tin-  aviTa;;c,  of  tlic  ni;i.\iiiuim  cf  mi  ili"U-aii(!  (li'llar>  wliitli  is 
allii\\i-(l. 

A(liiiiiii>tralii'ii  nf  |nii>i(>iis.  wliicli  at  tlic  l)t.'j,'iiiiiinj,'  of  tiie 
war  \\a>  aliii<i>t  i\(  ryw Iktc  intinly  in  ilic  liands  of  the  military 
aiithnritii'-,  has  in  M'\iral  cnuntrif--  liii-ii  taken  cmt  hv  a  new 
civil  (k-pariiniiit  d'  the  .t,'i  >\  ernnu  nt,  created  idr  ta-i<>  .cri'win.L,' 
cm  (if  the  present  war.  In  ( ireat  I'ritain  this  is  the  .Mini>trv 
cf  i'en^iiin>,  which  came  intci  existence  in  January.  I'M",  and 
whicii  is  re-|«'nsii)le  fur  a  K'^eat  deal  besides  peiisinns.  Canada, 
after  an  intermediate  sla,i,'e  when  the  Pension  (."i>iiiinis>inners 
were  an  indeiiendent  civilian  I'^ard,  has  e-tahlislied  a  iV'part- 
meiit  (if  SdJdiers'  Civil  Reotahlishment.  of  which  the  Fx-ard  df 
Feiisiiiii  C'l'inmissicners  has  hecimie  ime  hranch.  ItaK's  mihtarv 
and  civil  pensions  were  already  admini-tered  liy  the  same  branch 
(■(  the  t^i'vernmeiit,  whicli  ha-  been  materiallv  as>i-ied  tn  meet 
tile  pressure  (if  the  new  situatidU  by  a  \'ihititary  ( ir,<:ani/.itii  m, 
tile  C'onsdrziii  Laziale  di  As>i>ten/.a  ai  Lav  i  raldri.  'Die  cimi- 
peiisaiidii  system  of  tile  I'niteil  State-  i-  entru-ted  net  to  the 
existin;,'  I'ensidii  r.ureau.  but  td  the  I'.ureau  df  War  Risk  Insur- 
ance in  the  Treasury  Department,  dri,i;inally  created  td  handle 
in-urance  df  American  shi])s  an('  cartjdes. 

It  is  dl)vidusly  inii)d-siiile  td  put  intd  a  -iinple  table  tile  prdvi- 
sidus  df  the  existiui,'  pen-icii  scheme-  fer  men  di-abled  in  the 
war.  as  we  shduld  like  td  dd,  for  iid  diie  of  the  .-\-tenis  is  simple 
ill  it-elf,  and  .i  Cdmbin.uidii  i>i  all  df  tlieni,  thdUj^h  tlie\'  have 
their  i,'eneral  re-v  iiibkince,  would  be  sd  cumplex  as  to  defeat  its 
purpd-e.  In  order,  lidvve\er,  td  pre-ent  sdUie  cuncrete  picture 
df  what  all  this  means  to  a  sdldier's  family,  the  tai)le  mi  p,-.j;e  4_'l 
has  been  worked  out. 

It  slidws  what  the  "tdt.ally  di-abled"  man  with  a  wife  and 
three  children  is  entitled  to  in  the  Cduntries  fdp  vvliicli  the  infor- 
iii.itidii  is  at  iiand.  withdut  indudini,'  the  alldwance  fdr  altend.inco 
wiiich  is  added  in  ,dl  the  sv>tems  excep  Ud-e  df  (iermaiiy  and 
Austria.  The  countries  are  arr.inj,'ed  acc(.irdini,'  to  the  size  of 
this  amount.  This  is  iidt  nece>s;iril\'  the  di'der  of  lil)erality  for 
the  i^chemes  if  every  feature  Cduld  be  taken  intd  accdtint.     A 


420 


DlSAr.l.l.I)    SOl.lilllKS    AMI    SAILUl'S 


^ 


ci'unirv  wliich.  like  Canad.'i,  init-  im  nuixinniin  U<  the  allowaiue 
for  a  Miit^K'    taiiiily,  Imt   i^-u-  i-ii  aildiii.i;  $''6  a  \\-dr   i"r  t-ach 
chilli.  u><  nialtcr  hnw  many  iIrti-  arc.  wimld  havi-  a  rilalivcly 
lii!.;hi.T  place  in  the  list  if  ten  children  had  been  taken   for  the 
ci.nmii.n  denmniiiatdr  instead  "f  three.     The  United  States  gets 
t'.  the  Icp  only  hy  dint  «'t  the  -peci.al  pn>viMMn  in  the  law  which 
f;ives  a  flat  rate  nl  $100  a  nmnth  V>  certain  specified  ca>es,  and 
which  is  a  departure   fmin  the  symmetry  oi  the  tonipensalien 
^cheIlle.     The  ani"unl  <>i'  '-he  ci'mpensati^n  for  a  man  totally 
disdjled  in  any  other  way  than  tlio-e  ^pecitied.  who  1ki>  a  wile 
and   three  chiidren.   i^  only   $7.=^   a   month,   which   r.mk-  below 
Canada  and  Australia,      ll,  however,  it  could  be  .i— umed  that 
tile  .\merican  had  taken  out  the  maximum   insurance  allowed, 
hi-  annual  income  from  the  .u' >\  ernmeiit  would  amount  to  $].S''0 
for   the   special   cases,   or   $1.?''0   for   those   cominj,'   under   the 
general  provision  of  the  law.  and  would  be  far  and  away  above 
that  in  anv  other  country.     The  table  might  show  a  different 
(.rder,  also,  if  we  inchxled  other  de|-endents  than  wife  and  three 
children.     The  I'niied  States,   for  example,  adds  ten  dollars  a 
niontli  for  a  dependent  mother  to  the  §75  mentioned  aliove,  and 
another  ten  for  a  dependent  father.    Tor  a  compariM.n,  however, 
in  simplest  term>i.  r,i  the  provision>  as  they  affect   the  normal 
family,  this  is  the  be>t  that  we  could  do,  and  the  result  confirm,. 
in  a  general  wav  the  impre->ion  of  the  relative  generosity  of 
the  >y>tems  studied.     The  >iriking  feature  is  the  high  rates  pro- 
vided by  the  countries  of  the  new  worid.     The  I'uropean  Allie>. 
(,r(,,it    l'>rilain.   I'nmee  and    It.ily,   occupy  a   middle   ground   be- 
tween  the   Central    Powers   on   the   <ine   hand   and   the    British 
colunies  and  the  United  States  on  the  <ither. 


FINANCIAL    INIiE.MNITIES 


4_'l 


ANXL'M.    \\\.VV. 


M-.XSION' 


For  a  "Ti  t.mj.v  lJi:-Ai;LK:i"  Man  with  Way.  and  Tiirf-K  Cmii.ukfn,  N(;T 
IniUMNi.   AlljAVANit.   ink   Attknianik 

Au-tri.i    S121.5'> 

(iirinarv    ( iiRlinliiii;  I'liiu-   t'  r  iiiaj'T  nuitilatiMii  i i_'5.K<) 

I'raiH'f   I  iifiuliiit;  in  ti'.c  Stnatt- '    4M  .'5 

Italy    51<;.17 

(Inat    r.rilain    '4fi.(i7 

New   Ztalan'l    , KK5./I i 

Aii-tralia     '*K(l.5'' 

Canada    W4.III) 

Uniteil  StaU- : 

S[ifc'a;  can-s  1200.00 

Kemilar  |iriivisi,,ti    '>Ml,tK_) 

Aclditiciii  irnni  iti-iiran.-c  ii'  man  lia>  taken  Mut  niaximum 
am.  iiiM  a11(  .\vi  .1   6<X).0O 

'The  am.  nr.lH  liavi'  I  (.tni  |.iit  irt..  .!.  llar~  and  iints  avcrdmi;  t..  ilic  tal.Ie 
.1  ci.n\cmi.'nal  ^ahK•^  u-c.l  ty  l.t.  CI.  W.'ltf  ;n  .■..mpnlitiK  i'(|iiivaliiit  \ali'.ij- 
;ii  h\<  rcii.irt  i.r  tiit-  Childrm's  lUireaii.  and  iln  nnt.  tluTct'ire,  take  acc.iint 
it  [iri-int  rates  '  ♦  exchatr^f. 


']"()  siiiiiinarize  in  a  word  tlic  spirit  i<i  the  new  Ic.<,'islatii.n 
is  as  ilifficult  as  to  reduce  to  a  simple  tabic  its  provisions.  Wc 
can  sa},  as  we  did  in  tlie  beijinninj;,  tliat  present  provisions  are 
based  on  the  idea  of  a  niininiiiin  >tan(lard  nf  livinij  for  a  familv, 
and  that  tlie  amount  i.f  the  individual  pension  is  determined  by 
tile  de),Tee  of  the  injury,  tlie  military  rank,  and  the  number  nf 
de])en(lents.  The  nudixes  lyim;  back  of  these  provisions,  how- 
ever, the  theories  and  doires  th.it  have  cnmbineil  to  brinj^  about 
the  clian),'es  that  have  been  made,  are  elusive.  Thev  are  du-ive 
because  they  are  complex.  Military  pensions,  savs  IVofe->. .r 
l\ister,  and  especially  war  pensii.n^,  sceni  ((  f^riori  unable  tn 
"•,'ive  full  satisfaction"  if  thev  :ire  treated  simply  as  recompeu-e 
i.r  remuneration  for  service  rendered,  (ir  >im[)lv  as  rtpar.itii.n 
for  injury  arising  fmm  iniblic  service.  ■  .r  simplv  as  one  df  the 
ordinary  national  relief  institutii.tis.  Where  thev  are  the  most 
ciim[)letely  developed  they  seem  in  lie  the  expression  of  a  |)hiloso- 
pliy  which  is  "mixte  et  C'liciliateur."  acdrdinj,'  tn  which  "this 
'social  risk,'  war,  which  strikes  individuals  powerless  to  defend 
themselves  by  personal  f'.resi,i,dit,  must  be  'indemnified'  bv  aoci- 


422 


HIS  Mil  i::i  >iii.i.iri;s  anh  smioi;;; 


ttv.  Intt  with  an  <'vc  !■■  lib'  .■uiuiil  iirnl-.  ami  al-^'  In  tlic  >-i.Tvioc 
muk'ird.'"' 

Ni.  -in^K'  tln'Tv  iMti  ace.  inm  I'l.r  tin-  lU'W  -y-lctii--.  'I'lu'V 
aio  tlu-  ]in.cliu-l  "t  niir  iiilKTitaiH'<'  of  trailiti"n-  ami  prcjiulicr-. 
i.l'  i.nr  ri-cTiU  lliniij^lit  ah.  .iit  -..cial  pr.  .hk'Hi-.  and  .'t  the  iMiv  .ti.  .n> 
i,i  the  ina-i'iu  hi'ur.  which  ati'ici  all  ..nr  rca-i'iiini;,  whctlK-r  wo 
arc  c.  .ii^clnu^  1.1    it  nr  n-'t. 

•  SiioKil    Ki'iL.rt   ..f    tlic    C  .niiiii~-i..ii    Fxtraiiark-mciitaire ;    0''St-r:\i:t  'us 
Ui'nciiilcs  siir  ia  (Jiii^Uuii  diS  I'cnsh'ns  MiiUjir,s. 


CHAPTER    XII 
Economic  Reestablishment 

Of  all  who  arc  injurtil  !i»  than  I'atallv  hy  Wdiiml  i  >r  di-ca-c  in 
the  war.  hy  far  the  i,'riater  part — |iri'hal)Iv  sniiKtliiiii;  like  iiiiuty 
])er  cent — will  he  completely  rotnred  t<>  their  Udrinal  ec"ii'i- 
mic  ca])acity  hy  the  medical  treatment  they  receive  in  the  army. 
()t  the  ten  per  Cent  wlm  may  lie  permanentlv  disahled  there  will 
he  xime  si>  tra.uieally  wrecked  in  mind  or  hndv  that  no  amnuni 
of  ^kill  and  no  dei,'ree  of  solicitude  can  restore  any  de^'ree  of 
their  waj,'e  earnini;  ahility.  Tiiev  will  of  !ieces>itv  he  dependent. 
l"i>r  them  society'.-;  responsihility  consists  in  ])roviilinj;  the  finan- 
cial means  of  siip])ort.  which  is  done  in  the  i)ension  systems,  ami 
heyontl  that,  in  in--urin),f  the  kind  of  c.ire  wliich  is  hest  ad,i[)ted 
to  the  Comfort  and  peace  of  each  one.  accnrdinj;  to  his  situation 
and  his  needs.  In  some  cases  permanent  institutional  care  will 
he  hest.  hnt  the  tendency  seems  to  he  in  f;ivor  of  care  in  familv 
sMrronndini.;s,  e\en  if  the  man  has  no  famiU-  of  his  own.  e\ce[)t 
when  treatment  is  needed  which  can  not  he  supplied  in  an  (irdi- 
nary  home,  thus  reducing,'  the  candidates  for  permanent  institu- 
tional care  to  a  \ery  small  nmiiher. 

Uetween  the^e  two  extremes,  in  every  t^radation.  are  the  men 
who  are  "])ermanently"  liisahled.  hut  not  hopelessly  and  "tot.div" 
di-ahled,  includiii^^  m.any.  however,  who  are  so  laheled  techni- 
c.illv.  for  purposes  of  pension.  Tlu'sc  are  the  men  wh.o  can 
resume  a  place  in  the  normal  economic  life  of  the  coinnumitv 
and  he  jiroductive  memhers  of  society,  even  if  they  can  not  !)c 
wholly  self-su])portin,t,'.  Of  the-e.  in  the  future  as  in  the  past. 
a  very  larije  proportion  will  he  <|uite  ahle.  notwithstandinic  their 
disahilitics.  to  take  care  of  themselves  as  soon  as  they  are  dis- 
charged from  the  ;irmy.  They  will  all  h.ave  a  cert.ain  tixed 
iii'.ome  frcm  the  government  to  count  upon  for  the  rest  of  their 

423 


4J4 


Pi-.\i;i.i.ii  siii.iPii.ns    \Mi  s^ll.^il;^ 


!ivc>.  In  M,nu'  in-liiiicc--  tluir  di-alnliiy  will  lie  >lit,'lu.  In  <'ihcr 
iriMancf^  tluy  will  hav^-  r.-oiirci-  -I  iluir  nwn  or  lainily  rv- 
M.urci-,  a-i<K-  fmiii  tlu-ir  jh  ti-icii.  aiii]iK'  t-  jimvick-  fnr  any  iuti>- 
>ary  piTii'il  ct   rcatljn-imint. 

Kvcn  iIk-c— iIr-  \v*ll-ti-<in  and  the  >li,L;litly  injmia— (!.>  n^t 
ixhau-i   the  nunilKT  d'  lli'-c  wlm  will  remain  indepiiuKiU  -i 
tiinlier    aid    tr.im    the    -(.\ernnienl    --r    Ir'.ni    iiriNale    -''iiree- 
Many  <'f  the  nwre  ■^eriou-ly  injured  will,  in  spite  of  tlie  Ic"  <•(' 
a  K'l;  or  an  arm  "f  <>ilnr  even  L;reater  haiidicaii.  .t,'i  >  directly  haek 
int..  their  .Id  (,cciipatii  m-,  tliiai.!;h  n-l  nece>-arily   to  prcci-ely 
the  -ame  . ijieratinns.     Their   f..rmer  eniplcvers  will  i.ffer  them 
^uch  work  as  tiny  can  d...  and  -n  the  ha-i-  <'i  their  previctw 
experience  and  tiie  per^.tud  ini     v -t  nf  ihrir  a-^eiaies  and  em- 
ployers  thev    will    he   reah-nrlied    int..   their   h.  .me   e.  .mmnnities 
with  little  l<.>s  "f  ilTicieney  and  with  little  disturhanee.     OtlKTS 
K-s  fortunate — or  perhap-  in  the  end  more  fortimate — wli..  can 
not  <;>,  hack  I.,  their  old  W(.rk  or  who  lud  n<it  yet  l)ec«.nie  e-tali- 
lished  in  an  "oceni.ation."  will  nevertheless  make  their  way  hy 
shver  force  <.t  character  and  will  p.  .wer,  even  if  n..  sj.ecial  help 
is  ])rovided  for  them.     These  e.xcepti.  .nal  men.  whether  s..iin(l 
(f  h.dv  or  crijipled,  are  not  so  niimep.ns  th;it  ].uhlic  policy  cm 
he  shaiied  with  reference  t'.  them.  Imt  their  inlhieiice  and  exiimjile 
will  fnrnisli  a  .ureal  stimidiis  and  enconra.t^emeiit  to  ..thers  less 
endowed  hut  similarly  afllicted. 

Individual  initiative,  previc.us  connections  and  friendship,  and 
person.d  financial  resources.  Mipplementinj,'  the  physical  restora- 
:i.  n  and  luLuicial  indemnity  jm  .vided  hy  the  t,'overmnent,  may 
thus  he  c.iuited  on  to  take  care  of  a  suh^tiintial  part  of  the 
pr..hlem  of  the  disahled  S(.ldier  after  his  discharge.  This  is  ;is 
it  slv  ,uld  he.  Such  res.  .urces  sliould  he  relied  upon  to  the  utmost. 
The  natural,  unrecorded  reahs.  .rption  of  the  lar-jest  possihle 
numher  is  the  ideal  most  in  harmony  with  a  healthy  state  <.f 
society.  This  is  tlie  ideal  to  he  kept  hefore  the  s(,ldiir.  wounded 
(  r  unw.iunded — that  he  is  to  remain  a  citizen,  and  after  the  war. 
whether  still  snund  in  b.'dy  or  scarred  hy  battle,  is  t..  resume 
his  place  as  a  producer  of  wealth,  as  the  head  of  a  family,  as 


^J:-?-. 


i-^  ■-■<  • 


r.i  (  i\i  iM  |(      KM  >  I   \r.MMI  MINI 


4J5 


f'tic  \\lii>  ccntiiiiK-  ii.  d"  liiN  part  in  tlu-  i ■  imiiiiiiiii_\ ,  apiiri-i-ialnl 
and  111 '111  rid  li\  lii^  tilli'U  ciii/in-,  luil  ii'  i  pitii'd  .  r  ni|iiiriii,i,' 
iiidulLjinci-. 

I  lii>  i-  ilic  idi-al,  luit  ilurc  will  lie  a  lar^^'  ninulHT  who  can 
attain  it  i.nly  with  a--i^tancf ;  and  it  i^  r---i-nttal,  fn.ni  tlic  new 
point  of  vifw.  that  thr  a--i-tarK-i'  -lionld  he  ■;iven  at  llio  oul>ei, 
,L,'en(.Tou-ly.  di-criniinalin-ly,  and  aikiiuatriy.  with  iIk-  idea  that 
it   i-  to  he  i.nee   tOr  all. 

riio-e  in  need  of  thi>  additional  a-H^taiu'e — wliicli  nii^jht  l)e 
called  "social"  to  di-tin,i,'iii.-li  it  from  the  "medical"  and  "tinan- 
cial"  provisions  already  di-cus-ed — are  I  1  )  the  criiiplcs,  whether 
hv  amiHitalion  or  from  s,,me  other  cause,  the  hhiid.  and  the  deaf 
— tho?.e,  in  short,  who  lia\e  lost  a  niemher  or  the  ,i,,-  of  a  niein- 
iier:  and  also  (J)  arrested  casc^  of  tnhercuiosi,.  nun  with  le.sioiis 
of  the  lu'art  or  permanent  ner\oiis  disorder^  of  certain  kinds  or 
those  sultering  fn.m  incurahle  effects  ..{  ..ili.r  di-turhances. 
For  the  most  part  the  primary  need  of  the  second  t,'roup  is  con- 
timiecl  medical  su|iervi.-ion  and  contiiniid  protection  from  over- 
exertion, while  for  the  tirsi  it  is  stimulation  .ind  direction  of 
amhiiion  and  development  of  powers.  .\lthout,di  more  attention 
had  hecn  paid  hefore  the  war  to  tiie  prohleiiis  ,,f  cardiac  and 
tuherculons  cases  than  to  those  of  cripple-,  there  has  heen  h-s 
]iro;.,'ress  in  workini;  out  a  satisfactory  s,,li,ti,,ti  for  them,  and  in 
the  measures  that  liave  heen  taken  for  the  reestahlishnu  nt  of  dis- 
ahled  soldiers  in  economic  life  they  ii.ive  not  heen  specially  ])ro- 
vided  for.  \'ocational  reeducation  has  ernisai^'ed  the  man  who 
has  lost  s,  ,nie  ]>art  of  his  physical  e<|uipment  rather  than  the  <ine 
whose  "general  slren.L,'th  is  reduced  or  whose  activitv  is  restricted 
hy  a  diseased  conditio  i.  [n  the  one  case  it  is  a  i|uestio!i  of  train- 
inj,'  a  healthy  hody  to  make  its  reniainini;  inemhers  d, .  the  work 
of  a  full  efiuipment,  so  that  there  will  he  no  consciousness  of  l(,<s; 
in  the  other  it  is  rather  to  .adjust  the  whole  life  to  a  reduced  or 
uiotlitieil  scale  of  acti\it\-,  which  may  he  i|uite  out  of  drawim; 
with  the  unimpaired  amhition  and  i^piriturd  ener?v.  Tlie  latter  is 
a  prohleni  which  deserves  more  studv  than  it  has  had.  It  is  more 
difticult,  and   for  this  reason,  no  douht.  as  well  as  hecause  the 


4.V. 


hi-  \!;:  I  '1   viii.:i|| 


wii    ^Ml.iil; 


f;riiii|)  cf  ilir  lianiliiaiiinMl  lias  ii"t  ailvamcil  a-  rapidls  aixl  i-  ii"t 
\vl  a  i"ii-i'Uii'iU-  pari  "t  lln-  lu-w  i.n'-rani  li^r  ilu-  iiirii  di-alil'il 
iti  til.'  war,  ll  i-  \\"[  dial  tlu-  'I'  «iri,  am!  imlri'il  llif  iKilaiid  in- 
liiiti"!).  t"  lirl]>  iluni  i-  w.iiiliii'^,  liiit  \\i-  (111  iii't  -ll'  -'  iKarly 
what  ilu\'  lui'd.  and  it  i-  \w>i\-  dirtioull  I"  Mipply  it  in  -"  tar  a^ 
wc  dii  ->  r  it. 

Till-  ui'tural  iiatin\'  "f  tii.-  a--i-tain.a-  whirli  i>  tu-iilrd  \<v  K'.il; 
till' -I.-  i;ri'ii]i>  i>  till'  -ainv:  ad\  iia-  and  riu'i'iirau'fini'iit ;  training  l^r 
an  i.ian[,atii.n  -uiti-d  t.  ■  tlnir  i-a|iacitii-<,  when  tliat  i-  ri'innrvd; 
and  a  cliama-  t"  ti-c  that  trainiiii;  "r  iirrvii.ii>  (.■.\]H-rifnrc  in  carii- 
in.i,'  an  iiHMiiK-.  'I'ln'  ad\iic  i-  "i  a  <lilt\Tiiit  cliarai'tir ;  tin-  I'la-u- 
jiatitiU-  nia\  l>f  ditt'rrriit  ;  Imi  ilic  i--riii-i.'  •■;  u-  in-l|i  i-  tln'  -anii- — 
svntiiatlnlic  and  intillimiit  aid  in  tii.-  rrai,  |ii~lim'!it  tnaili-  ni'i-i^ 
sarv  1)V  iilivsical  disd)ilitv  ;  and  'lu'  "hjirt  in  view  i~  tlit-  -ainc — In 
rc>tnrc  tlu-  man  a-  lU'arly  a-  P'.-mIiK-.  w  liatcx  ir  lii-  liaiulicaii.  h> 
an  indviii.'ndcnt  jHisiii(,n  in  ti'iniia!  hninan  l:fc. 

()l<(;  \\1/M  ION     AMI    MmIIIMIKV 

Tlic  niTts-arv  niai-hincrv  t""r  sujiplyin^'  this  a>sistancc.  in  sd 
far  a-  it  is  (ht't'cn-ntiati'd  fr'.m  wliat  i-  dmu'  liy  thi'  inilitarv 
atithMritii's,  in  rdnnci-ti'm  with  nicdiial  iri-atinitu.  ha>  di.-\  il' 'in.-il 
gradnallv  in  tiii>-t  cnnntric-.  a-  llu-  m-cd-  were  felt  and  as  iiieth- 
()d>  were  di'vi-id  tn  meet  them.  (  )ru'ani/atii 'lis  already  in  exi-t- 
<:nce  fur  the  henelit  I'f  civilian  cripple--,  like  the  ( iermaii  j-edera- 
liMU  fi.r  the  tare  i.f  (ripple-,  nr  f^r  the  general  welfare  nf 
Mildiers  and  -aili'rs,  like  the  twi>  l'".n,i,di-h  sncietie-;.  naturally  e\- 
IKindid  t"  serve  the  (li-;d>!ed  soldiers  as  they  heiian  t"  he  di  — 
charged  .after  the  tir-t  hattle-.  New  (ir,i,'anizatinns  -jiranu  np  here 
and  there,  created  hy  i,MMiip-  of  pers^in-  anxiini-  lo  heli>  the  men 
whn  1h  ^:in  \i<  .aiiiicar  .  ill  the  -tre  -ts.  tn  help  them  in  findintr  work, 
to  L,'ive  tliem  financial  a— i-t.ance  until  their  pen-ion-  -hoiild  he 
.awarded,  and  to  advi-c  them  in  all  sorts  of  ways.  The  Mcole 
h.lVre  wa-  opened  in  l.von-  in  Pecemher.  I'-H,  and  -oon  the  idea 
I'f  -pecial  -cho,  .K  .if  tlii-  new  tvpe  het^.an  to  sjiread.  not  oidy  in 
1  ■ranee,  hut  in  I'.nulaiid  a'-d  It.alv  and  aero—  the  >ea.     Manv  were 


"<   llW*       I     I  iilW|i>il'IBilliMI'[i'   liWPIIM"     ^1  II 


"  i*  r,'i 


.  *siifjf^^_.'- ,  ■«5r-,- 


I 


.-.•■,       ;.-  .  f,l.T.    ;V-\  r>'.    ■   (TT* 


Ki  ilNOMIi      Kl.l  >  I  \i;i  t>IIMl  \T 


4-7 


f^t.".  .-  'ud:  -"iiii'  utnliT  ]'!i\.iic  ;m~|iiii-,  -.inu'  !i\'  inniiici|i;ililii-<, 
"""i-  'iv  :i|'|''"i>i  i.iic  il(  parti. Hill-  <■!'  thr  n.<li"!i.il  ^.  .x  rrnnu  iit. 
|-.\i-tiiiL;  Ir.iilr  -rlii"'l~  It-. in  t"  "llir  l.iiililir-  l'.  t  llir  nciliuali. 'ii 
>||  ^.ililii-r-.  I'.xi-tiiii^  1  inpli'V  iiiviil  liurc,ui>  In  :.;.m  t'l  I'l'iurni 
t|i(  ni-iKo  Willi  tin-  |ir.  Jilni!-  i.I  tlir  ili-alilcil  -i.Mur-  win.  ai'iilinl 
i"r  wiirk,  aihl  in  aiklili"!!  ^  ■(.•cial  aL;riiiii-.  f'.r  lluiii  wcro  I'l'^^aii- 

i/ril    i;;    X,  ,1111-    |ilaic-. 

At  lii~t  tlif  vari"ii>  fll'iirt-  win-  L.tal  aiul  iiiu' ■.linalid.  Init 

!.railiial!. — iih'ri'   t^iailually   in   m'IIH'  i.  .iiiitric-   tliaii    in   ntlur 

iIr'v  lia\i-  Ihiii  lir"ii^;lu  iiitn  rilatimi  witli  ciir  an  mIut  ami  a 
iiati'iial  >y-t<ni  has  cuiiU'  iiitu  hciiii;,  nnik-r  a  iriiiral  aiitliMrit\-, 
w  illi  iiiiTi-  nr  !(.-x  ]">\\(T.  \ii|unti-fi  cltMit,  \  •  >liiiitfir  in.>iu\-  ami 
iai'ilitii>,  ami  tlu'  ri'xi  .iirii'x  nt  local  ;,'' i\  iriiiiu  nt.  rcinam  iin|i'T- 
tant  vU'iiuiil<  in  the  ^\^lcni,  hut  tlu'  ]iriiui|ilc  <'i  national  -ii]nr- 
\i~ion  ami  at  K'a-t  a  (k-.L;ri-c  o|'  national  loiitro],  iia>.  ln-tii  i,'iii- 
iTall\-  adojiiiil. 

iHlijiiini  1m>  tlif  simplest  <\  tiiti.  It  wa^  'Tiatid  li\-  a  sinjik- 
stroke  in  No\  I'liihtT,  1"M4,  wluii  the  Mini-tcr  o|  War  (k'l-rccd 
that  iiu-a|)ai-itattil  '•oklicrs  witc  not  to  ko  di^cliarmd  Ironi  tin- 
army  until  tlay  liad  lurti  fittiil  for  -<'UH'  otrniialion  in  civil  lite, 
and  that  thox.-  already  dixchari;cd.  iink-«>  tlu\-  had  alrcailv  c-tali- 
li-lui|  tlRin-flvfs  in  >onic  snilalik-  ]iovition.  wcrr  to  In-  rccalkd. 
The  U!ilia]i|iy  |)(.siti(.n  of  Ik'lijinin.  in  exile  (■n  forviun  soil,  proh- 
al)l\  deterniined  this  policy,  since  il  ni>t  only  made  the  co!i<erv.i- 
tioii  ot  her  luiinaii  resources  the  more  jire'-^ini,',  her  material 
wealth  hein,!,'  larijely  in  the  hands  of  the  etieiiiy,  hut  also  perJi.ips 
made  luT  more  sensitive  to  the  deiiior.ilizini,'  rcMilts  of  iie.i;lect, 
a--  --een  in  the  I'elijiaii  soldiers  who  were  .alreadv  wrinderiiiLj 
.-iroimd  I'r.tnce  and  l".n,i,dand,  "r;i,!,'t;ed  and  mi^t-rahle,  holding;  out 
their  liamK  tor  food  and  shelter,"  jii^t  a>  we  .are  more  con>cioiis 
of  our  children's  faults  when  they  di>tiirl)  a  kind  ho-tess  than  we 
:ire  ;it  home. 

Oi^ahled  soldiers  of  P.elfjium,  therefore,  are  in  the  chari^e  of 
the  .Mini-ter  of  War  tintil  they  are  con-idered  readv  to  maintain 
;iii  independent  po-ition  in  ci\i!  life  l'\-  ;i  law  of  .\pril.  I'M", 
the  decision  a-  to  when  tlie\-  are  ready  for  ili-chrirLje.  which  rests 


4_N 


iiisAi'.:  II'   -c'l  i/in  ^    \M'  ~  Ml  iii'''> 


iiiiutlv  ui"'ii  lli^-  "iiitiri-t.-"  -I  til.  1.1. n  ili.  iii-i-K  cs,  i-  I.  11  unli 
;,  ,,  iui,,, -.1.^11  ;,i,i".iiit..l  l.\  ill.  Mmi-ht  .1  Ihf  liu.ri.  1.  In  li" 
,  ili.r  ..  Miitrs  .-ire'  Ilic  -.l-lLr-  Uyl  in  llu  nulilary  .  .r,-;,lii/..li.  li 
,;,,t..  ilii-  1"  ml.  I'.Mii  ill  IVl,L;mni  tlif  w  lU  .1  tin-  -..wiiiin.nl 
ill  iv..ii..inK-  L.-taMi^liimnt  i«  Mii.pl.iiu  iiti.l  l.y  h.iik-  wliuli  ..u.- 
its  i-xi^nii..  an.l  il>  o.iilinu.iiu.-  Liri^.K  L.  private  philantlir. 'I'V  ; 
;,,„!  ,|„  ,!,,,.,■  .1  .\..w'tnl..r.  l'M».  v.ill  n..  .!-nl.t  -iM-..lity  bo 
r.p.al.-.l   uIkii    l'..l^:iuui  i-  a-aiii  <  \nw,\  f.  lur  rcluriiiiij,'  ii.'!- 

iil.iii'  'n. 

ii,  I  ran.-,    l.v   I'M'.  llur.'  \\  .,>  a  r.-nltilu.'.o  .  I  ^'li' "  >!-  ail.l  .  .tlur 

;,-.ii.u-,  .r<.it\.l  l.y  i.liilainln..i.u-  a— iiati.  .ii-  and  in.li\  i.ltiaN, 
Iv  .l.ii.ir.ni.iit-  an.l  oinmnn.^.  l.v  .luinl..-;^  ..f  c  .mnu  nc  an.l 
tia.l.  nin.-n^,  an.l  l.v  liali  a  .l.v..n  .K  [.arliiR'nt-  ..t  iIk-  lutL^nal 
.^,.^.rnnl.nt.  llir  Mmi-tri.-  .•!  W  ,.r.  Navv,  l..il...r  an.l  S..ial 
In-nian...  i  ■  .nun.  r.v.  A'^ri.  nlinr.-.  \'u\„,,  .nqriu'li.  .11  an.l  tlu- 
Int.  ri..r,  all  wirr  in\..lM-<l. 

'i!uM.  la.ilr.iv-  ..v.rlai.i.c.l  m  plac.-  an.l  I.  ft  MTi..us  'Aa]'-  nn- 
I.IU.I,     TliiT.   wa-  a  m  lural  di-maiul  I'T  -"inc  c.iilral  c.'.r.linat- 
inu'  a:;i-!uv.     A  preliminary  f  niini-M.  ii  wa^  calkil  l..i;etlur  early 
in   I'M.^  ..11  til.'  initiative  ..f  t'ue   Mini-t.r  ..f  ( "•  .ninieree.  \\1;..  i- 
u-]...nMl.l..   t".  .r   tlie  Miperv  i-i.  .n  ..|'   e..innureial  an.l   t>'cliilK-al   m- 
..<.nu-ti..n.     1  ir,   !'..  .nrnll.  .n.  Dir.iL.r  at  St.  Maiiriee.  ua-a  nu'in- 
l.^r  ..f  thi.  e..innii-M..ii.  an.l   M.    i'.ittar.l.  amli..r  '.t    1..-  l-:e..le> 
.1..   i'.le-e-,  \\a-  it^-  ^eenlarv.      .\    few  weelo  lat.  r   (April,   I'M.M 
tlu'  .\iini-ter  ..f  til.'  Interi..r.  ait.r  a-kin-  f.  r  an  initial  aj'i-r. .[  ria- 
lii.n  i.f  >.n..  niilli..n  fraiie>  witli  wliieli  L'  ai.l  v.  .eali.  .nal  >eli.  •■.l> 
l■,,r  the  .li-al.le.l,  ireate.l  ;m  interniiiii-lerial  e.  .ninii--i.  .ii  t..  -tn.ly 
llie  \vli..l.-  (nu-ti..ii  an.l  t.>  ciiM-Kr  ap|.lieati..ii-  f.T  .i,'ram-.     At 
tla  lua.l  "{  thi  .  c  .n!nii"i..n  we  Im.l  M.  I'.ri-ac.  the  .li-tiii^,Mii~li..l 
D.ieetuir  d'A-i-tance  et   .rilyLrieiie    I'liMi.nie.  an.l    it    ine!  i.l  .1 
1  )r.   r,.  .in  rill.  .11  <'f  St.  Mauriee,   1  >r.  <i..unl..ii  ..f  r..r.Kan\.  an.l 
ni.iiiv  ..tlier-  wh..  in  tluir  M\eral  eai.aeitie-  repre-etite.l  tlu-  a.tive 
■jit.re-l  ill  the  i^r.  .hleiii  taken  hy  the  -even  mini-trie- ah.  .\  e  named 
aiul  hv  the  Mini-trv  ..f  linaiue-. 

The    e.  .nip.  .-iti..n    .  t'    ihi-    e.  .mini— i.  .n    wa-    changed    -.veral 
time-,  hilt  n..twitli-taii.lin,L;  it-  r.  pn -entativ  e  eliaraeier  it  di.l  ii.  .t 


I  I'DNnMI'      Id  Is  I  Mil  I  -II  MINI' 


L"l 


|ir..v.'  {■•  li.'  llu-  ;ii;riu>  ulluli  v.i-  ii.r.l-il  f'.r  llic  ii,iti'*i,il  .Iiin- 
Ii-ii  ami  r..iiir..l  ,|  t!n~  w.rk.  In  Mari'li.  I'Md,  a  i-.  .imiii-i- .ii 
I'f  llic  I  hainlKT  n|'  I)c|,iuh^  r. cjmiirii.lfil  an  <  HVn.-  (  tiiiral  (!.■ 
kn'-'liKatii'ii  (lr>  Miiii!.  -  III  til.-  M!iii~tr\  >>i  ilu-  liiti-ri'T.  A 
iiiiiiitli  latrr  tiu'  ^aiiii-  i  •1111111--1.  .n  rc[H.rii-iI  that,  lia\  iiii,'  IrariU'l 
that  llu  l.ali'.r  Mim-tr\  li.i''  altca.ly  tak'ii  >ti-ii-  {•>  i>talili-h  an 
"i.l'licc  national"  t'l  i-'"'nlinatf  I'tl'Tt-  ■ 'ii  inhall  "I  tin-  ii'.u'.iLs 
aii'i  r,  i.'nii,-\\  tin-  1-.  .miiii"i..n  hail  iii' ■iliticd  liir  dralt  "I  it^  |ir..- 
jH'-rd  lull.  Til,  111  u  (Iratt  ilid  ii'.t  -pfcit'\  t-  uliirli  inmi-ti\  tli'; 
(  HVk'i-  National  -luaiM  lni.ii',,'.  ami  tli.'  [.1  -\  i-i..ii>  wlmh  w  I'.ii- 
taincd  t'lT  tin.-  i' ■ni|M  .-itn 'ii  >•!'  tlir  -|icfial  i,  ■iiinii--i' .11  ■  .ti  n  .-(jtua- 
tii'll  wcri'  ^Iri.km  cilt  IkI'.u-  tin  lull  lui-anic  l.iu,  iii..r>'  than  a 
uar  and  a  halt  later,  l\w  m  itt<  r  luini,'  Kit  t'.  ho  ditrrniiiu  d  hs 
iniiii^tiTia!  <Ki.n\'. 

The  "(  jiCki'  Natimial  di  -  MuiiK'^  u  K'rt'. tihi  -  de  la  <  iiu-rix'" 
w.'is  lluTftore  ii"i  iri-atcd  hy  art  I'l'  raihaiiiriit,  Imt  nuTi'h-  ni-- 
i',:,'!iizi(l  atid  ri'L;iiIari/rd  at'tir  it  had  hrrii  in  i-\i-trncr  for  -'f.u- 
tw.  \iar-.'  Aci'i.rdin-  l<  ■  thr  law  ■■!  jaiinarv  J.  I'MS.  it  i>  dr- 
clarrd  I"  111-  a  |iiihlic  iii>titnti, 'ii  and  t"  In-  attach' il  t"  the  I.aln.r 
.Mini-try.  The  lUillrtiii  |.  t  the  year  I'M",  uhiili  jiiihli-In--  tli.' 
text  (if  llii-;  law,  he.ir-  mi  it-  title-  paj^e  the  iiaine>  of  the  three 

Mini-trie War,   Lalmr.  and    Interinr.      The  1 'llu  e   will   iieee-- 

h.'irily  fiiiitinue  tn  ciiii|Hr,ite  with  all  three. 

In  pnr-uance  nf  it-  ni.iin  fiinctiiin  tn  cmirdm.ite  ilu-  w^rk  nf 
reediiealiiiii  nf  the  whule  i<.nntry,  and  e-]ieeiall\  tn  faeilit.ile 
cii(i|ier.iliiiii  hetween  the  piihlic  adinini-trati'ii  ,ind  the  v.ihintar\ 
:i,t,'eiicies  ent;ai,'ed  in  thi-  w.irk.  the  (  )t'liee  .National  ha-  in.ide  a 
j;enfral  rci,'i-try  cf  di-.iMed  men.-  h.a-  kept  in  tuneh  with  tli  • 
schiicil-,   l.ieilitated  the   pl.ieemeiu  nf  di-ahled  nun   in   p.  i-iti' 111-. 

'  Miiii^^Icrial  Arr.  tcs  ..f  .\I.irili  J,  M.ir.h  I',.  'S\:\\  11.  Dcti.l.iT  17.  lOir,- 
January  1'*,  March  K.  1  i.->>-mlier  J7.  l'>17 

-  I  In  J.imiary  1.  1''1H,  tlii-  rci;istr>  .'.Titamcil  tliu  ikiiih--  i.f  .ihont  7i>.ilin) 
invalided  'olditrs  ( rt-furmes  N'.i.  1)  who  had  liceii  hold  to  be  iritilled  li 
ln-n-ioii-.  'Ihi-  l>  nuuli  lie!  "W  tlu'  actual  mmilier.  a^  the  rei?i-tr>  litHm^  with 
July.  1''16.  and  proliaM)  A-v-  ii  't  cmtaui  all  u\fii  ■.ir.i-e  that  ilatc  '!  Iir 
Pension  Office  of  tlie  War  .Ministry  reports  a>  pensioned  or  under  consider, i 
tion  for  permanent  or  tem;i..rary  peii-i-n-  .n  Deccmher  .11.  1'*I7.  21II.J7J, 
and  as  discharsed  without  pension  (ret..rrnrs  Xo.  2).  415. 7M;  whi.-h  w  .ii!  i 
Kive  a  total  nutnlier  of  (iJd.n.Vi  ir\3p,i,:r,ited  i  I'.ulletin  No  _'  of  the  Mm  i- 
N'atiiinal.  pa^e  4  ( 


4:>o 


i)is\r.i.r.i)  S(ii.iiiKi;s  and  saii.uks 


aii'l  «)u-"nia^>d  tlu-  cMahli-lniuiit  "1  tli'partnu-ntal  d  .niniituw-. 
'I1k-m-  c.  .iP!uilu-i--  .iM'  I'xinrii-d  I"  viHt  iIk-  niuii  iii  the  In -vital-, 
ail\i-r  tlu-iii  ali<'\it  liii-ir  hiturr  cccuiiali' m,  iHi->uailc  lluni  li'  taki.' 
a  uiUi-r  "l'  traiiimu  i  l'  lluy  ikimI  it.  arraiii,'!.-  i<>r  lluir  iiilry  imo 
tlu-  in-'.i.iT  -ill.  i.  .1,  inaiiilaiii  a  Imnaii  "t  iiil'i  .niiaii- •n  i^'V  tiii'in, 
and  al-.  I  I"  iiR-iaa-i-  tin  Iiuilitii.--  t"r  rrcdiR'alii 'll  ii'  Uu'V  arc  iiiail- 
o|iiati-  l'"i"  tluii'  ->-(li"ii  "t  tlic  ciMinliv. 

Kr-pcii-iliililv  ill  l-raiia,  tlurrii.rc,  i-  -till  (li-triliutv<l  aiii.oi- 
varidii-  (k'liaitiiinit-  "I  the  iialional  t;.  iVfriiiiuiii.  ami  i-  -till  nul 
larmly  li\'  l"Cal  iiiiliativi-  i<\  ><m-  kiiul  <>y  aii'iilur.  'I'lu-  i  itiu-L- 
Xatn'iial  i- an  a<l\i-"ry  rallur  than  an  i-xceaitiv  i-  hM,ly.  with  hiii- 
itcd  ii.iwrr-  .if  iiiitiali..n.  It  i-  a  ciiUcr  ..f  inf.  .riiiati.  .11 :  "f  rc- 
i^varch,  "f  i'..(.r.liiiati..n,  "\  ]in  .iia-aiula.  It-  \aliu-  (K-i'cii.l-  . 'ii  its 
Mua-c-  in  -nnrin-  llir  a(l..i)ti..n  "f  it-  r.  c  ■ninu-ii.lati.  .11-.  It  has 
i1r-  ail\aiila,i,'r  "f  ln-iiV-^  an  c-talih -lic.l  -.  .\  i-niim-mal  a-cncv.  and 
it  can  at  Ka-l  d..  a  .ur^at  deal  toward  iiuT.-a-int,'  tin.'  elfuiiiuy  ct 
the  faiilitii-  which  already  c.\i>l  hy  puhlicily  and  hy  iiicrca>iiit; 
their  re-,  iiir-es. 

In  Italv  the  w..rk  ..f  pr.  ividiiii:  .  .rth.  .pedic  treatment  a-  well 
a-  trade  traiiiiii'^  f..r  di-aliletl  -..Idier-  \va-  he,i,'iin  liy  local  ciii- 
iniltee-  "f  private  citizen-,  aclin.i,'  in  c ..  .perati.  .n  with  the  nuh- 
tarv  antli..ritie-.  There  wa-  111.  .re  iinif.  .rniity  than  in  Iraiire, 
fur  there  wa-  ].raetieal!v  ii..thinu'  t"  >larl  with.  ;iiul  iii.>-t  ..f  the 
committee-  and  the  -eh. ...I-  which  they  e-t.ahli-lud  were  mod- 
fled  after  the  lir-t  one.  in  Milan.  I'.v  the  time  -itch  c.  .miiiittees 
had  heeii  create.l  in  mo-t  ..f  the  province-,  they  tliem-el\e-  he-.ail 
t..  feel  the  need  of  a--oci;ition,  .and  formed  a  N.ation.d  l-'ederatioii 
(,f  ('.  .mmitlee-  for  the  .\— i-t,ance  ..f  the  I'.liiid.  Lame,  and  .Muti- 
lated Soldier-,  which  h,i-  done  iimcii  to  spread  inf.  .rmati.  >n  and 
rai.-e  -land.ird-,  e-jncially  ihr..n,i,di  the  nK.nthly  m;i,u'a/.inc  which 
it  puhli-he-.  In  .March  of  l'>17  a  law  \v;is  pa-ed  cre.itin-  a  Xa- 
ti..ii.d  i'.oanl  f..r  the  l'rotecti..n  and  .\— i-taiice  ..f  the  Invalids 
<.f  Wax.  in  the  Department  of  the  interior,  in  which  i-  centralized 
re-p.  .n-iliilitv  for  reeducation  and  f.-r  all  a--i-tance— medic.il, 
ic..iiomic.  and  le:;,'al— w  iiich  the  men  may  neeil  after  their  di- 
charue   lr..in  the  arm  v.      Keeihicati.  .11  is  not  c  .mpiil-ory,  but  a 


r.(  ()\(i.Mi(    iu:i:.si  ai;;.i.--h.mi:.n  r 


4M 


man  wli.i  tlrct--  f  lakv  ii  i-  ti^'t  (ii-cli, 


irt,'i'i,  utiiil  the  till 


■I   111- 


TIk-   X 


iii"n,il    iriK  rati' Ml   c\]pi\i-   ti.  (li>-"l\f   a- 


a>  ilk'  new  ,iri'\  irniiunial  licil\-  i-  uiukr 


\\a\'. 


■|K'  X, 


iiii'iia 


1  i: 


■n-i-t-ci  nincHTii  iiK'niiKr^.  I'lurrKi 


t^.l 


l.v  tl 


K'  lci:i-.ianir(.- 


ti\ 


r  n"iiiinatr(i 


Ci  lucriiiil.   Idir  hy  llu-  in>tilulli 'U- 

I'l  (li-aMiil  -iiKlii.1--,  i\s.  ■  liy  ilii'  Siir,m>'ii  t  KiK-ral 

Xaiiiinal    A-- .ciali' oi    -if    hisilili-d    S' .l(lii.T>    tl 


l>y  tlu-  ii\i.'  ili'iiarlniriit-  ilininlv 
and  i'"niniitti\  -  I'T  the  care 


alri-a(h-   !ia-  i 'Var  twi'iiiv  tlii.ii-aiul   nuniln 


iii-]i(.-ct  and   su]>i.rvi>o  ilic  \\(ir 
main  the  iiianai^mR'nt  "i  tlic  : 


't   tlu 


loral 


tiKv  lia\i.-  (■ 


I.  .mil  I'  'iir  li\-  Ilk- 
k'lii-iU  i>.  wliiiii 
li  lia>  |>(i\\iT  tl' 
■niniitti-i  <.  wliii'h 
-lalilislu'd,  and 


is  I'Xin'Ctcii  til  >tan 


.lard 


l/-i.'   tJK' 


L'Ik  'dl- 


iiv  virtik'  lit   It- 


'Wir   In 


<L-  charters  nt  ili 


e  ciiniiimti,i- 


.trrant  and  ri\ 

\\itli  iirii\  iditii;  nudical  treatment  a^  it  i 


h 


arirei 


eliarf,^'.  m.iterial  relief,  aid  in  tindii 


na\-  be  iiee<leil  at'ter  di- 
1  k 


1,1:  eni|i|iiyiiient.  and  le.i^al  ad- 


vice m  ciinnectiiin  w  1 


th 


-eciirin^  ])en- 


■ans  nr  aiivlliiii 


-e  111  which  tile  men  may  need  pn  iie-~ii  ■iial  help, 
(lermany  is  the  mily  cmintrv  which  !ia>  in  it  a--unied  iiat 


'ii^ihiliiv 


lur   the    reeducation 


d    nl; 


innal 
icelileiit    cif    men    di>- 


cliar! 


d   In  "111  tiie  ariin- 


ai 


ecau>e  (if  di>al)ilitv.      '11 


uaiui-  111  a  iietwi 


wnrk  in  ( lermanv  is  in  the 
u>ually  (irij,'inatin.i;  in  private  initial i\e 
aflihated  with  the  local  and   ~tatt 
state>  i.f  th 


irk  of 


lis 


Committees. 


more  or  le: 


L-lo.e!\ 


iveriinicms  in   the   diltereiit 


e  eiiiiiire, 


wliicl 


1  ari'  coor(liiiali.-(l  liv  a 


Xat 


loiiai 


iiii- 


niitlee  formed  late  in  1"15.  The  Xational  Committee  is  recoi;- 
iii/.ed  hy  the  Ini|)erial  ( iovernmeiit,  inn  it  i-  not  an  ofticial  Imdv. 
lt>  function-,  are  limited  to  re^earcii  and  i)ul.lication  and  advice 
to   tile  unolTicial   committees   wliich   it    "ciiordiiKUe 


it  diff 


ers  111  Its  scope  a 


nd 


in  it>  stand 


1111;  Iroiii  the 


I- 


and   thus 
icli  Office 


National,  wl 


rks  tlirouf,di  the  same  me 


tliod- 


('■reat  liritain  and  the  l>riti>h  co!( 


nie?  and  the  I'liited  States 


have  all  .t;one  further  than  coiilinent.il  I'.v 


tion    of    r>elL'iiim,    in    as 


[)e,  with  tlie  e.xcep- 


■uniinj,'   delinite    respon^ihijitv    for    the 


fxteiiMon  ot  the  provisions  for  disihled  -.oldii-,-v  lievond  i)liy-.ic;il 
treatment  ami  peii-ioii.  and  liave  .ill  dek-.^'ated  that  resiM.iisihility 
to  a  civilian  iiraiicli  of  tiie  i:overiinient. 


_L 


Tii-T"TT~rirTr  Tl — it"!'  TiMimimi —  t^rti 


r^uss'r-  •-jsc 


■I 


4;,2  i,is\r,i.Ki'  soi.niKKs  and  SA1I.(.K.> 

Cn-a    Uritai.u   a^   1k>.   Ik-ch   ...ticol    in   a    pr.c.aint^    ^ccti..i. 
cr.:aol   a  Mna~-..HH-,al   lH.,ly.   the   -ta.utnry   Omn„Ut.v.   at   tnc 
o„lM-    l-U^vshu-h  ua.  ,na,M,t..nt„,.tlKTautK-.     to  ntakc 
„r„viMn„   for  tlu    .a:-,  of  ,li>al.lol  othccr.  ami  n>...  after  tiny 
Hvc  k-il  the  ^c-rvic,-.  .ndu.hn.i;  proviMo,,  for  thar  hcaltl,.  tran,- 
.;,,    ,„.,   ..,n,,lo^„K.,U.••     When  tlw   M.n.-trv  of    lVnMon>  wa^ 
,,;;il,h~he,l  a  v^ar  later  the  Statutory  eo„,nmtee  vva^  mcori.o- 
rate,l  n>  the  n.w  departntent,  retant.ns  U~  -r.^j.nal  power^  an, 
dulie.  luu  exerc.-in,'  and  performin-,  thent  ••under  the  contro 
„,■    ;,„a  i„  aecordance  with  the  in>trfCtion.  ot   the   M.n.-.ter  .>t 
lV„M,,n."    ^^ho.   a^   it   happened,   had    heen   one   of    the>r   own 
,„„„,,,r.     It  wa.  an  awkward  Mtnafon.  and  whh.n  mx  ,n..nths 
•  he  ^tatuf.rv  Comnmtee  cante  to  the  conclu-ion.  n,  wh>eh  the 
Mnn~ter  ,,f'Pen>ion>  concurred,   althoui^h   hi.   "loyalty   to   h.s 
:,ld  c.llea.nu-  had  prevented  hi>  rai^n^'  the  MUe>t.o„  hnn^elt. 
.•U,ai  ,n  the  p.>hlic  intcre>t.  atul  al..  in  that  ol  tho>e  lor  wlw 
l,.„d,t  the  Statutory  Cntnutlce  were  constituted,  it  .>  de>.ral.le 
tlKU   then-    function:  -l.ould.   ...hject  to  the  nece.^ary^.uod.hca- 
ti,,n-    he  transferred  to  the  Mi.u>ter  of  IVumo,,-.       The  Statu- 
t„rv  CoutuHttee  wa^  accordingly  di>.olved.  and  since  Septentber. 
Vnr    entire  respoUMhihtv  ha-  rested  with  the  Mm.^try  ol  1  en- 
M,,n<     Thi-  doe-  not  niea.i  either  that  a  new  ser.es  ot  ui>lUut.ons 
In-   been    created    hv    the    slate,    itor   that    the    .uover.tnunt    has 
"tHkeu   over"   exi.tin^   agencies   completely.      It   means   that   a 
.k.partment  ..f  the  Kovcrnnxnt.  with  a  nnmster  .n  the  Lal.met 
i,  eharxed  with  seeing  that  the  state's  responsilnhty  is  carried 
,„„    l,ut  that  this  dei>art,nent  is  expected  to   fulfil  its   function 
lar.'elv  bv  stimulating'  local  an.l  private  effort.     All  the  elements 
.'f  a  cmprehen-ive  svstem  which  alread>  existed  in  depart.nents 
.„   ,„,vernment  or  in  prnate  charitable  enterprises  are  utilized; 
n,i-inu  features  are  supplied  in  whatever  way  seems  most  ex- 
„,,lKnt.  but  ordinarily  by  a  c.Muhination  of  private  and  puhhc 
i.,.,,urce-,    plant    and    e-piipment    fre.|uently   being    supplied    by 
the  former,  runnin-  expen^-es  by  the  latter.  _ 

1,1  Canada  there  has  been  a  particularly  interesting:  develop- 
„„„j.      In  the  spring-;  of    1"1?  a  civi!i:m  agency,  the   Military 


X-Q£^KS^> 


lilOMlMIC    KKKSTAIU.ISHMI-.NT 


4;v5 


lliisijitals  Cnnimis^inn.  was  creatfil  to  pri>vi(Ie  for  the  physical 
care  oi  memhiTS  of  tlic  Canadian  I'"x[)c(htionary  Force  \\!io 
wire  invalided  home,  apparently  because  the  military  aiitliorities 
were  so  fully  occupietl  with  niohilizinj;  forces  and  f,'ettinj,'  them 
across  tlie  Atlantic  that  they  had  not  the  time  or  roources  in 
j^ive  the  needed  attenti.>n  to  the  di>al)led  men  wli'.  were  comiiit; 
hack.  The  functions  of  tlie  .Military  Hospitals  Commi»i(in 
Were  soon  extended  to  include  provision  for  occupational  traiii- 
ini,'  and  j,-eneral  instruction  and  assistance  in  findinjj  employ- 
ment. In  1''17  a  parliamentary  investi.<,'ation  of  the  svstem  '.n 
force  pave  an  opportunity  for  considering:  the  difficulties  arisinjj 
from  the  "dual  control"  of  military  and  civil  authorities,  and 
the  theory  i>f  their  relation  to  each  other,  and  a  little  later  a 
reorj,'anizafion  was  effected  which  more  clearly  dehned  the  field 
of  each  and  materially  reduced  the  points  of  friction. 

A  Departinent  of  Soldiers'  Civil  Reestahlishmeiit  was  created 
in  the  Dominion  Ciovernment,  with  a  minister  in  the  Cabinet,  to 
which  was  entrusted  the  welfare  of  all  soldiers  from  the  day 
of  their  disc'.iari,'e  from  the  army.  The  Canadian  Army  Medical 
Corps,  on  the  other  hand,  wa>  charged  with  tiie  treatment  of 
wounded  or  invalided  men  up  to  the  time  of  discharge.  The 
old  Military  Hospitals  Commission  becatne  the  Invah  led  Sol- 
diers' Cotnmission.  a  division  of  the  new  department.  It  was 
relieved  of  all  .^ -ponsihility  for  the  physical  care  of  the  men 
before  dischar>,'e,  but  still  had  the  duty  of  providinjj  for  those 
who  are  so  badly  disabled  that  they  need  prol(>n,i,'ed  or  permanent 
institutional  care,  and  lor  those  who  may  have  a  recurrence  of 
their  disability  after  discharge.  It  retains  also  comi)lete  responsi- 
bility for  all  vocational  and  educational  work,  including  what 
is  carried  on  in  the  military  hospitals  among  men  not  yet  dis- 
chargeil.  It  has  thr.s  lost  tiie  very  function  to  which  it  originally 
owed  its  creation — the  provision  of  hospitals  and  convalescent 
hiimes  for  returning  soldiers — (though  not  until  it  had  made 
the  provision)  ;  while  it  keeps  all  the  duties  which  were  assigned 
\.>>  it  or  which  it  assumed  from  time  to  time  as  the  result  of 
recognition  of  additional  needs  on  the  pari  uf  the  soldiers.     The 


'1^ 


' ' '-^ 


•^^r 


4.U 


\>\>  \i;i.iJi  M)i.i'ii;i;>    \Mi  ^aiic!- 


miliiarv  amliMritit-.  ^n  the  ('ilur  luii>l.  rc-nim-.  1-y  ilivir  ..\mi 
,KMr./(lmi>-  wiiKh  in  I'MS  lluy  tciiii.l  itui.iiipanliK-  wiili  ili>!r 
l,!iiii;.r\  ta-k  ■'!  raiMii-  an  army,  'llu-  mw  ili'iiartiiu-iu,  of 
\\liidi  ilk-  liuali.K-.l  S..Ulin>"  ( ■..nmii.-H-n  i>  one  l.rancli  aiul 
the  r..  anl  ct'  iVn-i<in  I'l  .nmii-i' ■hit--  an^'llur.  i-  a  cnilian  dc- 
pannknt.  an.!  il-  la^k  i-  m  j.lan  i'-t  iIk'  r^r-lal.li-linKiU  in  n\  il 
li!c  .'t  all  tl-A-  Canadian  snUlirrs  when  llicy  ccnic  hi.nie  tn^ni 
ilk'  war.  I'T  ilk-  pn-rnt,  ln.wwer,  i.  i>  ci  inLfrneJ  of  cour.-e 
inainiv    with    the   di-aMcii. 

'Ilk'   MUitary    ll<.>i)itals  C'(.nniii>>ii'n.   and   its   Micccsst.r.   the 
In\alid(-(1  Soldiers'  Commissi,  ,ii.  Iia-^  ha<l  inmh  .crealer  jH.wers 
cf    initiative    than    any   of    the    corre-jx 'ndini:   national    ,U"\'^'''"- 
iiKiita!  a.ueiuies  in   luirninan  conntries.      It  is  primarily  execu- 
tive,  not  a.lviM.ry.   and   while   e.xistiii,;;  n,i:eiicies  and   vohniteer 
a-i-tanee  lia\e  heeii  ittili/ed  as  far  as  po->ihle.  and  the  coopera- 
tion of  tile  provincial  and  local  f,'nvcrnments  has  lieen  counted 
upon,  ninch  more  has  heen  created  out  of  whole  cloth,  and  the 
Canadian  "system"  is  much  more  nearly  in  fact  a  unified,  com- 
preheiiMvc.  stanilardized  system  than  are  those  of  the  luiropean 
countries,   where  the   standardizalvm  and  unification  have  uot 
pro^'re>-e(l   very    far  heyond   the  sta},'e  of  architect's  drawing's. 
Australia   aiul   New   Zealaiul   al>o  have  created  new   depart- 
ments of  their  ii.itional  j,'overnmcnt,  coordinate  with  the  other 
<lep;irtnients  of  administration,   to  assist  dischari^ed   soldier- — 
whethei     disaliled    or    not— in    effect in«    a    .i^raceful    return    to 
civilian  life.     In  Australia  it  is  the  Ministry  of  Repatriation;  in 
New  '/ealainl,  the  Returned  Soldier>'  Inf<:rm;.tion  Department. 
In  the  end  the  hulk  of  their  work  will  he  for  the  men  wh<i  are 
demohihzed   uninjured  at   the  end  of   the   war,   hut  at   present 
they  are  chietly  occupied  with  the  disabled  who  have  returned 
home. 

The  United  States  has  alsd  placed  responsibility  for  the  "voca- 
tional relubilitation  and  return  to  civil  emiiloyntent"  of  those 
who  need  .such  assistance  in  ;i  civilian  branch  of  the  natii'ual 
.[^■overnmenl,  hut  not  one  created  for  the  purpose,  .\fter  cou- 
sjilerin^'  an  inierdei>artinental  commissi,  .n.  represeiitin,:;  the  Ue- 


^mmLMmm  yrn^^ 


lUoND.Mh      M.l.>l  \l;i.l>llMI..\  |- 


435 


l^irmuni^.  ..|"  ilu-  Tni^Miry.  War,  \,i\v,  l.al...r  and  ilic  Inderal 
I'.'.anl  iMi-  \  .,tati,.iial  l^diR'ati.  .n,  liu.  inial  ikciM'.ii  \\a>  In  uiili/r 
lilt.-  i\i-iiii-  l;..ar(l  l"i.|-  \  ..laiMiiial  i '.(liuatii  .11.  'l'lii>  i>  a  i\.iiiily 
iri'aiicl  ni-ait  d'  ilu-  iiali'.iial  i;.  .\  rrmiunt.  with  an  inUTdi-pari- 
nn-nial  cliaracUT  ..f  it,  .,\\n,  sincr  ilii.'  Si(  rciario  of  .\,i,'rii-idlnr< , 
<'I  ('..niinvrrr,  and  ..|'  l.al".r.  and  llic  (,'.  .innii>-i(  .lur  ..|  lulnca- 
tii'n.  aiT  I'x  (.riui,.  nu-nil)ci>.  It-  finn-ii..n  i-  t'>  a--i-t  and 
Mi|nr\iM-  tlk-  Siati-s  in  ilio  um-  of  tlu-  apiirciiriatii  >ii^  ii.r  \(,ia- 
iH'ual  fdnialion  made  to  tluin  iiy  tlic  Kiinal  ,i;oviiiniiint,  tn 
lirr|iai-i'  ■  -icluT-;  for  tlioc  Mil]j\cts,  and  to  cnndnci  ri'Marcli 
"Imii  ■  ,  tnrtlRT  \(.cai;oiial  trainin.tj  in  aKricnluirc  and  tlic 
tradi  -  and  iiidn-trii's. 

I'.y   tln>  arran-iiiR-nt    federal    fmanfial   ai.l   K.   tin-    Staio    in 

tlicir  i)rovi-i(,n   tor  tlic-  rcedncaii i  di-al.lrd   -ol,lier>  i.  con- 

tiniplaled,  and  ft-drral  vtinnilii-  and  direction.  'I'Ik.  i.hu-aiional 
feature  of  tlic  pro;,'rani  is  emphasized.  No  special  pro\i>ion 
lia>  yet  1>een  niaile  for  a>>i>tance  in  finding,'  emplovment.  nor  for 
tlie  niiscellani  .us  needs  wliicli  may  he-et  the  disihled  -oldier 
after  di>charf,'e.  Witli  the  be,i,'inmn';s  we  lia\e  made— linaneial 
indemnities  administered  by  a  hnrean  i<i  liie  'l'rea>ury  Depart- 
ment, and  reeducation  I)y  tliis  independent  hoard,  affiliated  with 
fcur  of  the  old  department — it  w<.nl(l  he  diflicult  to  erect  a 
Ministry  of  Kepatri;ition  wiiic'.i  wouM  take  ,i,'eneral  charf,'e  of  the 
-•soldier's  or  sailor's  interests  from  the  time  he  leaves  the  serv- 
ice; hut  we  m.iy  wi-h  we  oudd,  a>  we  realize  one  after 
another  the  needs  still  to  he  provided  for  and  tiie  .lifficulties 
ari>inj;  from  ••dismemixrint,'"  each  man's  interests  hy  entru>t- 
in^'  each  phase  of  his  rest< .ration  tci  a  --eparutc  branch  of  the 
government. 

^^l;^•TAI.     rUKl'AKATlON- 

The  foundation  for  resimiins;  lit"e  under  favorable  au-piccs 
is  an  attitude  of  determination  and  hope.  R.siiectation  of  suc- 
cess rather  than  despondency;  confidence  in  the  .ibility  to  cop- 
tiinte  to  he  of  some  importance  in  the  world,  rather  than 
re>ij^nation  lu  a  state  uf  dependence,  are  indi?pen>able. 


SP-'@i'j 


A.V> 


i.:>\iu-i  :■  -"i.i'N.KS  AM'  ^All.<li.•s 


m 


'^i 


I,  i.  th.  rxcq.ti-nal  man  wl...  .!■--  .'■  4  .hv,1  u-Ivlv  a...,  m- 
o.urau..iKnt  and  Mnnulu-  ulun  lu  laa-  .Ik-  .nunc  a.l.r  l-n...^ 
1„-  ..'..ht  or  In^  hvann-  nr  an  arn>  ..,•  a  Ku-  I  Ik'  .xa-i.U..na 
,„,„  -Ymnr.^  ..ut.-  ulnlc  he  i~  lyinu'  >>'  'l'^'  l"-!'"''!.  •'-  ""^-  •^'"' 
,,„,,lKr'..l  llu'n  ha^  -aul,  tl.al  it  i~  "up  t"  li'">"  I"  '"■'l^^-  "''"•;• 
,.-.  ,,1   1.1>  !.ra,n.  n.^w  that  In^  arm  i^  K-n..  U>  "^h^.w  what  he. 

n,a,lr..f,"  ,.,rHu.t..hc".l>v,n..i;'  and   n.      lie  t.adu- 

l.nn.clf  I-  vvriir  u.il,  l.i^  U-li  hand  liel-rr  he  .^  .  .nt  ,.t  hed  ;  he 
dc-vi^e.   tr,ek^   that    make    it    l-.-iMe   tn   drv^^   him-.l.    NMlh..ul 

lulp  and  t..  mana'.'e  \u.  ! 1  at  th.  tahl.  wulvnt  exntm,.:  o-m- 

la.sinn  ur  even  nmice.  He  ••li'.mr.^  nut"  uhat  he  can  he~t  du 
t,,r  a  livinu  :md  he  imke^  a  ^nce.~^  nf  it.  IK  d..e~  n, 4  allow 
l,is  injnry  to  cheat  lum  of  any  of  the  .lemenl^  ..1   a  mil  and 

liappv   life.  . 

The  avrra-e  man.  Iiowcvcr.  wak.~  up  alter  thr  operation  to 
hlHck  depre^-ion  an.l  diMuav.      IK-  ^ee^  nothing  hetore  h.m  Init 
-,   life   of    idlene>>   or   a    portion   as   watchman   or   doorkeeper. 
Wrv  likelv  he  do.,  not  view  the  pro.jKCt  of  idleness  with  horror 
if   Ik-  ha^' means  of   .Mil.M^tence  or   relatives  on  whom  he  can 
count   for  -upp'Tt.      The  soldier,  especially.   i>  apt  to   teel  that 
■i„  easy  existence  for  the  fuuue  i,  hi^  dw.  he  ha>  done  enough, 
for  his  part,  and  it  is  "up  to"  the  state  to  lo,,k  out  K.r  h.m  tor 
the  re>t  of  hi>  li.e.      He   fa-ten^  his  ho,KS  on  hl^  pension,  and 
his  extreme  amhitiou  is  a  .government  position,  with  a  >alary, 
1,u.  no  dn.irs  to  speak  of.     He  has  de-erved  well  of  his  omntry 
and  should  not  he  expected  to  m.ake  any  further  exertion.     This 
disposition   is  no  d...iht   a^Lrrav.Lted   in  the  present   war  by  the 
i-xcessive  fatiu'iic— ment.al  as  well  ,.s  phyMcal-of  many  of  the 
n.en  at   the  time  thev  receive  their  inj.iry.      The  natural  th.n^' 
is   to   vieUl    to   lethargy.      The   iirst    reaction,   especially    m    the 
vigorous,    well    fed    voun-   men    from    America   and    Australia. 
,„tv  he.  as  is  often  .-eporied.  impatience  to  ^H't  hack  to  the  front, 
In.t'  ev.M  with  them  .apa.hv  i>  likely  to  >et  in  when  they  learn 
that  thev  i'.re  out  of  the  war  permanently. 

T,,  vield  to  leihar.L;v  is  fatal,  an.l  viiionms  efforts  to  combat 
thi>  natur.d  tuulencv  are  a  part  of  the  new  prouram.      l'.v  the 


w^mm^-MW  '^mm' 


1 1  uNoMii    ki;i;»i  Am.isii  mk.v  i 


437 


iKT-i.nal  intiTi-t  <•{  tlic  -un;i.>'in>  ami  atti-'iKlanl^ — tlu'  di't^rci-  of 
wiiicli  \arii>  wiili  tluir  t.  .iu\|)ti' 'U  "f  tikir  fiinctinii  aiul  iln.ir 
iiinlLT>ian(lin},'  <■{  ilic  iCciU'iiiic  ami  -"rial  iin>l)lt'iii>  in  llic  ca-o 
ami  tlK'  ]>ri->iirf  dii  tluir  tiim-,  and  uliicli  incn-asi's  nMially  all 
all 'HI,'  the-  line  >ii  ^ncc^■--iv^.•  in-liuni"n-  In  .111  tlro^inj;  >laii"n  t" 
(li-cliarj^c;  hy  placard-  ami  Katlii-  tfllin.i,'  of  what  otlurs  have 
ai'C('ni|)li>hed  di-trihnud  in  {\w  Im-iiital-:  liy  talks  tn  the  men 
trcni  vocalimial  direeti'r-:  hy  the  ineidental  influence  <>i  the 
teacher^  i<\  the  '■therapeutic  Lccupaiinn-" ;  and  in  -nnie  places 
li\  the  -ervice-  of  per-i'n<  specially  jiruvitled  for  this  purp"-e. 
the  wi.unded  men  are  encMurai,'ed  t<>  helieve  that  tiiey  may  -till 
lie  u-ei'ul  and  happy,  and  lurtherim  tc,  are  made  U>  see  that  they 
-till  have  duty  t^  >('ciet\-,  that, 

-i  la  scic-ii-tr  a  iIis  <!iviiir';  cnvcr^  ciiN.  il-  'iMit  ,"i  Icur  tnur  tonii-  il'MiTrir  :i  l,i 
I'.itric,  a|Ti'-  Icur  lu-rmsme  et  Ifiir<  -nniTranic^,  ri'  '|\ii  U-iir  rr-tc  <\t:  I'rre^. 
il'lialMlete  tt  lie  viilc.nte.  ((■•iir  cniic  tirir,  autant  ■lu'il  -era  en  leur  pouujir,  .1 
la  riiiuvatiiiii  icuii'iiiiicnie  df  Icur  paj>.' 


The  wlifile  influence  of  the  pn'Ce-s  of  functional  reeducation, 
moreover,  is  al>o  in  this  direction,  -ince  it  as-umes  physical  resto- 
r.iiioii  and  since  it  demand-  that  active  exertion  on  the  part  of 
the  patient  which  is  one  of  the  he-t  agencies  for  dissipating 
de-i)ondency  and  cultivating,'  a  hahit  of  etfort.  In  Canada  the 
\'Cational  CounseliTS  of  the  Invalided  Soldier>'  C"ommis-ion 
f,'et  acfpiainted  with  the  men  as  -non  as  they  arrive  in  the  coun- 
try. estal)lishin,<:  personal  relatiius  in  the  hospitals  while  they 
.'ire  still  under  treatment.  In  I'rance  this  office  is  performed  hv 
the  re[)resentatives  of  the  departmental  committees;  in  (lermany 
liy  the  local  committees  for  the  care  of  war  cripples;  in  I".ni;laiul 
hy  the  local  committees  of  the  Pen-ions  .Ministry.  In  the  United 
States  we  are  to  have  "cheer-up  men"  a-  a  [i.trt  of  the  "recon- 
struction" staff  of  the  military  ho-pitals,  work  in  close  coopera- 
tion with  the  I'ederal  I'oard  for  \"ocational  luhication. 

lnade(|uate  or  hlunderinsr  function.il  reeducatiiin,  delay  in 
supplyint,'  prosthetic  appliance^,   f.iilure  to  sup[)ly  the  kind  best 

=  UuurriUoii :  Coiiinunt  /..■■..'ir/idr  ics  MtitiU'j  dc  In  iiucrrct 


mMmsmA^^;m:i\ 


4.1X 


i.i>\r.i  I  I]  -i,i.iiiri;-<   wn  ^  \ii  I'n 


adajitrd  l>>  llir  iiiili\i(lnal  iiv-.N.  (Klav-  in  di-cliaruc  ami  award 
,,|  |Hii-i..n-.  u.ll  inraiil  l.ul  ill  aiKi-fd  vii'.rX-  n|  kind  u-inrn 
wiiM  Mirl.ii  ilir  luT..,>  in  till'  li'i^jMial-  with  t  ntrrlainnu'nt  and 
tt-aih    tiimi    tri\ial   ( .icnpali' 'ii-    ulnili    !.  .Mir   tin-    idea    that    u^' 

srri-n-  cli".  Tl  will  i\ir  au'ain  !"■  r.i|inn-,l  ..i   ili,  ni ucli  ilnn-> 

coiiinlintc  I"  ill'  nalnral  di~iMiMti..n  '>!  llic  \v..nn(U-d  mm  t" 
takr  a  pa-iNf  aliiuul.  L.uard  lilr,  and  nvv,\  U>  !h-  :^Miard>d 
a^ain-t  I'.r  tin-  ria--n  a-  v  t'U  a-  bt-ran^'  llu-y  ari'  i.hvinudy 
iiiHlr-;ra)iK'  I'r.  .ni  i.tluT    "iint>  "I   \  icw  al>". 

Srniitn.iilal    panijit  rini;    i>   ali-"lulilv   lianni'd    frnin   tlu-   new 
proLirain.     in  it-  liuf  i-  -nli-titnu-d  intillimiU.  -tinuilatini,'  -vni- 
jiatliv.     'i"lu'  \v<.nn(Kd  M.ldur-  nui~l  n^.t  In-  trcati-d  liko  'Vntain- 
j;ati'-";  tluv  un\A  iiarn  tlial  "ca'  u\-t  pa-  MiiKincnt  a  la  u'lurrc 
<1MC  I'hiMnnir  d'.il  \\nwv  cl  <|ui',  avi'c  la  vir  (|ui  -'.luvn-  a  m  niveau 
di'vanl     i-u\.     niirviulra    I'clrrnid     ii'niiiat    <|ui     i-l     icidias    la 
drstun'i-  dc  eliai-nii."  '      Mmli  d.|K-ntU  <  .n   tlu-  "Ki'niral  atnio- 
plicrv."    net    (iid\     in    tin-    h'-piial,    Imt    aK"    at    ln'tn^-    ami    in 
imlilic    i)laccs    and    ani'.n.i;    all    a— ci.iU-..      Tin.-    "iilucati.  .11    "t 
tlu-  imhlic"  lliirtl'on-  i-  "f  i^rcat  iin|Mirtanrc  f\an  fr^ni  tin-  ani;K-, 
a-  an  iKincnt  in  cn-atin.i,'  tln'  ri-lit  attiiniK'  nf  mind  anient,'  the 
-dldiirs  tlicm-ilv<.<.  as  it  i>  ivi'ti  nmrc  in  C(iniiictii>n  with  sictirini; 
them  an   (.].]« .rtnnity  U>  earn  a   livintr  after   they  are   pnipirly 
f(|niiiped  ti.  dc.  SM.      it  i-  eN|)ected  in  the  Tinted  Stales  that  the 
Hume  Service  of  tlie  Red  CV..-  will  he  a  -tn.n.i,'  fi.rce  in  heljiin',' 
h<  create  the  ri-hi  -entimeiU  in  the  community,  thmuuh  it-  rela- 
tion- with  the  familie-  <<{  the  men.  frccinently  e-tahli-hed  while 
tile  men  are  at  the  ficnt.     The  creation,  or  the  encoiirauement 
and  confirniation.  of  the  ri.ijhl  mental  attitude  toward  the  future, 
whether   in   the   men   or   in   their    families  and    friends,    is   best 
accompli -hed  l>y  i>erson:il  contact  and  personal  influence.     It  can 
not  lie  done  whoksale.  and  upon  it  tlepends  the  success  of  the 
entire  suh-ei|nent  iiros,'ram  of  reeducation  and  return  to  work. 
I'orce  will  he  ;idded  to  all  the-e  considerations  hy  the  p■.l^•ction 
that  after  the  war  i^  <iver  the  nation  will  really  need  the  full 
mental  and  phyMcal  contrihulioii  of  all  the  e.\-^oldiers,  wlktluT 
'  iMiiirrill'.n  ;  ,>/'.  <i(.,  p.  l.i. 


{m: 


^j^^ms^. 


%.-.Jiid£>u.i&_ 


i.iilNnMK      Kl  IM  AMI  IMI.MI  N  I  4.V) 

.■ilile-lH'difil  r,r  iiMt.  'rikTf  will  lie  n.,  muiiIii-  ciUTirv  t"  wa-ti-. 
It  i~  U'.l  ,1  tKti..ii  JMit  a  rt'ality  that  tlic  utiii..-t  that  t;uii  :  laii 
can  di)  will  !)(.■  luidiil  ilun  a-  it  lia-  Ikiii  lUciKd  ditriiin  tlu'  war. 
1 1  this  Mii-i'  <<{  ar.  actual  ikt<I  ..t  hi-  ..wii  iiarliciilar  c  ■iitnhiiii.  .11. 
ic.iuccil  tli'.u.t,'li  it  may  he  h.i.w  what  he  wcr.M  ha\c  hnii  cipa- 

IiIl'  lit    iMvilU'  it    lun'ii  inrf.l     i-m    li..    -.,,■,■ 1..II.     1...  I..    1.    ...      . 


"()|<li;.\  r A  I  I(>.\" 

After  the  (ie>ire  for  activity  ha^  heen  arrmsed.  and  the  anihi- 
ticm  t(i  dn  Iiis  utmiist  rather  than  tn  j,'ct  aiotit;  with  his  pensimi 
and  the  lielp  i>i  his  relatives,  the  ne.xt  step  fur  the  disahled 
SI  .Idler  is  tti  decide  Imw  he  will  earn  his  iivint;:  whether  he  will 
>^"  hack  to  his  Inrnier  (iccnpatimi,  nr  if  lie  can  imt,  nr  if  he  had 
ni.ne,  what  he  can  best  dn.  "Oricnhttuni"  the  iVench  call  this, 
and  it  is  Iiard  tn  find  a  wurd  that  expresses  the  [jrncess  more 
vividly.  On  his  oriciitntion  depends  his  wlmle  future,  and  tln.se 
who  are  rcsixmsihle  for  iielpitif,'  him  to  accomplish  it  must  needs 
realize  this.  M.  de  Faeuw,  after  descrihini,'  the  nietln.ds  at  1'.  irt- 
\'illez  for  arrivin.i,'  at  a  decision  as  to  a  man's  course  of  educa- 
tion. Concludes  hv  saviiit,': 

\'niis  voycz.  cluT  Iccteiir.  (|ue  ii.ms  iicm^  cnt..iir..ii<  a\u\  luxe  <lc  rrecaiitiiin<: 
p.'ur  lie  pas  faire  taus-c  rmin-.  car  re  scrail  criMiiiiel  de  lancer  mi  miitile 
iHii  n"a  pas  de  temps  a  inTilre  Jans  iin  metier  qui  iie  hii  ciiii\  lemlrait  pas.' 

The  sitc,ri;estion  is  frei|uently  made  that  a  cli.irt  should  he 
drawn  up  which  would  shmv  at  a  glance  what  occupations  can 
he  successfully  jirosecuted  hy  men  with  different  disahilities.     A 

man   wuiild   then   liave   only   to  consult    this   ehart   tn   sec   what 
'/ii  A",v,/»,-.;fi'..>i  /V,./,'.f.t/,.i.ii,.7,-  (y,-,f  S  'IdiUs  Mutilcs  cl  Ustr.'^irs   p   -).; 


=14^  Jt 


440 


i<\>  \i;l,l.ii   Mil. |. II  l;>    AMI   .•«  \ll."K> 


\\.i\-  wiTr  i'|n.ii  t"  linn.  li  111-  [irivi'ii-  tradi-  wrri-  li-uil 
(  j,]ii  i-iti-  In-,  inliriniu.  tlic  (|iu-lii'ii  wi'ulil  la-  >ittk'il.  ll  ii"t, 
Ik-  ci'iilil  ;-iKcl  <'m-  "I  i1i"-l-  wl.ieii  wiic  in  ilu  li-i.  li  \\>ulil 
In  vir\'  ^iniplt'    iiul  ".-ciiutilic.  " 

.\"iliinj,'.  lii'\\i'\t.r,  lia-  Incii  iiUiri'  cUarly  (lini"n>tratc(l  liy 
till.-  i'\|n'ri».'iKi'  (if  llie  la-t  tlinr  >  .r  I'l'tir  _vc;ir>  than  iliat  all 
cla--iticati<iii>  arc  (|an!,'(Ti 'U-,  and  that  any  atlciiiiit  U>  rciliK'' 
tin  [)riii'>-  c'l  nriiiiiatii'ii  I"  iiuiliaiiical  -i!ii]iHcity  i-  latal.  '1  lure 
arc  till  iiiaiiv  cKiiuiit-  (.-iitiTiii^'  iiitn  the  calciilatimi,  and  Mine 

<l  tin  111 mil  a>  "iharaitcr"  and  "tciii[n.ratiKiit"  ami  "ta>t>.~" 

— wiiiih  (ill  iii'l  accniiinindatc  tluni>clvc-  in  ixact  ratiiii,'-,  are 
a-  hn|iii»-taiil  a-  tin-  iilu'-ical  iiitiriiiitw  In  I'att,  it  citt'-'  m.-ciii> 
thai  the  |)liy>ical  inliriiiity  is  the  lea-l  iniimrtam  fac.  i  uf  all. 
I'l'^-ihilities  of  ada|itatii.n  to  injury,  >.f  niakiii),'  anntlier  member 
<li'  the  wnrk  (if  the  (Hie  that  i-  li  i-l  (ir  ii-ele>>,  are  si  i  >,'reat  that 
it  can  nut  he  a-sunied  that  all  the  jiart-  ni  the  Imdy  cn^tninarily 
ti-ed  in  a  j,'i\en  (lecnpatii 'ii  are  e>-en;ial.  "11  serail  tenieraire  tie 
\i  ulnir  (lre--er  line  li-te  (K>  metier-  (|ui  iieuvent  etre  en>ei,!,'ne-  a 
lie-  nritile>,"  say>  1  )r.  I'.i  lurnlli 'ii.  "ear  nne  inj,'eiiieuse  ct  decon- 
certante  haliilele  perniel  sonveiit  a  ceiix-ci  d'excJcnler  des  tra- 
\atix  (jui.  a  premiere  vue,  leur  semhlaient  inlerdit>."  K\en 
\isiiin  can  he  di-iien>ed  with  in  many  (iperations  fur 
which  it  is  called  upnn  when  we  have  it.  What  Dr.  .\tiiar 
lias  said  of  the  hlind  i>  e(|iially  true  in  princiiile,  sulistiiiiiin.t; 
"nieiiihcr"  fur  "sense,"  cf  iiKii  injured  in  niher  \\ay>:  "Xiiu> 
\i\(iiis  avec  UdS  sen>,  un  pen  par  nece>>ile,  et  heaucmip  par 
haliitmle.  L'aveuj^'le  dnit  perdre  Th.-ihitude  et  .-e  ccntenter  de  la 
n(.'ces>ite."  ' 

In  plan>  for  the  future  of  tlie  disabled  man- attention  must 
he  centered  dii  the  [xiwers  which  remain  to  him,  not  on  those 
he  has  lo-t.  The  ideal  i>  not  to  search  for  somethint;  for  him 
to  do  which  d(ie>  not  call  into  action  the  particular  niemher  or 
facultv  uhich  is  mi-sini,',  hut  to  find  something'  which  he  can 
do  Miperlatively  well  with  the  e(|uipinent  which  he  has  ur  can 
develoji. 

■' Ir  Mill,  .1/1.  II  fliysi.  Ii'ii'iii,'  </ii    lr,iz\ii!. 


l-.i  ')\(.Mt(      kl  IM  -  ll|.|s||Mi-..VT 


441 


It  |..||.iu>  tiiiit  Mitct-.iul  ..ruiiiatiMii  <.r'  tin.-  (li>;ilj|i(l  >■  l.litT 
ri>lN  H11..I1  a  careful  -ludy  <.I  li:^  iiulix  idiial  (.apaiitii'^  anil  iti- 
Vin.llllUllt.       "It    '[vnllly   (Kvdnpi.l.  ■    ,,,>>    Ml      Kidiui     ..|    h-.ir 

c.\|.iriiiK'i'  ill  e'ainila,  "tliat  it  ua>  an  individual  prMhk-in  im 
cMTv  ca-c;  .  .  .  that  wc  >li..iiM  lia\  i-  t^  takt- i-s  cry  individual 
ia>v  and  study  it  in  the  lij,'iit  ni  the  nian's  wh-k-  natiin-  an.)  ct 
tik-  <'piM.rtiinitiv>  Ik-  hail  ha<l  and  (.f  tlic  nii.iinii--  p. —ihiliiK-, 
in  hini.  And  tliat  i>  the  hf^jinniii),'  and  tnd  el  our  tliiMrirs  <,n 
tile  \\..rk."  ■■!.■. •rieni.iMnii  '.irMir.MMiuK-l!'  div.a.  re  eiu  i>a,i,'ir 
dan-  ihainie  ca>  en  parti*  ulitr" ;  •  lout  c-  ndividuel";  -Mih  re- 
tleetidiiN  ci.li.r  all  the  di^eussinn  of  tiie  •.uhject  I.y  the  men  wlm 
have  had  nicist  experience.  The  procedure,  niorei  er,  wiiich 
lia>  heen  adapted  in  different  countries  for  reaching,'  deci-i.n, 
ah'.m  the  candidates  for  reediicaiion.  jirovidinj,'  ..>  they  il  for 
elahorate  analy>is  ,.\  iJu-  man  ;  y^cal  and  mental  .inalitica- 
tioii>.  economic  and  social  circumstances,  and  indi\  idual  inelina- 
tion>,  testify  to  the  pi    ctical  acceptance  <if  the  princijile. 

The  preferred  procedure  is  for  ea.  h  man  to  come  hefore  a 
small  coinmiitee  coiisi-tinj;  '.f  men  comi)t'tent  to  advi-e  on  the 
various  aspects  of  vital  con^e(|uence,  who  discuss  with  him  In, 
proiMisals  and  deMrcs.  on  the  ha-is  of  d..cunieni.iry  infon  lati^.n 
ahout  his  physical  conditio ni,  his  iueliectual  eiiiiipment,  and  so 
on,  until  toj;etiier  they  arrive  at  a  conclusion.  IVrson.il  confer- 
ence with  the  candidate  is  considered  important.  Dr.  I'arle  of 
Lyons,  at  tlio  tlr-t  Inter-Allied  Conference,  dejil.  .red  tlie  ien<Kiicy 
in  some  schools,  arising  from  the  pressure  of  a  ^rcat  number 
of  applicants,  ".'i  etahlir,  pour  I'admission,  un  classement  auto- 
maiKiue  par  tiches,  sur  simple  demande,  souvent  sur  simple 
reception  d'ane  lettre."  rnfortunately  ideals  are  evervwiiere 
more  or  less  suhject  to  the  limitations  of  time  and  stretij^'th  and 
other  resources,  and  this  is  no  exception.  In  the  pressure  of  the 
present  circumstances  nun's  future  lives  are  no  dotiI)t  freii'ieiitly 
disposed  of  jierfunctorily,  even  hy  officials  who  realize  tl;.-  con- 
sequences, hut  that  is  not  the  intention  of  the  new  pro>,'ram. 

The  composition  of  the  "commissions  of  (/rientation"  has  heen 
determined  hy  the  conception  of  tl>e  considerat.   ns  whicii  -h-iiKl 


m' 


442 


|i|>  \l:l.l.li   >ui  till  i'>    AMI    ^  Ml  i<u<. 


lie  I.cIni  11  nil',  .lie.  ■mil.  In  '-i  ■nu'  cinlr-  ilirrc  wn-;  ;it  fir-l  ;i  "li-- 
]m.-iII'  II  |..  I  1.1  nil  tli.it  till-  cln  i-|.|i  1  Ml '.4 1  It  I"  ii  -t  Willi  till'  iiU'IkmI 
pi'h    -ii  II       r.iil,  t"  <|ii  'li    .\l.  ill    r.ii  uw  I'lm-  111' 'ri.-; 

I.'li'  itiihi  ii'r-i  |..i-  vriiliiiiiiit  nil  ■Tiiiiii-ini;  (|iii  :i  n"l,iiiimrnl  iU'<  It;!*  I't 
(I  ,  'iiiil  •  ,  ,  'i-t  .111^-'  ini  .  iri  il-'iii  .rinU-lliiifiHi-  it  ilr  M-ii-il.ihlr.  ilr  |i.i>~mI'- 
(I  .|i  I  .i;U.  .|i'  |.i.iirin.<-  .1  ilr  M  -rmiiiu-iil^,  ill-  \..l..i!lr  li'irr  -tirl  .ill 
(,'r-t.  ill  jilii-.  nil  iin:  '|iii  Mt  il  111  '111  III  Inn  ilfti  ritniK'.  irou  il  \  a  inu-rit 
|.!iiir   l.i   '     III.  in  111   .lc   lie   [laa  Ic    lircl. 

Il  \\"lllil  111'  s;il'c  In  li.'l\C  ilk-  llKiu'^  I'.iti-  with  till.'  il'H"- 
tur  ".1  1. 1  (•' 'iiditii '11  tnilti'fi'i-i  ipii'  K'  iiu-ilruii  till  iI'Mililc  irilM 
]n'il.iU"Uin  .  'I'liii  tcilmiiifii,  rt  <rtiti  ~"iiiil"'<iu'."  I'liil  >iiii\'  "i'vIIl' 
;m  uiiiiil.ilii'ii  (K-  i:i|i;iiili'>  ^i  ili\vi~f^  (l;iii>  tiiU'  iiuiiir  inr^i 'iitu- 
i^t  iNtrtiiitiiii  lit  r;iii'"  llu-  ~"liiti'  ii  i-  In  liriiii,'  tlic  »K>iriil  (|u:ili- 
fk;ilii'ii^  t"^;itlur,  in  -"i-MTal  ]nr-"ii-  uniliil  in  :i  ci 'iiiiiiittio.  A 
iiudic.il  iii.in  is  iiiili>]Kii-;ililr.  tli"Ui;li  hi-  lunctii.ii  nay  he  tK'- 
si'rihiil  hv  the-  tihuati'r-  a-  "lu  uati\  f."  The  ntlKr  nii'iiihi-rs 
ii-iiall\  iiuhulf  a  ri|iri-cntati\  o  "I  \  i  natii 'tial  fdiicatinn  and  .1 
iii.m  will'  i-  :ui|iiainii-d  with  ciiiuiiii"n-  nl  l.ihnr,  jircliTahly  diio 
will.  kiU'U-  till'  indii>lri.d  -iiu,cii"n  in  thf  li'Cahiy  wlure  the 
c.indidaK'  Ii\i-. 

'1  In-  ideal  i-  that  the  c.'indid.ile  slunilil  liini-elt  t.ike  tlie  initia- 
tive in  ihiii'-inj,'  his  career,  and  thai  tile  coinniittec  should  merely 
e.\eri'i-e  a  vein  tiiiKlii'ii  if  the  ]ir"|H.sed  nccnpatiiin  is  iiu-oniiiati- 
hle  with  lii-  iiliy>iea!  liniitatinns  or  witii  his  experience  ami 
previous  tr.iiiiinj,'  and  niental  aliilitx',  rir  i-  I'lie  in  which  tiiere  is 
not  a  ,i;o(id  oiiilonk  for  the  future.  The  decision  can  not  ho 
left  iiitirely  to  his  "free  fantasy,"  hecanse  he  may  ivt  know 
cnoii^di  ;ihout  the  jios^ihilitiis  oik-ii  to  him.  and  IiecausL-  he  may 
ea-ilv  he  infUieiued  hy  a  transient  impulse  or  hy  the  fail  of  the 
nioimni  amonjj  iiis  coni[i,inions,  as  was  the  case  at  one  time 
with  motor  mechanics  in  Canada.  Most  men  have  siirprisintily 
little  im.i^'ination  ahoiit  wliat  they  can  or  would  like  to  dn.  ami 
need  sui;j;isiinii>  an<l  yuiilance  ;it  this  critical  point.  It  is  essen- 
tial that  llie  c.uidid.ite  should  at  .any  rate  cordially  Concur  in 
the  I'liKil  decision,  fnr  oiherwist-  there  is  little  hope  of  its  hein.i; 
a  siicce-s.     lie  will  make  hut  imlifiereiU  pru,t;rc.-s  in  his  training, 


^WfeSS3!SfeW:i¥^»'T?*?^?2a3r 


l.l  ilN()Ml(       IM   I  -  I   Mil   l>ll  \l  I    \  1 


443 


will  [iri  ill.-,  Illy  II.  ■!  rmi-Ii  ilic  *.  .iii-c,  ..r  if  In-  .!.>,•,,  u  111  .,  „  ,n 
.'il'.ind'iii  llic  ('iriiii.iti..ii  ulmi  Ik-  i,  tr,i-  11..111  tlu-  iiilliu  iicf  of 
i'i-iriK  I'lr^  .Till  ;nl\  i-it.>. 

It  i^  j,Mut.illy  ;iyrcfl  lli;it  a  in. 111  -li.  .iiM  niiirii  to  hi-  f.  iiiiiiT 
(>fi'ii|i:ili..ii  11  |H."iliK',  null---  lii-iiuii  mil n-l  t..ii,iii-;  it  11. .t  to 
the  partuul.ir  |m.-iii..ii  lio  uh'.I  |..  li..|,i,  lii.ii  i..  <^u^^  a-  lu.nly 
Iikf  it  a>  tiia\-  he.  '!  hw  >rcin-.  aliii"-t  a\i' 'iiiatu-,  l-r  it  i>  (ih.  i- 
iiii>Iy  "iilii-  li  ,i,'i<|iic,  |ilii>  fanii-.  it  ]ilu-  iVmh,  ,mii|ui'."  a-  Dr. 
KfiR-  Sand  loiimuiiti  .1  at  tlic  liitir-Allud  I'' 'iit\  rcm-c  in  1"17. 
Ill  (.IdiT  oiintiio-.  iii'.rrMMr,  wlurc  a  reitaiti  "Kiiiiiiliriuin"  nf 
trailis  and  callin--  li.i-  Imii  i--taMi-hrd.  there  i,  -whk-  e.  incrrii 
that  till-  ei|uilihriiini  >-li..uld  l\<  ■{  he  di-turhed  hv  ail  artiluia! 
r>'di>trihiiti..ii.  At  lir~t.  a-  Dr.  (  amii-  -av-.  tln-re  \\a-  a  -eii-e 
I't  adventure  alu.iit  reediieatii 'ti  whieh  tli-etinnted  Micii  practical 
coii>Klerati'iii>  a-  eci.n,  .my  and  iienn.nuiil  iililitv,  hut 

limis  r. .nMiicTK..i;<  a  S'lnlr  dc-  itlc  plia-e.  .  .  .  I  in  M-iit  iiu'il  f:iut  m.iinlrii.nnl 
evitiT  i-f-i  iil.ii-aiitiTK's  (le  liii-iii  utrn-t--,  aiiimrf-i  ilc  jjoiiiic-  mtcmi.itis.  mais 
irri'llcdiif*,  i|iii  smit  ravies  il'avoir  tr.iii-f. Tnio  cii  -ti'iii>i;ra|>lif  1111  l.r.ive  oulii- 
vati'ur  qui  a\.iit  ile  n.lnle-  attailii's  a  U  ti-rrt-  ct  la  puSiiljilitc  dc  rctouriier 
a  tUc;  ce  >niit  la  dcs  acnil.atics  al>5urdt.-i  i-t  coiipalilcs.' 

This  assiiniption  that  every  man  who  can  should  return  to 
liis  former  occupation  =iniplii"ies  the  ta>k  >'f  orientation  very 
{greatly  in  societies  wiiere  there  is  a  hi.t,di  dej,'ree  of  eCMUiimic 
stahility.  where  most  nun,  hy  the  time  tiiey  reacli  tiie  aj,'e  of 
twenty-one.  have  a  recoj^rni/.i-d  niclie  in  the  industrial  or.<,'ani7.a- 
tioii.  and  wiiere  methods  of  production  are  not  chani,'iiij;  too 
ra[)id!y.  I,\en  iii  the  ohk-r  comitries.  houever,  it  can  not  he 
fiillowed  too  ri,i;idly.  It  nui-t  not  he  allowed  to  "hvpnotize"  us, 
as  Dr.  Carle  says,  to  the  point  of  lo-inj^'  sj^'ht  of  the  man's  real 
interest.  "L'interit  du  inutile,"  M.  de  I'aeuw  puts  as  the  first 
vi  his  Kuidintr  principles  for  orientation,  "doit  Ctre  au  centre  des 
preoccupations  de  la  coninii--;oi]."  Hj,  imerot  jioin's  toward 
a  chani^e,  even  when  his  piiysical  condition  doi,  not  imimse  it, 
if  lii_v  old  occupation  was  one  in  which  w;it,'es  were  low  or  cnn- 

■Qi;,itcd  in   I!rov:a  ct  Ducroquct :  La  Protlu'sc  (L-s  iiii!,''iit,'s  .11  Jiirunji,- 


VS!!S:£»«i 


444 


111-.  \i;i.i  I)  M)i.iiii;i;s  and  saii.uks 


(liiiciis  mifa\i>r:ilik-  I"  lualth,  <<t  was  one  \\1 


hich  was  tlistasleiul 
t.i  liiiii.  l-.vin  III  tliu  i.KUt  c<'iiiurii>,  ilKninn.-,  tlicrc  arc  many 
(.xeiiili"!!-  I"  tin-'  rulo,  for  (.•vi.n  tlicic  iiuti  lia\f  ii"l  alway-' 
fi.tiiKl  iho  liici- in  ccciKMuic  life  fnrwliidi  tiny  arc  l)e>i  litud.  in 
f.nntrit-  lil<f  Anurica,  winre  tin,-  occupation  a  yonn^'  man  is 
in  i-  nun  ]il<rlv  to  lie  (li-tcrniintd  l)y  cliance  tlian  liy  hi-  ta>ie 
:;ii,]  .iliilniiN  wlR-re  many  of  llie  nuMi  in  the  army  have  no 
"firnur  occnjialion"  and  wiiore  tlie  nioliility  of  lahor  i-  -o  ,1,'reat 
a~  to  ai>iiroaili  tlnidity,  tlie  ca>e-.  in  wliiih  the  rule  can  lie  applied 
may  pn.\e  to  he  ilie  exception.  That  does  not  mean  that  the 
princiiile  i-  not  -ound,  hut  lliat  it  is  ^o^l^d  only  when  it  is  applied 
Willi  di~iTetion,  and  wiieii  the  individual's  interest  is  llie  primary 
.Iij.ei  in  view.  In  dermany  re>uniption  of  the  old  occupation 
Ua-  hem  iii-1-ted  upon  m.  releutles-ly  as  to  call  forth  pnjtest-. 
Some  of  our  ('on,:;re"nun,  at  the  other  extreme,  far  from  wisli- 
iiu;  to  keep  aiiv'ue  at  hi-  old  level,  would  like  to  offer  a  chane^- 
for  further  eihieation  and  advancement  at  the  expense  of  tii'' 
nation  to  everv  -oldirr  who  come-  hack  with  "a  hroader  vi>ion." 
Trade  turi'US  natur.ally  ur,!,'e.  even  when  it  is  fully  realized 
tliat  this  ituaiis  increa-in.i,'  their  own  1)iirdens,  that  men  >liould 
raiini  to  iluir  ov,  n  trade-.  l"or  one  tliini,'.  a--umin,i,'  that  the 
man  \\a-  a  memher  of  the  union  and  therefore  presuinahly 
technicallv  .|ualitieil.  thi^  eiiahle-  the  -tandanl  of  (lualifications 
to  he  iiiaintaine<l.  Trade  uni-ni-ts  fear  the  dan.uer  of  Miidin,;; 
lar.ue  mmihers  of  hastily  trained  men  into  occupations  in  whicli 
tlay  will  dejiress  standard-  iiiid  wai;e-.  If  llie  man  return-  lo 
lii>  oi,l  trade,  he  will  he  more  ajit  to  return  al-o  to  old  frieiid- 
aiid  a-ociaiion-.  He  will  have  a  certain  claim  on  his  union  in 
Inidin.i;  employment,  and  if  nece--ary,  for  temporary  relief,  l-.m- 
;1.  yers  i^enerally  nii.i,'ht  he  expected  to  share  this  natural  Coii- 
•.■rvati-ni,  an<l  to  prefer  a  rea<lapted  and  if  necessary  retau,.,'ht 
carpenter,  iirinter.  or  machine  ojierator  who  had  thrown  up  in 
(r  at  Ka-t  completely  mastered  the  trade  hefore  his  iniurv, 
rather  th.iii  on  wli..  after  reachin^,^  mauhiK.d  comes  into  a  trade 
hee.m-r  pliy-ie,il!y  di-(jualified  for  ijcMii;-  on  with  his  old  oiir. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  is  a  natural  popular  response  to  the 


F.CDXOMIC    liF.KSr.MM.ISHMF.XT 


445 


iMiTi  i-.\pri'.->e(l  in  tlif  -,  ,ciali-'         ;..rriti( 'ii  alrtTidy  fjiiotcd.   tliat 
tliL'  lati'iit  cap.icity  ci  \\.irkiiii;i  I'Miild  |)e  divelupcd  ,,n  lwtv 

<'i.ia^ii.ii,  and  tliat  tlurc  ^hnuK.  in  iiroumiition  in  tavcr  of 

li'ldiii},^  a  man  to  his  cM  trade  it     ikrc  is  rcasi.ii  to  tliink  that 
alter  traininj,'  lie  wmild  sncceid  in  a  iKttur  one. 

It  is  c-(iually  a.\i(>niatic  that  nun  .-.hdiild  return  if  possiI)le  to 
tlieir  old  s..ci;;l  miheii.  "11  faiit  laisser  les  terriens  a  la  terrc, 
les  arii>aii.>  rnratix  dans  leiirs  villau'is,  les  citaihns  a  la  ville," 
says  Dr.  .\Ilenian.  Further,  it  is  h<.ih  natural  and  desirahie  tliat 
tiiey  .should  ji<<  hack  t^  tiieir  own  i)articular  city  or  villa.i;e  or 
country  district,  wlure  they  are  familiar  with  opportunities  and 
conilitions  of  employment,  and  wlu-re  they  have  ac<|uaintances 
who  will  take  a  personal  interest  in  their  reestahlishment. 

As  a  corollary  to  either  or  bf)tli  of  these  fundamental  proposi- 
tions, it  tolldws  that  a.i,Ticulturists  should  return  to  s^ime  ai;ri- 
cultural  occupatinn.  A  tendency  to  the  contrary  was  at  first 
Stront:  in  seme  place.-,  partly  hecause  there  w;is  little  c->nfidenco 
that  any  one  at  all  seriously  di-a!)led  cnuld  he  succe-sfnl  in 
agricultural  [.ursuits,  and  jiartlv  Ikcause  it  was  hard  tci  re-ist 
the  ex''du>  from  the  country  t^  the  t..\vn  which  w,is  already  in 
proK'ress.  .\s  it  came  t.  ■  he  deiui.n-trate<l,  m-re  ;ind  m..re  on- 
vincinj,dy.  in  I'rance  and  I-:n,t,dand,  that  the  crijjpled  ;md  even 
the  hlinil  coulil  m.uiatje  poultry  raisinf,^  ve.i,'etal)le,  fjardemiiiT. 
dairy  farminjr,  hee  keeping,  and  other  a.irricultural  specialties. 
quUe  as  well  as  some  of  the  occupations  which  couventiou  had 
assumed  to  he  more  suitahlc  to  them,  anil  as  the  increasing  u-e 
of  tractors  and  other  machines  in  C'anad.i  made  a  [ilace  for  many 
in  large-scale  farming,  it  was.  seen  that  the  interest  of  iW  di..^- 
ahled  agricultural  laborer  or  farmer  did  not  conthct  with  the 
interest  of  the  state  in  checking  the  depletion  of  rur.d  labor 
The  increasing  substitution  of  m.ichinery  for  human  toil  even 
on  the  sm.ill  farms  in  Europe,  transforming  agriculture  into 
"a  veritable  industry."  not  only  puts  it  within  the  reach  of  mariv 
who  formerly  would  have  been  une(|ual  to  it,  but  also  creates 
a  new  rural  occupation,  that  of  ".agricultural  mechanic,"  for 
which  a  certain  number  of  nuitiL'-s  of  rural  origin  mav  well  be 


-,  ,0  I'lSNUiJii  M  1  I)Im;s  ami  .smluks 

rntid.  In  Iraiui.-  the  i.i .  .lili-iii  i  l'  llic  .-mall  nival  iirc|iriit"r  ulio 
lia>  lifiu  ciii'iiKii  1-  ini|iuiiil\  .-iil\i.(l  liy  li;n.iiiii.u'  li.in  a  irade 
wliicli  lie  I  all  I  \iii  i-i  a-  a  -uli-iiliai\'  <  'ii  \i]!an'  'ii. 

Tin  ro  lia-  luTii  i-i'n-i(lt.Talili;  ti-litni'n_\  thai  in  Iranco  am! 
(iiriiiaiu  lilt.-  (!i-aliKii  -i'IiIkt.-,  cmii  tlin-i'  wIm  c<'11K'  iri'in  ciiic-, 
iiiaiiiii'-l  a  ,L;riat  li 'ii.i^in;,'  idr  a  rural  liic.  A  liiilc  jil'l  I't  land 
ii  h\-,  iiwn,  a  ci4la.i;c  and  a  ^'anUn,  is  the  cli^ice  of  many  a 
war-wiTiricd  he.  >.  hi  Canada,  i^n  the  dtlicr  hand,  it  :-  rij" 'itid 
liiat  "the  l.iiid"  lias  nci  attraction  for  the  nun  who  conic  hack 
froni  iiuiniatc  n  iitact  with  the  .-"i!  of  j-'lander-;  tlu\-  have  ii.id 
uionL;li  of  the  land.  i".\|ierience  ha-  -howii  tiiat  in  .any  case  a 
mere  MiiiinieiHa!  or  e-tlutic  iiulir.atioii  toward  hfe  in  tlie  coun- 
trv  i-  not  ^llHicienl  to  in>iire  ecor.oii.ic  siicce.-s  in  an  ai;riciiitiiral 
carter.  I' or  one  tiling,  the  inchn.ation  may  not  la-t.  And  so 
l)ie\ion-  eN]'eiience  on  a  farm  at  some  time  in  life  is  now  },'ener- 
allv  rei|nired  if  a  candidate  either  fiT  trainin.ij  in  an  a^'ricnhural 
occiiii.ition  or  for  a  loan  to  enaiile  him  to  hny  a  rural  iiro|pi.rty. 
In  other  wiird-,  the  con\er>e  of  the  [iropo-iiion  th.at  a  m.m 
bhoiild  return  to  hi-  former  occupjition  has  lieen  e>tahli>hed  with 
re-iiect  to  a;.;riciil'.ure — Uial  ;i  di-al)led  man  slv  nld  lie  ;i->i-ted 
toward  an  agricultural  occuiiatioii  only  if  that  was  liis  former 
occiii>,itii  '11. 

\\  heiluT  a  man  returns  to  his  previous  occupation  or  t.ikes 
ujt  a  new  one,  the  deci-ioii  as  to  \vli;il  he  shall  do  -liould  re-t 
on  his  adaptation  to  the  requirements  of  ilie  occi.patioii  and  the 
standini,'  of  the  occupation  as  a  producer  of  income.  If  it  is 
decideil  that  a  man  -lionM  not  return  to  his  former  occu|!,:tion, 
or  if  he  has  no  foruKr  occupation  to  return  to,  it  i>  t-piciiilly 
iiicumhi'iit  upon  hi-  ad\i-er-  to  con-ider  his  choice,  -ince  a  mi  — 
i,;ke  means  at  he-i  .'i  wa-te  of  time,  and  may  result  in  di>courage- 
1111  m  ai'd  lo--  of  .amhitioii  and  coiii])lete  f.ailnre.  Not  only  liis 
per-oiial  (|ualitication-  f.  .r  the  new  occupation  -liould  he  .roii- 
'ulered,  Iiiit  .il-o  the  staiidiuLT  of  the  occupation  and  its  ontloipk 
ii'r  tile  future,  IK-  should  not  he  direcied  tow.ard  one  which  is 
.dre.adv  o\  ercrowded  or  which  i-  on  the  (Kcline  in  the  locality 
where  he  expects  to  live,  or  for  which  the  dcn.aiul  i-  only  tempo- 


Va  onomic   ur.i  .-rAi;i  i.-H.Mi  n  r 


44; 


rary  or  factiti<.iiv     It  i>  a  uu^va'^,-,   f,,,-  ixamplo.  i.>  Ki  a  ni.in 
build  his  h..i)c>  l..r  tlic  future  (mi  the  nady  silc  wliicii  lu^  t.ys 
or  sotiv.nirs  may  coiiiiiiaiul  f,  ,   the  inoiiur.t  011  acccimt  of  tluir 
appeal  to  .-.ympaiiiy  and  thanty.     l',,r  practit.d  naM.ns  it  i-  11. .t 
expedient  that  he  shcnld  ch(M,>e  soniethin.i;  whieli  n.juires  a  L.n- 
or  e.\pen>ive  preparation.    Snnie  autii(.ritie>.  e-peciallv  in  I>ance 
and  r.el^Muni,  are  oppoM-d  to  ihreetinj,'  aiiif^iitrs  toward  factory 
\v..rk  of  any  kind,  layinj;  it  down  as  a  j,'eneral  prineijik'  that  tlie 
independent  life  of  an  arli-an  or  >niall  enipkyer   i>  preferal)k' 
lor    tlieni.      American    prejiuhce   a;;ain^t    ho:ne    work    and    the 
overwhelminjr  tendency  towar.!  orj,rani/.atio,i  and  i^,.  ,,f  ,„,\ver 
machinery   would  make  us   dow   to  accept   this  a^  a   practical 
precept,   thoiijjh  it  nni^t  of  c.ur.e  he  coUMd.ered   in   individual 
cases.     Some  French  authorities  tliink  that  men  wlio  have  lost 
an  arm.  especially  if  it  i>  amputated  at  the  >]ioulder,  >houKl  not 
be  encoura^red  to  do  niami.d  work  if  they  have  enou.i;h  mental 
ability  for  anythin,^  else.     In  general,  the  aim  i.  to  make  the  m.-.n 
specially  expert  in  whatever  occupation  he  cho.,r,e>,  v.  tliat  lie 
may  compete  with  the  alile  h.  .died  ;  and  .t;rcat  reliat  ce  i>  placed 
upon  developing  the  mental  powers  to  ndress  the  phv-ical  l..s<. 
A    ne.tiative    counsel    is    fre(|uemly    encountered    ;imon.s,'    I'rench 
writers:  not  to  foster  the  to,,  ^'encral  de.ire  for  ,a  "pitite  po.te" 
in   the  civil   service,  not   to  make  of  the  disabled   snldier,  "do 
misereux  en  redin>,'ote  " 

It  is  considered  desirable  to  re-rard  the  first  decision,  however 
farefully  reached,  as  tentative,  and  to  watch  the  m.in's  progress 
attentively  fur  indications  that  it  ough^  to  be  changeil. 

REi:i>lT.\TION- 

Enthusiastic  advocates  -f  voc->tinnal  reeducation,  like  ail 
enthusiasts  in  a  comparatively  neu  crus,-,,!,.,  are  in  dan<(er  of 
l.'Mnj:  a  due  sense  r.f  pro,«,rtion.  This  is  seen  in  the  numerous 
Iiroposals  that  it  slumld  he  m.ade  oblit;atory  upon  all  blind,  deaf, 
or  crippled  ex-soldiers  who  are  deemed  by  some  con-tituted 
.iTovernmental  authoritv  to  he  unable  to  sui)i><)rt  tiieniselves  with- 
out   it    in    tiieir    former    occupations.   Kfticiency   .■nj;ineers    have 


i 


44S 


HIS M'.i.Ki)  >Mi.iiii:i.'S   .\Ni>  SAii.oiis 


r..uii(llv  (U'clared  llint  a  niiiviT-ally  cMisai'TV  system  i-  the 
,.iily  "lie  ihal  will  liave  a  .t,'li"-t  "t  a  tiiaiice  <.f  success.  The 
-aiiie  lack  '.1  soluT  C'.iiim..ii  ^eii-e  i~  seen  in  the  prdpi.-al  '•eri- 
i.u-ly  ur,i;eil  in  vari-ii-  CMimtrie-  thai  ii"  man  AvwU  he  di- 
^haru'eil  until  hi-  veaiioiial  retraining'  as  well  as  lii>  i)hy>ical 
aii.l  tunclic.nal  re-.ti>ralii.ii  i~  entirely  completed;  that  the  iiuli- 
lary  h'  -pital  rc^'ime  -iKmKl  he  extended,  with  the  discipline  anil 
c'.ntrol  which  it  iniplie-.  Im),'  alter  the  wnund.-  are  cnn-"lulated 
and  C'livale-cence  CMni])leted,  merely  t"  make  -ure  that  no  one 
^hrdl  er-cai)e  the  hle--ini;s  <>i  formal  recMhicational  classes.  It 
i-  -eeii  even  amoni,'  iho-e  wiin  d"  not  advocate  compul>ion,  in 
the  lameiU>  that  so  m.any  of  the  intended  beneficiaries  do  not 
take  advantage  of  the  facilities  of"fere<l  to  them;  or  do  not  accept 
them  !n  the  ri.i^dit  proportions,  oh-tinavely  ]ireferriin;,  lor  ex- 
ample, litrht  sedentary  occupations  to  farminjj,  or  tlxise  which 
do  not  re'iuire  technical  preparation  to  others  better  paid  which 
do;  ^'r  that  men  -eek  petty  administrative  po-ts  rather  than 
productive  po-itioii-  in  tlie  trade-,  althoUiih  the  law  has  invited 
tlii-i  verv  c<uir>e  hv  eNpre->lv  re>ervin<;  such  administrative  jxisi- 
tions  both  in  public  -trvice  and  in  private  enterprises  which  are 
de|M  iidiiil    oil   public    la\or- 

Mo-t  (Mraordmarv  of  ;dl  the  proposals  for  insuring  a  ben- 
evolent reeducation  i-r  every  .\.nnTican  citizen  who  nii),dit  be  so 
unfortunate  a-  to  lo~e  hi-  eyes  or  a  liaiid  or  other  useful  portion 
of  his  bodv  wiiile  wearing  the  uniform  of  a  private  soldier,  was 
one  which  would  ii  ive  induced  the  government  to  enter  into  ;i 
formal  coiuract  with  employer^  on  a  lar.ije  scale,  by  which, 
remaining,'  under  military  orders  and  discipline,  the  war  cripjiles 
Aould  lie  distributed  into  the  various  industries,  where  they 
would  be  i)repared  a-  i|uickly  as  possible  to  perform  some  semi- 
skilled operation,  receiving,'  appreiuiceV  wam  -  in  the  meantime 
and  -ucii  w;ii,'es  later  :<.-  ihev  miu'n'  be  cajiable  of  earnin.ir.  their 
pension  beiiiL;  wiliiheld  n  thev  did  uoi  accept  the  Work  ottered 
theiii  .iiid  in  anv  case  L;radually  reduc-d  as  earnini,'  power  in- 
creased. The  motive  Iirlund  the  -u,u".:c-tion,  wiiieh  came  ironi 
Americans  liviiii;  in  lairope.  wa>  undoulitedly  a  p.ariotic  one — 


i:t  DNoMlc    |(|.;i:>l  Alil,I>IIMK.N  I 


44' » 


the  tliMiifiriu  iliat  maniitaciii;vr>  vl„,„l,l  CMiurilnito  tlie  teaclnni; 
;cn  1  traiiim^r  ulnrl,  .Ijsal.k-,!  „h-i  uvvd  rather  tlian  that  the  iiaiinii 
-l:-ul(i  havi-  v.  imci  thr  cn^idcraljk'  i  .[ku-l-  ..f  it  after  the 
\v;ir  in.m  taxati..n.  It  i-  -.nly  a  )r.!iicli<-  ad  ah.mnhiw.  Imwcver, 
<'i  much  tliat  ha-  Iktu  prM,,,.-,.!  aii.l  -crimi-ly  ur-id  in  main' 
cmiurio-.  a!i.I  tn.m  many  (Uli.reiit  iH.Jiits  ,.f  view:  patriotic, 
.-entinieiital.   rc.  .n,,niic   and    iKThap-  v-xplditiv  e. 

The  a(le(|uau  national  pp  ram  i.,r  rce.hicati.  n  i>  neither 
sentimental  n-.r  in  any  .leirrec  niilitaristi.  It  d  ,  n..t  contem- 
plate t"..rcin-  a  new  voeali-n  or  a  trade  education  ,,„  anv  ahle- 
I'iindrd  adult  em/.en,  however  .erioudy  he  mav  have  heen  in- 
jured; n..r,  on  tlie  other  hand,  do.,  it  contemplate  leavin^r  liitTi 
witiiout  >oeiaI  aid  and  protect!  n.  Thi.  mu.-t  take  manv  f.,rms. 
ol  which  hi-  pcn-i..ii  ,.r,  in  the  rnited  States,  hi-  c,  mipen-ation. 
and,  when  he  i-  entitled  to  it.  hi-  in-urance,  are  the  ^tartinj,' 
point,  Medical,  sur^'i,  I  and  on!  ,pedic  care,  artificial  .appli- 
ance>.  per-onal  attention  ,,t  nei.i,rhl)or-  and  volimtarv  agencies 
hke  tile  Re,|  Cn--  Home  Service,  folk.w  in  their  nati'iral  curse 
troni  the  moment  of  injury  to  the  moment  of  comi.kte  recui)era- 
tiou  and  re-toi,itioti. 

The  .ivera.ije  war  cripple,  recovering'  a  reasonable  depree  of 
health  and  amhition,  will  he  j,'rateful  for  all  Mich  attention  — 
and  at  the  e:irlie,-t  po--il,Ie  nv.ment  will  «ratefullv  wave  them 
asKle.  hndin-  hi-  own  natural  pl.ice  and  occupation  as  soon  as 
convalescetice  is  ended.  ,,ften  before.  He  will  need  no  voca- 
tional -uide  or  ,<;uardi,Ln.  He  may  seek  .advice,  but  if  -o  will 
cho,  .e  hi-  own  co,m-el  and.  if  alj  we  have  learned  about  the 
v.ilue  <.t  mihtarv  trainintr  and  foreij,rn  experience  is  true,  he  will 
olien  be  more  embarras>ed  bv  a  choice  of  p,,sition>  offered  him. 
even  thou^di  handicapped,  tlum  bv  dilTicultv  in  hndmj,'  „H.,-m-  of 
sup|...rt.  .Ml  ,are  a^-reed  that  -.miethin-  like  this  is  wh.at  happens 
m  tlie  ca>e  ..i  the  va>t  maj..riiy  of  discliar-,.,1  cripples  in  everv 
cuntry.  The  i|iu-tion  i<  wheth.er  we  :ire  to  rejoice  or  to  l.iment 
that  It  1-  -.,.  C.n-i.ler  the  fi-ure<  .|u,,ted  earlier  from  I'rance- 
more  ih.an  >ix  hundred  th..u-aiid  di-char.u-ed  inv,,lid-.  accnlin- 
to  the  pen-i.,n  ..ffice,   one-third   ..f   .hem   with   pen-io,,-  already 


45(1 


i.i>  \i;i.i.|j  mpI.iiii;i>^  ami  s\ii(ii;s 


-i(iiri-.l  ..r  in  pr^  .-lui't.  'llic  im-l  lilii.ral  i-timatr  "I  ll)'-i'  wli" 
!:,i\r  ;ilttiiilr(l  n  nhu  ali'-niil  n.ur-i-.  fVrll  tlurr  wluTc  -cIi-'K 
l,;,\r  !k,h  in  o]nr.iti''n  Icni^i-t.  an-  ln-i  .lf\  .i  .i.ol.  nn-t  \arir.l 
in  tliaraiicr  and  ni'i^t  wiiUly  iliMrilniud.  i-  iwi-nty  lln.n-anil. 
I  nh  all.  r,:  .  ni--thiril  i.f  wln'in  had  i-'.niiilitiil  i-vin  hrii-f  ii'Ur-.s 
avcra'^'inu  funr  nii.ntli~.  'V\\v  -i'Ih'i.K  liavo  n>'l  vit  rfaclu-d  tin- 
n-rinal  niaxininni  caiiatily.  \a  I  ivni  n.  .\v  lluy  an-  ml  t\v. -llnrd- 

lull 

If  Anil  rican'-  -liquid  prnvi'  ti.  he  finally  nhictant  t"  takr  ri- 
(chu-atii.nal  i'.urM>  uhiii  they  hcc<.iiK'  availahlc,  ^liall  wr  ff-ard 
n  a-  a  nati'Mial  nii-t'i 'ftunr  it  simply  a>  an  indii'ali"n  lluit  tlK- 
i\-si.l(liir-  arc  dnin;,'  very  will  en  their  <.\vn  ace  .nnt? 

W  c   -hall  ha\r  tn  di-crinnnali-.      V>y  aiiiirccialini;  the  limita- 
lii.ti-  I.f  ihr  ]ir'.hleni  I'f  reeducatii  m  fn-ni  the  hei^innin.!,'  we  -hall 
.,,'iid  dinllu-ii'n  and  may  a\"id  tiie  exiai-ahle  nn~lake-  of  hIIkt 
!.■■  nntne-  i!i  the  early  year-  i.f  their  e\|.erinient-.     The  iireMunj)- 
ti.n  i-  ni'l  that  rcedncalii.n  will  he  reiiinred  Init  i.\  erwlhlinin:;1y 
that   it   will  n>.t.     The  -ehi..  .1-  are   f..r  excejitii  mal  invalid-  wlio 
(]..    ni.t    ea-ilv    and    natnrally    make    their    i.wn    readjn-inunl-. 
\i.eatii.nal    reedneaiii.n    thn-   (lirfer>    radically    fn.ni    Innetii.nal 
r.  ednealii.n.  which  i-  a  m.rmd  part  i.f  alnii.-l  every  Mir.i,'!cal  i  .r 
.  iili.  .|ird:c  trealnient.     I-'.\eryi  .ne.  e\en  an  ahle-h.  .diid  man.  need- 
t..  kn.  .w  hi.w  ti.  n-e  hi-  hi.dy,  and  the  sad  fact  i-  that  very  few 
d'.   have   tin-   nece--ary   km  iwled.^e   and    practice   it.      After   an 
accident  i.r  an   injnrv.  e\  cry  i.ne  need-  ti>  he  advi~ed  hy  d.  .ct..r, 
nm--e,  I.r  phv-ical  m-trncti.r  ln.w  t..  hrin^'  the  injined  limh-.  i  .r 
the  -inmp  il   there  ha-  heen  amimtatii  .n.  i.r  the  ..tiler  cr.iran-  if 
there   nin-t   he   ci  .miien-atii  .n,    int..    fnll   n-ef(dne--.      \i.t   every 
adidt.  hecan-e  he  ha-  l..-t  an  arm  i.r  ha-  a  -iil'f  knee.  rei|mre- 
t..  learn  a  new  trade,  a-  -<  .me  wmild  almc-t  -eem  ii.  think,     h.x- 
-.  Idicr-  and   ex--,iili.r-  may   seem  like  children   while  thev  are 
in    the    lii.-iiil.d    hnt    - .' .n    the    reliirnim:    tiile-    ..f    heallli    and 
-trenL.'th.  the  pi.wir  "f  -clf-drterminatii  .n  and  re.ady  adaptation, 
pri.dnce  their  nalm-al  re-nIt-.     Interrnpted  lif.-  jilan-  arc  renewed. 

..r  ni  u  plan matnred.  it  may  he.  in  the  camp  ■  r  trench  ■  .r  ■    en 

in    the    h.  -nilal— Like    iheir    jilace    and    the    nation    ha-    k  -t    it- 


1,1  i,M,.M|,      i:i  |,M  \|;i  |..||,\iK\  i  45} 

].r..l.lr,n.      TIk'   .n.ln.,ir,„I   Ii;,^   \,.o.:n.   a-ani.   a-    u!u-m   Ik-    ua> 
(Iralitil,  a  iiati'.ii;i|  a^-.t. 

'Ill-  (li^cii-M..u  lia~  Ikcii  cntii-ol  l.y  iIk-  n-al  .liriK-iiliv  in  di^- 
tiiii;iii-liiri-  -liarply  iRtu.ni  tin.-  Iiiiu-tioiial  m-.Iiicati.  .11  an.I  voca- 
tional rccducaimn.  S-nictinn^  in  fact  ilurc  i,  n.,  (liriVrciicc. 
f\c(.-|.i.  a- Jud-c  Mack  sii.l  oi  tin  .iillVrcncc  iKtwccn  pcuM-ii  and 
ciiipciisition.  ill  the  uiid.-rlxin-  tiioiivc.  A  clerk  l.-c-  lii^  ri-lit 
Ii'iiid.  |..r  rxaniplc,  an.!  kani-  Iciidiand  writiii.i;.  Strictiv  ^pcak- 
iiit;  it  is  ail  instance  ..i"  iiiiuti.  .iial  education.  ;t«  the  u-c  <>{  the 
Kit  Iian.l  i>  lo  o.nipensitc  i-.r  that  ..f  the  ri-ht.  There  is  no 
«|<u-tion  of  a  neu-  vocation  ..,-.  o,,  t|ie  other  liand.  of  retrainin- 
iiniscle,  v,!;icii  iL-ne  fallen  into  .h-u-e.  j'.ut  it  i.  ninch  nearer 
like   the   latter  than  like  the    f.,nner.      Wiien   it   is   tinished   the 

'I  he  clerk  may  resunie  his  ,,ld 
'T  hetter.  He  niav  have  to  pick 
lip  dropped  threads  an.I  reiiahituate  hiiiiseif  i,,  'orfice  routine; 
hut  essentially  his  economic  Usefulness  js  unimpaired.  A  farmer 
uho  has  modern  farm  machiiurv  !,,ses  ,,ne  le-  He  must  learn 
to    walk    with   a    practical    artificial    le-    to    mana,i-e   a   iiiower. 

harvester  and  cultivator  with  one  k 1  Ic'.i,'  instead  .,f  two,  invent- 

ui-  or  .liscoveriii-    it  may  he.  s,,nie  ,levice  for  mana(,dn-  certain 
levers  hut  it  dot-s  not  foll,,w  that  he  has  to  karn  anvthin-  ahont 
larmini,'.      Functional  adaptation.   ,he  a.ljustnient  of  necessary 
ai)plianccs,  an  appreciati.ai  of  hU  phy-ical  limitations,  are  neces- 
sary, hut  not  vocatioii.d  reeducation  in  .any  proper  sense  <.f  the 
term.     He  nee.ls  tjic  help  of  docfT  r,r  pliysjcal  director,  possihly 
ot  a  mechanic;  hut  not,  hy  hvpotlu-sis,  ,,i  an  agricultural  te.aclKT. 
Wry  different  is  the  situation  ..{  the  city  clerk  or  mechanic 
who,  physically  dis,|ualitied   from  resuming;  his  old   occui)ation 
and  amhitious  to   turn   to    farmin.i:,   .ijardeninj;  or   iiorticulture. 
needs  to  learn    from   tiie    foundation   the  elements  .,f  the  new 
vocation.      Even   a    i.irm   hoy.    who   ha-   not   already   h.ad    such 
training',   may    seek    the   opp,,rtunity   to   hecome  a    real    farmer 
instead  of  a  mere  larni  l.ahorer  or  a  mere  farm  owner,  in  which 
case  iie  mav  need  to  do  ju^i  what  the  former  clerk  or  shop  hand 
Would  do. 


!>«'«• 


4.=  -' 


iii>  Ni'.i:  :i  ;-iii.i)|i 


A  \  i>  ?>  \ii.(ii:> 


Y,,  vMlr  ..ut  iP.in  tliv  N..<:iii''ii;il  irannn-  -rh.-.N  tlu-  v:c-i  num- 
Ikt  uli.'  will  r.a.liuM  liimiM-K.'^  u.rii..ut  Inlp  auA  ;!i  -i-  w!i" 
,,,|U.r.  nnuti..ii:,l  ratlKT  lluii  ■  .ani,;,!,.  .lal  tramuiu.  i-  t..  nuW.- 
,h,,r  ...Ml  la-k  niana'^^ahlr.  I.ui  n..l  u.iiin|"  Tiant.  1  lu-  n..l.l  m- 
,1,,.!  n-niam-  sa-i  rn..uuh  I-  lax  ih>  availal.K-  nati.-nal  ,a-un-.-. 
:.,„1  „,  ,,iuT  -pKiulul  -o.iK-  t-  liK  !ii'jK->l  ;;iuni-  in  .-.liuaip  Mial 
a>linini>-lrali"n. 

Sr^cral  .li-tiucl  l.lan-  I-r  nmii^nn.'  v  .call,  .ual  .•.liKali.  ..i  arc 

'"T  ■nu-  ,i-r  ..1  fNi-tini;  lo-lmiral  -.-li-'l-.  Tlii-  i-  tlu'  tavnriu- 
,m't!i..l  ill  i:nL;lan.l  ami  it  lia-  Ikvii  ^^uM^  u^ol  .U.uluiv.  In 
1-raiHc  llir  in^|.cct..r~  aiul  icaclR-r-  in  t.rhniral  -.h.-U  have 
t;,k>n  an  acti\c  inl>T.-~t  in  iIk-  (.ru'ani/in.L;  ..f  .penal  cla>-v>  l-r 
,„„„;,  V.      TIr'    Miiii^Jrv    ..t    Cnninina-o    ha~    ,  ,r-ani/.ol    inaal 

M-li.-I.  an.l  M'"-'-'l  ^1''-^-  '"  '-^'-l'"^'  -'■'"■"'^  '"  ' '^•'■'"■"'>- 
^^lu■r.•  technical  r.lucaii..n  lia^  hem  i.n-iu.!  i-  tlu'  lii^'lu'^t  i...int, 
a  tra.K'  -cli.-t  i^  availal.K-  even  in  the  Hiiall  t-wu-.  ancl  in  tlie 
iaru.r  plaee^  an  entire  iii-titutimi  i>T  technical  e,lucati-n  may 
be  taken  over   I'mI"  tile  11-e  (.1   .li-ahled   ...Mierv 

Tlu-    duet    .liriicultv    in    thi-    -\ -teni    lie>    in    rec.ncilini;    the 
cnliiiarv  -clu.lnle.  .hAi-e,!   l-r  v..un-  ]n< ■[A,  ^^\v^  are  preparmj,' 
f,.r   their   lite    w-rk    un.ler   -nch   .litfereiit    ondili-n-.    witn   tlie 
,u-e,N  ..f  the  .li.al>le.l  adult^  u Iim^c  time  i^  >hnrt  an.l  who  >hnnUl 
%vnrk  a.  tuarlv  a-  p-.-ihle  iin.ler  the  cnditinn^  ..1  ilieir  immcdi- 
atelv    pr..~pective    empl-Mlient.       When    the    technical    ^ch.^.l    is 
vveli  .ui.phed  with  up-f-dale  niachiiuTv  .  t  ap|iliance--  an.l  with 
up-t..-.late  teacher,  the  plan  w..rk.  well.      In  the  Tnited  States 
and  Canada  .ch.".K  "i  thi-  kind  are  a.  vet  few  in  inmiher.  hut 
it  i-  p...Mhle  that  the  .U'lnand  in  hehall  ..f  the  war  rrippk-^may 
.timnlate  their  devel.  .pmeni.  e^peciallv  a-  it  i^  the  I-e.l.ra!  P.-ar.! 
f.,r   \'..cati..nal    l-:ducati..n   which   i>   char-e.l   with   meetin'^   tlic 
,K.,iian,l.     Sii-rt  inteii-ive  unit  curves  will  he  a  lU'Ce-ary  leatnre 
,,t   technical  sch.M.ls  which  are  t-  he  useful  t-  .li^anle.!  -cldiers. 
11.    .\pprentice.hip.      I'n'm    the    he-innin-    tlur..'    have    heen 
,1,,,,,.  vvh..  think  that   the   dv.p  i.  a  hetter  place  than   the  >ch.  .nl 
t..r   tlie   handicapped   a.lult    W  make  hi-   new   adju-tment    t^   m- 


Vd'  -tiW 


KiriNdMH      1,'KIM  \ll|  ISMMINI 


(lll-t 


rv. 


It 


in\i'l\i.>  ,t,'r.i\i 


ti|   ,1  Ilv^  iif  ti'iu'  u i 


til  II' 


rial 


tf.ulllUj,'  <■]■  a.lv.inil-  ill   -kl!l.       It 


lii,i\   k-,ui  lilt' 


:i  ( 


lc.l(|-lll<i 


I'llMI).-!- 


lii'ii.      It   nia\ 
I  lua]»  lalw.r. 


l....k 


II 


tlu  rr 


tui-lii]i  i"iiiract,  tlu-  ten 
ail  "lliiial   in-|nit' 


-ictiriiij,' 
larffiilly  ]iri']ian(l  a|i|irin- 


ni   iiiH.ii   uuTilN    a^  a   iiu-aii^ 


■  I   wliuli  lia\c  hi'i- 


n   >cnitini/A( 


I  !• 


r  an   ciliuatii 'ii 


aiitlic.nl\- ;   it    tlRTv   i-  a 


KtiiiiiiK-  mttri-i  (.11  till-  i.art  cf  tlu'  tniplcycr  and  a  >vni|.atl 


patlutic 


allltlKlr  (.11    IIk' 


[lart  .'I   til 
«.ttfii  In-  an  idial  iiutlK.d. 


.\v  wcrknun,  the  a|i|ii<.iitui-~liip  ii 


Tiiuli  ptii-i..ii  law  ])!-.  .viiK-s  for  (iiiaiuial  tiu-(.iirat,'fiiiiiit 


<.I  'lull  a  -\ -ti'iTi,  with  i-(.iitr(.l  tl 
'iiiftal    t'. 


ir(.ii),'li  till'  joia 


1  lal 


iix.r  iii~]Kiti  .r, 


'IK-    (.t     tllf    IIK.'t 


'nii>  (.t    M.jiiiitarv  a^^i-taiiif  I. 


If   wink'   karmiij. 


iiiiitiliS  ha-  lai'n  in  iIk-  i(.riii  (.t  iiiaiiitinaii 

trade  iiikKt  ,-i  -\in]iatlKtic  ciiipl. .yer.     In  I".n,t;lati(l  tin-  l(.cal  o 


iniitu-  i!ia\  iiK-Jiuif 


|( .r  appr. .v ; 


In  ( 


-iicli 


iiiada  Ilii- 


iiti- 

iii~  in  the  -theiiie>  wliiili  ihe\   -iihnut 
•\  Mtiii.  rev,';ir(le(l  a^kaiue  at  lirt 


lecan-e    '<t     what    -eeiii    i( 


h; 


i\e    been    lia>lv    inlereiKi-     fr. 


thi 
tik 


•fiuh  experieiiee.  ha-  iiK.re  rei-eiuly  i:(  .nie  int..  (li>liiR-t  t 

1 


i\  I  .r. 


A- 


ippreniice  receive-  in-  vceathiial  pay  tr(.iii  the  j,'(  .\  eminent 


mill 


pl(.yer  lia-  ik.  na-cii  ti.r  res 


din 


ii  .11111  a>  a  prcdiuer  an. 


iNni>e   fcr  drivinj;  Iiim  to  \V(.rk    fa-ter  than   hi^  ed 


ncatii.n 


diinands. 

The  ;,'reat  advanta^'e  i.f  tlie  syqeni  i*  tliat  it  widen'~  at  <nc( 
eni.rni(.n>Iy  the  nniiiher  cf  trade-  which  can  lie  (.ffercd.     In  M 
I'MS,    Canadian-    were   heiiii,'    trained    in    ninetv-seven    diff. 

!i 


ereiit 


(.ccnpatK.ii-,  whereas  at  an  earlier  peridd  hetore  men  were  tl 
placed  directly  in  -hep-  the  authorities  f'.nnd  that  tliev  had 


ills 


<.\ir 


idrcd  null  II 


I  imrty-niiie  ( .cctipatK.n-,  cf  wiidin  ei'ditv 


cent  were  in  ..illy  twelve  i.ccnpati(.n-.     ICven  in  the  best  technical 
<chi.i.|-  it   \va-  net   iids-ihle  to  teach  more  than   ten   or   tllteen 


trade-.     In  the  I'nited  State-  the  Inderal  i'oard  will  I 


ia\e  aniiile 


power  to  ]ir(i\  ide  fi 
teill    if    the\-    -( I    de- 


■r  -ho|i  in-triiciK.n  on  an  a[iprentice-hi[> 
ire,  alth(.ii,i;h   the  liudj,'ct    t<ir   the   tir-t 


make-  no  -pecial  jin.vi-ion  for  thi<  method  of  teacliin;,'  niw 
trade-.  IVo'i.ilily  hecau-e  of  the  danj^'er  that  apiirentice-hiji  mav 
degenerate   int..  a  device   for  cheap  latx.r,   and  becan-e   <.f  the 


454 


i,i>\iii  I  h    -dllpll  i;^    wii   -  Ml.iiKS 


.lilViniltv  ..I   ;,.l.-.|"a!.-   Miv-i-M-.-M,   1<--  :>.K.iiiIa-.-  tn..>    1m    t.ikfll 
1. 1   llil~  ,ilti  rii.ilixc  tli.ill  iniL^hl   lie    r  U  i-.ilil' . 

Ill     |;.,.r.lni-   ^rli.-.l-    i-r    \  ■ -.■;,!i.  n.J    I  .,liu;iti..ii,      Thv   '■- 
(■;,ll,.l  •iiitrrii.ii"  i^  tin-  ^\-t>m   uliiili  i-  Ky   far  ui—t   iti   t,iv..r 

a IP,,   tlu'    l-niuh   until.  Till.-       All    th.-   tn-ri-    l:iin..n-    ^c\v''.U 

arc    ..^ii.hul,,!    ■  .n    tlii^    priiHijilr.      In    \\w   iii^tiuiliMii    wliuli    i- 
.kxwtnl   ixduMv.lv   f.   llu-   !    I.!.'   ..In.an.ti   .1    .rii.i.l.  -  an.l   in 
wiiirh  tlifv  ]i\.'  t.T  ih.'  tw.nty-f.ur  li.nr^  ..t  th.-  d.iy.  llu-  v,li..l.- 
pp..-.—  .-:m  1..-  tli.^r..n-hl\   •  .r-.mi/.-.l  ;  .M-f\   innmtr  .-,in  I..-  ni.i.l.- 
t,,  ,-,,nnt:  nu-.li.-.il   Mii..-rMM..n  i-  .-a-v;  jK-da.,'.  ..,'ical  fNiKTiiiK-m> 
..,„  Ik-  111.,.!,    an.l  .->  iitn.lK.l;  tin-  ],r..L;r."  ..l'  ta.li  imi.il  nm  lu' 
i-:ir.-lnlly    Mrntini/.-.l ;  an   rsrrit   ,/■•   ..■'■/■>■   i-   i-r.-at.-.l;   Mamlanl- 
;,!.-   .--t-iMi-lii-.l    an.l    .-vpcn.-iuT    -.un.-d    in    a    .l.-^iai-    nhuli    n- 
..thi-r  -v^.-in  iH-rinit^.     In  1-rano-,  a-  u.-  Iiav.-  -wu.  Micli  ■..■Ii..mK 
an'   .-tarli-.l    l>y   vari-.n^    -,.v.  rum.  nial    l.-.li.-^,    naii-nal.    .l.-part- 
nu-nial.    "r   i-Mniiiiiiii,,l.    an.l    liy    \..lnnlary    a.^.-m-io-.      'I  lu-y   are 
i-n.-..nra-.-..l  an.l   -ul,M,h/..l   !.v   tlu-   -tat.-  an.l   ar.-   mii..tvim-,1    in 
a   iiK-aMiri-   Kv   the   Otti. .-   NatiMiial:  but    fr.-.-   -o<[k'    i-^   L;i\.-n   l<> 
u..rk  MUt   iiiilui.lnal  i .  .n.a'i.ti' .n-  an.l  {>■  try  cx|HTinu-nt>. 

'liii-  l\\K-  .'t  -(l!....l  niav  h.  ni...liru-il  in  .illu  r  .lirorii.  .n.  It 
inav  admit  .lav  impils  t.i  u,,rk  l.v  tlu-  -i.l.-  nl"  it>  1).  .ar.l.-r-.  -r  it 
mav  M-n.l  ..ul  it-  pupil-  n.  \v..rk  in  -li"l.-  "V  ■  tlu-r  .lav  -cli.-l-. 

i\'.  Tlu-  Dav  S.'h.  -1  .-r.-al.-.l  .•\i-li'-iv.-ly  t'-r  war  crippl.-- 
.litl'i-r-  iri'ir.  tin-  -.n.-  jn-t  .K-M-nK.-.l  '-nly  in  lU't  c.  .ntr.  .lliiiLT  tlu- 
,  :n.-  ..I  ]'U\nU  ..ulM.K-  tlu-  .-la-  r^ -in.  It  i-  tlui-  R-li.-vv.l  -.l' 
onM.K-r,,  .1.-  i-N|ivn-.-  and  Ik:  -.nu-what  u'n-atiT  fn-.'.l.  mi  <.| 
,-!i..u-.-  in  l<..ati..n.  Such  -di.-K  an-  M.nictinK's  n.-ci-Miry  a.l- 
nin.l-  t..  .irtli..iii-.lii-  .a-i.  .t-.  uli.r.-  -.lilivr-  arv  >till  un.l.T 
ru-.lual  ..v.TMuht.  Tlu  l.-nl  K'.l.crt-  Mi-nu.rial  Wnrk-h..].- 
,11  I...n.l..n  and  tlu-  !    d  rr,,>-  ln>titnti-  in  Xvw  Yerk  arc  of  this 

t\iK- 

|)i-alil.-d  in.-n  whiU-  purM;-';-  \..,  iii..nal  curses  usually  r.- 
.-.-ivv  .-ithcr  tlu-ir  -.Idur'-  pas  ■  t  tlu-  |nMi-i..n  t<.  which  tluy  arc 
.ntitl.-.l.  aiul  it  a  -t-iiavati.  .n  all..waiu.-  ha-  hmi  pai  '  I-  the 
lainilv  that  i-  n-uall\  .•■ -ntmn  1.  S..inctinK'-  -|i.'cial  additi..na.' 
in.hu-vnu-nl-  "i  ■     linaii^  i.d   kin.l   av.'  ctttrvd.      In   l-'.ii'^dand.    l"r 


1  (  o\((M(i    Rii  M  Mil  i>ii\ii;n  r 


4  55 


iliMv,  will  I  c  iiniiKti'  a  ("iir  ■■  ..|  traiiiiiii;.  ami  a^  imu  !i  a-  l!() 
iii.u  111'  ur.Milfil  til  |irn\i.lc  tiHiI,  |,,r  ilk'  trailc  Ii.iwuil.  In 
I  i.iiui  tilt  N(|iaratiii!i  allnwatu-i'  \>  j^ivtii  ami  lln'  I"  aril  ..f 
tin-  |Mi|iil  a>  will  a>  hi-  in-triii-ticiii  i-  fret',  liiil  lu'  ri'ci-ivi  -  ntilv 
a   lli'liiliial   *lliu   t'l  If   pir-iiiial  cxihHm'S. 

I  111  -iliiM  !>  ail'  >.ii|,|H,rtnl  liy  I'l'i'-  tmm  tlii'  -talc  f'T  tuitinti, 
ami  liy  >iili-iilii'N,  vuliiiitarv  jjifts,  ^a!l.■  nf  tlu'  iirniliictN  i>f  -tii- 
ili'iits"  wi.rk.  I'tc.  (ii'iurally  what  i->  rcccivoj  truiii  tlif  la>t 
iiii'iitiiiiiftl   -mirii'  ^,'iK-.  til  iho  wnrkir-  nr  tnr  matirials. 

ill  I  aiiaila  it  i>  rc|)iirti'il  that  a  -trict  pnliiy  nf  ailmi<^iiin  to 
ri'i'ihicatiiiiial  cnursfs  ha-  Iriii  lu'cc-^ary  ht-caiiM'  of  tlu'  ilnnaml 
t'.r  till  111.  L'liilcr  till-  law  mily  tlin-c  arc  i-!i),iilik-  wlm  arc  \>\n->- 
lally  iinahli'  tn  ri'-iinu'  tlu'ir  fi.riiUT  i  .rcii|i,itH  .n-.  The  l-lii^li-.h, 
ItoihIi  ami  Aiiu-ricaii  law-  an-  iimrc  lihira!  ami  iRrniit  traiiiini; 
t'l  III'  >;i\iii  1m  i.tliiT  cla>-i'-..  aliliiiii;,ih  a  uktc  (Icsiri'  tn  cliaii^'o 
i'i'i-iiiiatii.ti>  wmilil  mil  nnlitiarily  he  rcj^ankd  a^  Miiricit-nt  rcasmi 
I'T  uiviiij;  a  ci.iir-i'  at  inihlic  cxpciiM'.  .\>  a  rule  it  ha.-«  hccti  the 
praiiiii' — anil  ha>  luiii  lucc^ary — in  (urMiaik'  men  l<  •  iniiie  iiiti) 
the  C"iir.>c>  rather  than  lu  ili>C(iiira),'e   iheiii   trniii  cuiuiuj;. 


I'l.ACK.MKN  r 

In  any  cnmjirehensive  iiatinnal  plan  for  disahled  snldiers;  and 
-aili.i>  pi-i  .iiiiiuiue  will  he  yiven  a>  a  final  >tai;e  tu  their  di- 
triluitii'ii  ami  redi-trihiitiuii  in  industry,  coinnurce,  and  atjricul- 
tiire  >ii  as  tu  hrinj,'  almut  the  ninst  ])erfect  adjustment  possihle 
tu  the  demand  t'ur  their  services.  The  schuul>  will  naturally 
seek  tu  place  their  uwn  ,i,Taduates  and  will  easily  devclup  a 
ilientele  sulllcient  tu  ahsurh  all  whuni  they  can  reconmieml. 
ApprenlicesJiii)  systems  likewise  lead  n.iturally  into  permanent 
emi)liiyment.  Suiiie  handicaiiiied  men  will  <,'i)  directly  fruni 
lii'spitals  .,r  cunvalesceiit  deputs  iiitu  particular  uccupatiuns 
apjiriipriate  lu  their  ci.mliti.ni.  chosen  uti  the  advice  uf  [ihysician 
or  espirt  i.i  vnaliunal  ^iuidaiice.  OiIkts.  as  we  have  surficieiilly 
insi-ied.  will  liiai  their  own  place-  a-  the  result  ut'  former  a-soci- 


MICROCOPY    RESOIUTION    TEST    CHAki 

ANSI  ond  ISO  IfS'  CHAR'  No     2 


1.0    !f« 


lii  ili      {III  2.5 


11' 3  2 


12.2 


I.I 


!2.0 


1.8 


L?^   ill  1.4     lllll  I., 


^     .^IPPLIEn     .  -^GE 


"6)   26a      ^989  'P:,. 


m:m^ 


4?r, 


■  f 
■■•V 


alien-  an<l  aciiuainlancr,  tn'i" 


niSAiu.Ki)  s(ii.ini;KS  and  saii.ciks 

iiulv  a>  llK'  r.-uh  ..1"  c.iiira.U-'.np 


in  UK-  v.ar. 


ite  po>sil,ly  a  very  lar^'c  nunilKT  m 


-the   fakral   j,'..vcrnni 


,„t-^vhich   uiU   feel   an.l   u.ll  be   made 

■  ■  ■  the 


I,:;:,  .InrU  the  .ar.  ana  hy  cloMn,  a.wn  war  nu  n.n.^  :..^ 
.ar.lv  ihrnwin,  lar.e  numbers  ..U  M  .niplnvnK-nt.  th.  v      rn 
.:   !    nnl..  it  aa,,a.  far-r.aeh.n,  l----.--'---.^^^^ 

,n  ,lK.  .li.a,lecl  cx->oiai.r.  an.l  .ul.r.  -.ckm,' en,,.!; .-'.unt. 
'''t       ,ev.l.pn.nt.fana.leMuaU..v.U..n,.nat,..^^^ 

,„,,n  exchange-  in  th.  Unitol  State-  .,1  ^-'-^  -»  j^J 
.,,nn  .,f  -nch  a  sv<tcni  cxi>t.a  1.et<,rc  the  Nvar.      Hk  l.nrcau     i 
:i:,ttilhaa-fehthcncea..fnu.an.nta.trnnu,n.,n,m^^ 

^  a     :  -na  the  Lahnr  Department  haa  -ei.ea  n,..,n  th.s  he^nt 
^;;ra:;;nenterm..ea.ef.,r..at_mi,htl.c.,n.a^ 


;;s:ai::.;;:=.:;c^:u.e-iiueth..e,,n...e. 

the  cc.n-tiluticnaliiy  "t   -uili  .i  ->-ie!n 
its  fnnctinn  extena^a  iKvi.nil 
f    the    federal    civil    service    it-elf. 
,ver    haa  in  nianv  instances  ereatea  their  -wn 
free  nnhlic  enn-lnvntent  bureaus.  s,„ne  of  .hich.  -hakin,  thenv 
'Ikc-  free  irl  ,he  n,eth..as  which  haa  aiscrechted  sucl,  bureaus 
in  an  earlier  epnch,  had  be.^un  to  show  aanurable  results. 
'"       :     arch!m.eathe-ittKttionbvmak,n.the,eae^a^.en- 
n     ,  ..If  the  -reue^t  eniplover  an.l  bv  creatmji  a  fe.Ural  inter- 
:;:::;1;l::h;:;empl,in.nts  winch  d,.ln.,tapullvWc.ne 

federal      The  Departtnent  of  Labor  thereup..n  obta.ne.    a  -ub- 

1   appropriation    (S730.0O0,    U.   i,>   federal   empl,.vn.m 

-  "  ce    ani-le Cnstitutional  warrant  being  f.atnd  f..  U^  u-e  ,n 


Unfortimately.  however 
was  n<.t  beyond  d.'ubt  as  so-.n 
imniiKrants    and    the    need 
The  States,  more. 


^m^?m^&ii:Lmm^,^^mmmi^mt^ 


i:C()NUMIi      KKK>T.\Iil.lSllMKN  V 


4?: 


c  :.  fct.on  with  till'  opcraiii'ii  i 
(11  riKlit"  orck-r,  and  in  the  pre- 
I'nilcr  tlic  prc-urc  "f  war  condition-  a 


■  f  th 


-iiii;  n«.'i( 
liti 


-(.■Kctivc  ( 


Iraft.  the 


r  iiichi-trii--. 


K  "I  thf  wai 
virtual  al'lihaii'm  "I  il 


State  L-nipl'iyiiient  bureaus 


wri' 
(if 


with  tlie  federal  eiiiiil"Viiient  -er\ 

1 


hniiiK'ht  Jdx'ttt.  which  ignored  the  ccn^tituticnal  >eiKivati..n 
federal   and    State    |ii.w(r< 


ni'ti^l 


ihiliti 


lu'    -anu' 


man   was 


in 


line  in-tance- 
fe 


appointed   til  adniini-ter   the   tw 


interldckinj,'    e.\chanj;es,    federa 


[d    and    State.      Tini>    the    State 


einpliivment  hiireaii 


w 


hieh  all 'He  wen-  in  a  perfeetlv  clear  le^al 


position,  were 


strenLnhened  and   supplemented  hv  the  tinanci 


resource 


d  tl 


le   m 


■ral  aiithoritv 


-f   tl 


H'    ledera 


ivernincni. 


The  situation  is  one  w 


larizrd   after   the   w 


hich  will  have  to  be  clarified  and  re.mi- 
ir;   hut   it   i>  doul)tful   whether   the    federal 


L'overnment  will  ever  wi 


ihdraw  from  the  field. 


IVrl 


laiis  It  mav 


find 


some  f;round  on 


which  in  create  a  -imple.  comprehensive 


national  i-niploynunt   ex 


>^chantre — analo^'on-  to  the  po-t  ottice — 


ith 


iTV  h  'Cal  I  iflice  re- 


ihle  directly  to  Wa-hiuKtoii,  thu< 


lakins,'  State  exchange-  unnecessary 


rv.     What  seems  more  proI)a- 


lik'  is  that  vniploymeiit  hurt 


■alls 


like  public  -cliools,  will  remain 


fundamentally    suhiec 


t    to    State    control;    but    that    the    federal 


jjovernmeiit  wi 


11  t 


iiid  means  i 


if  influencini.:  their  work,  perlV 


through  financial  ,i;rant-.  throu,i;h  con 


ai.s 
trol  of  the  interstate  rela- 


tions 
inimii 


f  the  bureaus,  and  throU},'h  the  work  done  in  them   for 


rrants.   f( 


,r  discharKeil   soldiers  an 


d   for   federal  employe' 


The   recruiting   ' 


jf    industrial   and   even    c 


■lerical    labor    for    the 


federal  civil  service  miirht 


properly  he  done  through  such  a  net 


work  of  (Uiployment  exchan^'-s  ra 
Service  Commission. 


ther  than   throu^di  the  Civil 


Thi-   -li-ht   excursion    from   the   subject   under  discussion   i< 

se.irch  for  the  answer  to  the  ini|uiry  as  to  how 

e-t  dischar^'e  it-  re-p<.nsibility  for  the  disdile.l 

irch  of  em]ilovnient. 

is  that  thi-  ta-k   should  clearly  be  re;;ar(Ied  not 


necessary  in  <iur 
the  nation  can  I 


HTs    in 


.1(1 
The  answer 

>   something' 


wholl 


V  distinct    from. 


but   rather   as  aii   inte,i,a 


d 


part  of  the  j,'ener;d  di<trilm 
sliould    have   his   di-ability    reduce 


tion  of  labor.     The  lianilica]ii>ed  man 


(1    to   a   miniinuni.   eliminatid 


.imn^iis^^s-^s^ssss^. 


r;,*^-,.V^-'J'^<:4»^l 


-i-s 


1)1>\I'.1.I'.1>    Sii 


IJiIKKS    AM'    SAll.oK.- 


;''"':;;;:'  >i..  .■:  :<L-  ,!>...  i, ".(-«..;:"  •■" > 

'"  ,    -,'  ..,„,,!-  .„n.i-  rccn!  a..a  l"S  .|u;,l.(.c,M"n<- 

j„|„  ,.,  li.  lK,.l-     lie  .......k  .       "  ^    ^^^.  ^^i^^^i  ,,^. 

:■  ,        :     i    ii    be  U.  I3.«nc.  ,.,■  Uu.  ..„„,lny..»-.,  .xc„»n«c, 

,,,1k  '•'""'''";'"■',  „,  al.k--l.«lit.l   ,li*c1.ari..e<l   s'.M'.f' 

tnniKT   iimnu.on    »firUrs,   "r  ...-rlnn.'i-  evvr 

d.alUNLu.i  The  ai-ablea  snMicr  IS  only  one.  :ma 

tlK-    .general    .lisirihutien   of   available    l.ibnr.      An         1     . 


,int  "t   (lisalilca  sol- 


•inrc    I'll!    a-    :i    rr.lo 

,i„,v  «^.c  usually  >i'<;/^'"'^j'v;"':;;, ':;,,;;;;;  v..i,n.tarN.    .-...,    . 

„„   ,lu.r   part.  e-,HCu>l  y   f"^'';,    ;'„/';„,„,  ^.ftor  a  c.rtaui  turn-      Thoy 
iKul  a  sl,..r,er  .lay,  „r  ha.l  the  :'"  ^j  ^  V!  U.W.  M-aal  treatment    .    -"'^^;'I^ 

::;;u:;w  v;'  "um;,!;;;;^:^^^:;  ...rw  ^.rc  .i.u.av.uh  ...at  o.  tu.  a... 

U„laa  tti.rknig  in  the  same  shops. 


I.,  (JNd.Mlc-     Ki:KSr.\I;l.ISHMF.NT 


45' > 


Imrcait  which  sliouhl  (klilRr.itdy  hinit  us  -crvice-  to  .iI)k-h..(ho.! 
men  ui  inaxinuiin  wnrkin.i-  capaciiy  wniild  he  a  very  anti->neial 
ai'il  treaki>li  institutii m. 

hi  its  service  fnr  (hsal)le<l  veterans  of  the  war  the  employment 
exclKitiKe  woul.l  naturally  keep  in  .nind  certain  fimdamental 
c.nsiderations  which  would  eiiually  apply  to  many  other  classes, 
and  to  the  man's  own  deciMun  as  to  what  he  wants  to  d.\  as 
discussed  ahove  imder  ••(Orientation."  They  will  d"  hetur.  other 
things  boinK  eriual,  in  the  community  and  in  the  particular  trade 
in  which  thev  lived  ancj  worked  het.-re  the  war.  If  not  c:  pahk- 
of  going  back  to  exactlv  the  .same  w,.rk.  there  will  he  an  advan- 
tage in  remaining  if  practicable  at  least  in  the  same  general 
industry.  This  will  utilize  the  large  invested  capital  which  every 
man  has  in  his  familiarity  with  an>-  particular  indublry:  its 
processes,  its  terms,  and  its  traditions. 

If  necessarv  to  change,  preference  >hould  be  given  to  normal 
emplovment  where  there  is  a  ciiance  for  advancement  and  the 
man  is  paid  for  the  work  he  doe.,  rather  tlian  to  places  m  tlie 
public  service  to  which  the  ch-ahled  veteran  i-  entitled  by  some 
preferential  law  or  bv  a  symjiatlietic   attitude   which   may  not 
pn.ve  to  be  lasting.     There  will  be  some  men  for  whom  these 
will  seem  to  he  the  only  available  openings,  but  they  should  be 
reserved  as  a  last  resort  for  such  can.lidates.     There  may  even 
be  some  who  can  not  be  emploved  either  in  ordinary  industry 
or  in  Mich  reserved  i>ositions.  a.id  whose  only  chance  for  partial 
self-support  and  useful  occupation  would  be  in  a  sheltered  p'.si- 
tion,  perhaps  on  a  semi-philantliropic  basis,  like  the  Lord  Ro1)erts 
Memorial    Workshops.      The    ideal    is   to    reduce    this   kind    of 
permanent  relief  by  work  to  an  absolute  minimum,  and  when 
such  special  shops  are  necessary  to  seek  to  make  them  as  nearly 
as  possible   self ■su])porting.      (Otherwise,    whatever   euphemi-ms 
may  be  used,  the  workers  in  them  are  pensioners  rather  th.-m 

producers. 

The  1  andamental  consideration  is  not  to  create  of  the  cripple 
or  ..therwise  liandicapped  a  da-  ajiart.  but  to  treat  the  indi- 
vidual on  his  merit>,  the  physical  handicap  as  only  one  element 


^,,0  iMSAUi.r.i'  s(*i.i>nKS    nnp  sailors 

,,  ,„,  ,„,an^  tlK-  nu.i   Mnpnriant  ...  a..y  K.v.n  c.i>c.     A  b.  I 
Inck  ..1    m  fvc  or  a  hand.      I  lie  d.sil-.l.t.c.  of  the  v-  ir  ar. 

:^:x.anpasc i->-'>- -  i"'f -'^  r;  ;:,r^..:; 

,„,.Ml,k-  a,uo,it;  the  Kcmral  fc.io.n.c  and  >oc.al  d..d..l.l... .  NMml 
Ire  ^tudial  one  bv  one  only  that  th.y  .:^ay  be  overco.ne. 
"  ome     .ecial  ,>n^tect.o,.  ,nay  be  ncce^s.ry  in  order  to  .nst.r 
U,:t  Xal  cd  n,:.n   rece.ve   .a.,dard    .vaKe.      The   ,.,nc.,  e   o 

1   ,v   fnr  e.md  work,  or  better.   t..r  e.|nal  l>rod.ict.  .^  the 
;r'.::u       :      The  receipt  of  co,npe,...t.on    for  di.d.d.t.e. 
:^  iv  d   in   tho   war   n.u..   of   cour>e.  be   allowed   to  have   ... 
,r  n.    on  the  waue.  panl.  a.ul  i.t  the  interest,  of.  fell.,w  work- 
:r  te  d,       1 :,  ;  J   .nt,.   .,ot   be   ttt.hzed   ^ 
■"axi    vofthecrin.U'l'"-Ht,,K.tworkntay,ndt^ 
X  h.,n.e,,  at  le..  than  the  .a,ulard  rate  o,  wa,e.    ami  .m 

,,plover  .nav  not  ^ee  why  he  M.onld  en«a,e  a  cr.pple  .t  he  ha. 
r^Lv  the  >a.t,e  wa.e  a.  to  a.t  able-bo.hed  worker.     T he  e  . 
,d  tlte  po^Mbihtv  that  the  co^t  of  .n.urance  a^un.    . mln.ma 
■    cidents  w.ll  bo'i,.creased  by  the  presence  of  <h>abled  nu-n    , 
,     ttab'..h,t.e,.t.      Undonbtedly  the  ri^k   ..   sh.htly   .ncrea.ed. 
;;;;  the   .enera.  policy  of  a  wide  norn.al  dist.  nU.on 
,f  the  di.d,led  ,nen  i<  carried  out.  the  r,.k  .n  any  plac     ..  o, 
L     .li.htlv  increa.M.  and  probably   A.tter.ca.t  casualty   con,- 
.1:   hke  tho.e  in  K.t^lat.d.  w..t.ld  carry  this  .hghtly  ..Krea^ed 
i"  ^iU   ,ut  add.tio,tal  expense.     The  State  and  t.ntual  .n.ur- 
Ke   fn.tds  which  carry  thi^  kind  of  accident  .nsurance  would 
;      a.lbt  hnd  it  quite  ,..Mble  to  do  the  sat.e.  alw=tys  assnn.  , 
U-t    it  is  in  fact   hffused  throu.dt  the  whole  .ndustr.al  and  c.nn- 
c.m.cture    of    society   atKl    not   ..ncentrated    m    a     e^ 

f.,t„rie.      h.   France  the   Parha.nent.  almost   pa.ntully  l.y.ca 

•all  .Kb  nutters  created  a  special  fund  to  carry  th.s  r.sk    .. 

"n    vin-  front  all  en.ployers  any  such  excuse  tor  ....  en^pb- 

"    ZnUs.      It  ha.  bee,,   proposed   ,o  pn  .v,de  afhrntat.velv   ,t 

:^e..arv  that  everv  e<tabli.h,.,e,.t  ^hall  e,..ploy  a  ,.ven  propor- 


■r^K-':^^ 


I 


F.CONOMK     RF.EST.Mil  ISHVF.NT 


461 


tion  of  di>al)le(l  men.  It  is  inconccivahk'  that  sticli  a  jimviM -n 
sliMuia  he  iKxL'^sary  in  the  United  Stat--,  unless  the  war  sh-uM 
la-t  lonj;  ennuKh  tn  make  theni  a  larger  cleiiienl  in  the  jx  .[itilati.  .11 
than  >eenis  at  all  i)nil)a!)le. 

At  the  (nn>et  sii  many  tjenemas  CTiiplnyers  and  sympathetic 
l.iremeii  may  i)e  in  evidence  tlial  it  may  l)e  iliMU-hl  -uperthmii. 
to  insist  on  e(|ua!  pay  for  e(|nal  pnuhict,  hut  the  only  safe  hasn 
fnr  permanent  iiulu>trial  relations  i>  liiat  no  favors  will  he 
a>ked;  that  those  who  are  ahle  to  measure  up  to  the  rec|uire- 
nients  generally  imposed  on  others  will  he  paid  standard  \va«e- ; 
and  that  those  who  can  work.  !)ut  can  not  do  a  full  dayV  work 
retjularly.  shall  he  put  on  some  special  hasis.  e<|uitable  to  them- 
selves, their   fellow  workmen,  and  the  employer. 

The  adjustment  of  the  disabled  veteran's  economic  status  in 
indu>try  is  only  one  aspect  of  the  far  hinder  question  as  to  how 
standards  of  re(|uirements  and  of  remuneration  shall  he  fairly 
adjusted  to  individual  workers.  Standards  are  necessary  and 
individual  aJjiistnients  are  necessary,  and  they  must  he 
reconciled. 


•^l»  < .  -rl' 


ti^. 


INDEX 


A.imiraltv.  111.  W.  1>.  U  .  1;- 
Ailmiraltv  .iP'l  Army  I  ""''til.  1-'" 
A.lv^'.rv    Waxes   Bo.inl,   !54 

^trMulturc:     as    an     occurati"".     l-"-.     1-- 
■i  '      ■:•!     .1114,   -145.  446. 

XlTntuiriirr,    Mmi-lry    of.    Franco,    J''' 

MIt-i'i  jn     l>r..    ■!''".   ^^'>- 

rri  ,~ril     lil^l"/;   Mll'l'lf '"•''"ary .    14",    141. 

143     ISV.   Canaiia.    1"".  JOl.   Jl«;    lfan>-<;. 

''41'      J41.    J4''-J.-'l.     -'"<>;     (.ff^iany,    .f-. 

'it,:'  4114.  409;   A\i«lria,  JK''.  ->^' ■ 
\Aar'    Jules.    71.    4llil.    4111.    441)  ,,   .      ,     , 

Ameriran   Ki-.l  <>"-    11''""'^'"'  <  ''rfle'l 

,-,n.l  |iis.ili'i'l  Meti       S.-i-  Ki-.l  (  M,--. 
An..ts.  Sir  Il.rt.erl.  19^   ^ 
AnB<rs.    France:    vi.calionnl    'rWl.       »>>. 
Ariircntice^hi,..   JJ4-'.;h.  -'?1..  -•''•■''-,■  f,'- 
AH.citv.rsnntilunK       fur        Kric«~invali.Un, 

Arie|!e'."'F  ranee.  Del.ar!menl,.l  CiTrmittce, 
Armament.    Ministry   nt.    France:    -^eh-ol   at 

\rmy    and    Navy    Insurance    I  ■ml,    '.re.at 

Britain.  ''".  '"*■ 
■U;^J  'c-;^n*llt!;'c.:-,:-.    rana.Ia:     M.,ssa.e 

Ar-^l^^llcafTin^lV:^!^.  ,-:  re,a,^;n, 
witli    Military    Husi.itals  Comn;i":Mi.    U'd- 

I'J'.    1""  .        „        .. 

Nrlitieial   appliances.      Sec    Prnstht«i«_ 

A.I„ith.  Herbert  IF.  W.  9".  1""..  "l-,!"- 
A-uran-e   et    cle    Treveyance    Sociale.    <  om- 

rnission.  tl'.  -40.      ,,..,,        ...  io 

Athens-  treatment  nf  .lisaMe<  si.l.iier-.  w. 
A.i-tralia:  recluealinn  anl  placeme>_t.  4^u. 
.•\nstria:    pension.    I  iw    "f     1"''.     -'~    ■    '"^', 

M„n    '^■stem    existing    a!    the    outt.rrak    of 

war,    404;    taW'   <'l    .lisalillties.    ->-;    Ji5- 

tinc'tive  features.  311. 
.\viati(in  Fonlis.   J.st. 

Blrne;'Jferr;"eN,cX  100.  ,01.102.103. 
Baseline.  M.  :6.V 
Bayar.a:   wr,rk   for  cripple-.  -"'' 
Bayorne.  France:  vi>cali.n.il  school.  .6». 
Beilsiile   occupation-.    401, 
Beil-ide  vocational  instructors.  .1.1, 
BelKium:      vocational     -chools     tstal,lishe<l 
^63-   incap.acitatecl  soMiers  not   .lischarxta 
unti'l    fitted    for    occupation.    42; ;    factory 

work  opposed.  447.  

Bellows,  'llenry  W..  36.  f  ■.■'-•,■'■',•,■'{■  'l 
Berlin.    I'niversitv   of:    admits   d,s:d,l<;d_  oth- 

cers  without   fees  or  registration,   303. 
Best.  Il.arry.  53. 

Brveridce.  W,   H      IH,  , 

Bie..il-ki.  Konrad.  2K8.  Zi").  :90,  J9:.  -^3, 

J04.    J0>,    J^H 
Billings,  Frank.  V.l,  316,  363. 


.^1;   f Hil- 
ls', 


ev 


Blll.itd.    M  .    4110, 

Blind,    riir:   early    n'titutions   tor. 
ration   in    T'lh  cenluvy,    5b.    I  anada 
.'13;    France.    .'40,    J77.    30.^ 
Ttoard     for     Vocational     Krh.il'ilitation : 

Uldi-hmenl    pioposi  ' 
Board   ul     Trade,   (or. 
B..nas   -ystem,    (.erm.iiu.   -H4 
Bordr.iux:    voc:ition:il    ^ihools,    _ 
Bos„n     I'.ychopathie    Hospital:    cour-e    for 
rrLtitivTiKiiMii  ai'lf^.  .H''- 

i;:;;:;r!,^n'iir^!c::  v.^  ■-.;.  ^hs.  397. 440. 

Braille    point   system    ot    embo 

M. 
Brand.cnherK   I'istricI,  J02. 
Brissic,    M,.   -'611. 


3e.il,    30 1, 
Bi.lain,    117,    IM. 
u.    .'H4.    4'il.    40'1. 


nljossed    printinu. 


;  onii 

JIJ.  J18.  2:0.  JJ?, 

liamentary   inquiry 

methods  :,nM  re-ult 


7.     133.    434;    par- 

into  new  iiysiem.  I'l.^; 

145--'0l  ;    MiliiM  and 

1*^6;    army    iioOumI 


Defense  Del.artment,  l'<6;.arttiy  . "";!'.  al 
corps.  19(..  197  19K;  Soldiers  (,vd  ke- 
fstalili-hment  Department  created.  1  ''*. 
aio     jn-    , lories   .<nd    oowers    ol     .Mtm-f-r. 


419 
\t'4 


433;   duties 
pens 


and  powers 

id    allowances.    Jul  Jili; 
of    returning 


239;    puldicity,    23 
Is, 
Canadian  Patriotic  Fund,  190. 
(arle.   M,.   26J.   443, 
"f  arrv    On."    319.    3J0. 
r.cil.'Lord    IluKh.    100., 101. 
(  entral    Imperial  Committee.  CermMy,  29». 
Centre  Special  de  Refnrme.  250-257. 
(  entres   .IVVppareillaKe.    306,    398. 
ChamI.erlain.   .Austen,  102. 
Charity    I  iriianization    Society,    rsew    lork 

Citv'.  60.  f.2, 
Chavinne.    Dr.,   53.   39S. 
(  heer-up  men,  corps  planned,  319,  43,. 

/■V...I,  -..     «,,..,(      1  11 


Chel-ea    Board.    131.  „„    ,„, 

Hospital,    27.    29.   96.   99.   103, 

'  144;    crippled,   7 


Chel  ... 

Children:    education, 

133 
Civil    and     Military    Pensions, 

on.    247-2  =  1, 
Civil     Service:    preference 

disalilel    soldiers.    I'nited 

F.xpeditionary    Fo: 

titicates   for   posts 

many.    2P4. 


73. 


Commission 

n     positi'-ns     to 

.,    St.ites.    46;    t-i 

...  Canada.  226;  rer- 

■ued  as   pension,  Cier- 


46.^ 


464 


INlll.X 


<  larU,    f  himp,    3il 

(  l.-aniiii    .Irp..!..    JOit,   :■...    .\li 

I  Urrli.ii.l-I'Vri.inil:    v..cjili"li.il    .chn.il-,    .'' • 

(  otiurK.  t>nt.tno:  in^titnli.m  1-it  ^n*'U 
.h..>k,  jir. 

(' ibilii/.iliMli.    'irrniiiny.    .MMI^r 

(■imiiirr.-r  and  Imln-tiy.  Miiu-lry  >.f, 
r'r:im-e:  viic,ili"ri.il  vh."I-  r.ti.Wl-hi-1, 
J'l''. 

C"<Mnnirrri.»l    t'.iniiMH.    J'-' 

fntii|'rn-.ili..ii     1-r     iiijim-.:     Iiw-,     I  iiifl 
Sr  lie-      5>,     5*.     httl-iMll     T.ttf"    III      l''l-. 
3.'*.    .1'^;    prnv,M..l.-  ..f  ll.<-    W.ir    Ki-k    I" 
•■MraTur     \il.    .'..'I-.I.W1.    m-nci.il    ihar.irirr- 
i-IK«,    .'Hi-.t'iil;    .iinil.itiH    lu   imi-i'iri    l.iw  • 
iif  i.Ihi-r   iiitlnTi-,  -ll--.    in    KutMi.r,  hK,  1.''; 
l'i-liM..n    llill    ..1    l''lt.   l.:nkKr.,un.l    -f    lri<- 
i-latloii,    I  ratui'.  J-"':    I'nntilil.-   .n-cvplrl. 
J41;    ■.piiiil    l.iw~    riiactr'l,    JU;    -prii.il 
in-iuam-o    fiilnl,   -'71;    l.i-Tii.in   l.iiili^   ->- 
trill.  JHi.MV      V.-i'  ij/.t.'    I'lri^ioii- 
ruiiiyfi^,    Mfiir^'.    IIJ. 
(  ..n-.ii?io.   I,a/i  .!<■   '!i   A^-i-Ier?a  ai    Lavora- 

I  .li.  41'' 
(  -,„li.il    ll..anl.    J=h, 

(   iiTlIloIt'.    ('■'!!lini*-Mn     'If,     -^'•• 
C    ..MV.,I.-.,..U     .|.|..itS     Jvl-'  =  'i    . 

I  ,.inalr-i  '  lit    I  lollii  >  (  "lini-i n.      S.v    Mil- 

itarv    !h-|'iIaU   l"'.niiiiis-i'iii 

1  ..,n,il.-r.-m   J|. 11111-.   li.tnuiiv.   .1"-       , 

(  i.Tiv.ili'^iiiit  h.iS'i'-'l--  ">•''  II  '-lii'a'-; 
l'lu<iial    H.-MMt;iM..n 

I  ..in  .li-.'iil-.  .\.ili"ii..l  H  iiKi-  f.ir.  I  r  ii-.t-i-, 
.Jr.ii.   Ji.I 

(■•■•«r.    M  ir.i'ii-    ni,    IHJ.    1J5. 

(  riplili'l   rliiMifli.    72- 

1  ripiilv-;  .Upilvlrnt  in  t  nili-il  Sla'rs  .-■<. 
y>:  iijillprll-atimi  laws,  'H,  .S'l;  >iinr>-, 
(,(.;  il.i"lMrali"n,  hfi.  fi":  Kumlifan  Jli- 
stitiin-'ii';,  7..'-75;  V'HMii'inal  trainiiu'.  7-'.^ 
rrrrnllv  c-rippU-'l  men,  75-77;  lalili'  ul 
iHTinamiii  .li-.iliililifS  77;  cr.inninic  n- 
.Tljii^liiv  h7,    77-7«,   3117,    .'iix.   4-',l-4J(i; 

;„i.iplali  I'f    t'liil-i    an.l     furnimrr    tu. 

.VIS;  ]■'  of  finKers  tir  toes,  SH-Sl;  nf 
f.icil  or  \rg.  Hl-XS;  of  hrinil  or  iini.  S4- 
S7;  apparent  neecN  nf  men,  S7s'i;  -ui'i- 
iii;irv.  '"*;  ritnvaie^cent  rare.  f'lna'Ia.  -I'l- 
Jl.l;  e.invalr>eelit  trratnient.  l-'iinie.  Jj"; 
relief  VII. rk.  (ieriilanv.  -'«'<;  rninomu-  ll^e- 
fnlne-'  J"^''J'M;  eiluiati'tnal  iMiiip.iiKTl 
fnr.  J'lO.  J'll.  -"1.1.  .'1";  rlnr.ieleri-tie 
fe.il'ilres  1.1'  lieriii.in  vv-iein.  -"">;  protect 
aKain^t  ^vMein  nf  relief  wn' k  in  I'ler- 
1  Irrmaii      in-tipin-'ii-       iii'l 


many.      .H- 

hnines 

iiianv. 


r„ 


'I'l-.til7.        V.-c'  ul-w     Ki-.ipl'nment 
lilirean>;     I't  teeilieiit 

('-ulelil.y.    (  ha'les.    I'H.  M'.  11-'.    131. 

I  nr.ilive"  WMik-lMp",  J'I7,  .I'l-',  4,il. 

|),:i-vil!e    n,.-|.ilal.    317. 

11.  if.    riie.  .--'.-»..  ,       ,     ^.„ 

Dilivr.inile,    l-'rance:   v.n-ational   srtinnl.   3/0. 
He     I'leiuy.    .M,.    3'17.    4i'l.    44J.    44.1 
Ueiit^elie    Kiserlle    Kreiit7verpin.     30- 
Dentvclir    VereiniRUiiK    fur  Kruppelfursnrgc, 

Jin,  .'*'>.  -"■'' 
Di'ectnrate    nf    Melical     Seryice-i    Invalils, 

Can.iila.  117. 
lli-;il.ililie~;  Iia^t  yvars  3:  WnrM  War.  3.  4; 
neee"ity  for  IrainiiiK.  3;  ecnnomie  real- 
jiistmenl.  4:  iinmlier  -inj  n.iture.  5-l<: 
r  lime  of  hiiurie-.  8-11;  iirrrenlaKr  per- 
ni;inenllv  illsatiU-l.  I-':  prrrfntiKr  rr- 
Iiinie.l  til  the  front.  1'.  1';  nilnre  in 
(Irrat    liritain  ami   Tana! a.   15;   in    France, 


U,;  r.Tc  of  iliiliV!  in  iIk-  pa  '.I'-f?: 
pel"  am  111.  77,  -  "  .  t  lim  ^  of  if;jotiei,  77; 
JiTst  ,lwcliil«e-  III  pre^i-nt  w.ir,  'j^rit 
Britain,  ''•',  I'll,  lem-latmn  in  I. real 
Briliili.   ''■',    I'l,    I'"'-    '^"'   treatment    tir 

,||-ea.e.    .Il.,ul   1     'le     p'    .M   le.l.     114,     n.im'irr 

han.lle.l  (ly  1  liel.ra  II  arl,  131 ;  work  ut 
Ilie    1  .e.il    eoimiiittrei,    1^6. 

I>i-.ii.lc.|  .SoMiers  Iraininij  Hiar.l.  227,  J.'-l, 

lii-.il.ifnifnt    SuVommittee,    ^octial,   tircjt 

Mntain,  143,  143147,  1^5. 
I)i>ttiiftfr  eente.'„,  -•5tJ-'57, 
|I|.,ImK<-  il.pol,,   .'I.'. 

He- .to. ten.    31.'. 

Il.l  .1!.     W.     M  ,    JI-I. 

F,-..ie  'W  T'nirviiir.  :f.:.  :'.3.  :63. 

l;,nle  .Intlre.  'h-',  -'ti3,  4Jh, 
{■.vonniiili-  re.eljusiment.  -'14,  J-.".  2?3,  2  ''; 
tlie  leil.  iJ.  '3;  rrippa-.,  f.-' »,4,  fo  ;  r-- 
eentiv  criiipled  ni-n,  75;  rtTeet  nt^  t>_i'- 
In  iil.'ir  iiijnli''^  on,  7h.  analyil«.  -  .  ■  "^ . 
t.il.lr  of  iii.,n|,~.  7'',  "i;  rel.iti.  n  of  m  :■ 
tllation-  to.  MO,  KJ.  .X3.  K4,  Nj,  ilr.ly  .,1 
«tiie  in  (neat  lltil.iin.  11'',  l-'3;  work  ..t 
Sferial  lli-alilen^rnt-.  Conimitler.  147;  M  i- 
ti-i,,  in  l-raiue.  -'7.'J7fi;  relal'.n  of 
injury  to  neeupatinn,  .'7»i;  p-.ycllolo«ii 
a-pi.  1-  in  fiennany.  J'"l-"'l;  e_lTi.-t-  m.._ile 
t.i  "trltle  men  on  the  l.in'l.  147,  2i2.  J7'*. 
3iM.  445.  44(i;  reali- "Mai on  into  inlii-- 
tiiil  life.  3os;  "-,ei  ll"  a--i-luice  for  ttie 
ll  unlu  ippeil,  4_'3-4J();  or,;  ,ni/atiiin  ere- 
,ali-l  for,  4:h-435;  '•peri  il  -ehnoK  for 
l-ainiiitf,  4-'fi4-''-'.  sentimental  iiimperuin 
l.inne.l.  J'lU-J'il.  2'i}.  431;  inent.il  prei.a- 
i.ition.  -"'-',  3  I'l,  43.S-43'';  orifiitatinn, 
4  I'l- 447. 
ri".  itioii:     rliillren     of     ,,fficrrs.     144;     in 

lio-pil.iN,    I  an  I'l.i.    J-'il-'J? 
K.liK.ition,   B.ai.l    of.   lire.!    Britain.    117 
Klii.ation    .in.l    L.il.or    (  omi-utiee.    Senate: 
he-iriiiRs   nil    yo..i'ioii,(l    reiialalit  iti.in    ,u-t. 
3(.4. 
r..lueation    r.inmuilee.    Ilnu-e:    he  irinK-    nn 
v..rati.inal  rehaliilit.iiion  act.  3n4     ^       ^^ 
F.iiiuational    prnpaBanii.i,    -'3''.    272,    2''1  -''-. 

"i.t      3M.    43!<. 
Kllis    I-lan.lt   reeeivinu  an!   distriliutiiui   si  i- 

Eiiiphi'yers'    liahilitv    for    .li-alile  1    men.    UM. 

ItH.'  153.    3iJ'' 
Fn'(iIoymelit,      .SVi-    riaeement 
Kmlil'iynient  hilre;ilis:    I'nite.i   States,  f'2.  fil, 

,S,    '45fi-4";      ('.real      liritain.      I'^JI??; 

I'-ince,    J71,    J74;    .\ustria    an'l    II  iniiary. 

Ill 
K'l'ope'    a'l. Mirations    to    niiiiil.ations.^  (j.1-,  1 ; 

pension    provision-    in    \^'<2,    _'''-3'. 
F-x.imen.   T.a   Cininiissinn    ile.    J^'.  ^ 

Fxtra-i'arlianientary     Cnmmissiim,     J4-_43, 

4l|ii,  41 J 


Faii'ilies    of    ili-,|l,k-.l-    care    nf.    04. 

Family    pen-ion-       .^.•l•    I'ension- 

Faries.   J,    I    .    h4. 

Fe.|er:i|  Roiril  for  Vocational  Filuca-ion  ■ 
e-t  il.lishment  ami  ilutie-.  Mti.  43s;  He- 
search  Division  estahli^he.l.  3l3;  esli- 
m.iles  for  liinUet.  3(iK;  scope  nf  func- 
tions. 370;  j.lacement  of  rehahilitatel 
persnns  171  ;  relation  tn  niiHt.irv  author- 
ities.  371.  37J:    liu.ket.    174 

Festunas    li'areii.    -'''s 

Fin  irices.    Minister    of.    France.    -'43. 


I\I>K\ 


465 


Fi»hrr.   W.n.Am    H  . . . -.   IM.   1'  ^    1    •.    1      . 
I J  .J 

f'l.iiiilrr*.  •■..il  .l.ini;cri.ut  to  «Munil-.  1" 
iitf-r-,  j.(inr%,  hO, 
i.TX  I'l.rtir  llr.opttal.  317. 
Kr.int*'  ii.iturr  nf  '!i».iliiliTir*,  taMr-.  l^; 
*arli(-t  prMvi»ifm«  fnr  ili«al'if'i  ->.l'lifT-, 
Jt',  Jl;  ir'.vi-K'n-  %itKr  the  Hiiii'lti-il 
Vt.tt^'  War.  .Il-.T;  allNwancr*  to  t-mnlir* 
I-'iAi-i.-n  m  l^''.^  J4;  pfti-ii'ti  I.i»  "t 
IM.U.  .'5-.'f»;  ftitt?.  in  f-.'ie  ,it  "Utlank  nf 
Wiir!!  \V,ir.  jr..  txi-tipR  ^^wtfm-  it  "  it- 
l.rtak  of  Wnfl'i  W.tr.  4iM;  irurra^fl  raif. 
-b,  _'7 ;  *ui>[tU-iiiciit.i/ V  pr-ivi'i'in".  .'ft; 
iievcl..i.mriit  in  err  »{  ,\i^.i\,\f\.  J40-:m>; 
Kxiral'Arli.muntary  t'nmmi-'''i"n,  .'*J- 
T-l.l.  trpiiri^,  -M4;  jitn^iipn  rri"'it  r«-unit-, 
*.M4-J4f.;  i-ension  rfVi-^i'in,  J4ft;  ii.irlt.l- 
rrn'.i-y  <1im  :iv%inn,  _'*7J5n;  (uil  .n.  1 
Military  !'fn*ii-n«t  (■|.nimi«"*i"n.  n-ii.rt. 
JiT;  i-h.tra'.teri-.'iri  of  nic.i«-nrr,  J4"<,  Jt'; 
;  Mi-ion  Till  JM-'C  !  '-v  <'hariil-fr.  J^l; 
.li.ifK'*  fr-.ni  I;i*  of  m.ll.  J31 :  I'lncth^n 
"i  liKi-t.itinn,  2'2-2'?}:  tnnvnltMcnt  Jr 
prit".,  J5.rj,S'j;  iH'.i  h.irK*"  frnter>,  J5f>J-'7; 
rfdlucitir.n,  JSr  J(.(),  IJx.Uii;  U--  .»f  e\- 
i-nna  school*,  45J;  apprcniicfhip  «v-- 
tnn  t  niMuraRC'I,  4?,!;  Imanlinn  -ith^nl  nv-,- 
t(*!i.  454;  N,.tinn,il  Instnn'c  .it  Si  M.-i- 
rii-c  Jft'l-Jhl  ■  ».ih'inl-i  at  Kyon--.  J6lJh7; 
typrs  nf  scliool-.  J'.>*-,'7');  n.ition.il  sij. 
prrviviun  ami  Icgi^Iiti^n.  27ii-272\  •^t.i- 
ti^tii-  i.f  '.fh(iMl«,  J7rJ77;  'Icpartnifnt,!! 
rt.iiHtiiltcr*  fin  ree'liir.ittun,  277-J7'J:  c-ti- 
in:ilr*i  numlirr  .ittcndiiiif  rcflucational 
ronr'ifs,    4V*.    450 

Fr.inklin.    ("pn.rRr,    11  J. 

I'uncti'.nal  r-clncari-ii.  T2.  ')^.  218-219. 
j57-_*5''.  2''h-_"»'.  .114.  399-402. 

(■'•ir   -hup.  lourvilif,  2'>^. 

Fn>;er.  Kdouar-!.  J4l.  J-.4,  2  =  2. 

i;    misnn   l.l7.irctt.   I'^f. 

(.<^iT.:in  FrtUratinn  f^r  the  Care  of  Crip- 
pU-^,  4J^. 

(lerm.in   S'lcirty  of   Rnyincer*,  .1"^. 

(icrnian   \V.ir  rrijij-Ifs  I'nion,   .'12 

(I'-many:  care  m  'iisahlci!.  2Kl-,lll;  p^-n- 
-ii)n  «v^tfm  rxi'.tinR  at  niitlircnk  nf  w  ir, 
J**!.  2H2.  404;  penvion  Ry-trm  in  fon  c, 
1 ')!»*,  2Si-2>t!i\  a'tniini^tratinn.  ^M.l;  I,o- 
Ml -('■-,  J>1,  2S4.  2>*5;  l>cut-»hr  \'Tfinin- 
i:unK  ftir  Knipi.elfur^nr^e.  2HH,  2H9,  29'*; 
1 1'liii'I.irirs  between  inilit.iry  an^l  civiliin 
r.uihnritv  e<t.iMishetl.  2>''>;  phyiic.i!  care 
nf  wniinilc!  chity  of  War  Department. 
JkO,  J95-2'>K;  reerincation  left  to  indivM- 
ml  ctatr^  an'!  privnte  rharitv,  3X9;  Ur. 
Bie«al-I<i'«  plan.  2^'0-292,  2''.1:  char.ift.r- 
i-tic  feature*;  r.f  system.  290-294;  rrairrl 
for  p<.vchfil"nical  aspect  nf  prohlem,  2''0, 
2'Jfi:  ifeicee  nf  re«pnn'-ihility  assumefl  liy 
state,  294;  general  orKaniration  f'lr  carr 
nf  wt.tin'le'!.  295;  ree'tucatmn.  29>*:  not 
natiena!  re'-ponsihillrv.  431;  re'^nmpnnn 
nf  oM  nrcupalion.  301.  302.  303.  304. 
.10?.  444:  'itntu':  of  work  for  cripple", 
J-i'j-3fiO;  placement,  307-3' i9;  not  a  na- 
Tional  re'^ponsihili'v,  431;  colonisation, 
300-311;    pi.jular   criticism, 


a»(Tu-i!tjr.4l   iTdin- 


311-314. 


300-,ui ;    pmular   < 
r.iiTnrH.    W.    S,.    366 
fiill.reth.    Fr.ink    B  .   7J, 
r,I.i>^nn.  William   TT  .  32. 
tinHart.    TiHlin.    2^i.  ^ 
Compers,    Sanr.iel,    3*2 
tM^rnav.  William  C.,  8,   10.  11,  13.  316,  334, 

^biy    364. 


Hi: 
11'; 
II  ': 


*..  ur-I'-n,   r>r  .  2*>'' 
>  .r.iii'irn/.    ^  a*!    I'ru* 

inK.  3"4.3'i5, 
(.real    Briiftin:    nalnrr   nf  (Jf.ihilitir*.   t.iMr, 
n.    tarp  of   th«  .ii-.lMerl.  'i3lM4;    dr%rh.p. 
Kirnt  of   *y-trm.   27-2'',   ''3'*^.   t'r^t   prrio-l 
to    en. I    Hi     in'y,    95-134.    j.row-i..i,*    m 
forrr.     l^M,    **S  'Jh.     alniini^tr.iti.-n.    ''i; 
tirnl    -trp*  in    iVirltainrnt,   97-13o;    pr(i-i..n 
Iriii-Ution,    I''I4,   ''•*.   K'Verniiient    -« hrn;e, 
*i>;  aj  p"intnif  tit   r»l    -el^-rt  committt  r,    t"2; 
Tr^tilli'.nv     l.e|.,rr.     lil.M0=i;     rrporl-.     \"y. 
increa**-!    i'm^i-ns    ;in'i    .tilow  am  e-.    !"^ ; 
r.-»tr».      I'ir»,      107;      "^'"1  il     l.o.Iv."      1  ■  "* ; 
principle*,     un^lerlyinu     rri-onuni-n  l.ini.n*, 
10');     (,r-t     rei  oniniru'IatiMn".      11'': 
vi-i-.n*    fnr    wniiirn    on    c  itun.ittee. 
report      of      ".Murr.iy      Cor!  nut  tee," 
t!i-.fii-»iiin     in     Il.>n*c    nf    (  oiniiiMn-. 
in    Hoiivr   of    l.or.In,    124;    L..r.I»*   am.  nj- 
nient<    in    Ifonvr    of    (  '.mrnon-*.    12'>-1J7; 
Naval    anrl    Military    War    IVn^jon-     \i't, 
r'I5,     KW;     estaMi«hps     Stittit.iry     i  <>r\- 
Ml  It  fee,      12H:     function*     cuncrrnini;     .!it- 
.iKlei!.    12'',    13*1;    res,. ones    availal.lr   'lir- 
i-iR    this    pen.p.l.    131-134;    scmn^i    p.Tii..I, 
St.itutory     CMmniittee,     I34-l'.ii;     inrtnl,.  r- 
*!tip,  ntfire^  an'!  •■t.itT,   l.*>;   *ork   in    1'17, 
I5H.159;     accomplishments.     1  S'J  iMi;     ].  ,  .i\ 
committee!*,    136,    137;    importance,    1.S6- 
15'<;    ■li^aMrmrnt-i.    w'>rk    t,t.    ISn.    teiMpu- 
rarv    arraniit-pieni-*    pm'linK    ;ii>p"iintmfMi!, 
l.lKl-lO;    rw'l.tti.'n-i  f.r    Mii.pli-m<-nt.ir\  al- 
I'jwanrcs.    I4i.l43:    Sprrial     I  H-aMrniMii-^ 
Committee,    145-14^;    tunrtiim-.    14^.    pro- 
vision*   for    tre.itment.    l4'J-lSii;    tr-unii  «. 
1^1,    152.   431.   432;   ernplayment.    l.=  2  !-s 
431,     432;     siipplempnt.iry     pen-i'ins     .lul 
rtnectal    ."»Ilowanre<s,    1 55;    to    otTicer*.    1 44; 
tnird   periorj,    Miristry   nf    Pensions    sm- e 
Jan.      1917,      lhO-162,     419;      Mirii-trv     of 
Fens^nne  -Vrt.   162;   f'tnction*  nf  ne-v  Min- 
ister,    162-163;     relations    with     SMtntory 
Committee,      163;      Statiitnry      Commit  tee 
pT'ipf'SfS    transfer    nf    functions    to    n<  w 
Mini-ter.    163-165;    dis*..|iiti<-n    and   trans- 
fer of  powers,   16*S;  staff  tran^ferr*"'!.  V>7 
Special    'I'ants    Committt-e    detuned,     l^'-, 
167;    revi>ion    nf    pensions,    lh7-17'';    413. 
415;     Pensions     .\ppeaN     T'ihunal.     177; 

ririnciple*.  theories  and  results  in  Kng- 
and,  1H0-1R7:  pensions  to  mrei  e--sentMl 
needs,  180;  not  dependent  on  earnin««^. 
IHl ;  opportunities  and  inducemrnt*,  not 
compulsion.  HI.  1S*2.  454-45=;  use  nf 
private"  enterprise  and  exist ine  .it'etiii'--, 
1X3,  452.  453;  proHlen  s  of  training.  1-4- 
V<'.  extent  of  rehat.ilitatiun  secured, 
is5-l«ft. 

rireenwich    Hospital,  29.  97. 

'l-rt-nwijod.     n.ir.ter,     "«, 

Cuild  of  the  Brave   P>>r  Thinus,   133. 

Halifax:  port  of  deharkitinn,  208. 

Hnrrdurue'.    .\mv    M  ,   6S. 

Haiiy.  Valentin,  55. 

Hender«inn.    .Vrthur.   112. 

Heritaifc    Craft    Schools.    Sussex.    Fngland, 

133. 
Herriot.   M  .   263.  26P 
Hir^hfield.    Custave.    263.    263.    266. 
Hodse.    .I'.hn.    112.    122 
Hnmr  Service  of  the   American    Red   fv", 

3«3     3H4,    449, 
Hook^tadr,  Carl.  76. 
Hopital.    depot    de   convaleicenl',    255. 
Horticulture,   263. 


A><i< 


i-.ni 


fr.r     w  ir 


,         ',    -in:?!;  r,«ririsny.  C"*". 

)">,  I'li,   ■'•">.   '■••■1'    ""'. 

I  ,.,m.-.  J5J.   -"••    fr.tr.l 

,,  ,,.,      .      |,^,„'l,-.    ".  2.1.  J".  Jl.  •>", 
II.,  |-..n  <i"il.l.  Nrv.  V..ik  Ciiy.  •|«'Cij1  ".• 

i.l.iMI.rnt   Ku'rilll,  ft*. 
Il-uiiiry      rntpl'rtii'ftl'      f.'i'r  t 

,    ii.l.lr..    .111 
lliH.  <■.  W.  I?"*. 

II,,   <.r..rilf    K.   JMi.    J4r     J4*. 
Ii....nr.    Ihi-;    in"liliiii..iiai    iirr.    -. 

hi.iil'.it   Si>Mi.^  Vr.'U ti.l  'i.  -   I"»  .  .  : 

.1,.   I,   f.ucrr..   .'fill- Jill 

iT.-ir.ini'':      Amu*      s"'"I      -^  '\*,      "     ''  ' 
rilii.l    '»7,  '>'*.    S'  I'i""  'I   II'' .'I'"    I' 
.\tl.  T'll.  ''7,  ''«.  v.    .■Mi,.I..y.i-    I 
n..l   ii..-r|...vr.l   l.v   rnipovnirnt   '.t  ■ 

lis     14K;    (l.riiiatn.   .''i'.   ■'"';    >^ .'      ',    , 
ln-m..rrr    .\.t,     r-Mt..|    S.a..'.    ■'-'   'j    • 

ri.k    jii»iir.,n«,   M*<.  '5'.  ;?'"    ,      ,. 
Jn-!ran«.    t  ommitlri-    on    .S.  •  i  il.    Irn"'-. 

J.Jrr.Mlir.l    <  ..nfr' •  n.  ■■    in     Vl".     H,    .'''. 

I'ift.    .V'7.    Hi.    411 
l„„-ri..r,    .Mi.u-l'v    „l     lrr,r.-.-,  .':'> 

'i.';!  "sv,. ',i.'.'.   Miiiti'v  n..»i'ii»i'  <""'"• 

Tiii..*i"n. 
Ii,v  ,l,cl.nar.l.     II   in>i.-%.     .'11 
Inv.li.!,-     Il.i-|..'..l.     I'."-.    -'■!.    2».    »•    "• 

li  ,''v  i.fnMnn  vv^i.Mi  rvi-lin«  at  ..tii'.ri'iji 
,if  «.,  ,  41U.  !ill...-n.'.-  in  in.niini.  ..I 
lav.M  <;  -..l.ti..T-  liviiii;  in  <•  if't^l  '■;'•■• 
,„.l  ..llu-r  1- .imiinTir-.  41M:  «ch...liil.;.  414; 
|,,l,,l  .l..:,liil.tv  ritiniiv,  4IS:  ;i.lniini-trT 
,,.,„.  41^.  „>i<a..i/,li..Tv-  f..r  r,...n.,n..-  rr- 
,..nMi-lni..iil,.  44".     IM 

l.tnrw.iv.    Thriiil'i'f.    *  - 

I  ,„.,.,    I  ,,,1...   Jl. ',    -o.l.   4Jfi. 

I  ,,„-.     I(..l..rl.     4111 

Ir.'lM'.l.     IhKl.-.     I..4.  , 

1,1-'....  .    Mnil-lr>     .1.    Iravrr.    -jO. 

K.i.ir     Willi.!.-.     lUi.s     n.  rtiii;     w      1-  '     ;' 

i.,r    rli-11    iiii.lrr    trr-ilim-rl.    ■'"-. 
K.liill.ih.    Tl".    N''W    ''■'"'^    "  ">•   *■ 
Kdlrr.    Aiiim^t.    .'"'■. 

■■K.ll'r    .iriil."    .""'.    ^'"'  ,,         ,,        ,.. 

KH.uT,  T,    R.  -"T.  -'1.    m:,  -mi,  .Mf..  ,4,,,, 

4tl. 
K  rclirlrc.   H.ivi.l    11,   .14R. 

Kin|...h-f....l..-.    >'-    '  I'""-''-!,   5-!.     -.    I"' 
Kini  I-  n.  Iliin*.  72  , 

K.i..|i-lM--cli,i.lik'<>iitnrsor«,    -1''.    ."- 


n- 


r.l<ivt    r,ror«f,  TMvi.l.    I"' 
\.f^,\     (...«rii. .•<•!''      I>      '   I 

iir.  i.'S,  1 
'• "'"    * "  ,.'  !  1        11' 

|.,,r,|     Kol "i  W.'k.li.ipN     IJ'. 

I...t.|«  ali'l  f'ntntn.mii,  j'HliI   ««■!»<?  rommll 

Irr         .\.V     .Nivil     JH'I      MiI"T-^      *rry.rr. 

(IVn«i"n»  Bii'l  ••rani'i,  ."wlf  I   ' 
on. 


Crrit    llriLiin,    154. 


l.ll.nr    Milli~trv 
l.f.iS    M  .    -4.' 
l.r-.-v,    Ilr  .    6- 
I    ,-k.r.    Brim...    .'»'' 
T.illir.iM.    hilia.   3.';. 
I   ,w,    VTi.tr,.>v    ll..i..ir,  11.    1 
IT.,.,-...    AM..-.    .1.'  ,      „ 
I.f  *i.ieiir.   l->.-iTi^-..i«.   ^^ 
l.,.lr.i...,n    Il..-l-il.l.    '17    , 
l.i,-,.,    |ir.-.,.ti  ■"     ''"..I.    ..f    ""!' 
T.nrt..    11. 

1  ,r  l-.-n.    S..-1'.'  '     M    .     '-'■ 
I.  •-■  -.    i:i«,ir.l    ('..    .''.7. 


in:. 


I.     >.!■      I 


in.p* 


'I,!. 


I.»..ii..    l-r.inii'     »ih,K>l»    I.<r   v.jtjli.mal   rr- 
,..hi,'ili'.n.   .'6|..'(rJ. 

M\,l.,.,.    Willi. m    <;.   JJI.  K\   345.   34" 

'}"k::11:^  'k.I.;..:;''-  vc  i'>7.  v^^.  f^- 
1-1  1-1.  i-f. 

MrM.'.rtr....    I>....Kb.   f-   •■'77.   -J^*  ,,,      ,,. 
\I„U     h.li.n  W,.  3J1.  3J?.  33.1.   331.  3.'.. 

\ft,.  'it}.  .U^  .'41.   ,1=;.  3-7.  J5« 
M.i-„n  .1.-  <..'.ii!"f-Vi..«.v  3.1. 
M    -  .,-    I.»ll'"-.  wiin.l.-!   in    Irrm-h  ariin.  . 

\| I'll...,    F.iim-.-     v..<-.ti..n:.l   •.I.....I',  -y 

M,.-,.h..-i-tt-    B..,i'l    "f     K-!.i<:«ii..ii:    pi m 

1    .    .,.„|i,.-ali..n.   r'l'..  7.1-75 
M   ..„l..iM-tlH    (;.t>,..al     ll..-i'i'»'.     B.>'<"'n. 

\l.,.,.,Ki-  T'lininrt  S.li...il.  (  an.ij  i.  .'I-.  -13- 
M.,..f,   I'.f'r...   -M.   J43.  J-t'--^'.  ,^„ 

••Ma.»r    rriH.rt":    (wn^.m.   in    Krancc.    -4H 

M„„i.ii....  n-  .  P.  i;  .     , 

Mavi.ril....    II     M'.l.    l'.-tr.m'...I:    v..,.it,.inal 

i.|.i,-.11...n.    .  '  ;,,..•. 

NLwrnnr.  Kr.in...:  .Icp-irtii-.-ntil  r....iii.n.. 

«..rli.    J7.), 
\l,vrr.   I.r...   ."15.   .Vl-i        .      ,    ^,   ,         .„^. 

Nl.-.lu  .1    ll.pitt.mn..   T  nit. -1    M  I'r-     \'  '  * 

•  r...n-lr.irt>..n   i,r..KMi.i.  ;')''■'''  ,   , 

M.li,-  ,1     tr.alrornl.       >■■■     Pliy-.,  .1     r.-,-l  .1. 

li-h.-'i-nl 
'|.-»l.  .      I  ii'-.'.  y  .   3*^7 
.\li,HI,  '    \*<--      I..alit.rf|.     ..f    .livill.  1     -.1 

■  licrs.    1"  Jl. 

Mi|l.:,;il..    Irr.-!..i.ih.   .I.'.  ,  „ 

Military    H.,-|.it.,!-    ..M  <;m.v  ,1.  -.■.-„.    TI    ..-;< 

(■.,ni.i.i-->"T..         .^.■.•       M.li'.'v       11. . -I'--.-- 

r..ln.r.i»i.in.  ,„.       ,     7 

Mllil.irv     II..-|.il..l-     '  -li..."--."".     ''-■        ,   ' 

VI4     li...    4.V'.    4.M.    n..ii.i-    cn.uw.  t,    !''■ 

I'lS-     »...'k.     rU-l"^;    rrl.ti-n-    n.ll.    n.ili 

tirv     .iitli.-nli.-s    lift;     1. ."     ..f    n.-w    .!.-■ 

,,,.l...M-t     „f     K.vrr.n.1,-1:..     l''-'.     fl........ - 

ImiI,     .Militi.l     ..-.■l     ll.f.-..-.-     ll-|..rt.i...nl-. 
,....;  ,„,«in.l  ..l.;.-.l.  .-'1  ..    i..-!il      .l..'«.' 

„„.l  Irv,  Jl.-i:  -.M.--...I.-I  l.»  l"V.ll.l.-l 
L.I!;,.,,  r.ii'imi--i-.'..  '  i-'.  4.14;  i-lr  ir.n« 
.,.,',.'.t-.    J.W  ,  , 

M;.,t,'v     ll..^..il.-il»    f .ni-M..n    _(  -.'ii"-...  t 

Hint  (■:m...li;.n  Kxi.r.liti..n.i- v  I'.;'.'.-.  ''"'■ 
,....,.,-  t.i  <.\i-t.  f":  tn.n.iu  il..vrl..l.e.|. 
_,_.,,       .;l         .s,.,.     a      ■     ll.v.li.l,-.!     S..!.!..-r. 

Mih'tLi    an.!  'il,-frn>.-.    n.|...rli.i<-Mt    . 

l')7.    J17 
Millik,-n.   M-  .    i'" 
Mi„i.i-v  ..I"   l'...l  ....   ^.■■■,1'',  ,       , 
M„,i-lry     ..1     I'll-...'.-     11.11.     1".     I' 


!'. 


411, 


M..i''.   11,-nTv.  .'<». 
M..T.ti.<.|li.-r.   l-";.ir..-'-:  v... 


nal   «■! 1. 


nl. 


M  .  .it..ri.im,  r.-nt.  :4.i  „  .    . 

M.,„ili..ns   M'..,M-v   ...     (.r-.l    n-..,.!. 
.Mi.iray,    Sir   (,i.,.:«<-    11..    11-     1   ■'■ 


IMI,    \ 


467 


Mii'riy     ('•inmitliv,  rep**''!     ""     [' 

rh.ifKci,    I.U 

Mulit   .,    A^»o.iati.in  ..f,    JVl 

Mm  I .                     ,    '  >     tn,     AM-7t:     fui 


ii'in.    in 


t.t 


If 


l>l->.i''tiit)trn.     i-tw*il*tr 


i  lirn,   71 ;   riiniprn. . 

l.-tf.    H.';    .tf    h:iii.t   ..r 
ff  -iiu  t  inj'irv.  '*>; 

r^       (of       Im--      ..f       two 

",.v    u/.       I  r.|.,-l.-. 


ml     \. 
I     W.ir.     h-.ty. 


.'it. 


4tl. 

Vatinrul    f'nminitiff,    'irrni.iny,    ^.U. 

N  itiMii.*!   iVfrn-r     .\»  i     oi      l'>I*..     Initr  I 

Stitr*.    .Mf», 
N'.iliotl.il    I'V-Irffttion        of       ('..firnitt.'  *        f..-- 

A'.'.i^t.inre    -tf    th»-    Blm.I.    Unu*    .tn  I    \I> 

li!Hi-l    >-.l.!itt..    iMlv.    -t.ln 
\.-ifi..tMl    Hrilih    In-Miaruc  Aii.   I'Ml.  (.it  if 

H>it.nti,   •■:.   ''H.    i.ir, 
V.itt.iii.tl    llc.tlth    Iii-ut.incr    ('«iinnn'>i''iirri, 

(i'r  It     lirtt.-itti.     I  l''.l>(>. 
NiHi  ■"  il      H'-  iltli       liiMiranrr,      Jninl      C-mi- 

PilM.,-^,     (,t,-  il     Pritaili.     I  ir,      I   '\     1  '-J 

N.,ii..t',1  Ili.tltli  InMiruiCC  niVicc,  «.irit 
Hnt.iin.    H'. 

\.ilJ..lMl     Htli.t     rMii.I,    (ircit      Mritliti.     III. 

!_■:.   I  '*.   1  r.   1  iv 

N.iUnn..!    N.M.r:.    H-.uv.    Wt-lniHitni..   1)    (     . 

4h 
N,if|..n..I     l'i;lnn    of     Ir.i.lMr-.    (.Tf.t     HMflili. 

I.ir 

N.umI  nil  M.lit.irv  S.rvir...  (iVri-i.iii-  ..n  ! 
(ir.-ilH-  t  Set.  1  I  1  .itiiimltri-  mi,  '  irr  tt 
Riitaiti;  .ippMintturnt.  In.';  tt-sitiiinnv 
I'cf'irt',  10.1;  rf['"rl-,  lOS;  Jurrr.tM-i  pen- 
t.i..n^  .iiiM  Jt.  wanr«  -.  liiS-IOh-.  rtt-Min 
nieii'lc'l  1  It'-,  \<**>:  nu'ca-p  lo  Im-  sum.!.-- 
pifiit"!  I'V  \"!iuitrv  f'ni'l-.  Im7;  iinplitv- 
iiiMi!  iif  •li-.ililt'l  III  K-Vf  niiiunt  ••(•rv  il-', 
KC;  uri^iii.ij  rrcirnnirinl  ition-.  Ms  ln'i. 
1 1'^:  pritiiiplrs  iitnlrr!viin<  r»-i '■n1tlu■|l'!.(■ 
tl..Il-,  I0'>;  parli.imcnt.irv  .li-in-MMii,  1')''- 
IIJ.    IT'  I.V' 

X.iv-il      .Hi't      Mitit.i'V      W.ir      IVti^i..ii>      A.(, 

N.ival      :ni.|      Mil.l.iO-      War      Prn-i'.n*      (  \^. 

riiitii>.ti  .ilivc    I  xprn**--  •     Act,    I'M  T,    \i  \. 
NVrV'Uis    ->  -ttiii    'ii-Iiirh.in.f-.    '' 
New    \'i»rk    HirK'TL    rftfivinK   ml    •'i-!ri!iiit- 

iii<    -l.-itn-n,    .U" 
Nr-.\      Zcilili'!'     rrrihir.itiKn     ari-l     pLirfiiirnt 

■  .:'    .iis.ihlnl    mrn.    4,U 
Ni'wmrt     Nr\*-*;     recrivinn    .iii!    (!i>tril)uting 

-t  iiinn.   .M7. 

O'fltr.n,     r.itri.V.    11? 

< '. . -ipafinfinl    'li'c.i-*  -.    S** 

<  ii'-Mpa'ioii.i!  thcr.ips .  ?pr  Phy*ir.il  res- 
!.ir:iti'>M. 

<>tTiip;i't'»ti-i  f"'  t)u'  h.unlicappe'i-  the  Mir... 
=  »:  naMirf  -it.  SJ,  hi.  S4,  Xh :  in  rflitiun 
to  iiiji.rv.  XS;  t.ililes.  Kft.  S7;  ^ptful  ffi- 
(il.'\ti,rnt  l>iir,Mii>,  hJ.  h4.  ft?.  ]'-:.  1-=. 
_Ti,  J74.  .ni;  Cm.i.ta.  t  .^^  JJl.  J  .' >, 
22.1,  ;?T.  ■'7M:  nnmhrr,  J.^'l,  J.lh.  :  ■M; 
a«Tionlttir;»l.  M".  J.M.  .?.1J.  JU.  -'.^5.  27^'. 
?n4.    4J>:     Kranci'.    ::^.    Jft.^    J64;    (Jer- 


fir* 

arti 

.  .  ,  ..      ,-■■■.      .-  "..  .    .         ,  ,    I  i     (  K  It  ' 

itr 
"'rnnnnf,    T     IV,    1').* 
"■      •      Xali.-Mnl     .1.         \'        ■         .  ■      i-     ' 
I  1     t inrtfr,      1 
.(|...iar.I        ; 
..;..       r  44-IVl;       .4  !;,    ,     :       .       .,      ,  .       I 

nt    iWrlm.    .">> 
nii    lar  l...nti..  .'*<i 

<  'M      Vki*     fV"-.!.!!    «    (inintttrr*.    Ilrr.it     Brit- 

uin.    II,    I.' I;    tiH.il    i-omiinttro,    IS7. 
"(H.j    n„\^'    Knn.l."    1  14 

"ntin..    Milit-irv     H,.-i  ,•  J.    M7, 

'  ■     1      ■    ..1^.     »"htl.  J'».    411 

I  •        '  •  itlnii,     4,1''   *i  .  .      441;      rr. 

.    ,      i,r,..n    ..f    f..r.^,  r,,    TI  ■      lir, 

u'iii  'I    liv    Ir.i'lr    uiiuH 

rtilvtKair'l     t.nlv     f-r 

i-t-.     (If..     .-,■!  ,|.r  .T,.Iifv 


(•nfrj.iilc    Fun<l,   rnMa-Utn,    I'l  ' 
('.ui.    I'ratin" :     vx-.tti'iti  ■)    t'i.i.iI-.    -'*■  * 
IV.if-Mii.    ^'ir      \<ili.ii.    in.       l  ( 
l'rn*i-.n    Hn.ir.U,    Ftanif.    „"in.    :*7 
rcfitjnn    i  iiMililti'Hilu  I  -.     H  1.11   I        '  .     1    ■    ■•   ! 
M.ilf..     4.U 

I't  tiHi'in-** 

drtiiTil  ili-rii'sion !  HV<Irni«  rxi^ttni  a* 
..iiI'tt  ik  "I  »  ir,  4'11.  4iU.  t')3,  lit 
t.'Miif-.  littvM-rn  ln-W  "ylflll*  ;tn  i 
f.M,  iiift;  priiviiidti'*  for  ilrprtiiirn'  . 
•lilt.,  ((r,ii|.itinn<  acrnnling  i'»  rank, 
liir,  4iH,  411;  <li».iliiiitii--  1.--*  thin 
ImI;*!.  'I').  r.itiiiKis  li.i-r'l  nti  rmnomi' 
••t.ttiis  Irfurf  WW.  410;  pfW  -ch*"! 
nl.s.  114.  i..T.,l  .|i-.il'iht>  TititiK-..  41'-. 
4|^;  (■■.iTiiniif.4ti"ii.  417;  .i<lniiiii *tr,iii.in 
imil-T  fivil  .lutfio'-itv,  41*';  rl•vi^i.^n  ni 
a*  Iff.  417;  .intiM  tl  v.ihif  "f  t.,t.i!Iv 
'li-.iM.-.).    t,Mr.    4JI 

Au'tri.i  ■      J.  i-k-     I  It*      .111-1     impriivf.I     pr,. 
vi-i.iii-.    -X7.    .'J*?*;    <ii-'*ati^r'.ictt.ni    »iih 
_  r.itf.,   .nj  :    in.n!<*(ii.itr;    .X]  4 

("aiia-t.!:  •■ntliiif  ■•('  »-v--tfiii.  I'"l;  n.|- 
t'Miii-tratiMTi.  I'Hi  I'M.  I'M.  41't;  iVr- 
.u,n.  ..ti'l  n.HMi-,  lt-..i-.l.  I'M.  iVti- 
-.11-  ("nI^^1i^M..tlrr■.•  H'.i'.I,  t'MViJ; 
p.irhitiif  nt.irv  *  .ttniiiittrr-.  to  nii.rt  on 
rrtiirninK  HnMirr-*.  l''>.  itnpii'v  iuf.» 
'■wtriit.  1''.^  IV'J;  rr'irK.iiii/.ill"ii.  I''"*, 
-■MU;  r  ,rt.,iis  l,v  .ll^ihtllty.  J0_>  JItft. 
JK.l:  irvi-i..n  Ml'  aw.rl.  J'>_\  4l.-t. 
.iM'iwf'l    'tiirinit    rtr'liK.ititin.    224 

K'irni»r.iii    T'f  I'vi-iiin  •    m     l"*^?,    J*'-.li 

liimr-  I  K*\fl(»piiiiTit.  2**27:  -iirvrv  nt' 
l,iu-,  -40  J  42  ;  rrnt  i:; . ir.it or iuni.  ;;4fl: 
^•ln-cial     lawt.     34 J;     naturp    (if     prn  'in< 

Irid'st.lti'tn,  .?4.1;  rrp-.rts  nf  K'«(ri-|'l' 
li..nu-nf.iry  ('nmiiii-.'1'iti,  J44- *45 ;  ifiii.). 
inn  p'-iiicit'Ir*  for  lf(jtsl;iTi')*i.  _M4 . 
jirriMftiis  in   frtniiim  l.iw.  J i'^ :   l-iw-  "f 

other  n.iiTit'-if -.  rnmp-T^rf!  with.  J4'». 
par  ti.irii«Tit;trv  'f  i-ni-'iMii .  J47;  rxir  i 
:ill..w:inrrw.  J40.J|iO:  pruvi-i-m*  of  l.iM 
a-i  pa'i''»''1  liy  ("haml'rr.  l'M>^.  ."^I ,  -.f 
iVii-i'iTi-  (''initi!i**.inn»'t  '>  (nil.  J4><  ,M*' 
CtMu.irn  -'-itrni.  J«I  ,"'0;  .ii,»,ti-i!. 
ti'tti  wr!i.  2^fi:  wir  p*'n-i<"tii^  for  .ivl 
otfui.il'.  _'«-':  hntr.-.  _N.(;  L-erti»u  i'-- 
f'.r  rivil  -t-rvire  pn^^t-*.  J«4;  Impm*  -ii''i 
ill    I'lii    of    fliiiiiii'y,    JS5;    iii'lu-.iri.it    in 


Hhi. 


^^ 


468 


INDl.X 


Mir.iirr    iTtifi'ts    ,-,llnwf!.    ;v6;    evMcni 

(',T,.,I  lltitain:  .li-vclMi.nuni.  27-2'',  ".'■ 
Kill.  1.11;  cliH-f  tr.uur.-.  'U''5;  prnM- 
Muri-i  in  force  Aiii:  ,  T'l-l,  ''5-'"^;  H'I- 
r:,ru-lr,,.ion.  '•>..  M5.  l-'l,  l.il.  U.'; 
ItKi-ia'ii'H.  fir-t  Mt'in  in  |iurli.in"nt, 
''/"■-l.*i»;  K"vcrnni(iit  j.clnrrin-.  V'-lDii; 
.■.[.lii'intiinnl  i.f  Si-lrrt  liMniiMUn'  "ti 
N.iv.il  ,m.l  Milil.irv  Scrvicis  (Pulsions 
•■itiil  Cranial.  1"-;  ti-timiiny  \,ti;re, 
1M.M05;  rip"rt-  cf,  ln5-lil'';  m-iii- 
nun  l.ilh.n-  ..f.  lio  I'lr,  im.  111  :  piin- 
ciplc-5  micUrlvini;.  IH'MIJ;  parliamt-n- 
t.iiy  ili-t  M-^iiiM,  IV'-IJ."^:  cnlici-ni  (I 
lilf,  l.'llJ.I;  I. ■•'■lis'  iiincii'linrnl^  in 
lli.ii-c  .if  Ci.mmiin-.  }2h;  Naval  :in'l 
MihL.rv  W.ir  IVn-inns  Act.  1"15,  US; 
MiniMtv  I.f  lVii-i..n-  l.ill.  1''';  l.nn- 
ciliic«  cxi.l.iinc-t.  141;  siippicnirnlnry 
p,nM..n'.  14.1144,  !5\  4.|'>;  niakmij 
(ii^c..iir.i(rf.i.  14S;  tali'c.  155;  .li^cii^-i'i 
in  letter  fr.irn  Stitntdry  ('..nirtiitt.  e, 
I'll  If. J;  letter  c.»!K.rinn«  traii>fer  i.t 
fnncti..n.*  t"  Mini-ter  of  ren'i'>n...  U'-i- 
U,5;  Krvi^i..n.  l'.7-i:r.  4H;  ehani:.^ 
in  principle.  lf.r;  rati^i,-'  liy  .Ii-.il.ilitv. 
K.K-17.1.  174;  f..r  t..t,.r,  U.'",  17il.  41.-; 
K';.tiiitie*  an.l  l...niis  _ !'».  17_'.  174; 
ahe.ji.ilive  pencil. n-.  17II-17J.  17!;  .\p- 
i.ei.ls  Tril.iinal  invlittite.l,  177;  re- 
v,si..n  ..f  :.y.:.r.l.  17:-173. 
SveitF.rl.in.l:    .'41.    246.  .     . 

Tnited  St:.tc«:  ,1.  vel..i.inent.  .i:-4S;  =imi- 
1: 'ity  I.f  c(.inpen=ation  system  to  pen- 
^,..n'l.m<  ..f  other  c.ninu-ies,  JS4,  -lis; 
..■.tl...ik  f.'-  fiit.ire.  .15-';  jcf  aisu  \\  .ir 
Ki^k  In-tirance  .Net. 
Pet.^ii.ns  .Nj.i.eals  Tribunal.  177. 
i'eii-i<.ns    ('..niniissi.jners,     Buitr.l    of,    Can- 

I'.nM.'.ns    Ministry    of,    see    Ministry    of 
rensie:  ^. 

IVrh.,"i.    L.si.ih.   4,1,   44. 

I'erkins.   Ste,ihen    11,,   2''-12. 

I'erw.ns,    M,    Krank.    283, 

I'hv^icii    re^l..r,ili..n:  . 

ricncriil  ili-cussi.m;  farlnrs  aflectinB, 
(.s-71;  fii!Kti..nal  ri.laptiitinn  tr>  miilil-i- 
tintis  fiS;  scientif'ic  study.  71;  in.ition 
stii.lv  as  ai.I  in,  72;  workshop  ther.ipy, 
'>!"  '.17-J'»';  general  characteristics 
of  new  program.  JSS-.liO;  import.mce. 
■J.Jl;  re  ...n^il.ility  entruste.1  to  mili- 
iarv  ,iulh..rities,  y'2:  v,.rie<l  P-'liri';* 
:,«  to  .lischacBe,  i'>i:  pi  o«thesis.  .I'M- 
,l«'i;  fundi. .nal  ree.li.catinn.  .T)9-4n', 
r;.n,i.la;  v.icational  training  in  hospitals, 
1'.5  2^i;  me.lical  treatment  and  en- 
v,,iescent  care,  2m.  .'IU.JI.1;  spec.a 
cl.isses  of  .lisalde.l.  J13-JJ0;  functional 
ree.lnc,,ti..n,  Jl.-*-Jl'), 
France:  legislation.  2?.'-25iJ;  c..nvales. 
rent  depots.  J5,V-'56;  .lischarge  centers, 
Jsf.-257;  functional  reeducatii.n,  -5/- 
25'?. 
tlerruany:  niohilizatinn  of  resource^. 
_',s,s,J.)0;  resp.nsitiility  in  \\',ir  TVp,irt- 
,",.^.,1,  's'l  2'M-2'y5;  i)^\chR'  factor  ;is 
eieu.ent'  in  treatment.  2''(.-J'»7;  surBical 
w..rk  hi^.hlv  .levelope.l.  .314;  functional 
ree.luraii..n.  2')h-2'>7,  314. 
Creat  Ilnt.iin:  report  of  "Murray  _(  nm- 
iiiittee,"  n211'':  theory  of  st,ite  -  re- 
st...oMliililv,  113-115.  1I'>;  functions 
outline.!,  ■117-llS;  medical  tre.itment, 
14'»1^1  177;  sjiecial  hospitals  avail- 
aide.  131. 


I'luti'l    .<l,.tes;    pr'.k'rnir.    of   \V,.-    ii.ii..-l- 
ii.enl,   315-3.'l;    Ke.l   <'r..~s   In-iume   l"r 
tripple-l    .uli    <!t';iMe.I    men.     .vo.tsl. 
Picar.K,    >..il   dangerou-   to   w..un'i-.    1". 
IM.ieetuent  : 

(leneral;  erii.jiles.  (.2.  64,  6.i.  455-4M: 
eharacten-lics  of  new  |.roKram,  3^5• 
.'.ill.  i.i  ^..ni/,itions  cre.-ite'i  f  .r,  42.-- 
43^;  >tan.lat.|  waite-,  4(.il.  4nl. 
Cana.i.i;  l.n.lillK  w..ik  L.r  di-al.le.l.  T'?, 
I't't,  22^-2~^X\  ree.hieation  .iti.!  emj.l'.y- 
nient.  22122.=  ;  Keturne.l  S.iMi.  r  Ct.m- 
nu--i..n  eharge.!  with.  22'',  22ti;  re- 
sp..n^it.ilitv  <.l  i.r'.\inees.  21').  22f»-23i  . 
an,.l\-i-  I.f  in.livi.tual  lor,  2:'':  puli- 
luitv,    2^'  . 

France:      M'ei    d    law.    242;    wi'ele"    uper- 
af.rs.    2f.o:    riKht    <.f    .li.:.l.le,l    to.    27.1, 
271;    l.v    sch....ls.    273.    27''.    sy-tein    <■%■ 
plaine.l   to   discharge.!  disal.lt.I   sol.liers. 
27'(, 
(iermanv;     cooi»eratirn     for    employment, 
2''2;     lin.ier     e.irtr'.l     of    state     govern- 
ri"tits.   2''4;   government  positi..n^,   3'17; 
iiu'th...!.    3117.    3IIK.    314, 
fireat   Hrit;i;Ti-  metho.ls  of  provi.ling.  112. 
116     147      152-153,    456,    457;    ii.;i-iili.'i:s 
«..rk.    153. 
t'liile.l    States:      Federal    Boar.l    for    \  o- 
.•-.tion:.!    K.lucati.tn.    authority,    371, 
rin^iic    'urgerv,      .SV.*    rrosthe,-is. 
ri:itt.    Th..nias     r„    J4S. 
l'..~ters:    ree.lucation.    48.    2^^. 
I'..wer.   llWrcv.  8, 

I'-il.t:    ,iutl-..ritv    an.l    .lutie-.    277-2.'), 
Price.  C,    K  .   112,   122, 
I'ri-.ie     Mini-ter     ..f    lireat     Britain.        ,Sei- 

As,|uith.    IlerI.ert    II, 
Prince    of    Wales    Fun.l.    122, 
I'r.ip.gau.la    of    encuragement,    250,    2"'- 

"II,    2'i2,    2'li,    437. 
Pr..sser.    C .    A,.    231, 

Pr..^th.--i^:  devel.tpnient  into  dejiartinent  of 
surgery.  3''4.  3'*5;  artificial  liml.-.  3'*'.; 
suj.idvlng.  47.  212,  218;  luanuf  .cmrt  l.v 
government.  21'V;  shouM  rei.r.>.Uice  lo-t 
function.  307;  nee. I  of  ai.pliances,  88; 
ai.|di„iK.-  -upi.lied.  115.  J'f4,  3')5.  3''8; 
hefore  .lischarge.  212,  3"8;  artificial  eyes, 
3flb,  3')";  a.lai.tation  of  t'.'.ls  an.l  furni- 
ture to  cripples,  3'J8:  "Keller  arm,"  3i)t.. 
30fi;  pr.isthetic  service,  260, 
PsvchicalW  injure. I.  239  312, 
Psychopattiic  Hospital.  Bost..n:  course  f(  r 
reconstructit.n    aides.   31*^,  _     ,  „ 

I'uI.Ii.-  Health  t'ommittee.  Creat  Britain.  13/. 
Pul.licitv.    272,   2'Jl,   292,    293.    438, 
Pullingcr,   F,,   112. 

Duel.ec:    port   of   debarkation,   208, 
Queen  Mary*s  Convalescent  .Xu-xiliary  Hos- 
pitals, 131. 

Ra.li.)  ..perator:  int'irmities  compatible  with 
service.  267, 

Rameil,  Pierre,  272. 

Kavburn.  Sam.  353.  , 

Keconstruction  aides:  courses  of  instruc- 
tion.  213.   318,   319, 

Reconstruction  Division,  Medical  Depart- 
ment, I'nited  .St.ites  .\rmy.  315. 

Red  Cross:  Canadian.  1"2;  (ierman.  2'15. 
2'11;    ,\tre'ican.    383.    384.    449, 

Re  1  Cros.  Institute  for  Crippled  an.i  I'r- 
al.Ie.l  Nien.  New  York  City.  64.  o5,  76, 
286,  2"2,  294,  295;  foun'ling.  37h;  pre- 
liminary inve  tigati..ns.  377.  37S:  -erv- 
ices    of    Mr.     .Mc.Murtrie    secure.!,    378, 


i.\!)i:x 


469 


)r'-aiii:n,     .iii'!     p.  r^onnel     (•(     Cfn-niittt-c, 

JTH;    uork,    76,   37y-3hJ,  454. 
Rcf.im.itinn  : 

<itrifTaI  di''CUs*.ion:  the  tic:»f,  53,  55,  1"5; 
ihe  i'lind,  54;  oin"jr!Mnitif ^  for  ir.>i"- 
iiiK.  *»5 ;  iKt'.i  of,  for  cripplp^^,  K.---^  '; 
vicati'inal     training,     3iJJ-3t)7;     ch.ir.ic- 

i!itnt:il    i'rtrparati"n,    435-43'*;    "oricnt.f 
tiun,"    43y-447 :    <ir)iani?^ti'in-    anit    ma- 
chintry,    73,    4J()--i.lr),    45J,    453;    avail- 
;iMc  pLtns   for   funn-hiriK,   45J-4:4. 
Aii-trii-Hiinpary:        311.       410;        iirutc^ts 
.'iKain-'l  principles  on   which  liased,  31J. 
Canada:     vocation.il     tr.iiniiiR,     r>4,     1'*-, 
194,    220-22S:     mm    cliwiMe     fnr.    223, 
455;    methods   suvl    iiriiiciiil<=,    _'J'i-J3'>; 
cjut-sticmnaire    fur    vcicatiur.il    Kui'I'^Tirc. 
2JK_'jy;    not    cnnipul-cry,    J3n;    auricul- 
lural,     232,    446;     exist  in  (j     institution* 
ii^t-.I,    233-J34;     ^h',p-tr,iiiiinif.    234-23'', 
453;    time    reqtiitt  d    for    training,    23^', 
237;     patient-^     developed     as    teachers, 
237-238;    puldicity,    239. 
France:     special  law   for,  242;  apprentice- 
ship, 250,  271;  beginninRS  of,  257-260; 
in'-tiluti(»ns      for      vocational      traininR, 
260-274;   national  supervisiun  and  Ipk'^- 
lation,     270-272;     Rtati-^tiis    of     sch"oh, 
272-277 :    ntimher    rrceivine    to    end    <■( 
i^\7,    273;     National    Institute    at     St, 
Maurice,     260-267;     various     types     of 
schools,  268-270. 
Great    Britain:    report    of   "Murray   Com- 
niift.?,"    115-1!/;    duty    of    state,    11*^. 
123;    organ i /at ion    and    machinery,    133, 
134,    146147,    1H3,    452;    training.    151- 
152.    1=6-15H,    177-17'*.    183;    extent    of 
rehahilitat    in      --i cured,      185;     on     na- 
tional   basis,    1K9. 
Germany:    mental    stimulation    necessary- . 
J'Jl,    2^)3,    303,    4.15-43'*;    vocational    ivl- 
vice,    300,    301,    306,    314;    not    nati<inal 
responsibility,  289,  204.  298;  publicity, 
j'll,   2^13. 
Unitf-d     States:     pbn     of     Massachusetts 
Hoard    of    Education,    73;    ti^cal    prin- 
ciples,   358;    sulisequent   provision,    359- 
375:    conference    in    January,    1918,    to 
cuMine     program,     360;      estimates     of 
number  of  men  needing,  and  cost,  3^8; 
V*>cational      Rehabilitation      Act,     369- 
370. 
Rt'fnrme,   Centre    Special    de.   256-257. 
Krforme,  Commission   de,   257. 
Refnrmes,   Association    of,  250. 
Regent    Street    Polytechnic.    London.    134. 
Reich>;ausschu<s       fur       Kriegsbcschadigten- 

fiir   sorge,   299,   312. 
Relief    w^rk:     agencies    in     Great     Britain, 
131-134;     institutinn«.     New     York     City, 
64,     65;      employment     bureaus,      I'nited 
States.     62,     64.     65;     cripples,     1872,     in 
Copenhagen,     72;     agencies     in     France, 
vnluntarv,    240;    legislative.   242;    pioneer, 
252;     help    to    regain    economic     footing, 
253;    Ftattis   varies    in    Germany,    299-303; 
dissatisfaction   with.  312-314. 
Kepat-iation,   Ministry  of,    .\ustralia,   434. 
Re-erv    lazarrtr.    2'»5, 
Returned      Soldiers     Commission,      Canada, 

227.  .  ^ 

Returned      Soldier*      Information      Depart- 
ment,   New    Zealand,    434. 
Roberts,    Lord,    memorial    work-hops,     133. 

454. 
Roland  Tark  Hospital,  317, 


Kitne:   treatment  of  di^-abled   soldiers,   19. 

Ix'tiuquf tie,    M.,    2M, 

Rnwe,    Ltu    S.,    322. 

Kowntrti.    Seebohm.    104,  411. 

Rrfv-il    I'atriotic    Fund    Corporation,    29,    10\, 

104,     11)5,     110,     12J,    124,    125,    IJ".     l.l^; 

Statutory   Committee   of.      ^I'e   Statutory 

(':  rT::T:iltPC. 
Rubinow,  I.   M.,  377. 

St.     Punstan's    Hostel    for    Blindeil    Soldier* 

and    Sailors,    L-mrinn,    133,    213. 
St.    J'din-,  port  of    .lebarkatimi.   2oS. 

S\.    Tobn*s    Ambulance    Association,    102. 

St.  'M  iurlcc,  Fr.iiicf  .\,itional  Home  for 
C.pnv;d<Ments,   f.ainded    1.'57,  26U-261. 

Sand.    ki-n..   443. 

Sindhurst,    Lord,    112. 

Sanitary  C..mmissi..n,  I'nited  State-.  J'>. 
30;  discussions  on  pensions,  1862-1864, 
35-45;  spirit    of,    rtviveil,   43''. 

Saone-et  Loire,  France:  allowances  to 
farmers,    279. 

Sarthe,    France:    loans  to   farmers,  279. 

Scammell,    K.    H  ,    1^4,   221. 

Scott,    Leslie.    112. 

Scott,    R.    Ru-srII,   112. 

Select  Committee.  .See  Naval  and  Military 
Services  (Pensions  and  (irants)  Select 
Conuiiittre   on. 

Service  de  Santt',  2tt2;  schools  for  artili- 
ci.il    appli.inces,   269. 

SexK.n,    Frederic    H..    220. 

Shell  s-hock,  10,  218;  institution  for,  Co- 
burg,    Ontario,    217. 

Sherman,    }'    Tecumseh,   348. 

Shoe  industry.   263. 

Shoe    shop    at    Tourville,    264. 

Shop   training,   234-236. 

Sjogren,    I  'r  ,    2''^,    305. 

Smith,  Hoke.  354.  3'^^,  363. 

Smith  College:  course  for  reconstruction 
aides.   319. 

Sm..ot,    Reed.    348,    355. 

Social  Insurance.  Committee  on,  Pr.ince: 
I>ensinn  revision,   1914,  240. 

So'diera  and  Sailors  I'amilies  .V'^sociation, 
111,   124,   125.   128.   136.    137,   1.^^, 

Soldiers  and  Sailors  Help  Society,  137, 
1 38. 

Soldier'^*  Civil  Reestablishment  Itci-artment 
of,   102,   198,   199.  212,  233,  419,  433. 

Soldiers*    homes,    43,    44,    46. 

Soldiers    Settlement    -Art,    provisions,    232. 

Solenbertfer,    Alice    Willard,    60. 

Spanish  influenza,  9. 

Special  Disaldemenf*  Stibrommittee,  Great 
Britain:    work   of,    145-147. 

Special  Grants  Committee,  Great  Britain, 
166,    167. 

Spitzy,   Dr.,   311,   399. 

Stanton.  K.  A,:  letter  to  Prime  Minister 
as  Secretary  Statutorr  Committee,  163- 
165. 

State-Citv  Free  Labor  Kxrhange.  Cincin- 
nati, (^hio;   handicapped   'lepartment.   65, 

Statutory  Committee  of  Royal  F^atriotic 
Fund  Corporation :  appointment  recom- 
mended. 104,  105;  foriTWtion  from  exist- 
ing bodies,  110,  128;  local  committees, 
111,  121.  128,  130,  136,  137;  women 
represented  on.  111,  128;  labor  repre- 
sented nn,  128;  local  and  district  com- 
mittee represented  on,  129;  parliamen- 
tary debate,  119,  124,  126.  127:  vtdiin- 
tary  character,  124;  established  by  Pen- 
sions Act,  128;  purpose  of  cieation,  40''; 
fmrtions,     111,    123,     129130;     furictii,n-i 


A'^id* 


470 


INDl.X 


I 


I 


f  iii^fo^^r'l  to  MiM-lrv  of  Prn'intl- 
■t.!J;  w'.rk  l.i-Kim,  l.U,  1J5;  tncni'.ir-lup. 
oflirn  -tivi  Malf,  l.l.i:  f.jiin.ition  ut  locil 
tMMi.iiitt.is  no,  IJ",  l.lii.|.l»;  a.^  r.-I- 
tri-t,  1.'7;  tciiipi/rary  arr.iiiKiimnt-  pill'l- 
IMK  .iiil."!!]!!..!.!.!  "f  !"' •'  c  "'.rr.'.t'ei--, 
U«;  iiiMiici-.  l.lK-1-lll;  riKiil.itiun-  for 
Mii-pleiil'iital  .•illi.iv.nRc-,  l*'l:  rcsul  i- 
|..,',-  ,s|.l;(inr.i,  141-UJ:  «l.inl~  tn  .il-- 
al,li-.l  ..ll,cri>,  1-H;  f'luLMtion  ol  clnMnn 
of  .ll>:il.U'i  .ifl.c<r>,  1-14;  ^l,r,  l.il  ili-.iiil.- 
mrnis  Mil.-cnirmumc.  11.1.  li.'-U.;  i''i- 
vi-ii.n-  fur  triatmi-iit,  H'M^'i;  tr.imiTu;. 
151  1=-';  fni'iil.iviiHMil,  1:_'  Ij.i;  ^ui'l'li- 
nn-nl.nv  ptn^i'Mis  :.ii.l  spii  i.il  ..ll.nviiii.-. -, 
155;  ,li.:ilikiiHTit>  work  ..f  I.it  il  c..ir.nni- 
tcii,  15!.;  iia|p.iri,iiic<'  of  l"ial  rommit- 
tcts,  1?(,I5m;  w.irk.  T'l?,  15.-<,  15';  ao- 
c.mi|iU>-l"iH-nts  cf.  15'-Ii.");  Utn-r  to 
I'riiiii-  MiiM~l<T  i-mciTMini!  traii-lir  ijf 
fimitiiiiis  111  Mirii-l.  r  of  l't:n«ii>ii~,  I'll- 
I6J,  lt).Vl».5;  i,ri,Mni/.i'iiiii  aivl  iiuur- 
imntion  with  Miin-try  of  I'cu-Mn^  an  I 
fli^isuUition,    4.1J. 

S'.irKcry.      ^fC    ( Irlh-l.clic    ^-.irmtv     1  

thr-i<.  ^        „         , 

S'lryical   aiT'iancc^.      .Vre   I  ro>11n.-i-. 
Siv.-.t,    KjUmii    I-.,    344. 
SvlnoiulN    .\.    v.,    11-'. 

'r.il.le':  .H-!ril.iltinn  of  ilisaMlilii-.;  in 
Cre.it  Biirim  rm.l  r.ma.la.  15;  (li-al.ili 
til-,  of  4n,nilO  I'rftuh  rt-fornui  No.  1. 
16;  ir.iiiititT  an.l  value  of  t'nit.'.l  Siati-* 
netlM^.Ti^  ..Ti  liinr  30,  1'I17,  35;  minor 
iniiirio,  7";  injury  in  ril.ition  to  ociil- 
nation  77  Sf^-  t<S;  pri-^tiit  tcon-. one  sit- 
nation,  70,  Ml;  .ip|.licati.>n-<  fnr  sni.ple- 
iTifTit.irv  |i,n-ion-  an^l  'piH-i.il  allnw.inci'-. 
Crcat  H!il..in,  155;  all.  nance-  for  clnl- 
riri-n,  (iriat  Ilritain,  174;  nnmlier  oi- 
aliUil,  10l5-l'ii;,  Cana.la.  :07,  l>y  cla-s 
:i)1;  |,ir  Lint  of  lii-alalitv,  J'lO;  .li-trl'm- 
tion  of  plaia-nitnt-,  IVanre,  274;  Inianci.l 
■■tatiini'nt  of  <  HTk-c  National.  Iran.e, 
274;  pin~!on  ratr<  for  total  ili-a'>ilitv, 
(lerinany,  J»5;  rale-;  of  tnontWv  pen- 
sion fiir  injnries  in  I'nite'l  Stale-.  l'>17. 
3M;  nioniliK-  war  ri-k  in-;nrance  rales 
per  $1<"I".  340;  annual  values  of  pen- 
sions.  421. 

Ta.lor    -hop,   Tonrvllle.   :<•:•. 

Technical    training,      ■^re    Hee'hir.ation. 

Territorial    Force    .Association.    137. 

Tlironilio-anBiitis    olilitrr  an-,     51.      . 

Tourville.    France,   Kcle   .le  Tourville,   26., 
2h3.    2(>R. 

Toy   m.akinR,    133.    2f,i. 

Trailc    .\'lvisory    rommitfees.    l.v! 

Tra.le    unions:    nrne    re-uir.pli.-n    "\    o.l    oc- 
cupalions    In-    'li-.iMeil,    4tl. 

Trades    anil    Lalior    Council,    r.n  at    Britain. 
137. 

Tra.les  I'nion  Toneress,  iiarlianien'  iry  com- 
mittee  .  f,    154. 

Tr  in-port  ition:     sick    an  1     woun  le.l.     -'J'- 
2IW.    211. 

TreTuh   ili-eases.  9.    10. 

Tropics    l"-nns,    284. 

T;,i;e":no":-thJ;  56.57.  1.9,  :i4.  :i5, 

MH,    423-4sfi, 
Tulierclllosis:    prevention,    56.    57;    develop- 
ment   an.l    facilities    for    treatment.    Tan- 
i.Ia     212    215-216:    contracte.l   in   line   of 
ih.ty.    334. 

(.■n.Ierln'l.    Mi--.    2'!3,    2'14-215 


Unitr.l  Si.'e-;  ili-al.i!ity  pcn-ion  p-ovi- 
sii.ns  liurini?  colonial  times,  31,  33;  tirst 
nitl..nai  law,  .\uu-.lst  2li,  1770,  33;  sub- 
snpicnl  l.p<i-l.i;..'n,  34;  i)un;licr  ol  pen- 
sioners on  roll-,  .lune  3il,  l'J\7.  ami 
a-iri'ii!  value  of  per-ioo-,  35;  i.hvsic  .1 
restor.ition,  proKram  of  \\  ar  iJepartnient. 
31(1-321;  i.l.ns  for  conipeti-.ilion  .anil  in- 
su-mce  3'1,  324;  exi-tmu  provisions 
for  ih-il.illtv.  324,  325,  4II4;  new  lesi-l.i- 
lii.n,  325.J2S-.  c  imi.eii-ali..n  i.n.vi-ion-. 
3JS.33ti;  in-n.atKe  iir..visi..ns,  336.,'44: 
ili-cu"i.ins  in  <  ..nure-s.  344.331;  i.'.-n- 
>i..ns  in  the  future,  352  3.-7;  fiscal  prin- 
ciiiles  in  renaril  to  reeducation.  33X.  3--'. 
.S!i!.seip;iiit  provi-i.ins  lor  rcedncati'.u. 
.15'.. 170.  ree  Im.ili.  iial  work  of  Ke  t 
Cro-s  In-tilu'e  for  Crippled  an.l  Ui- 
a'lU-i  Men  376-3S2;  rehal.ilitati.m  work 
of  Ke.l  (  r'o-s  Home  Service.  M<i,  3S4; 
similarity  of  com|..ii-ati..n  -v-tem  to  pen- 
si. .n  law-  I.I  o'hei  e.mntrie-.  4I,S;  re- 
educ,ili..n  ai.  I  plac.-ment  .il  .li-ilde.l  m.  n 
nri.ier  ci.iliin  han.l  of  K..yeriiment.  4.il. 
434.    435, 

Vaca— y    Nilional   Home;    functional    n-el.i- 

c.ition,  200 
\'dentino.    244. 
\ar.iaman.    lames    K..    350. 
\  .reins  l.uarett,  205.  Job. 

\   IVt--.     54.  „     .  ...,         trt~ 

\  ..callonal    F.  lucati.m    .\ct.    Fell.    2.1     rM. 
estalili-lin-.enl    of    Fe.leral    Board    for    \  o- 
eati.mal    F.-liicalinn.    363. 

V...  ati..n:.l  K.l.uatL.n.  Fcl.ral  Hiard  1.-. 
Src  Fe.leral  Hoard  for  Vocati.inal  h  la- 
cation.  .  _  ... 

V...ati..n.al  ReIi.d.ilit.ation  .\ct,  .Turn-  ... 
lOlS:  hi-ton-  an.l  del. ate  in  I  oin;'-e--. 
3o2,  37*.;  provi-ions.  3h').  370;  .leliTiul- 
inn"  military  and  civilian  authority,  },2. 
171 

V-.citioiial    RehaMlitalion    n.ar.l.    360.    3'.I. 

Vocational    schools.      .SVe    Keeihicnti  .r 

Vocational    trairintf.      See    Kee.hua'i   i 

Waces  Boa-.!,  .\dvisnrv.  fircaf  Britain.  15 » 

Wilki-r.     \ll.n.    31.(1, 

Waller    Keeil    llo-pilal.   31/. 

War  l.on.i-,  2H.1,   2sl 

War    Pensions    ("i  ,/,  lie.    1^^,-"3-„ 

Wir   I'ensi.ms,   Help  t.i  Disahle.i  Men,  e-c  , 

Bill.    125.  ...  ,0,  ,.-. 

War  Ri-k  Insurance  .\el :  history,  321.3. .s, 
admiiii-tration,  326.  327,  410;  provisions. 
327,  32«;  di-cu--ions  in  (impress.  ,i.s. 
lis'  116  344-357;  compensation  provi- 
sion's. .12.S.  320:  rate-.  3.10.  331,  i^2. 
pri.vi-l..n  f.ir  Mind,  armle-s.  1e»)e-s  ami 
lie.iri.l  len.  330.  331.  41,.  420.  4.;  : 
monthlv  pavments  accor.ImB  to  family 
conditions,  332:  review;  of  awar.l,  333. 
41«;  lenuth  of  time  for  tilinK  claim-. 
333.  334:  in  the  line  of  duty  lirovisinn. 
.1.14;  commutiliin  of  cmpen-ation,  33-, 
417:  insurance,  336.344:  terms  for  o.o 
taininn,  33X:  monthly  r.ites  340;  free  or 
e..mpiii-..rv  .!i-cu--i.in  in  Coneress,  344- 
151-  tl-ril  princijiles  in  regard  to  re- 
e.'lurati.m  fsecii.in  3041,  35f:  reeduca- 
tion,   -.dion    304    repealed,    376.  _ 

War  Ri-k  !n-urance  Bureau:  creation,  3-7, 
JiS:  privilege  of  reviewinK  awar.li,  3.'.'. 
sche.liile  for  irradini;  .lisaliilitie  ^  411  : 
a.imini-lrati.m    ..f    compensation,    -tl9 

Witrh    m  .kinc.    2'.o, 

-Wav    (III,"    310 


'M\Wt 


K.liI.X 


471 


Wcllry,    A.:    letter    to    Prime     Mini-trr    af 

.itlMi;;      >fcrt-t.itv      ^ta'u^.Iv      i  -ki 

li,M'._'. 
Willi.-    I'M't-r    Scli.-tne    (pcli-i-H;- 1.    I"  I.    MJ. 

I'M.    li...,    lii'y. 
Wi-Imw^'  [it-n-itms.     S\\-   I*-ti-:r'- 
W.-l,    >iiKi.   11, 1,  Zj..  .  ■.;. 
S\  illi.Mi-.    It,-n,  'J4. 
Willi, ,11,-.    I„lm  S..  35.' 
U-l-'iii.    I'liilip.   3'H.    J''?, 
W  ii.-U,w,   (  liarli'S    II,,   377. 
Wirclt-vs    tr!i  «rni,Iiv,    _'',',, 
VV.,!it-,    .-;      Ii,rli.rt,    .!J1.    .1J4,    .-J- 
W'ntiun       rci,ri--,nlaf iiiii    nil    Si,itut3ry    (  ntr- 

piirtve.   III,    IJ:^,    1,!5,   c  ,i;r~c   in   iiui-.-ugc. 

Jl.,    JIJ. 


Wnrkn,  in*»  romitcn^^atior  Al-i,  1*)')^, 
lin  ,t  IJ-u.iin:  'irliiiary  puririi  cmviM 
rrpl'iyri-'  lialiilitv  III  empI'iMiirm  dt" 
.ll-ll,l.-l.   -IS. 

\Vin>.iT;i  m'*  <  ur^ptn- ili'iii  Law,  I''r,if..i-, 
\.<J.<,    J-ll),     J4.i. 

Worl  i  War:  lir-l  .lisch  irs'--  I-  .li-.l,li- 
K.fiit,  (irial   Brilaiii,  ''.i. 

W'aiin'it',! :  pcrci-ntaKe  pt-riiianen*'-  ,I;-,",led 
ari'l    relunie'l    tw    liif    I:  iir.    IJ 

\Vri«ht,     I.ii.v.     l,< 

\\u:u.    Han-,    J  'J,    .!  11 


Zk1i> 


Count,    Jll. 


^1:'^  ffiT^3:^-^^-^<t^^^^^ 


